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Unprecedented study of the broadband emission of Mrk 421 during flaring activity in March 2010

J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, B. Biasuzzi, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, A. Boller, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, E. de Ona Wilhelmi, C. Delgado Mendez, Dijana Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, D. Galindo, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyk, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, D. Hadasch, Y. Hanabata, M. Hayashida, J. Herrera, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, G. Hughes, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, K. Kodani, Y. Konno, J. Krause, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, M. Persic, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Rugamer, T. Saito, K. Saito, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, S. Sun, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, B. Steinke, J. Storz, M. Strzys, L. Takalo, H. Takami, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. Zanin, S. Archambault, A. Archer, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, K. Berger, R. Bird, Jonathan Biteau, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, Xiaoming Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, J. D. Eisch, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, G. H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, G. Gyuk, Nils Hakansson, J. Holder, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, P. Kar, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, M. J. Lang, S. McArthur, A. McCann, K. Meagher, J. Millis, P. Moriarty, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, J. S. Perkins, A. Pichel, Manuela Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, Elisa Pueschel, K. Ragan, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, D. Staszak, Igor O. Telezhinsky, J. V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. P. Wakely, R. Welsing, Alina Wilhelm, D. A. Williams, S. Buson, J. Finke, M. Villata, C. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, A. Cesarini, W. P. Chen, M. A. Gurwell, S. G. Jorstad, G. N. Kimeridze, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, S. O. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, V. M. Larionov, E. G. Larionova, H. C. Lin, B. McBreen, J. W. Moody, D. A. Morozova, A. P. Marscher, W. Max-Moerbeck, M. G. Nikolashvili, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, J. L. Richards, J. A. Ros, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, L. A. Sigua, P. S. Smith, M. Tornikoski, I. S. Troitsky, A. E. Wehrle, B. Jordan

  • Context. Because of its proximity, Mrk 421 is one of the best sources on which to study the nature of BL Lac objects. Its proximity allows us to characterize its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED). Aims. The goal is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. These mechanisms may also apply to more distant blazars that cannot be studied with the same level of detail. Methods. A flare occurring in March 2010 was observed for 13 consecutive days (from MJD 55 265 to MJD 55 277) with unprecedented wavelength coverage from radio to very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-rays with MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple, Fermi-LAT, MAXI, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and several optical and radio telescopes. We modeled the day-scale SEDs with one-zone and two-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, investigated the physical parameters, and evaluated whether the observed broadband SED variability can be associated with variations in the relativistic particle population.Context. Because of its proximity, Mrk 421 is one of the best sources on which to study the nature of BL Lac objects. Its proximity allows us to characterize its broadband spectral energy distribution (SED). Aims. The goal is to better understand the mechanisms responsible for the broadband emission and the temporal evolution of Mrk 421. These mechanisms may also apply to more distant blazars that cannot be studied with the same level of detail. Methods. A flare occurring in March 2010 was observed for 13 consecutive days (from MJD 55 265 to MJD 55 277) with unprecedented wavelength coverage from radio to very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-rays with MAGIC, VERITAS, Whipple, Fermi-LAT, MAXI, RXTE, Swift, GASP-WEBT, and several optical and radio telescopes. We modeled the day-scale SEDs with one-zone and two-zone synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) models, investigated the physical parameters, and evaluated whether the observed broadband SED variability can be associated with variations in the relativistic particle population. Results. The activity of Mrk 421 initially was high and then slowly decreased during the 13-day period. The flux variability was remarkable at the X-ray and VHE bands, but it was minor or not significant at the other bands. The variability in optical polarization was also minor. These observations revealed an almost linear correlation between the X-ray flux at the 2-10 keV band and the VHE gamma-ray flux above 200 GeV, consistent with the gamma-rays being produced by inverse-Compton scattering in the Klein-Nishina regime in the framework of SSC models. The one-zone SSC model can describe the SED of each day for the 13 consecutive days reasonably well, which once more shows the success of this standard theoretical scenario to describe the SEDs of VHE BL Lacs such as Mrk 421. This flaring activity is also very well described by a two-zone SSC model, where one zone is responsible for the quiescent emission, while the other smaller zone, which is spatially separated from the first, contributes to the daily variable emission occurring at X-rays and VHE gamma-rays. The second blob is assumed to have a smaller volume and a narrow electron energy distribution with 3 x 10(4) < gamma < 6 x 10(5), where. is the Lorentz factor of the electrons. Such a two-zone scenario would naturally lead to the correlated variability at the X-ray and VHE bands without variability at the optical/UV band, as well as to shorter timescales for the variability at the X-ray and VHE bands with respect to the variability at the other bands. Conclusions. Both the one-zone and the two-zone SSC models can describe the daily SEDs via the variation of only four or five model parameters, under the hypothesis that the variability is associated mostly with the underlying particle population. This shows that the particle acceleration and cooling mechanism that produces the radiating particles might be the main mechanism responsible for the broadband SED variations during the flaring episodes in blazars. The two-zone SSC model provides a better agreement with the observed SED at the narrow peaks of the low-and high-energy bumps during the highest activity, although the reported one-zone SSC model could be further improved by varying the parameters related to the emitting region itself (delta, B and R), in addition to the parameters related to the particle population.show moreshow less

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Author details:J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, E. Bernardini, B. Biasuzzi, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, A. Boller, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, E. de Ona Wilhelmi, C. Delgado Mendez, Dijana Dominis PresterORCiD, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, D. Galindo, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyk, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, D. Hadasch, Y. Hanabata, M. Hayashida, J. Herrera, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, G. Hughes, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, K. Kodani, Y. Konno, J. Krause, H. Kubo, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, K. Nishijima, K. Noda, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, M. Persic, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Rugamer, T. Saito, K. Saito, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, S. Sun, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, B. Steinke, J. Storz, M. Strzys, L. Takalo, H. Takami, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. Zanin, S. Archambault, A. Archer, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, K. Berger, R. Bird, Jonathan Biteau, J. H. Buckley, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, Xiaoming Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, J. D. Eisch, A. Falcone, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, P. Fortin, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, G. H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, G. Gyuk, Nils Hakansson, J. Holder, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, P. Kar, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, M. J. Lang, S. McArthur, A. McCann, K. Meagher, J. Millis, P. Moriarty, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, J. S. Perkins, A. Pichel, Manuela Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, Elisa PueschelORCiD, K. Ragan, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, A. C. Rovero, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, D. Staszak, Igor O. TelezhinskyORCiD, J. V. Tucci, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. P. Wakely, R. Welsing, Alina WilhelmORCiDGND, D. A. Williams, S. Buson, J. Finke, M. Villata, C. Raiteri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, A. Cesarini, W. P. Chen, M. A. Gurwell, S. G. Jorstad, G. N. Kimeridze, E. Koptelova, O. M. Kurtanidze, S. O. Kurtanidze, A. Lahteenmaki, V. M. Larionov, E. G. Larionova, H. C. Lin, B. McBreen, J. W. Moody, D. A. Morozova, A. P. Marscher, W. Max-Moerbeck, M. G. Nikolashvili, M. Perri, A. C. S. Readhead, J. L. Richards, J. A. Ros, A. C. Sadun, T. Sakamoto, L. A. Sigua, P. S. Smith, M. Tornikoski, I. S. Troitsky, A. E. Wehrle, B. Jordan
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201424811
ISSN:0004-6361
ISSN:1432-0746
Title of parent work (English):Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
Publisher:EDP Sciences
Place of publishing:Les Ulis
Publication type:Article
Language:English
Year of first publication:2015
Publication year:2015
Creating corporation:MAGIC Collaboration, VERITAS Collaboration
Release date:2017/03/27
Tag:BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 421; galaxies: active; gamma rays: galaxies; radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
Volume:578
Number of pages:26
Funding institution:German BMBF; German MPG; Italian INFN; Italian INAF; Swiss National Fund SNF; ERDF under the Spanish MINECO; Japanese JSPS; Japanese MEXT; Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa project of the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio programme [SEV-2012-0234]; CPAN project of the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio programme [CSD2007-00042]; MultiDark project of the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio programme [CSD2009-00064]; Academy of Finland [268740, 212656, 210338, 121148]; Croatian Science Foundation (HrZZ) Project [09/176]; University of Rijeka [13.12.1.3.02]; DFG Collaborative Research Centers [SFB823/C4, SFB876/C3]; Polish MNiSzW [745/N-HESS-MAGIC/2010/0]; US Department of Energy Office of Science; US National Science Foundation; Smithsonian Institution; NSERC in Canada; Science Foundation Ireland [SFI 10/RFP/AST2748]; STFC in the UK; NASA [NNX11AQ03G, NNX08AW31G, NNX11A043G]; Academia Sinica; NSF [AST-0808050, AST-1109911]; Russian RFBR [12-02-00452]; St. Petersburg University [6.0.163.2010, 6.38.71.2012]; Georgian National Science Foundation [GNSF/ST07/4-180]; Shota Rustaveli National Science Foundation [FR/577/6-320/13]
Organizational units:Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Institut für Physik und Astronomie
Peer review:Referiert
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