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Insights into the high-energy gamma-Ray emission of markarian 501 fromextensive multifrequency observations in the fermi era

A. A. Abdo, Margit Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. J. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, K. C. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R. D. Blandford, E. D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, A. W. Borgland, A. Bouvier, T. J. Brandt, Johan Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G. A. Caliandro, R. A. Cameron, A. Cannon, P. A. Caraveo, Svenja Carrigan, J. M. Casandjian, E. Cavazzuti, C. Cecchi, O. Celik, E. Charles, A. Chekhtman, C. C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, Jan Conrad, S. Cutini, C. D. Dermer, F. de Palma, E. do Couto e Silva, P. S. Drell, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Favuzzi, S. J. Fegan, E. C. Ferrara, W. B. Focke, P. Fortin, M. Frailis, L. Fuhrmann, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I. A. Grenier, L. Guillemot, S. Guiriec, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, D. Horan, R. E. Hughes, G. Johannesson, A. S. Johnson, W. N. Johnson, M. Kadler, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, J. Knoedlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S. -H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, B. Lott, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, G. M. Madejski, A. Makeev, W. Max-Moerbeck, Mario Nicola Mazziotta, J. E. McEnery, J. Mehault, P. F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A. A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I. V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, M. Naumann-Godo, S. Nishino, P. L. Nolan, J. P. Norris, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J. F. Ormes, D. Paneque, J. H. Panetta, D. Parent, V. Pavlidou, T. J. Pearson, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, F. Piron, T. A. Porter, S. Raino, R. Rando, M. Razzano, A. Readhead, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. L. Richards, J. Ripken, S. Ritz, M. Roth, H. F. -W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, A. Sander, J. D. Scargle, C. Sgro, E. J. Siskind, P. D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, L. Stawarz, M. Stevenson, M. S. Strickman, K. V. Sokolovsky, D. J. Suson, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J. B. Thayer, J. G. Thayer, D. J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, Y. Uchiyama, T. L. Usher, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, N. Vilchez, V. Vitale, A. P. Waite, P. Wang, A. E. Wehrle, B. L. Winer, K. S. Wood, Z. Yang, T. Ylinen, J. A. Zensus, M. Ziegler, J. Aleksic, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, Michael Backes, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, A. Berdyugin, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, R. K. Bock, A. Boller, G. Bonnoli, Pol Bordas, D. Borla Tridon, Valentin Bosch-Ramon, D. Bose, I. Braun, T. Bretz, M. Camara, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, F. Dazzi, A. de Angelis, E. De Cea del Pozo, B. De Lotto, M. De Maria, F. De Sabata, C. Delgado Mendez, A. Diago Ortega, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsaesser, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, R. J. Garcia Lopen, M. Garczarczyk, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovi, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, D. Hoehne-Moench, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, T. Jogler, S. Klepser, T. Kraehenbuehl, D. Kranich, J. Krause, A. La Barbera, E. Leonardo, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, E. Lorenz, P. Majumdar, E. Makariev, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, H. Miyamoto, J. Moldon, A. Moralejo, D. Nieto, K. Nilsson, R. Orito, I. Oya, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, S. Partini, M. Pasanen, F. Pauss, R. G. Pegna, M. A. Perez-Torres, M. Persic, J. Peruzzo, J. Pochon, P. G. Prada Moroni, F. Prada, E. Prandini, N. Puchades, I. Puljak, T. Reichardt, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, M. Rissi, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, K. Saito, T. Y. Saito, M. Salvati, M. Sanchez-Conde, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, M. Shayduk, S. N. Shore, A. Sierpowska-Bartosik, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, S. Spiro, A. Stamerra, B. Steinke, J. Storz, N. Strah, J. C. Struebig, T. Suric, L. O. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, H. Vankov, R. M. Wagner, Q. Weitzel, V. Zabalza, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, V. A. Acciari, T. Arlen, T. Aune, W. Benbow, D. Boltuch, S. M. Bradbury, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, A. Cannon, A. Cesarini, L. Ciupik, W. Cui, R. Dickherber, M. Errando, A. Falcone, J. P. Finley, G. Finnegan, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, D. Gall, G. H. Gillanders, S. Godambe, J. Grube, R. Guenette, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, D. Huang, C. M. Hui, T. B. Humensky, P. Kaaret, N. Karlsson, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, A. Konopelko, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, M. J. Lang, G. Maier, S. McArthur, A. McCann, M. McCutcheon, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. Ong, N. Otte, D. Pandel, J. S. Perkins, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, E. Roache, H. J. Rose, A. C. Rovero, M. Schroedter, G. H. Sembroski, G. D. Senturk, D. Steele, S. P. Swordy, G. Tesic, M. Theiling, S. Thibadeau, A. Varlotta, S. Vincent, S. P. Wakely, J. E. Ward, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, T. Weisgarber, D. A. Williams, M. Wood, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, A. A. Arkharov, D. A. Blinov, P. Calcidese, W. P. Chen, N. V. Efimova, G. Kimeridze, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, S. O. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, V. M. Larionov, E. G. Larionova, L. V. Larionova, R. Ligustri, D. A. Morozova, M. G. Nikolashvili, L. A. Sigua, I. S. Troitsky, E. Angelakis, M. Capalbi, A. Carraminana, L. Carrasco, P. Cassaro, E. de la Fuente, M. A. Gurwell, Y. Y. Kovalev, Yu. A. Kovalev, T. P. Krichbaum, H. A. Krimm, Paolo Leto, M. L. Lister, G. Maccaferri, J. W. Moody, Y. Mori, I. Nestoras, A. Orlati, C. Pagani, C. Pace, R. Pearson, M. Perri, B. G. Piner, A. B. Pushkarev, E. Ros, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, M. Tornikoski, Y. Yatsu, A. Zook

  • We report on the gamma-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 +/- 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 +/- 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 +/- 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensiveWe report on the gamma-ray activity of the blazar Mrk 501 during the first 480 days of Fermi operation. We find that the average Large Area Telescope (LAT) gamma-ray spectrum of Mrk 501 can be well described by a single power-law function with a photon index of 1.78 +/- 0.03. While we observe relatively mild flux variations with the Fermi-LAT (within less than a factor of two), we detect remarkable spectral variability where the hardest observed spectral index within the LAT energy range is 1.52 +/- 0.14, and the softest one is 2.51 +/- 0.20. These unexpected spectral changes do not correlate with the measured flux variations above 0.3 GeV. In this paper, we also present the first results from the 4.5 month long multifrequency campaign (2009 March 15-August 1) on Mrk 501, which included the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), Swift, RXTE, MAGIC, and VERITAS, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments which provided excellent temporal and energy coverage of the source throughout the entire campaign. The extensive radio to TeV data set from this campaign provides us with the most detailed spectral energy distribution yet collected for this source during its relatively low activity. The average spectral energy distribution of Mrk 501 is well described by the standard one-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model. In the framework of this model, we find that the dominant emission region is characterized by a size less than or similar to 0.1 pc (comparable within a factor of few to the size of the partially resolved VLBA core at 15-43 GHz), and that the total jet power (similar or equal to 10(44) erg s(-1)) constitutes only a small fraction (similar to 10(-3)) of the Eddington luminosity. The energy distribution of the freshly accelerated radiating electrons required to fit the time-averaged data has a broken power-law form in the energy range 0.3 GeV-10 TeV, with spectral indices 2.2 and 2.7 below and above the break energy of 20 GeV. We argue that such a form is consistent with a scenario in which the bulk of the energy dissipation within the dominant emission zone of Mrk 501 is due to relativistic, proton-mediated shocks. We find that the ultrarelativistic electrons and mildly relativistic protons within the blazar zone, if comparable in number, are in approximate energy equipartition, with their energy dominating the jet magnetic field energy by about two orders of magnitude.show moreshow less

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Author details:A. A. Abdo, Margit Ackermann, M. Ajello, A. J. Allafort, L. Baldini, J. Ballet, G. Barbiellini, M. G. Baring, D. Bastieri, K. C. Bechtol, R. Bellazzini, B. Berenji, R. D. Blandford, E. D. Bloom, E. Bonamente, A. W. Borgland, A. Bouvier, T. J. Brandt, Johan Bregeon, A. Brez, M. Brigida, P. Bruel, R. Buehler, S. Buson, G. A. Caliandro, R. A. Cameron, A. Cannon, P. A. Caraveo, Svenja Carrigan, J. M. Casandjian, E. Cavazzuti, C. Cecchi, O. Celik, E. Charles, A. Chekhtman, C. C. Cheung, J. Chiang, S. Ciprini, R. Claus, J. Cohen-Tanugi, Jan Conrad, S. Cutini, C. D. Dermer, F. de Palma, E. do Couto e Silva, P. S. Drell, R. Dubois, D. Dumora, C. Favuzzi, S. J. Fegan, E. C. Ferrara, W. B. Focke, P. Fortin, M. Frailis, L. Fuhrmann, Y. Fukazawa, S. Funk, P. Fusco, F. Gargano, D. Gasparrini, N. Gehrels, S. Germani, N. Giglietto, F. Giordano, M. Giroletti, T. Glanzman, G. Godfrey, I. A. Grenier, L. Guillemot, S. Guiriec, M. Hayashida, E. Hays, D. Horan, R. E. Hughes, G. Johannesson, A. S. Johnson, W. N. Johnson, M. Kadler, T. Kamae, H. Katagiri, J. Kataoka, J. Knoedlseder, M. Kuss, J. Lande, L. Latronico, S. -H. Lee, M. Lemoine-Goumard, F. Longo, F. Loparco, B. Lott, M. N. Lovellette, P. Lubrano, G. M. Madejski, A. Makeev, W. Max-Moerbeck, Mario Nicola MazziottaORCiD, J. E. McEnery, J. Mehault, P. F. Michelson, W. Mitthumsiri, T. Mizuno, A. A. Moiseev, C. Monte, M. E. Monzani, A. Morselli, I. V. Moskalenko, S. Murgia, M. Naumann-Godo, S. Nishino, P. L. Nolan, J. P. Norris, E. Nuss, T. Ohsugi, A. Okumura, N. Omodei, E. Orlando, J. F. Ormes, D. Paneque, J. H. Panetta, D. Parent, V. Pavlidou, T. J. Pearson, V. Pelassa, M. Pepe, M. Pesce-Rollins, F. Piron, T. A. Porter, S. Raino, R. Rando, M. Razzano, A. Readhead, A. Reimer, O. Reimer, J. L. Richards, J. Ripken, S. Ritz, M. Roth, H. F. -W. Sadrozinski, D. Sanchez, A. Sander, J. D. Scargle, C. Sgro, E. J. Siskind, P. D. Smith, G. Spandre, P. Spinelli, L. Stawarz, M. Stevenson, M. S. Strickman, K. V. Sokolovsky, D. J. Suson, H. Takahashi, T. Takahashi, T. Tanaka, J. B. Thayer, J. G. Thayer, D. J. Thompson, L. Tibaldo, F. Torres, G. Tosti, A. Tramacere, Y. Uchiyama, T. L. Usher, J. Vandenbroucke, V. Vasileiou, N. Vilchez, V. Vitale, A. P. Waite, P. Wang, A. E. Wehrle, B. L. Winer, K. S. Wood, Z. Yang, T. Ylinen, J. A. Zensus, M. Ziegler, J. Aleksic, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, Michael Backes, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, A. Berdyugin, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, R. K. Bock, A. Boller, G. Bonnoli, Pol BordasORCiDGND, D. Borla Tridon, Valentin Bosch-Ramon, D. Bose, I. Braun, T. Bretz, M. Camara, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, F. Dazzi, A. de Angelis, E. De Cea del Pozo, B. De Lotto, M. De Maria, F. De Sabata, C. Delgado Mendez, A. Diago Ortega, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis PresterORCiD, D. Dorner, M. Doro, D. Elsaesser, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, R. J. Garcia Lopen, M. Garczarczyk, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovi, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, D. Hoehne-Moench, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, T. Jogler, S. Klepser, T. Kraehenbuehl, D. Kranich, J. Krause, A. La Barbera, E. Leonardo, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, E. Lorenz, P. Majumdar, E. Makariev, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, H. Miyamoto, J. Moldon, A. Moralejo, D. Nieto, K. Nilsson, R. Orito, I. Oya, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, S. Partini, M. Pasanen, F. Pauss, R. G. Pegna, M. A. Perez-Torres, M. Persic, J. Peruzzo, J. Pochon, P. G. Prada Moroni, F. Prada, E. Prandini, N. Puchades, I. Puljak, T. Reichardt, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, M. Rissi, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, K. Saito, T. Y. Saito, M. Salvati, M. Sanchez-Conde, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, M. Shayduk, S. N. Shore, A. Sierpowska-Bartosik, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, S. Spiro, A. Stamerra, B. Steinke, J. Storz, N. Strah, J. C. Struebig, T. Suric, L. O. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, H. Vankov, R. M. Wagner, Q. Weitzel, V. Zabalza, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, V. A. Acciari, T. Arlen, T. Aune, W. Benbow, D. Boltuch, S. M. Bradbury, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, A. Cannon, A. Cesarini, L. Ciupik, W. Cui, R. Dickherber, M. Errando, A. Falcone, J. P. Finley, G. Finnegan, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, D. Gall, G. H. Gillanders, S. Godambe, J. Grube, R. Guenette, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, D. Huang, C. M. Hui, T. B. Humensky, P. Kaaret, N. Karlsson, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, A. Konopelko, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, M. J. Lang, G. Maier, S. McArthur, A. McCann, M. McCutcheon, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. Ong, N. Otte, D. Pandel, J. S. Perkins, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, J. Quinn, K. Ragan, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, E. Roache, H. J. Rose, A. C. Rovero, M. Schroedter, G. H. Sembroski, G. D. Senturk, D. Steele, S. P. Swordy, G. Tesic, M. Theiling, S. Thibadeau, A. Varlotta, S. Vincent, S. P. Wakely, J. E. Ward, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, T. Weisgarber, D. A. Williams, M. Wood, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, A. A. Arkharov, D. A. Blinov, P. Calcidese, W. P. Chen, N. V. Efimova, G. Kimeridze, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, S. O. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, V. M. Larionov, E. G. Larionova, L. V. Larionova, R. Ligustri, D. A. Morozova, M. G. Nikolashvili, L. A. Sigua, I. S. Troitsky, E. Angelakis, M. Capalbi, A. Carraminana, L. Carrasco, P. Cassaro, E. de la Fuente, M. A. Gurwell, Y. Y. Kovalev, Yu. A. Kovalev, T. P. Krichbaum, H. A. Krimm, Paolo LetoORCiD, M. L. Lister, G. Maccaferri, J. W. Moody, Y. Mori, I. Nestoras, A. Orlati, C. Pagani, C. Pace, R. Pearson, M. Perri, B. G. Piner, A. B. Pushkarev, E. Ros, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, M. Tornikoski, Y. Yatsu, A. Zook
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/129
ISSN:0004-637X
Title of parent work (English):The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
Publisher:IOP Publ. Ltd.
Place of publishing:Bristol
Publication type:Article
Language:English
Year of first publication:2011
Publication year:2011
Creating corporation:Fermi-LAT Collaboration, MAGIC Collaboration, VERITAS Collaboration
Release date:2017/03/26
Tag:BL Lacertae objects: general; BL Lacertae objects: individual (Mrk 501); acceleration of particles; galaxies: active; gamma rays: general; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
Volume:727
Issue:2
Number of pages:26
Funding institution:K. A. Wallenberg Foundation; International Doctorate on Astroparticle Physics (IDAPP) program; INFN Padova; Academy of Finland [212656, 210338]; National Radio Astronomy Observatory's Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) [BK150, BP143, MOJAVE]; Russian RFBR foundation [09-02-00092]; Georgian National Science Foundation [GNSF/ST07/4-180]; NASA [NNX08AW31G]; NSF [AST-0808050]
Organizational units:Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Institut für Physik und Astronomie
Peer review:Referiert
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