@article{PenaAnguloNadalRomeroGonzalezHidalgoetal.2019,
  author    = {Pena-Angulo, D. and Nadal-Romero, E. and Gonzalez-Hidalgo, J. C. and Albaladejo, J. and Andreu, V and Bagarello, V and Barhi, H. and Batalla, R. J. and Bernal, S. and Bienes, R. and Campo, J. and Campo-Bescos, M. A. and Canatario-Duarte, A. and Canton, Y. and Casali, J. and Castillo, V and Cerda, Artemi and Cheggour, A. and Cid, Patricio and Cortesi, N. and Desir, G. and Diaz-Pereira, E. and Espigares, T. and Estrany, Joan and Fernandez-Raga, M. and Ferreira, Carla S. S. and Ferro, Vito and Gallart, Francesc and Gimenez, R. and Gimeno, E. and Gomez, J. A. and Gomez-Gutierrez, A. and Gomez-Macpherson, H. and Gonzalez-Pelayo, O. and Hueso-Gonzalez, P. and Kairis, O. and Karatzas, G. P. and Klotz, S. and Kosmas, C. and Lana-Renault, Noemi and Lasanta, T. and Latron, J. and Lazaro, R. and Le Bissonnais, Y. and Le Bouteiller, C. and Licciardello, F. and Lopez-Tarazon, Jos{\´e} Andr{\´e}s and Lucia, A. and Marin, C. and Marques, M. J. and Martinez-Fernandez, J. and Martinez-Mena, M. and Martinez-Murillo, J. F. and Mateos, L. and Mathys, N. and Merino-Martin, L. and Moreno-de las Heras, M. and Moustakas, N. and Nicolau, J. M. and Novara, A. and Pampalone, V and Raclot, D. and Rodriguez-Blanco, M. L. and Rodrigo-Comino, Jes{\´u}s and Romero-Diaz, A. and Roose, E. and Rubio, J. L. and Ruiz-Sinoga, J. D. and Schnabel, S. and Senciales-Gonzalez, J. M. and Simonneaux, V and Sole-Benet, A. and Taguas, E. and Taboada-Castro, M. M. and Taboada-Castro, M. T. and Todisco, Francesca and Ubeda, X. and Varouchakis, E. A. and Vericat, Damia and Wittenberg, L. and Zabaleta, A. and Zorn, M.},
  title     = {Spatial variability of the relationships of runoff and sediment yield with weather types throughout the Mediterranean basin},
  series = {Journal of hydrology},
  volume    = {571},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.059},
  pages     = {390 -- 405},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Soil degradation by water is a serious environmental problem worldwide, with specific climatic factors being the major causes. We investigated the relationships between synoptic atmospheric patterns (i.e. weather types, WTs) and runoff, erosion and sediment yield throughout the Mediterranean basin by analyzing a large database of natural rainfall events at 68 research sites in 9 countries. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify spatial relationships of the different WTs including three hydro-sedimentary variables: rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield (SY, used to refer to both soil erosion measured at plot scale and sediment yield registered at catchment scale). The results indicated 4 spatial classes of rainfall and runoff: (a) northern sites dependent on North (N) and North West (NW) flows; (b) eastern sites dependent on E and NE flows; (c) southern sites dependent on S and SE flows; and, finally, (d) western sites dependent on W and SW flows. Conversely, three spatial classes are identified for SY characterized by: (a) N and NE flows in northern sites (b) E flows in eastern sites, and (c) W and SW flows in western sites. Most of the rainfall, runoff and SY occurred during a small number of daily events, and just a few WTs accounted for large percentages of the total. Our results confirm that characterization by WT improves understanding of the general conditions under which runoff and SY occur, and provides useful information for understanding the spatial variability of runoff, and SY throughout the Mediterranean basin. The approach used here could be useful to aid of the design of regional water management and soil conservation measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Kuhnert2009,
  author    = {Kuhnert, Matthias},
  title     = {Quantifizierung von Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss und Erosion auf B{\"o}den mit hydrophoben Eigenschaften},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32871},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Beschreibung hydrophober Bodeneigenschaften und deren Auswirkungen auf Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss und Erosion auf verschiedenen Skalen. Die dazu durchgef{\"u}hrten Untersuchungen fanden auf einer Rekultivierungsfl{\"a}che im Braunkohlegebiet Welzow S{\"u}d (S{\"u}dostdeutschland) statt. Die Prozesse wurden auf drei Skalen untersucht, die von der Plotskala (1m²) {\"u}ber die Hangskala (300m²) bis zur Betrachtung eines kleinen Einzugsgebietes (4ha) reichen. Der Grad der hydrophoben Bodeneigenschaften wurde sowohl direkt, {\"u}ber die Bestimmung des Kontaktwinkel, als auch indirekt, {\"u}ber die Bestimmung der Persistenz, ermittelt. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Boden im Winterhalbjahr hydrophil reagierte, w{\"a}hrend er im Sommerhalbjahr hydrophobe Bodeneigenschaften aufwies. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass ansteigende Bodenwassergehalte, die in der Literatur h{\"a}ufig als Ursache f{\"u}r einen Wechsel der Bodeneigenschaften angegeben werden, auf dieser Fl{\"a}che nicht zu einem Umbruch der Bodenbedingungen f{\"u}hren. Stattdessen kam es als Folge des Auftauens von gefrorenem Boden zu hydrophilen Bodeneigenschaften, die zu einem Anstieg des Bodenwassergehalts f{\"u}hrten. R{\"a}umliche Unterschiede zeigten sich in den geomorphologischen Einheiten. Rinnen und Rillen wiesen seltener hydrophobe Eigenschaften als die Zwischenrillenbereiche und Kuppen auf. Diese r{\"a}umlichen und zeitlichen Variabilit{\"a}ten wirkten sich auch auf den Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss aus, der als Abflussbeiwert (ABW: Quotient aus Abfluss und Niederschlag) untersucht wurde. Der ABW liegt auf B{\"o}den mit hydrophoben Bodeneigenschaften (ABW=0,8) deutlich h{\"o}her als bei jenen mit hydrophilen Eigenschaften(ABW=0,2), wie sie im Winter oder auf anderem Substrat vorzufinden sind (diese Werte beziehen sich auf die Plotskala). Betrachtet man die Auswirkungen auf unterschiedlichen Skalen, nimmt der Abflussbeiwert mit zunehmender Fl{\"a}chengr{\"o}ße ab (ABW = 0,8 auf der Plotskala, ABW = 0,5 auf der Hangskala und ABW = 0,2 im gesamten Gebiet), was in den hydrophil reagierenden Rillen und Rinnen auf der Hangskala und dem hydrophilen Substrat im Einzugsgebiet begr{\"u}ndet ist. Zur Messung der Erosion wurden verschiedene, zum Teil neu entwickelte Methoden eingesetzt, um eine hohe zeitliche und r{\"a}umliche Aufl{\"o}sung zu erreichen. Bei einer neu entwickelten Methode wird der Sedimentaustrag ereignisbezogen {\"u}ber eine Waage bestimmt. In Kombination mit einer Kippwaage erm{\"o}glicht sie die gleichzeitige Messung des Oberfl{\"a}chenabflusses. Die Messapparatur wurde f{\"u}r Gebiete entwickelt, die eine {\"u}berwiegend grobsandige Textur aufweisen und nur geringe Mengen Ton und Schluff enthalten. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurden zwei Lasersysteme zur Messung der r{\"a}umlichen Verteilung der Erosion eingesetzt. F{\"u}r die erste Methode wurde ein punktuell messender Laser in einer fest installierten Apparatur {\"u}ber die Fl{\"a}che bewegt und punktuell H{\"o}henunterschiede in einem festen Raster bestimmt. Durch Interpolation konnten Bereiche mit Sedimentabtrag von Akkumulationsbereiche unterschieden werden. Mit dieser Methode k{\"o}nnen auch gr{\"o}ßere Fl{\"a}chen vermessen werden (hier 16 m²), allerdings weisen die Messungen in den {\"U}bergangsbereichen von Rinne zu Zwischenrille große Fehler auf. Bei der zweiten Methode wird mit einer Messung ein Quadratmeter mit einer hohen r{\"a}umlichen Aufl{\"o}sung komplett erfasst. Um ein dreidimensionales Bild zu erstellen, m{\"u}ssen insgesamt vier Aufnahmen von jeweils unterschiedlichen Seiten aufgenommen werden. So lassen sich Abtrag und Akkumulation sehr genau bestimmen, allerdings ist die Messung relativ aufwendig und erfasst nur eine kleine Fl{\"a}che. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde der Sedimentaustrag noch auf der Plotskala erfasst. Die Messungen zeigen, korrespondierend zu den Bodeneigenschaften, große Sedimentaustr{\"a}ge w{\"a}hrend des Sommerhalbjahrs und kaum Austr{\"a}ge im Winter. Weiterhin belegen die Ergebnisse eine gr{\"o}ßere Bedeutung der Rillenerosion gegen{\"u}ber der Zwischenrillenerosion f{\"u}r Niederschlagsereignisse hoher Intensit{\"a}t (>25 mm/h in einem zehnmin{\"u}tigem Intervall). Im Gegensatz dazu dominierte die Zwischenrillenerosion bei Ereignissen geringerer Intensit{\"a}t (<20 mm/h in einem zehnmin{\"u}tigem Intervall), wobei mindestens 9 mm Niederschlag in einer Intensit{\"a}t von mindesten 3,6 mm/h n{\"o}tig sind, damit es zur Erosion kommt. Basierend auf den gemessenen Abfl{\"u}ssen und Sedimentaustr{\"a}gen wurden Regressiongleichungen abgeleitet, die eine Berechnung dieser beiden Prozesse f{\"u}r die untersuchte Fl{\"a}che erm{\"o}glichen. W{\"a}hrend die Menge an Oberfl{\"a}chenabfluss einen starken Zusammenhang zu der Menge an gefallenem Niederschlag zeigt (r² = 0,9), ist die Berechnung des ausgetragenen Sedimentes eher ungenau (r² = 0,7). Zusammenfassend beschreibt die Arbeit Einfl{\"u}sse hydrophober Bodeneigenschaften auf verschiedenen Skalen und arbeitet die Auswirkungen, die vor allem auf der kleinen Skala von großer Bedeutung sind, heraus.},
  language  = {de}
}
@masterthesis{Grosse2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Grosse, Peter},
  title     = {Modellierung der Sedimentdynamik im Rofental, {\"O}tztaler Alpen, unter Verwendung eines nichtparametrischen Modells},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-50669},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-506695},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {49},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The continued melting of glaciers releases more sediment deposits, making them more susceptible to erosion. Increased sediment discharge rates endanger water quality and water supply due to reservoir siltation. In order to better understand these hazards and their evolvement, erosion processes need to be studied, especially in high alpine catchment areas. In this bachelor thesis, sediment concentrations as well as other environmental variables, such as discharge, precipitation and temperature, were measured in the Rofental catchment ({\"O}tztal Alps) and in a highly glaciated sub-catchment of the Rofental. The quantile regression forest machine learning technique was applied to determine the correlation between sediment concentration and ancillary variables. The variables were aggregated to different levels, which allowed past hydroclimatic conditions to be taken into account. Considering the knowledge regarding the influence of these environment variables, the sediment concentration could be retrospectively simulated using a Monte Carlo approach. The resulting continuous time series was used to calculate the annual sediment export rates. The turbidity, as an indicator for the sediment concentration, was measured as well. By determining the correlation between the modelled data and the measured turbidity, the significance of the model could be assessed. The results show that the quantile regression forest model is a suitable approach to reconstruct the sediment dynamics in the Rofental. It further emerged that the discharge has a great impact on the sediment concentration in both catchments, with the relevance of the other variables varying widely between both study areas. The correlation between the measured turbidity and the simulated sediment concentration is strongly positive, whereby debris flows, measurement errors and the rinse of new sediment reservoirs deteriorated the model's performance.},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Francke2009,
  author    = {Francke, Till},
  title     = {Measurement and modelling of water and sediment fluxes in meso-scale dryland catchments},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-31525},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Water shortage is a serious threat for many societies worldwide. In drylands, water management measures like the construction of reservoirs are affected by eroded sediments transported in the rivers. Thus, the capability of assessing water and sediment fluxes at the river basin scale is of vital importance to support management decisions and policy making. This subject was addressed by the DFG-funded SESAM-project (Sediment Export from large Semi-Arid catchments: Measurements and Modelling). As a part of this project, this thesis focuses on (1) the development and implementation of an erosion module for a meso-scale catchment model, (2) the development of upscaling and generalization methods for the parameterization of such model, (3) the execution of measurements to obtain data required for the modelling and (4) the application of the model to different study areas and its evaluation. The research was carried out in two meso-scale dryland catchments in NE-Spain: Ribera Salada (200 km²) and Is{\´a}bena (450 km²). Adressing objective 1, WASA-SED, a spatially semi-distributed model for water and sediment transport at the meso-scale was developed. The model simulates runoff and erosion processes at the hillslope scale, transport processes of suspended and bedload fluxes in the river reaches, and retention and remobilisation processes of sediments in reservoirs. This thesis introduces the model concept, presents current model applications and discusses its capabilities and limitations. Modelling at larger scales faces the dilemma of describing relevant processes while maintaining a manageable demand for input data and computation time. WASA-SED addresses this challenge by employing an innovative catena-based upscaling approach: the landscape is represented by characteristic toposequences. For deriving these toposequences with regard to multiple attributes (eg. topography, soils, vegetation) the LUMP-algorithm (Landscape Unit Mapping Program) was developed and related to objective 2. It incorporates an algorithm to retrieve representative catenas and their attributes, based on a Digital Elevation Model and supplemental spatial data. These catenas are classified to provide the discretization for the WASA-SED model. For objective 3, water and sediment fluxes were monitored at the catchment outlet of the Is{\´a}bena and some of its sub-catchments. For sediment yield estimation, the intermittent measurements of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) had to be interpolated. This thesis presents a comparison of traditional sediment rating curves (SRCs), generalized linear models (GLMs) and non-parametric regression using Random Forests (RF) and Quantile Regression Forests (QRF). The observed SSCs are highly variable and range over six orders of magnitude. For these data, traditional SRCs performed poorly, as did GLMs, despite including other relevant process variables (e.g. rainfall intensities, discharge characteristics). RF and QRF proved to be very robust and performed favourably for reproducing sediment dynamics. QRF additionally excels in providing estimates on the accuracy of the predictions. Subsequent analysis showed that most of the sediment was exported during intense storms of late summer. Later floods yielded successively less sediment. Comparing sediment generation to yield at the outlet suggested considerable storage effects within the river channel. Addressing objective 4, the WASA-SED model was parameterized for the two study areas in NE Spain and applied with different foci. For Ribera Salada, the uncalibrated model yielded reasonable results for runoff and sediment. It provided quantitative measures of the change in runoff and sediment yield for different land-uses. Additional land management scenarios were presented and compared to impacts caused by climate change projections. In contrast, the application for the Is{\´a}bena focussed on exploring the full potential of the model's predictive capabilities. The calibrated model achieved an acceptable performance for the validation period in terms of water and sediment fluxes. The inadequate representation of the lower sub-catchments inflicted considerable reductions on model performance, while results for the headwater catchments showed good agreement despite stark contrasts in sediment yield. In summary, the application of WASA-SED to three catchments proved the model framework to be a practicable multi-scale approach. It successfully links the hillslope to the catchment scale and integrates the three components hillslope, river and reservoir in one model. Thus, it provides a feasible approach for tackling issues of water and sediment yield at the meso-scale. The crucial role of processes like transmission losses and sediment storage in the river has been identified. Further advances can be expected when the representation of connectivity of water and sediment fluxes (intra-hillslope, hillslope-river, intra-river) is refined and input data improves.},
  language  = {en}
}