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Multiwavelength observations of Mrk 501 in 2008

J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, R. K. Bock, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, D. Carreto Fidalgo, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, C. Delgado Mendez, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis Prester, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, E. Farina, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyk, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, A. Hadamek, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, J. Krause, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, N. Nowak, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, S. Partini, M. Persic, F. Prada, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, S. Preziuso, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, T. Saito, K. Saito, M. Salvati, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, J. Storz, S. Sun, T. Suric, L. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. M. Wagner, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, B. Behera, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, K. Berger, R. Bird, A. Bouvier, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, Xuhui Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, C. Duke, J. Dumm, A. Falcone, Simone Federici, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, G. H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, S. T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, M. J. Lang, A. S. Madhavan, G. Maier, P. Majumdar, K. Meagher, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, D. Nieto, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, A. Pichel, Manula Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, J. Quinn, J. Rajotte, G. Ratliff, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, F. Sheidaei, A. W. Smith, D. Staszak, Igor O. Telezhinsky, M. Theiling, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. Vincent, S. P. Wakely, T. C. Weekes, R. Welsing, D. A. Williams, A. Zajczyk, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, M. Ajello, M. Perri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, V. M. Larionov, N. V. Efimova, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, W. P. Chen, E. Koptelova, H. Y. Hsiao, O. M. Kurtanidze, M. G. Nikolashvili, G. N. Kimeridze, B. Jordan, Paolo Leto, C. S. Buemi, C. Trigilio, G. Umana, A. Lahteenmaki, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, J. Sainio, V. Kadenius, M. Giroletti, A. Cesarini, L. Fuhrmann, Yu. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev

  • Context. Blazars are variable sources on various timescales over a broad energy range spanning from radio to very high energy (>100 GeV, hereafter VHE). Mrk 501 is one of the brightest blazars at TeV energies and has been extensively studied since its first VHE detection in 1996. However, most of the gamma-ray studies performed on Mrk 501 during the past years relate to flaring activity, when the source detection and characterization with the available gamma-ray instrumentation was easier to perform. Aims. Our goal is to characterize the source gamma-ray emission in detail, together with the radio-to-X-ray emission, during the non-flaring (low) activity, which is less often studied than the occasional flaring (high) activity. Methods. We organized a multiwavelength (MW) campaign on Mrk 501 between March and May 2008. This multi-instrument effort included the most sensitive VHE gamma-ray instruments in the northern hemisphere, namely the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes MAGIC and VERITAS, as well as Swift, RXTE, the F-GAMMA,Context. Blazars are variable sources on various timescales over a broad energy range spanning from radio to very high energy (>100 GeV, hereafter VHE). Mrk 501 is one of the brightest blazars at TeV energies and has been extensively studied since its first VHE detection in 1996. However, most of the gamma-ray studies performed on Mrk 501 during the past years relate to flaring activity, when the source detection and characterization with the available gamma-ray instrumentation was easier to perform. Aims. Our goal is to characterize the source gamma-ray emission in detail, together with the radio-to-X-ray emission, during the non-flaring (low) activity, which is less often studied than the occasional flaring (high) activity. Methods. We organized a multiwavelength (MW) campaign on Mrk 501 between March and May 2008. This multi-instrument effort included the most sensitive VHE gamma-ray instruments in the northern hemisphere, namely the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes MAGIC and VERITAS, as well as Swift, RXTE, the F-GAMMA, GASP-WEBT, and other collaborations and instruments. This provided extensive energy and temporal coverage of Mrk 501 throughout the entire campaign. Results. Mrk 501 was found to be in a low state of activity during the campaign, with a VHE flux in the range of 10%-20% of the Crab nebula flux. Nevertheless, significant flux variations were detected with various instruments, with a trend of increasing variability with energy and a tentative correlation between the X-ray and VHE fluxes. The broadband spectral energy distribution during the two different emission states of the campaign can be adequately described within the homogeneous one-zone synchrotron self-Compton model, with the (slightly) higher state described by an increase in the electron number density. Conclusions. The one-zone SSC model can adequately describe the broadband spectral energy distribution of the source during the two months covered by the MW campaign. This agrees with previous studies of the broadband emission of this source during flaring and non-flaring states. We report for the first time a tentative X-ray-to-VHE correlation during such a low VHE activity. Although marginally significant, this positive correlation between X-ray and VHE, which has been reported many times during flaring activity, suggests that the mechanisms that dominate the X-ray/VHE emission during non-flaring-activity are not substantially different from those that are responsible for the emission during flaring activity.show moreshow less

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Author details:J. Aleksic, S. Ansoldi, L. A. Antonelli, P. Antoranz, A. Babic, P. Bangale, U. Barres de Almeida, J. A. Barrio, J. Becerra Gonzalez, W. Bednarek, K. Berger, E. Bernardini, A. Biland, O. Blanch Bigas, R. K. Bock, S. Bonnefoy, G. Bonnoli, F. Borracci, T. Bretz, E. Carmona, A. Carosi, D. Carreto Fidalgo, P. Colin, E. Colombo, J. L. Contreras, J. Cortina, S. Covino, P. Da Vela, F. Dazzi, A. De Angelis, G. De Caneva, B. De Lotto, C. Delgado Mendez, M. Doert, A. Dominguez, Dijana Dominis PresterORCiD, D. Dorner, M. Doro, S. Einecke, D. Eisenacher, D. Elsaesser, E. Farina, D. Ferenc, M. V. Fonseca, L. Font, K. Frantzen, C. Fruck, R. J. Garcia Lopez, M. Garczarczyk, D. Garrido Terrats, M. Gaug, G. Giavitto, N. Godinovic, A. Gonzalez Munoz, S. R. Gozzini, A. Hadamek, D. Hadasch, A. Herrero, D. Hildebrand, J. Hose, D. Hrupec, W. Idec, V. Kadenius, H. Kellermann, M. L. Knoetig, J. Krause, J. Kushida, A. La Barbera, D. Lelas, N. Lewandowska, E. Lindfors, S. Lombardi, M. Lopez, R. Lopez-Coto, A. Lopez-Oramas, E. Lorenz, I. Lozano, M. Makariev, K. Mallot, G. Maneva, N. Mankuzhiyil, K. Mannheim, L. Maraschi, B. Marcote, M. Mariotti, M. Martinez, D. Mazin, U. Menzel, M. Meucci, J. M. Miranda, R. Mirzoyan, A. Moralejo, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Nakajima, A. Niedzwiecki, K. Nilsson, N. Nowak, R. Orito, A. Overkemping, S. Paiano, M. Palatiello, D. Paneque, R. Paoletti, J. M. Paredes, X. Paredes-Fortuny, S. Partini, M. Persic, F. Prada, P. G. Prada Moroni, E. Prandini, S. Preziuso, I. Puljak, R. Reinthal, W. Rhode, M. Ribo, J. Rico, J. Rodriguez Garcia, S. Ruegamer, A. Saggion, T. Saito, K. Saito, M. Salvati, K. Satalecka, V. Scalzotto, V. Scapin, C. Schultz, T. Schweizer, S. N. Shore, A. Sillanpaa, J. Sitarek, I. Snidaric, D. Sobczynska, F. Spanier, V. Stamatescu, A. Stamerra, T. Steinbring, J. Storz, S. Sun, T. Suric, L. Takalo, F. Tavecchio, P. Temnikov, T. Terzic, D. Tescaro, M. Teshima, J. Thaele, O. Tibolla, D. F. Torres, T. Toyama, A. Treves, M. Uellenbeck, P. Vogler, R. M. Wagner, F. Zandanel, R. Zanin, B. Behera, M. Beilicke, W. Benbow, K. Berger, R. Bird, A. Bouvier, V. Bugaev, M. Cerruti, Xuhui Chen, L. Ciupik, E. Collins-Hughes, W. Cui, C. Duke, J. Dumm, A. Falcone, Simone FedericiGND, Q. Feng, J. P. Finley, L. Fortson, A. Furniss, N. Galante, G. H. Gillanders, S. Griffin, S. T. Griffiths, J. Grube, G. Gyuk, D. Hanna, J. Holder, C. A. Johnson, P. Kaaret, M. Kertzman, D. Kieda, H. Krawczynski, M. J. Lang, A. S. Madhavan, G. Maier, P. Majumdar, K. Meagher, P. Moriarty, R. Mukherjee, D. Nieto, R. A. Ong, A. N. Otte, A. Pichel, Manula Pohl, A. Popkow, H. Prokoph, J. Quinn, J. Rajotte, G. Ratliff, L. C. Reyes, P. T. Reynolds, G. T. Richards, E. Roache, G. H. Sembroski, K. Shahinyan, F. Sheidaei, A. W. Smith, D. Staszak, Igor O. TelezhinskyORCiD, M. Theiling, J. Tyler, A. Varlotta, S. Vincent, S. P. Wakely, T. C. Weekes, R. Welsing, D. A. Williams, A. Zajczyk, B. Zitzer, M. Villata, C. M. Raiteri, M. Ajello, M. Perri, H. D. Aller, M. F. Aller, V. M. Larionov, N. V. Efimova, T. S. Konstantinova, E. N. Kopatskaya, W. P. Chen, E. Koptelova, H. Y. Hsiao, O. M. Kurtanidze, M. G. Nikolashvili, G. N. Kimeridze, B. Jordan, Paolo LetoORCiD, C. S. Buemi, C. Trigilio, G. Umana, A. Lahteenmaki, E. Nieppola, M. Tornikoski, J. Sainio, V. Kadenius, M. Giroletti, A. Cesarini, L. Fuhrmann, Yu. A. Kovalev, Y. Y. Kovalev
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201322906
ISSN:0004-6361
ISSN:1432-0746
Title of parent work (English):Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
Publisher:EDP Sciences
Place of publishing:Les Ulis
Publication type:Article
Language:English
Year of first publication:2015
Publication year:2015
Creating corporation:MAGIC Collaboration, VERITAS Collaboration
Release date:2017/03/27
Tag:BL Lacertae objects: individual: Mrk 501; astroparticle physics; gamma rays: general
Volume:573
Number of pages:12
Funding institution:German BMBF; MPG; Italian INFN; Swiss National Fund SNF; Spanish MICINN; CPAN [CSD2007-00042]; MultiDark projects of the Spanish Consolider-Ingenio programme [CSD2009-00064]; Bulgarian NSF [DO02-353]; Academy of Finland [127740]; Croatian science Foundation [Projekt 09/176]; DFG Cluster of Excellence "Origin and Structure of the Universe"; DFG [SFB823/C4, SFB876/C3]; Polish MNiSzW [745/N-HESS-MAGIC/2010/0]; US Department of Energy Office of Science; US National Science Foundation; Smithsonian Institution; NSERC in Canada; Science Foundation Ireland [SFI 10/RFP/AST2748]; STFC in the UK; Russian RFBR foundation [12-02-00452]; Georgian National Science Foundation [GNSF/ST07/180]; Academy of Finland to our observing projects [212656, 210338, 121148]; Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation [14.518.11.7054]; Russian Foundation for Basic Research [13-02-12103]
Organizational units:Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät / Institut für Physik und Astronomie
Peer review:Referiert
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