@phdthesis{Wang2022,
  author    = {Wang, Yang},
  title     = {Role of the actin cytoskeleton in cellular morphogenesis at the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis thaliana},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55908},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {130},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The morphogenesis of sessile plants is mainly driven by directional cell growth and cell division. The organization of their cytoskeleton and the mechanical properties of the cell wall greatly influence morphogenetic events in plants. It is well known that cortical microtubules (CMTs) contribute to directional growth by regulating the deposition of the cellulose microfibrils, as major cell wall fortifying elements. More recent findings demonstrate that mechanical stresses existing in cells and tissues influence microtubule organization. Also, in dividing cells, mechanical stress directions contribute to the orientation of the new cell wall. In comparison to the microtubule cytoskeleton, the role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating shoot meristem morphogenesis has not been extensively studied. This thesis focuses on the functional relevance of the actin cytoskeleton during cell and tissue scale morphogenesis in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana. Visualization of transcriptional reporters indicates that ACTIN2 and ACTIN7 are two highly expressed actin genes in the SAM. A link between the actin cytoskeleton and SAM development derives from the observation that the act2-1 act7-1 double mutant has abnormal cell shape and perturbed phyllotactic patterns. Live-cell imaging of the actin cytoskeleton further shows that its organization correlates with cell shape, which indicates a potential role of actin in influencing cellular morphogenesis. In this thesis, a detailed characterization of the act2-1 act7-1 mutant reveals that perturbation of actin leads to more rectangular cellular geometries with more 90° cell internal angles, and higher incidences of four-way junctions (four cell boundaries intersecting together). This observation deviates from the conventional tricellular junctions found in epidermal cells. Quantitative cellular-level growth data indicates that such differences in the act2-1 act7-1 mutant arise due to the reduced accuracy in the placement of the new cell wall, as well as its mechanical maturation. Changes in cellular morphology observed in the act2-1 act7-1 mutant result in cell packing defects that subsequently compromise the flow of information among cells in the SAM.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{NakamuraClaesGrebeetal.2018,
  author    = {Nakamura, Moritaka and Claes, Andrea R. and Grebe, Tobias and Hermkes, Rebecca and Viotti, Corrado and Ikeda, Yoshihisa and Grebe, Markus},
  title     = {Auxin and ROP GTPase signaling of polar nuclear migration in root epidermal hair cells},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {992},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44127},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441278},
  pages     = {378 -- 391},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Polar nuclear migration is crucial during the development of diverse eukaryotes. In plants, root hair growth requires polar nuclear migration into the outgrowing hair. However, knowledge about the dynamics and the regulatory mechanisms underlying nuclear movements in root epidermal cells remains limited. Here, we show that both auxin and Rho-of-Plant (ROP) signaling modulate polar nuclear position at the inner epidermal plasma membrane domain oriented to the cortical cells during cell elongation as well as subsequent polar nuclear movement to the outer domain into the emerging hair bulge in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Auxin signaling via the nuclear AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR7 (ARF7)/ARF19 and INDOLE ACETIC ACID7 pathway ensures correct nuclear placement toward the inner membrane domain. Moreover, precise inner nuclear placement relies on SPIKE1 Rho-GEF, SUPERCENTIPEDE1 Rho-GDI, and ACTIN7 (ACT7) function and to a lesser extent on VTI11 vacuolar SNARE activity. Strikingly, the directionality and/or velocity of outer polar nuclear migration into the hair outgrowth along actin strands also are ACT7 dependent, auxin sensitive, and regulated by ROP signaling. Thus, our findings provide a founding framework revealing auxin and ROP signaling of inner polar nuclear position with some contribution by vacuolar morphology and of actin-dependent outer polar nuclear migration in root epidermal hair cells.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaumannBauer2013,
  author    = {Baumann, Otto and Bauer, Alexandra},
  title     = {Development of apical membrane organization and V-ATPase regulation in blowfly salivary glands},
  series = {The journal of experimental biology},
  volume    = {216},
  journal   = {The journal of experimental biology},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Company of Biologists Limited},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {0022-0949},
  doi       = {10.1242/jeb.077420},
  pages     = {1225 -- 1234},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Secretory cells in blowfly salivary gland are specialized via morphological and physiological attributes in order to serve their main function, i.e. the transport of solutes at a high rate in response to a hormonal stimulus, namely serotonin (5-HT). This study examines the way that 5-HT-insensitive precursor cells differentiate into morphologically complex 5-HT-responsive secretory cells. By means of immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoblotting and measurements of the transepithelial potential changes, we show the following. (1) The apical membrane of the secretory cells becomes organized into an elaborate system of canaliculi and is folded into pleats during the last pupal day and the first day of adulthood. (2) The structural reorganization of the apical membrane is accompanied by an enrichment of actin filaments and phosphorylated ERM protein (phospho-moesin) at this membrane domain and by the deployment of the membrane-integral part of vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase). These findings suggest a role for phospho-moesin, a linker between actin filaments and membrane components, in apical membrane morphogenesis. (3) The assembly and activation of V-ATPase can be induced immediately after eclosion by way of 8-CPT-cAMP, a membrane-permeant cAMP analogue. (4) 5-HT, however, produces the assembly and activation of V-ATPase only in flies aged for at least 2 h after eclosion, indicating that, at eclosion, the 5-HT receptor/adenylyl cyclase/cAMP signalling pathway is inoperative upstream of cAMP. (5) 5-HT activates both the Ca2+ signalling pathway and the cAMP signalling cascade in fully differentiated secretory cells. However, the functionality of these signalling cascades does not seem to be established in a tightly coordinated manner during cell differentation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Bischofs2004,
  author    = {Bischofs, Ilka Bettina},
  title     = {Elastic interactions of cellular force patterns},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001767},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Gewebezellen sammeln st{\"a}ndig Informationen {\"u}ber die mechanischen Eigenschaften ihrer Umgebung, indem sie aktiv an dieser ziehen. Diese Kr{\"a}fte werden an Zell-Matrix-Kontakten {\"u}bertragen, die als Mechanosensoren fungieren. J{\"u}ngste Experimente mit Zellen auf elastischen Substraten zeigen, dass Zellen sehr empfindlich auf Ver{\"a}nderungen der effektiven Steifigkeit ihrer Umgebung reagieren, die zu einer Reorganisation des Zytoskeletts f{\"u}hren k{\"o}nnen. In dieser Arbeit wird ein theoretisches Model entwickelt, um die Selbstorganisation von Zellen in weichen Materialien vorherzusagen. Obwohl das Zellverhalten durch komplexe regulatorische Vorg{\"a}nge in der Zelle gesteuert wird, scheint die typische Antwort von Zellen auf mechanische Reize eine einfache Pr{\"a}ferenz f{\"u}r große effektive Steifigkeit der Umgebung zu sein, m{\"o}glicherweise weil in einer steiferen Umgebung Kr{\"a}fte an den Kontakten effektiver aufgebaut werden k{\"o}nnen. Der Begriff Steifigkeit umfasst dabei sowohl Effekte, die durch gr{\"o}ßere H{\"a}rte als auch durch elastische Verzerrungsfelder in der Umgebung verursacht werden. Diese Beobachtung kann man als ein Extremalprinzip in der Elastizit{\"a}tstheorie formulieren. Indem man das zellul{\"a}re Kraftmuster spezifiziert, mit dem Zellen mit ihrer Umgebung wechselwirken, und die Umgebung selbst als linear elastisches Material modelliert, kann damit die optimale Orientierung und Position von Zellen vorhergesagt werden. Es werden mehrere praktisch relevante Beispiele f{\"u}r Zellorganisation theoretisch betrachtet: Zellen in externen Spannungsfeldern und Zellen in der N{\"a}he von Grenzfl{\"a}chen f{\"u}r verschiedene Geometrien und Randbedingungen des elastischen Mediums. Daf{\"u}r werden die entsprechenden elastischen Randwertprobleme in Vollraum, Halbraum und Kugel exakt gel{\"o}st. Die Vorhersagen des Models stimmen hervorragend mit experimentellen Befunden f{\"u}r Fibroblastzellen {\"u}berein, sowohl auf elastischen Substraten als auch in physiologischen Hydrogelen. Mechanisch aktive Zellen wie Fibroblasten k{\"o}nnen auch elastisch miteinander wechselwirken. Es werden daher optimale Strukturen als Funktion von Materialeigenschaften und Zelldichte bzw. der Geometrie der Zellpositionen berechnet. Schließlich wird mit Hilfe von Monte Carlo Simulationen der Einfluss stochastischer St{\"o}rungen auf die Strukturbildung untersucht. Das vorliegende Model tr{\"a}gt nicht nur zu einem besseren Verst{\"a}ndnis von vielen physiologischen Situationen bei, sondern k{\"o}nnte in Zukunft auch f{\"u}r biomedizinische Anwendungen benutzt werden, um zum Beispiel Protokolle f{\"u}r k{\"u}nstliche Gewebe im Bezug auf Substratgeometrie, Randbedingungen, Materialeigenschaften oder Zelldichte zu optimieren.},
  language  = {en}
}