TY - RPRT A1 - Burdack, Doreen T1 - The economic impact of water restrictions on water-dependent business in South East Queensland, Australia T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 65 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55947 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 65 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zenker, Juliane T1 - Staatsverschuldung in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland BT - Theoretische Grundlagen – Praktische Probleme T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 64 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-55933 SN - 0948-7549 SN - 1864-1431 IS - 64 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Poverty, human capital, life-cycle and the tax and transfer bases BT - the role of education for development and international competition T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - The paper is based on an individual life-cycle model, which describes the purely economic components of human capital. The present value of human capital is determined by all future income flows, which at the same time constitute the individual as well as the total tax base of a nation. Therefore, the income of the productive population determines the total tax revenue, which is spent for public goods (including education) and transfers (for poverty reduction). The efficient design of the education system (by private and public education investments) determines the quality of the human capital stock as well as the future gross income flows. The costs of public goods and the transfer expenditures have to be financed from the total tax revenue, which also affects the individual tax burden via the specific tax bases and tax rates. Especially the redistribution of income is connected with serious disincentives, influencing the preferences for work and leisure as well as for consumption and saving. An efficient tax and transfer system being accompanied by an education system financed in public private partnership, which treats equally labor and capital income, sets positive incentives for the formation of human, financial, and real capital. An important prerequisite for a sustainable growth process is the efficient design of the social security system, being based on the family as well as a collective risk equalization scheme. If that system is diminishing absolute poverty in an appropriate time period by transfers and vocational education measures for the grown-up as well as high quality primary, secondary and tertiary education programs for the children, the transfer expenditure would decrease and the tax bases (income and consumption) increase, lowering the burden on the productive population. For the first time, this micro model presented in this paper pools all the relevant variables for development within a simple life-cycle model, which can also be used for a powerful analysis of the current failures in existing tax and transfer schemes and fruitful empirical investigations. Hence, an efficient tax and transfer scheme strongly contributes to an improved national position in the global competition. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 63 KW - poverty KW - human capital KW - life-cycle analysis KW - lifetime income KW - education KW - taxation KW - transfers KW - redistribution KW - risk equalization Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53968 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 63 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Income taxation and the choice of the tax rate schedule BT - sacrifice principles and "just" tax rates T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - In the history of economic thoughts the problem of a "just" tax rate structure has played an important role. The paper reconsiders the discussions of the last two centuries and sheds additional light on the concrete tax schedules using the more recent methods of tax theory. Even if the substitution effects which play an important role in the theory of optimal taxation are neglected, the slope in the diminishing marginal utility of income causes tax rate structures reaching from accelerated progression to delayed regression. Interestingly the principle of equal relative sacrifice combined with a Bernoulli utility function yields a delayed progression, which is connected with a negative income tax. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 62 KW - income tax KW - sacrifice principle KW - tax rate schedule KW - cardinal utility function Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53924 SN - 0948-7549 SN - 1864-1431 IS - 62 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Steuern in Fragilen Staaten BT - Empfehlungen für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - Fragile states are characterized by institutions which do not have the political will or ability to reduce poverty in the interests of their citizen, to establish basic social security, to promote a successful development process, and to guarantee security and human rights. The regional disintegration processes after the period of imperialism and the fall of the iron curtain have created many new states, which still are politically unstable and unable for a sustainable development. In the literature such states are describes as "weak", "failing or failed", "collapsed", "conflict or post-conflict" - dependant on the extent of the particular state failure. Several indicators try to describe such states and partly allow for projections of the future development. Then the role of taxation is discussed in detail before recommendations for the development cooperation are presented. Obviously taxation plays a key role for the democratization process in fragile states. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 61 KW - fragile state KW - state theory KW - stable states KW - fragility index KW - taxation KW - shadow economy KW - tax administration KW - development cooperation Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-48465 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 61 ER - TY - RPRT ED - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Tax systems and tax harmonisation in the East African Community (EAC) T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - In the first part of the report of the GTZ expert group an overview on the basics of integration and tax harmonisation within a common market is given. Chapter II. concentrates on the problems of national and international tax law regarding double taxation before the harmonisation process within the EU is described in detail. This process is not a best practice example but at least the experiences made in the course of the last five decades are interesting enough and might contribute important information for regions, which more or less recently have started a similar endeavour. The harmonisation needs are discussed for value added taxation (VAT), excise taxation, and income taxation. The problems of tax administrations, procedures laws, taxpayers’ rights and obligations as well as tax compliance are also taken into consideration. The second part of the study reviews the national tax systems within the EAC member countries. Before the single taxes are described in more detail, the macroeconomic situation is illuminated by some basic figures and the current stand of the inner-community integration analysed. Then the single tax bases and tax rates are confronted to shed some light on the necessities for the development of a common market within the near future. Again the value added tax laws, excise taxes and income taxes are discussed in detail, while regarding the latter the focus is on company taxation. For a better systematic analysis the national tax laws are confronted within an overview. The chapter is closed with a summary of the tax rates applied and a rough estimation of the tax burdens within the Partner States. The third part of this report contains the policy recommendations of the expert group following the same structures as the chapters before and presenting the results for the VAT, the excises and the corporate income tax (CIT). Additionally the requirements for tax procedures and administration as well as problems of transparency and information exchange are discussed in detail before the strategic recommendations are derived in close relation to the experiences made within the EU harmonisation process. The recommendations are based on the following normative arguments: (1) Tax harmonisation is a basic requirement for economic integration. (2) Equality of taxation is an imperative of tax justice and demands the avoidance of double taxation as well as the combat of tax evasion and corruption. (3) The avoidance of harmful tax competition between the Partner States. (4) The strengthening of taxpayers’ rights in tax procedures. Hence, all kinds of income, goods and services should be taxed once and only once. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 60 KW - centralization KW - decentralization KW - ethnic differences KW - fiscal federalism KW - fiscal planning KW - good governance KW - harmonization KW - integration KW - nation building KW - revenue sharing KW - sustainable fiscal policy KW - tax reform KW - compliance KW - corruption KW - direct taxes KW - double taxation KW - East African Community KW - indirect taxes KW - information exchange KW - international tax law KW - revenue authorities KW - tax administration KW - taxation KW - tax harmonization KW - tax system KW - transparency Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44693 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 60 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Festveranstaltung zur Verleihung der Ehrendoktorwürde an Herrn Premierminister a.D. Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. Marek Belka am 16. Juli 2008 T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 59 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44682 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 59 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Mobilisierung alternativer Finanzressourcen BT - Erfahrungen mit der Einführung von Studiengebühren T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - Der vorgestellte Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die gegenwärtige Hochschulfinanzierung in Deutschland; kürzlich haben einige Bundesländer Studiengebühren eingeführt, die zu einer teilweisen Finanzierung der Studienkosten beitragen sollen. Im II. Kapitel werden außerdem kurz die finanziellen Strukturen der tertiären Ausbildung in den OECD-Ländern beschrieben. Dabei geht es vor allem um die Kostenaufteilung zwischen öffentlichem und privatem Sektor. Im III. Kapitel werden dann die Verteilungswirkungen des gegenwärtigen Finanzierungssystems kritisch hinterfragt. Dabei wird auch auf den Lebenseinkommensvorteil einer Hochschulausbildung im Detail eingegangen, bevor dann mögliche Auswirkungen einer Gebührenfinanzierung diskutiert werden. Es wird deutlich hervor gehoben, dass die Einführung von Studiengebühren in eine umfassende hochschul- und bildungspolitische Strategie eingebettet sein muss, damit eine negative Selektionswirkung auf die Jugendlichen aus Haushalten mit prekären Einkommen vermieden wird. N2 - The paper sheds some light on the financial structures of higher education in Germany. Recently in several member states of Germany tuition fees have been introduced. Chapter II describes the current situation in Germany, the financial structures in the OECD countries and sheds some light on the higher education costs as well as parts to be borne by the public and private sector. Chapter III discussed the distributional impacts of the current German system and adds some information on the education returns in Germany in the post war period. The analysis over the whole lifecycle renders results which proof that the higher education advantages are quite remarkable and might be a justification for more intensified financing by tuition fees. But all this has to be embedded into an encompassing strategy of tax and social policy, especially to prevent a strengthened process of social selection, which would be counterproductive for an increased and highly qualified human capital in Germany. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 58 KW - education return KW - tuition fees KW - tertiary education KW - vocational education KW - higher education costs KW - human capital KW - lifetime income Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27374 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 58 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg T1 - Integration, decentralization, taxation, and revenue sharing BT - good governance, sustainable fiscal policy and poverty reduction as peace-keeping strategies T2 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge N2 - The paper tries to shed some light on the problems of centralization and decentralization within an economic union and the federal member states. Integration and decentralization are not opposite policy strategies but both meaningful if the single public goods and services supplies are analyzed in more detail. Both strategies doubtlessly have advantages, which can be realized if the manifold possibilities are combined in an efficient approach of good governance. Best practice approaches in inter- or supra-national integration, fiscal federalism and taxation do exist and have to be successfully implemented. Obviously such a modern fiscal policy has to be accompanied by an appropriate monetary policy, which in an economic union has to be carried out by an independent central bank as one of the necessary countervailing powers in a democratic setting. A modern fiscal policy strategy efficiently controls budget deficits, which naturally have to be limited to finance reliable public investments. Such strategy has to be safeguarded through modern methods of budgeting and fiscal planning. Modern public management with a clear code of conduct for the government officials ensures corruption free administration. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 57 KW - centralization KW - decentralization KW - ethnic differences KW - fiscal federalism KW - fiscal planning KW - sustainable fiscal policy KW - tax reform Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-27367 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 IS - 57 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Petersen, Hans-Georg A1 - Kirchner, Markus T1 - Education return and financing BT - donated affluence as consequence of tuition free study programs in Germany N2 - The paper sheds some light on the education returns in Germany in the post war period. After describing higher education in Germany the current stand of higher education financing within the single states is presented. In six states tuition fees will be introduced in 2007/08 and discussions are going on in even some more. In the second part of the paper an empirical analysis is done using longitudinal data from the German social pension system. The analysis over the whole lifecycle renders results which proof that the higher education advantages are quite remarkable and might be a justification for more intensified financing by tuition fees. But all this has to be embedded into an encompassing strategy of tax and social policy, especially to prevent a strengthened process of social selection, which would be counterproductive for an increased and highly qualified human capital in Germany. T3 - Finanzwissenschaftliche Diskussionsbeiträge - 55 KW - education return KW - tuition fees KW - tertiary education KW - vocational education KW - human capital KW - lifetime income KW - income contingent loans Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-26969 SN - 1864-1431 SN - 0948-7549 ER -