TY - JOUR A1 - Horvat, Anja Kranjc A1 - Wiener, Jeff A1 - Schmeling, Sascha Marc A1 - Borowski, Andreas T1 - What does the curriculum say? Review of the particle physics content in 27 high-school physics curricula JF - Physics N2 - This international curricular review provides a structured overview of the particle physics content in 27 state, national, and international high-school physics curricula. The review was based on a coding manual that included 60 concepts that were identified as relevant for high-school particle physics education. Two types of curricula were reviewed, namely curricula with a dedicated particle physics chapter and curricula without a dedicated particle physics chapter. The results of the curricular review show that particle physics concepts are explicitly or implicitly present in all reviewed curricula. However, the number of particle physics concepts that are featured in a curriculum varies greatly across the reviewed curricula. We identified core particle physics concepts that can be found in most curricula. Here, elementary particles, fundamental interactions, and charges were identified as explicit particle physics concepts that are featured in more than half of the reviewed curricula either as content or context. Indeed, theoretical particle physics concepts are more prominent in high-school physics curricula than experimental particle physics concepts. Overall, this international curricular review provides the basis for future curricular development with respect to particle physics and suggests an increased inclusion of experimental particle physics concepts in high-school physics curricula. KW - curricular review KW - particle physics KW - high-school education Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/physics4040082 SN - 2624-8174 VL - 4 IS - 4 SP - 1278 EP - 1298 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Fulat, Karol T1 - Electron acceleration at quasi-perpendicular shocks in supernova remnants N2 - Astrophysical shocks, driven by explosive events such as supernovae, efficiently accelerate charged particles to relativistic energies. The majority of these shocks occur in collisionless plasmas where the energy transfer is dominated by particle-wave interactions.Strong nonrelativistic shocks found in supernova remnants are plausible sites of galactic cosmic ray production, and the observed emission indicates the presence of nonthermal electrons. To participate in the primary mechanism of energy gain - Diffusive Shock Acceleration - electrons must have a highly suprathermal energy, implying a need for very efficient pre-acceleration. This poorly understood aspect of the shock acceleration theory is known as the electron injection problem. Studying electron-scale phenomena requires the use of fully kinetic particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, which describe collisionless plasma from first principles. Most published studies consider a homogenous upstream medium, but turbulence is ubiquitous in astrophysical environments and is typically driven at magnetohydrodynamic scales, cascading down to kinetic scales. For the first time, I investigate how preexisting turbulence affects electron acceleration at nonrelativistic shocks using the fully kinetic approach. To accomplish this, I developed a novel simulation framework that allows the study of shocks propagating in turbulent media. It involves simulating slabs of turbulent plasma separately, which are further continuously inserted into a shock simulation. This demands matching of the plasma slabs at the interface. A new procedure of matching electromagnetic fields and currents prevents numerical transients, and the plasma evolves self-consistently. The versatility of this framework has the potential to render simulations more consistent with turbulent systems in various astrophysical environments. In this Thesis, I present the results of 2D3V PIC simulations of high-Mach-number nonrelativistic shocks with preexisting compressive turbulence in an electron-ion plasma. The chosen amplitudes of the density fluctuations ($\lesssim15\%$) concord with \textit{in situ} measurements in the heliosphere and the local interstellar medium. I explored how these fluctuations impact the dynamics of upstream electrons, the driving of the plasma instabilities, electron heating and acceleration. My results indicate that while the presence of the turbulence enhances variations in the upstream magnetic field, their levels remain too low to influence the behavior of electrons at perpendicular shocks significantly. However, the situation is different at oblique shocks. The external magnetic field inclined at an angle between $50^\circ \lesssim \theta_\text{Bn} \lesssim 75^\circ$ relative to the shock normal allows the escape of fast electrons toward the upstream region. An extended electron foreshock region is formed, where these particles drive various instabilities. Results of an oblique shock with $\theta_\text{Bn}=60^\circ$ propagating in preexisting compressive turbulence show that the foreshock becomes significantly shorter, and the shock-reflected electrons have higher temperatures. Furthermore, the energy spectrum of downstream electrons shows a well-pronounced nonthermal tail that follows a power law with an index up to -2.3. The methods and results presented in this Thesis could serve as a starting point for more realistic modeling of interactions between shocks and turbulence in plasmas from first principles. N2 - Astrophysikalische Schocks, die durch explosive Ereignisse wie Supernovae ausgelöst werden, beschleunigen geladene Teilchen effizient auf relativistische Energien. Die meisten dieser Schocks treten in kollisionsfreien Plasmen auf, in denen die Energieübertragung durch Teilchen-Wellen-Wechselwirkungen dominiert wird. Starke nichtrelativistische Schocks, die in Supernovaüberresten gefunden werden, sind plausible Orte der galaktischen kosmischen Strahlungsproduktion, und die beobachtete Emission deutet auf das Vorhandensein von nichtthermischen Elektronen hin. Um am primären Mechanismus der Energiegewinnung - der diffusiven Schockbeschleunigung - teilzunehmen, müssen die Elektronen eine hochgradig suprathermische Energie haben, was eine sehr effiziente Vorbeschleunigung voraussetzt. Dieser schlecht verstandene Aspekt der Stoßbeschleunigungstheorie ist als Elektroneninjektionsproblem bekannt. Die Untersuchung von Phänomenen auf der Elektronenskala erfordert den Einsatz von vollständig kinetischen Partikel-in-Zellen-Simulationen (PIC), die ein kollisionsfreies Plasma nach ersten Prinzipien beschreiben. Die meisten veröffentlichten Studien gehen von einem homogenen stromaufwärts gelegenen Medium aus, aber Turbulenzen sind in astrophysikalischen Umgebungen allgegenwärtig und werden typischerweise auf magnetohydrodynamischen Skalen angetrieben und kaskadieren hinunter zu kinetischen Skalen. Zum ersten Mal untersuche ich, wie sich eine bereits vorhandene Turbulenz auf die Elektronenbeschleunigung an nichtrelativistischen Schocks auswirkt, indem ich einen vollständig kinetischen Ansatz verwende. Zu diesem Zweck habe ich einen neuartigen Simulationsrahmen entwickelt, der die Untersuchung von Schocks ermöglicht, die sich in turbulenten Medien ausbreiten. Dabei werden die Platten des turbulenten Plasmas separat simuliert, die dann kontinuierlich in eine Schocksimulation eingefügt werden. Dies erfordert eine Anpassung der Plasmaplatten an der Grenzfläche. Ein neues Verfahren zur Anpassung elektromagnetischer Felder und Ströme verhindert numerische Transienten, und das Plasma entwickelt sich selbstkonsistent. Die Vielseitigkeit dieses Rahmens hat das Potenzial, Simulationen mit turbulenten Systemen in verschiedenen astrophysikalischen Umgebungen konsistenter zu machen. In dieser Arbeit präsentiere ich die Ergebnisse von 2D3V PIC-Simulationen von nichtrelativistischen Schocks mit hoher Mach-Zahl und bereits vorhandener kompressiver Turbulenz in einem Elektron-Ionen-Plasma. Die gewählten Amplituden der Dichtefluktuationen ($\lesssim15\%$) stimmen mit \textit{in situ} Messungen in der Heliosphäre und dem lokalen interstellaren Medium überein. Ich habe untersucht, wie sich diese Fluktuationen auf die Dynamik der stromaufwärts befindlichen Elektronen, den Antrieb der Plasmainstabilitäten, die Elektronenheizung und -beschleunigung auswirken. Meine Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Vorhandensein von Turbulenzen zwar die Schwankungen des stromaufwärts gelegenen Magnetfelds verstärkt, dass aber die Schwankungen zu gering sind, um das Verhalten der Elektronen an senkrechten Schocks wesentlich zu beeinflussen. Bei schrägen Stößen ist die Situation jedoch anders. Das äußere Magnetfeld, das in einem Winkel zwischen $50^\circ \lesssim \theta_\text{Bn} \lesssim 75^\circ$ relativ zur Schocknormalen ermöglicht das Entweichen schneller Elektronen in Richtung der stromaufwärts gelegenen Region. Es bildet sich eine ausgedehnte Elektronenvorstoßregion, in der diese Teilchen verschiedene Instabilitäten auslösen. Die Ergebnisse eines schrägen Schocks mit $\theta_\text{Bn}=60^\circ$, der sich in einer vorher existierenden kompressiven Turbulenz ausbreitet, zeigen, dass der Vorschock deutlich kürzer wird und die vom Schock reflektierten Elektronen höhere Temperaturen aufweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigt das Energiespektrum der stromabwärts gerichteten Elektronen einen ausgeprägten nichtthermischen Schweif, der einem Potenzgesetz mit einem Index von bis zu -2,3 folgt. Die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Methoden und Ergebnisse könnten als Ausgangspunkt für eine realistischere Modellierung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen Schocks und Turbulenz in Plasmen nach ersten Prinzipien dienen. T2 - Elektronenbeschleunigung bei quasi senkrechten Schocks in Supernovaüberresten KW - astrophysical shocks KW - plasma physics KW - particle acceleration KW - astrophysikalische Schocks KW - Plasmaphysik KW - Teilchenbeschleunigung Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-651365 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi A1 - Giangrisostomi, Erika A1 - Kühn, Danilo A1 - Ovsyannikov, Ruslan A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander T1 - Time and angle-resolved time-of-flight electron spectroscopy for functional materials science JF - Molecules : a journal of synthetic chemistry and natural product chemistry N2 - Electron spectroscopy with the unprecedented transmission of angle-resolved time-of-flight detection, in combination with pulsed X-ray sources, brings new impetus to functional materials science. We showcase recent developments towards chemical sensitivity from electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis and structural information from photoelectron diffraction using the phase transition properties of 1T-TaS2. Our development platform is the SurfaceDynamics instrument located at the Femtoslicing facility at BESSY II, where femtosecond and picosecond X-ray pulses can be generated and extracted. The scientific potential is put into perspective to the current rapidly developing pulsed X-ray source capabilities from Lasers and Free-Electron Lasers. KW - photoelectron spectroscopy KW - surface science KW - time-resolved KW - ultrafast KW - instrumentation KW - dichalcogenides KW - phase transition Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248833 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 27 IS - 24 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lever, Fabiano A1 - Mayer, Dennis A1 - Metje, Jan A1 - Alisauskas, Skirmantas A1 - Calegari, Francesca A1 - Düsterer, Stefan A1 - Feifel, Raimund A1 - Niebuhr, Mario A1 - Manschwetus, Bastian A1 - Kuhlmann, Marion A1 - Mazza, Tommaso A1 - Robinson, Matthew Scott A1 - Squibb, Richard J. A1 - Trabattoni, Andrea A1 - Wallner, Måns A1 - Wolf, Thomas J. A. A1 - Gühr, Markus T1 - Core-level spectroscopy of 2-thiouracil at the sulfur L1 and L2,3 edges utilizing a SASE free-electron-laser JF - Molecules N2 - In this paper, we report X-ray absorption and core-level electron spectra of the nucleobase derivative 2-thiouracil at the sulfur L1- and L2,3-edges. We used soft X-rays from the free-electron laser FLASH2 for the excitation of isolated molecules and dispersed the outgoing electrons with a magnetic bottle spectrometer. We identified photoelectrons from the 2p core orbital, accompanied by an electron correlation satellite, as well as resonant and non-resonant Coster–Kronig and Auger–Meitner emission at the L1- and L2,3-edges, respectively. We used the electron yield to construct X-ray absorption spectra at the two edges. The experimental data obtained are put in the context of the literature currently available on sulfur core-level and 2-thiouracil spectroscopy. KW - X-ray KW - photoelectron KW - sulfur KW - thiouracil KW - nucleobases KW - Coster–Kronig KW - Auger–Meitner KW - NEXAFS KW - FLASH Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26216469 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 26 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tian, Peibo A1 - Liang, Yingjie T1 - Material coordinate driven variable-order fractal derivative model of water anomalous adsorption in swelling soil JF - Chaos, solitons & fractals N2 - The diffusion process of water in swelling (expansive) soil often deviates from normal Fick diffusion and belongs to anomalous diffusion. The process of water adsorption by swelling soil often changes with time, in which the microstructure evolves with time and the absorption rate changes along a fractal dimension gradient function. Thus, based on the material coordinate theory, this paper proposes a variable order derivative fractal model to describe the cumulative adsorption of water in the expansive soil, and the variable order is time dependent linearly. The cumulative adsorption is a power law function of the anomalous sorptivity, and patterns of the variable order. The variable-order fractal derivative model is tested to describe the cumulative adsorption in chernozemic surface soil, Wunnamurra clay and sandy loam. The results show that the fractal derivative model with linearly time dependent variable-order has much better accuracy than the fractal derivative model with a constant derivative order and the integer order model in the application cases. The derivative order can be used to distinguish the evolution of the anomalous adsorption process. The variable-order fractal derivative model can serve as an alternative approach to describe water anomalous adsorption in swelling soil. KW - water adsorption KW - variable order KW - fractal derivative KW - swelling soil KW - material coordinate Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112754 SN - 0960-0779 SN - 1873-2887 VL - 164 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Sebastian A1 - Bytyqi, Kushtrim A1 - Kohaut, Stephan A1 - Bügel, Patrick A1 - Weinschenk, Benjamin A1 - Marz, Michael A1 - Kimouche, Amina A1 - Fink, Karin A1 - Hoffmann-Vogel, Regina T1 - Molecular self-assembly of DBBA on Au(111) at room temperature JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies N2 - We have investigated the self-assembly of the graphene nanoribbon molecular precursor 10,10'-dibromo-9,9'-bianthryl (DBBA) on Au(111) with frequency modulation scanning force microscopy (FM-SFM) at room temperature combined with ab initio calculations. For low molecular coverages, the molecules aggregate along the substrate herringbone reconstruction main directions while remaining mobile. At intermediate coverage, two phases coexist, zigzag stripes of monomer chains and decorated herringbones. For high coverage, the molecules assemble in a dimer-striped phase. The adsorption behaviour of DBBA molecules and their interactions are discussed and compared with the results from ab initio calculations. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp02268k SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 24 IS - 46 SP - 28371 EP - 28380 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER -