TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stolle, Amelie
A1  - Schwanghart, Wolfgang
A1  - Andermann, Christoff
A1  - Bernhardt, Anne
A1  - Fort, Monique
A1  - Jansen, John D.
A1  - Wittmann, Hella
A1  - Merchel, Silke
A1  - Rugel, Georg
A1  - Adhikari, Basanta Raj
A1  - Korup, Oliver
T1  - Protracted river response to medieval earthquakes
T2  - Earth surface processes and landforms : the journal of the British Geomorphological Research Group
N2  - Mountain rivers respond to strong earthquakes by rapidly aggrading to accommodate excess sediment delivered by co-seismic landslides. Detailed sediment budgets indicate that rivers need several years to decades to recover from seismic disturbances, depending on how recovery is defined. We examine three principal proxies of river recovery after earthquake-induced sediment pulses around Pokhara, Nepal's second largest city. Freshly exhumed cohorts of floodplain trees in growth position indicate rapid and pulsed sedimentation that formed a fan covering 150 km2 in a Lesser Himalayan basin with tens of metres of debris between the 11th and 15th centuries AD. Radiocarbon dates of buried trees are consistent with those of nearby valley deposits linked to major medieval earthquakes, such that we can estimate average rates of re-incision since. We combine high-resolution digital elevation data, geodetic field surveys, aerial photos, and dated tree trunks to reconstruct geomorphic marker surfaces. The volumes of sediment relative to these surfaces require average net sediment yields of up to 4200 t km–2 yr–1 for the 650 years since the last inferred earthquake-triggered sediment pulse. The lithological composition of channel bedload differs from that of local bedrock, confirming that rivers are still mostly evacuating medieval valley fills, locally incising at rates of up to 0.2 m yr–1. Pronounced knickpoints and epigenetic gorges at tributary junctions further illustrate the protracted fluvial response; only the distal portions of the earthquake-derived sediment wedges have been cut to near their base. Our results challenge the notion that mountain rivers recover speedily from earthquakes within years to decades. The valley fills around Pokhara show that even highly erosive Himalayan rivers may need more than several centuries to adjust to catastrophic perturbations. Our results motivate some rethinking of post-seismic hazard appraisals and infrastructural planning in active mountain regions.
KW  - fluvial response
KW  - sediment yield
KW  - earthquakes
KW  - Nepal
KW  - Himalaya
Y1  - 2018
UR  - https://publishup.uni-potsdam.de/frontdoor/index/index/docId/50794
SN  - 0197-9337
SN  - 1096-9837
VL  - 44
IS  - 1
SP  - 331
EP  - 341
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -