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The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk 421: Variability and correlation studies

J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Bilandli, O. Bianch, R. K. Bock, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, D. Carreto Fidalgo, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, C. Delgado Mendez, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, E. Farina, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyki, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, A. Hadamek, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, J. Krause, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, F. Longo, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, N. Nowak, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, S. Partini, M. Persic, F. Prada, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, S. Preziuso, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, K. Saito, M. Salvati, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schuliz, T. Schweizer, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, J. Storz, S. Sun, T. Suric, L. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. M. Wagner, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, S. Archambault, B. Behera, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, R. Bird, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, X. Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, J. Dumm, J. D. Eisch, A. Falcone, S. Federici, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, H. Fleischhack, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, S. Griffin, S. T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, Y. Khassen, D. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, G. Maier, S. McArthur, K. Meagher, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, N. Park, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, M. J. Quinn, K. Ragan, J. Rajotte, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, D. Staszak, Igor O. Telezhinsky, M. Theiling, J. V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. P. Wakely, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, R. Welsing, Alina Wilhelm, D. A. Williams, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, W. P. Chen, B. Jordan, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, B. McBreen, V. M. Larionov, C. S. Lin, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Angelakis, M. Capalbi, A. Carraminana, L. Carrasco, P. Cassaro, A. Cesarini, L. Fuhrmann, M. Giroletti, T. Hovatta, T. P. Krichbaum, H. A. Krimm, W. Max-Moerbeck, J. W. Moody, G. Maccaferri, Y. Mori, I. Nestoras, A. Orlati, C. Pace, R. Pearson, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, J. L. Richards, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, J. Tammi, M. Tornikoski, Y. Yatsu, A. Zook

  • Aims. We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods. We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about halfAims. We perform an extensive characterization of the broadband emission of Mrk 421, as well as its temporal evolution, during the non-flaring (low) state. The high brightness and nearby location (z = 0.031) of Mrk 421 make it an excellent laboratory to study blazar emission. The goal is to learn about the physical processes responsible for the typical emission of Mrk 421, which might also be extended to other blazars that are located farther away and hence are more difficult to study. Methods. We performed a 4.5-month multi-instrument campaign on Mrk 421 between January 2009 and June 2009, which included VLBA, F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, Swift, RXTE, Fermi-LAT, MAGIC, and Whipple, among other instruments and collaborations. This extensive radio to very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray dataset provides excellent temporal and energy coverage, which allows detailed studies of the evolution of the broadband spectral energy distribution. Results. Mrk421 was found in its typical (non-flaring) activity state, with a VHE flux of about half that of the Crab Nebula, yet the light curves show significant variability at all wavelengths, the highest variability being in the X-rays. We determined the power spectral densities (PSD) at most wavelengths and found that all PSDs can be described by power-laws without a break, and with indices consistent with pink/red-noise behavior. We observed a harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and measured a positive correlation between VHE and X-ray fluxes with zero time lag. Such characteristics have been reported many times during flaring activity, but here they are reported for the first time in the non-flaring state. We also observed an overall anti-correlation between optical /UV and X-rays extending over the duration of the campaign. Conclusions. The harder-when-brighter behavior in the X-ray spectra and the measured positive X-ray/VHE correlation during the 2009 multiwavelength campaign suggests that the physical processes dominating the emission during non-flaring states have similarities with those occurring during flaring activity. In particular, this observation supports leptonic scenarios as being responsible for the emission of Mrk 421 during non-flaring activity. Such a temporally extended X-ray /VHE correlation is not driven by any single flaring event, and hence is difficult to explain within the standard hadronic scenarios. The highest variability is observed in the X-ray band, which, within the one-zone synchrotron self-Compton scenario, indicates that the electron energy distribution is most variable at the highest energies.show moreshow less

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Author details:J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Bilandli, O. Bianch, R. K. Bock, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, D. Carreto Fidalgo, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, C. Delgado Mendez, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis PresterORCiD, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, E. Farina, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyki, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, A. Hadamek, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, J. Krause, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, F. Longo, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, N. Nowak, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, S. Partini, M. Persic, F. Prada, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, S. Preziuso, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, K. Saito, M. Salvati, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schuliz, T. Schweizer, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, J. Storz, S. Sun, T. Suric, L. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. M. Wagner, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, S. Archambault, B. Behera, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, R. Bird, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, X. Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, J. Dumm, J. D. Eisch, A. Falcone, S. Federici, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, H. Fleischhack, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, S. Griffin, S. T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, G. Hughes, T. B. Humensky, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, Y. Khassen, D. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, F. Krennrich, S. Kumar, M. J. Lang, G. Maier, S. McArthur, K. Meagher, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, N. Park, A. Pichel, M. Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, M. J. Quinn, K. Ragan, J. Rajotte, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, D. Staszak, Igor O. TelezhinskyORCiD, M. Theiling, J. V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. P. Wakely, T. C. Weekes, A. Weinstein, R. Welsing, Alina WilhelmORCiDGND, D. A. Williams, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, W. P. Chen, B. Jordan, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, B. McBreen, V. M. Larionov, C. S. Lin, M. G. Nikolashvili, E. Angelakis, M. Capalbi, A. Carraminana, L. Carrasco, P. Cassaro, A. Cesarini, L. Fuhrmann, M. Giroletti, T. Hovatta, T. P. Krichbaum, H. A. Krimm, W. Max-Moerbeck, J. W. Moody, G. Maccaferri, Y. Mori, I. Nestoras, A. Orlati, C. Pace, R. Pearson, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, J. L. Richards, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, J. Tammi, M. Tornikoski, Y. Yatsu, A. Zook
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424216
ISSN:0004-6361
ISSN:1432-0746
Title of parent work (English):Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
Publisher:EDP Sciences
Place of publishing:Les Ulis
Publication type:Article
Language:English
Year of first publication:2015
Publication year:2015
Creating corporation:MAGIC Collaboration, VERITAS Collaboration, MAGIC Collaboration
Release date:2017/03/27
Tag:BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421
Volume:576
Number of pages:18
Funding institution:German BMBF and MPG; Italian INFN and INAF; Swiss National Fund SNF; ERDF under the Spanish MINECO; Japanese JSPS; MEXT; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa [SEV-2012-0234]; CPAN [CSD2007-00042]; Spanish Consolider-Ingenio [CSD2009-00064]; Academy of Finland [268740, 212656, 210338, 121148]; Croatian Science Foundation [09/176]; University of Rijeka [13.12.1.3.02]; DFG Collaborative Research Centers [SFB823/C4, SFB876/C3]; Polish MNiSzW [745/N-HESS-MAGIC/2010/0]; US Department of Energy; US National Science Foundation; Smithsonian Institution; NSERC in Canada; Science Foundation Ireland; STCF in the UK; NASA [NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G]; NSF [AST-0808050, AST-1109911]; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR/577/6-320/13]; Russian RFBR foundation [09-02-00092]
Organizational units:Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Institut für Physik und Astronomie
Peer review:Referiert
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