TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rinaldi, G.
A1  - Formisano, M.
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Bockelee-Morvan, D.
A1  - Cheng, Y-C
A1  - Vincent, J-B
A1  - Deshapriya, P.
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - Capria, M. T.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - De Sanctis, M. C.
A1  - Doose, L.
A1  - Erard, S.
A1  - Federico, C.
A1  - Filacchione, G.
A1  - Fink, U.
A1  - Leyrat, C.
A1  - Longobardo, A.
A1  - Magni, G.
A1  - Mighorini, A.
A1  - Mottola, S.
A1  - Naletto, G.
A1  - Raponi, A.
A1  - Taylor, F.
A1  - Tosi, F.
A1  - Tozzi, G. P.
A1  - Salatti, M.
T1  - Analysis of night-side dust activity on comet 67P observed by VIRTIS-M
BT  - a new method to constrain the thermal inertia on the surface
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - On 2015 July 18, near perihelion at a heliocentric distance of 1.28 au, the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) on board the Rosetta spacecraft had the opportunity of observing dust activity in the inner coma with a view of the night side (shadowed side) of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. At the time of the measurements we present here, we observe a dust plume that originates on the far side of the nucleus. We are able to identify the approximate location of its source at the boundary between the Hapi and Anuket regions, and we find that it has been in darkness for some hours before the observation. Assuming that this time span is equal to the conductive time scale, we obtain a thermal inertia in the range 25-36 W K-1 m(-2) s(-1/2). These thermal inertia values can be used to verify with a 3D finite-element method (REM) numerical code whether the surface and subsurface temperatures agree with the values found in the literature. We explored three different configurations: (1) a layer of water ice mixed with dust beneath a dust mantle of 5 mm with thermal inertia of 36 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5 ; (2) the same structure, but with thermal inertia of 100 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5; (3) an ice-dust mixture that is directly exposed. Of these three configurations, the first seems to be the most reasonable, both for the low thermal inertia and for the agreement with the surface and subsurface temperatures that have been found for the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spectral properties of the plume show that the visible dust color ranged from 16 +/- 4.8%/100 nm to 13 +/- 2.6%/100 nm, indicating that this plume has no detectable color gradient. The morphology of the plume can be classified as a narrow jet that has an estimated total ejected mass of between 6 and 19 tons when we assume size distribution indices between -2.5 and -3.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - infrared: planetary systems
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834907
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 630
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zöller, Gert
T1  - Analyse raumzeitlicher Muster in Erdbebendaten
N2  - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Seismizität anhand von Erdbebenkatalogen. Es werden neue Verfahren der Datenanalyse entwickelt, die Aufschluss darüber geben sollen, ob der seismischen Dynamik ein stochastischer oder ein deterministischer Prozess zugrunde liegt und was daraus für die Vorhersagbarkeit starker Erdbeben folgt. Es wird gezeigt, dass seismisch aktive Regionen häufig durch nichtlinearen Determinismus gekennzeichent sind. Dies schließt zumindest die Möglichkeit einer Kurzzeitvorhersage ein. Das Auftreten seismischer Ruhe wird häufig als Vorläuferphaenomen für starke Erdbeben gedeutet. Es wird eine neue Methode präsentiert, die eine systematische raumzeitliche Kartierung seismischer Ruhephasen ermöglicht. Die statistische Signifikanz wird mit Hilfe des Konzeptes der Ersatzdaten bestimmt. Als Resultat erhält man deutliche Korrelationen zwischen seismischen Ruheperioden und starken Erdbeben. Gleichwohl ist die Signifikanz dafür nicht hoch genug, um eine Vorhersage im Sinne einer Aussage über den Ort, die Zeit und die Stärke eines zu erwartenden Hauptbebens zu ermöglichen.
KW  - Erdbeben
KW  - nichtlineare Dynamik
Y1  - 1999
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000122
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - He, Yushuang
A1  - Wang, Feipeng
A1  - He, Li
A1  - Wang, Qiang
A1  - Li, Jian
A1  - Qian, Yihua
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Plath, Ronald
T1  - An insight Into the role of Nano-Alumina on DC Flashover-Resistance and surface charge variation of Epoxy Nanocomposites
JF  - IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation
N2  - The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers.
KW  - surface morphology
KW  - Epoxy resins
KW  - Electric potential
KW  - Surface treatment
KW  - Doping
KW  - Epoxy resin
KW  - multiple
KW  - flashover
KW  - nanocomposite
KW  - surface charge
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2022.3173510
SN  - 1070-9878
SN  - 1558-4135
VL  - 29
IS  - 3
SP  - 1022
EP  - 1029
PB  - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdalla, H.
A1  - Adam, R.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Benkhali, F. Ait
A1  - Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan
A1  - Arcaro, C.
A1  - Armand, C.
A1  - Armstrong, T.
A1  - Ashkar, H.
A1  - Backes, M.
A1  - Baghmanyan, V.
A1  - Martins, V. Barbosa
A1  - Barnacka, A.
A1  - Barnard, M.
A1  - Becherini, Y.
A1  - Berge, D.
A1  - Bernlohr, K.
A1  - Bi, B.
A1  - Bottcher, M.
A1  - Boisson, C.
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - de Lavergne, M. de Bony
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Breuhaus, M.
A1  - Brun, F.
A1  - Brun, P.
A1  - Bryan, M.
A1  - Buchele, M.
A1  - Bulik, T.
A1  - Bylund, T.
A1  - Caroff, S.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Chand, T.
A1  - Chandra, S.
A1  - Chen, A.
A1  - Cotter, G.
A1  - Curylo, M.
A1  - Mbarubucyeye, J. Damascene
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Davies, J.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - Devin, J.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dirson, L.
A1  - Djannati-Atai, A.
A1  - Dmytriiev, A.
A1  - Donath, A.
A1  - Doroshenko, V.
A1  - Duffy, C.
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Eichhorn, F.
A1  - Einecke, S.
A1  - Emery, G.
A1  - Ernenwein, J. -P.
A1  - Feijen, K.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - de Clairfontaine, G. Fichet
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Fussling, Matthias
A1  - Gabici, S.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Giunti, L.
A1  - Glawion, D.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Gottschall, D.
A1  - Grondin, M. -H.
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Haupt, M.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hinton, J. A.
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hoischen, Clemens
A1  - Holch, T. L.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horbe, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Huber, D.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Jankowsky, D.
A1  - Jankowsky, F.
A1  - Jardin-Blicq, A.
A1  - Joshi, V.
A1  - Jung-Richardt, I.
A1  - Kasai, E.
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Khangulyan, D.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Komin, Nu.
A1  - Konno, R.
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Kostunin, D.
A1  - Kreter, M.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lemiere, A.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Levy, C.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lypova, I.
A1  - Mackey, J.
A1  - Majumdar, J.
A1  - Malyshev, D.
A1  - Malyshev, D.
A1  - Marandon, V.
A1  - Marchegiani, P.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Mares, A.
A1  - Marti-Devesa, G.
A1  - Marx, R.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Meintjes, P. J.
A1  - Meyer, M.
A1  - Mitchell, A.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Mohrmann, L.
A1  - Montanari, A.
A1  - Moore, C.
A1  - Morris, P.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Muller, J.
A1  - Murach, T.
A1  - Nakashima, K.
A1  - Nayerhoda, A.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Ndiyavala, H.
A1  - Niederwanger, F.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Oakes, L.
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick
A1  - Odaka, H.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Olivera-Nieto, L.
A1  - Wilhelmi, E. de Ona
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Panny, S.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Peron, G.
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Piel, Q.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Poireau, V.
A1  - Noel, A. Priyana
A1  - Prokhorov, D. A.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Puhlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raab, S.
A1  - Rauth, R.
A1  - Reichherzer, P.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Remy, Q.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Rinchiuso, L.
A1  - Romoli, C.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Ruiz-Velasco, E.
A1  - Sahakian, V.
A1  - Sailer, S.
A1  - Sanchez, D. A.
A1  - Santangelo, Andrea
A1  - Sasaki, M.
A1  - Scalici, M.
A1  - Schussler, F.
A1  - Schutte, H. M.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Seglar-Arroyo, M.
A1  - Senniappan, M.
A1  - Seyffert, A. S.
A1  - Shafi, N.
A1  - Shiningayamwe, K.
A1  - Simoni, R.
A1  - Sinha, A.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Specovius, A.
A1  - Spencer, S.
A1  - Spir-Jacob, M.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Sun, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, C.
A1  - Steinmassl, S.
A1  - Steppa, C.
A1  - Takahashi, T.
A1  - Tavernier, T.
A1  - Taylor, A. M.
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tiziani, D.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Tomankova, L.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Tsirou, M.
A1  - Tuffs, R.
A1  - Uchiyama, Y.
A1  - van der Walt, D. J.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - van Rensburg, C.
A1  - van Soelen, B.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Veh, J.
A1  - Venter, C.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Vink, J.
A1  - Volk, H. J.
A1  - Vuillaume, T.
A1  - Wadiasingh, Z.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Watson, J.
A1  - Werner, F.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wong, Yu Wun
A1  - Yusafzai, A.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Zargaryan, D.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zhu, S. J.
A1  - Ziegler, A.
A1  - Zorn, J.
A1  - Zouari, S.
A1  - Zywucka, N.
T1  - An extreme particle accelerator in the Galactic plane
BT  - HESS J1826-130
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - The unidentified very-high-energy (VHE; E > 0.1 TeV) gamma -ray source, HESS J1826-130, was discovered with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in the Galactic plane. The analysis of 215 h of HESS data has revealed a steady gamma -ray flux from HESS J1826-130, which appears extended with a half-width of 0.21 degrees +/- 0.02 <br /> (stat)degrees <br /> stat degrees +/- 0.05 <br /> (sys)degrees sys degrees . The source spectrum is best fit with either a power-law function with a spectral index Gamma = 1.78 +/- 0.10(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and an exponential cut-off at 15.2 <br /> (+5.5)(-3.2) -3.2+5.5 TeV, or a broken power-law with Gamma (1) = 1.96 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys), Gamma (2) = 3.59 +/- 0.69(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) for energies below and above E-br = 11.2 +/- 2.7 TeV, respectively. The VHE flux from HESS J1826-130 is contaminated by the extended emission of the bright, nearby pulsar wind nebula, HESS J1825-137, particularly at the low end of the energy spectrum. Leptonic scenarios for the origin of HESS J1826-130 VHE emission related to PSR J1826-1256 are confronted by our spectral and morphological analysis. In a hadronic framework, taking into account the properties of dense gas regions surrounding HESS J1826-130, the source spectrum would imply an astrophysical object capable of accelerating the parent particle population up to greater than or similar to 200 TeV. Our results are also discussed in a multiwavelength context, accounting for both the presence of nearby supernova remnants, molecular clouds, and counterparts detected in radio, X-rays, and TeV energies.
KW  - ISM: supernova remnants
KW  - ISM: clouds
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - gamma rays:
KW  - ISM
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038851
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 644
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nakoudi, Konstantina
A1  - Stachlewska, Iwona S.
A1  - Ritter, Christoph
T1  - An extended lidar-based cirrus cloud retrieval scheme
BT  - first application over an Arctic site
JF  - Optics express : the international electronic journal of optics / Optica
N2  - Accurate and precise characterization of cirrus cloud geometrical and optical properties is essential for better constraining their radiative footprint. A lidar-based retrieval scheme is proposed here, with its performance assessed on fine spatio-temporal observations over the Arctic site of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Two contributions related to cirrus geometrical (dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT)) and optical properties (constrained Klett) are reported. The dynamic WCT rendered cirrus detection more robust, especially for thin cirrus layers that frequently remained undetected by the classical WCT method. Regarding optical characterization, we developed an iterative scheme for determining the cirrus lidar ratio (LRci) that is a crucial parameter for aerosol - cloud discrimination. Building upon the Klett-Fernald method, the LRci was constrained by an additional reference value. In established methods, such as the double-ended Klett, an aerosol-free reference value is applied. In the proposed constrained Klett, however, the reference value was approximated from cloud-free or low cloud optical depth (COD up to 0.2) profiles and proved to agree with independent Raman estimates. For optically thin cirrus, the constrained Klett inherent uncertainties reached 50% (60-74%) in terms of COD (LRci). However, for opaque cirrus COD (LRci) uncertainties were lower than 10% (15%). The detection method discrepancies (dynamic versus static WCT) had a higher impact on the optical properties of low COD layers (up to 90%) compared to optically thicker ones (less than 10%). The constrained Klett presented high agreement with two established retrievals. For an exemplary cirrus cloud, the constrained Klett estimated the COD355 (LRci355) at 0.28 +/- 0.17 (29 +/- 4 sr), the double-ended Klett at 0.27 +/- 0.15 (32 +/- 4 sr) and the Raman retrievals at 0.22 +/- 0.12 (26 +/- 11 sr). Our approach to determine the necessary reference value can also be applied in established methods and increase their accuracy. In contrast, the classical aerosol-free assumption led to 44 sr LRci overestimation in optically thin layers and 2-8 sr in thicker ones. The multiple scattering effect was corrected using Eloranta (1998) and accounted for 50-60% extinction underestimation near the cloud base and 20-30% within the cirrus layers.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.414770
SN  - 1094-4087
VL  - 29
IS  - 6
SP  - 8553
EP  - 8580
PB  - Optical Society of America
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grebenkov, Denis S.
T1  - An encounter-based approach for restricted diffusion with a gradient drift
JF  - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical
N2  - We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary.
KW  - boundary local time
KW  - reflected Brownian motion
KW  - diffusion-influenced
KW  - reactions
KW  - surface reactivity
KW  - Robin boundary condition
KW  - Heterogeneous
KW  - catalysis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac411a
SN  - 1751-8113
SN  - 1751-8121
VL  - 55
IS  - 4
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smirnov, Artem
A1  - Shprits, Yuri
A1  - Allison, Hayley
A1  - Aseev, Nikita
A1  - Drozdov, Alexander
A1  - Kollmann, Peter
A1  - Wang, Dedong
A1  - Saikin, Anthony
T1  - An empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions in earth's outer radiation belt
JF  - Space Weather: the International Journal of Research and Applications
N2  - In this study, we present an empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the outer radiation belt based on the full data set collected by the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument onboard the Van Allen Probes in 2012-2019. The PADs are fitted with a combination of the first, third and fifth sine harmonics. The resulting equation resolves all PAD types found in the outer radiation belt (pancake, flat-top, butterfly and cap PADs) and can be analytically integrated to derive omnidirectional flux. We introduce a two-step modeling procedure that for the first time ensures a continuous dependence on L, magnetic local time and activity, parametrized by the solar wind dynamic pressure. We propose two methods to reconstruct equatorial electron flux using the model. The first approach requires two uni-directional flux observations and is applicable to low-PA data. The second method can be used to reconstruct the full equatorial PADs from a single uni- or omnidirectional measurement at off-equatorial latitudes. The model can be used for converting the long-term data sets of electron fluxes to phase space density in terms of adiabatic invariants, for physics-based modeling in the form of boundary conditions, and for data assimilation purposes.
KW  - pitch angle
KW  - radiation belt
KW  - model
KW  - magnetosphere
KW  - van allen probes;
KW  - electrons
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003053
SN  - 1542-7390
VL  - 20
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington, DC
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bastian, Martin
T1  - An emergent machine learning approach for seasonal cyclone activity forecasts
N2  - Seasonal forecasts are of great interest in many areas. Knowing the amount of precipitation for the upcoming season in regions of water scarcity would facilitate a better water management. If farmers knew the weather conditions of the upcoming summer at sowing time, they could select those cereal species that are best adapted to these conditions. This would allow farmers to improve the harvest and potentially even reduce the amount of pesticides used. However, the undoubted advantages of seasonal forecasts are often opposed by their high degree of uncertainty. The great challenge of generating seasonal forecasts with lead times of several months mainly originates from the chaotic nature of the earth system. In a chaotic system, even tiny differences in the initial conditions can lead to strong deviations in the system’s state in the long run.

In this dissertation we propose an emergent machine learning approach for seasonal forecasting, called the AnlgModel. The AnlgModel combines the analogue method with myopic feature selection and bootstrapping. To benchmark the abilities of the AnlgModel we apply it to seasonal cyclone activity forecasts in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific. The AnlgModel demonstrates competitive hindcast skills with two operational forecasts and even outperforms these for long lead times.

In the second chapter we comprehend the forecasting strategy of the Anlg-Model. We thereby analyse the analogue selection process for the 2017 North Atlantic and the 2018 Northwest Pacific seasonal cyclone activity. The analysis shows that those climate indices which are known to influence the seasonal cyclone activity, such as the Niño 3.4 SST, are correctly represented among the selected analogues. Furthermore the selected analogues reflect large-scale climate patterns that were identified by expert reports as being determinative for these particular seasons.

In the third chapter we analyse the features that are used by the AnlgModel for its predictions. We therefore inspect the feature relevance (FR). The FR patterns learned by the AnlgModel show a high congruence with the predictor regions used by the operational forecasts. However, the AnlgModel also discovered new features, such as the SST anomaly in the Gulf of Guinea during November. This SST pattern exhibits a remarkably high predictive potential for the upcoming Atlantic hurricane activity.

In the final chapter we investigate potential mechanisms, that link two of these regions with high feature relevance to the Atlantic hurricane activity. We mainly focus on ocean surface transport. The ocean surface flow paths are calculated using Lagrangian particle analysis. We demonstrate that the FR patterns in the region of the Canary islands do not correspond with ocean surface transport. It is instead likely that these FR patterns fingerprint a wind transport of latent heat. The second region to be studied is situated in the Gulf of Guinea. Our analysis shows that the FR patterns seen there do fingerprint ocean surface transport. However, our simulations also show that at least one other mechanism is involved in linking the Gulf of Guinea SST anomaly in November to the hurricane activity of the upcoming season.

In this work the AnlgModel does not only demonstrate its outstanding forecast skills but also shows its capabilities as research tool for detecting oceanic and atmospheric mechanisms.
KW  - seasonal cyclone activity forecasts
Y1  - 2023
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ciemer, Catrin
A1  - Rehm, Lars
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
A1  - Winkelmann, Ricarda
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - An early-warning indicator for Amazon droughts exclusively based on tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures
JF  - Environmental Research Letters
N2  - Droughts in tropical South America have an imminent and severe impact on the Amazon rainforest and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. Extremely dry conditions in Amazonia have been previously linked to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the adjacent tropical oceans. Although the sources and impacts of such droughts have been widely studied, establishing reliable multi-year lead statistical forecasts of their occurrence is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we further investigate the relationship between SST and rainfall anomalies using a complex network approach. We identify four ocean regions which exhibit the strongest overall SST correlations with central Amazon rainfall, including two particularly prominent regions in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. Based on the time-dependent correlation between SST anomalies in these two regions alone, we establish a new early-warning method for droughts in the central Amazon basin and demonstrate its robustness in hindcasting past major drought events with lead-times up to 18 months.
KW  - complex networks
KW  - droughts
KW  - prediction
KW  - Amazon rainforest
Y1  - 2019
VL  - 15
IS  - 9
PB  - IOP - Institute of Physics Publishing
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Ciemer, Catrin
A1  - Rehm, Lars
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
A1  - Winkelmann, Ricarda
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - An early-warning indicator for Amazon droughts exclusively based on tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Droughts in tropical South America have an imminent and severe impact on the Amazon rainforest and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. Extremely dry conditions in Amazonia have been previously linked to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the adjacent tropical oceans. Although the sources and impacts of such droughts have been widely studied, establishing reliable multi-year lead statistical forecasts of their occurrence is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we further investigate the relationship between SST and rainfall anomalies using a complex network approach. We identify four ocean regions which exhibit the strongest overall SST correlations with central Amazon rainfall, including two particularly prominent regions in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. Based on the time-dependent correlation between SST anomalies in these two regions alone, we establish a new early-warning method for droughts in the central Amazon basin and demonstrate its robustness in hindcasting past major drought events with lead-times up to 18 months.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1207 
KW  - complex networks
KW  - droughts
KW  - prediction
KW  - Amazon rainforest
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525863
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Allefeld, Carsten
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - An approach to multivariate phase synchronization analysis and its application to event-related potentials
N2  - A method for the multivariate analysis of statistical phase synchronization phenomena in empirical data is presented. A first statistical approach is complemented by a stochastic dynamic model, to result in a data analysis algorithm which can in a specific sense be shown to be a generic multivariate statistical phase synchronization analysis. The method is applied to EEG data from a psychological experiment, obtaining results which indicate the relevance of this method in the context of cognitive science as well as in other fields.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 069 
Y1  - 2004
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20106
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Davidzon, Iary
A1  - Ilbert, Olivier
A1  - Faisst, Andreas L.
A1  - Sparre, Martin
A1  - Capak, Peter L.
T1  - An Alternate Approach to Measure Specific Star Formation Rates at 2 < z < 7
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - We trace the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of massive star-forming galaxies (greater than or similar to 10(10)M(circle dot)) from z similar to 2 to 7. Our method is substantially different from previous analyses, as it does not rely on direct estimates of star formation rate, but on the differential evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF). We show the reliability of this approach by means of semianalytical and hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We then apply it to real data, using the SMFs derived in the COSMOS and CANDELS fields. We find that the sSFR is proportional to (1 + z)(1.1) (+/-) (0.2) at z > 2, in agreement with other observations but in tension with the steeper evolution predicted by simulations from z similar to 4 to 2. We investigate the impact of several sources of observational bias, which, however, cannot account for this discrepancy. Although the SMF of high-redshift galaxies is still affected by significant errors, we show that future large-area surveys will substantially reduce them, making our method an effective tool to probe the massive end of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies.
KW  - galaxies: evolution
KW  - galaxies: high-redshift
KW  - galaxies: star formation
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa19e
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 852
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Maaß, Peter
A1  - Pereverzev, Sergei V.
A1  - Ramlau, Ronny
A1  - Solodky, Sergei G.
T1  - An adaptive discretization for Tikhonov-Phillips regularization with a posteriori parameter selection
N2  - The aim of this paper is to describe an efficient strategy for descritizing ill-posed linear operator equations of the first kind: we consider Tikhonov-Phillips-regularization χ^δ α = (a * a + α I)^-1 A * y ^δ with a finite dimensional approximation A n instead of A. We propose a sparse matrix structure which still leads to optimal convergences rates but requires substantially less scalar products for computing A n compared with standard methods.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 48 
Y1  - 1998
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14739
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Nagel, Oliver
T1  - Amoeboid cells as a transport system for micro-objects
T1  - Amöboide Zellen als Transportsystem für Mikroobjekte
N2  - Due to advances in science and technology towards smaller and more powerful processing units, the fabrication of micrometer sized machines for different tasks becomes more and more possible. Such micro-robots could revolutionize medical treatment of diseases and shall support to work on other small machines. Nevertheless, scaling down robots and other devices is a challenging task and will probably remain limited in near future. Over the past decade the concept of bio-hybrid systems has proved to be a promising approach in order to advance the further development of micro-robots. Bio-hybrid systems combine biological cells with artificial components, thereby benefiting from the functionality of living biological cells. Cell-driven micro-transport is one of the most prominent applications in the emerging field of these systems. So far, micrometer sized cargo has been successfully transported by means of swimming bacterial cells. The potential of motile adherent cells as transport systems has largely remained unexplored.
This thesis concentrates on the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a potential candidate for an amoeboid bio-hybrid transport system. The use of this model organism comes with several advantages. Due to the unspecific properties of Dictyostelium adhesion, a wide range of different cargo materials can be used for transport. As amoeboid cells exceed bacterial cells in size by one order of magnitude, also the size of an object carried by a single cell can also be much larger for an amoeba. Finally it is possible to guide the cell-driven transport based on the chemotactic behavior of the amoeba. Since cells undergo a developmentally induced chemotactic aggregation, cargo could be assembled in a self-organized manner into a cluster. It is also possible to impose an external chemical gradient to guide the amoeboid transport system to a desired location.
To establish Dictyostelium discoideum as a possible candidate for bio-hybrid transport systems, this thesis will first investigate the movement of single cells. Secondly, the interaction of cargo and cells will be studied. Eventually, a conceptional proof will be conducted, that the cheomtactic behavior can be exploited either to transport a cargo self-organized or through an external chemical source.
N2  - Durch die Fortschritte in Wissenschaft und Technik hin zu kleineren und leistungsfähigeren Prozessoren wird die Herstellung von Maschinen mit einer Größe von wenigen Mikrometern immer wahrscheinlicher. Solche Mikro-Roboter könnten sowohl die medizinische Behandlung von Krankheiten revolutionieren als auch dabei helfen andere kleine Maschinen zu bauen. Nichts desto trotz ist es eine komplizierte Aufgabe Roboter sowie andere Maschinen zu verkleinern und wird in naher Zukunft wohl nur begrenzt möglich sein. Im Verlauf des letzten Jahrzehnts hat sich das Konzept der Bio-Hybridsysteme als ein vielversprechender Ansatz entwickelt, um Mikro-Roboter weiter zu entwickeln. Bio-Hybridsysteme kombinieren biologische Zellen mit künstlichen Komponenten, um so einen Vorteil aus der Funktionalität lebender biologischer Zellen zu ziehen. Der zellgetriebene Mikro-Transport ist eine der bekanntesten Anwendungen in dem wachsenden Feld dieser Systeme. Bisher wurde mikrometergroße Fracht erfolgreich mit Hilfe von schwimmenden Bakterien transportiert. Das Potential beweglicher, adhärenter Zellen als Transportsystem blieb bisher weitgehend unerforscht.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der sozialen Amöbe Dictyostelium discoideum als einen potentiellen Kandidaten für ein auf Amöben basiertes Bio-Hybridtransportsystem. Die Nutzung dieses Modellorganismus bringt einige Vorteile mit sich. Auf Grund der unspezifischen Adhäsion von Dictyostelium ist es möglich eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Frachtmaterialien für den Transport zu nutzen. Da Amöben um eine Größenordnung größer sind als Bakterien, können auch die Objekte, die eine einzelne Amöbe transportieren kann um einiges größer sein, als bei einer einzelnen Bakterie. Desweiteren ist noch möglich den zellgetrieben Transport durch das chemotaktische Verhalten der Amöben zu steuern. Da die Zellen im Verlauf ihres Lebenszyklus’ eine entwicklungsinduzierte chemotaktische Aggregation durchlaufen, ist es möglich, die Fracht in einer selbstorganisierten Art und Weise in Aggregate zusammen zu führen. Es ist auch möglich einen externen chemotaktischen Stimulus zu generieren, um das auf Amöben basierende Transportsystem zu einer gewünschten Position zu lenken.
Um Dictyostelium discoideum als denkbaren Kandidaten für ein Bio-Hybridtransportsystem zu etablieren, wird in dieser Arbeit zuerst die Bewegung einzelner Zellen untersucht. Als zweites wird die Interaktion von Zellen und Fracht studiert. Zum Schluss wird ein konzeptioneller Beweis geführt, dass das chemotaktische Verhalten der Zellen genutzt werden kann, um eine Fracht entweder selbstorganisiert oder mit Hilfe eines externen Stimulus zu transportieren.
KW  - bio-hybrid
KW  - dicytostelium
KW  - chemotaxsis
KW  - Bio-Hybrid
KW  - Dicytostelium
KW  - Chemotaxsis
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442192
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pelisoli, Ingrid
A1  - Vos, Joris
A1  - Geier, Stephan
A1  - Schaffenroth, Veronika
A1  - Baran, Andrzej S.
T1  - Alone but not lonely
BT  - observational evidence that binary interaction is always required to form hot subdwarf stars
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. Hot subdwarfs are core-helium burning stars that show lower masses and higher temperatures than canonical horizontal branch stars. They are believed to be formed when a red giant suffers an extreme mass-loss episode. Binary interaction is suggested to be the main formation channel, but the high fraction of apparently single hot subdwarfs (up to 30%) has prompted single star formation scenarios to be proposed.Aims. We investigate the possibility that hot subdwarfs could form without interaction by studying wide binary systems. If single formation scenarios were possible, there should be hot subdwarfs in wide binaries that have undergone no interaction.Methods. Angular momentum accretion during interaction is predicted to cause the hot subdwarf companion to spin up to the critical velocity. The effect of this should still be observable given the timescales of the hot subdwarf phase. To study the rotation rates of companions, we have analysed light curves from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite for all known hot subdwarfs showing composite spectral energy distributions indicating the presence of a main sequence wide binary companion. If formation without interaction were possible, that would also imply the existence of hot subdwarfs in very wide binaries that are not predicted to interact. To identify such systems, we have searched for common proper motion companions with projected orbital distances of up to 0.1 pc to all known spectroscopically confirmed hot subdwarfs using Gaia DR2 astrometry.Results. We find that the companions in composite hot subdwarfs show short rotation periods when compared to field main sequence stars. They display a triangular-shaped distribution with a peak around 2.5 days, similar to what is observed for young open clusters. We also report a shortage of hot subdwarfs with candidate common proper motion companions. We identify only 16 candidates after probing 2938 hot subdwarfs with good astrometry. Out of those, at least six seem to be hierarchical triple systems, in which the hot subdwarf is part of an inner binary.Conclusions. The observed distribution of rotation rates for the companions in known wide hot subdwarf binaries provides evidence of previous interaction causing spin-up. Additionally, there is a shortage of hot subdwarfs in common proper motion pairs, considering the frequency of such systems among progenitors. These results suggest that binary interaction is always required for the formation of hot subdwarfs.
KW  - subdwarfs
KW  - binaries: general
KW  - stars: variables: general
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038473
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 642
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stolterfoht, Martin
A1  - Lang, Felix
T1  - All-perovskite tandems get flexible
JF  - Nature energy
N2  - Flexible all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics open up new opportunities for application compared to rigid devices, yet their performance lags behind. Now, researchers show that molecule-bridged interfaces mitigate charge recombination and crack formation, improving the efficiency and mechanical reliability of flexible devices.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-022-01087-6
SN  - 2058-7546
VL  - 7
IS  - 8
SP  - 688
EP  - 689
PB  - Nature Publishing Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shivhare, Rishi
A1  - Erdmann, Tim
A1  - Hoermann, Ulrich
A1  - Collado-Fregoso, Elisa
A1  - Zeiske, Stefan
A1  - Benduhn, Johannes
A1  - Ullbrich, Sascha
A1  - Huebner, Rene
A1  - Hambsch, Mike
A1  - Kiriy, Anton
A1  - Voit, Brigitte
A1  - Neher, Dieter
A1  - Vandewal, Koen
A1  - Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.
T1  - Alkyl Branching Position in Diketopyrrolopyrrole Polymers
BT  - Interplay between Fibrillar Morphology and Crystallinity and Their Effect on Photogeneration and Recombination in Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells
JF  - Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society
N2  - Diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based donor acceptor copolymers have gained a significant amount of research interest in the organic electronics community because of their high charge carrier mobilities in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and their ability to harvest near-infrared (NIR) photons in solar cells. In this study, we have synthesized four DPP based donor-acceptor copolymers with variations in the donor unit and the branching point of the solubilizing alkyl chains (at the second or sixth carbon position). Grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) results suggest that moving the branching point further away from the polymer backbone increases the tendency for aggregation and yields polymer phases with a higher degree of crystallinity (DoC). The polymers were blended with PC70BM and used as active layers in solar cells. A careful analysis of the energetics of the neat polymer and blend films reveals that the charge-transfer state energy (E-CT) of the blend films lies exceptionally close to the singlet energy of the donor (E-D*), indicating near zero electron transfer losses. The difference between the optical gap and open-circuit voltage (V-OC) is therefore determined to be due to rather high nonradiative 418 +/- 13 mV) and unavoidable radiative voltage losses (approximate to 255 +/- 8 mV). Even though the four materials have similar optical gaps, the short-circuit current density (J(SC)) covers a vast span from 7 to 18 mA cm(-2) for the best performing system. Using photoluminescence (PL) quenching and transient charge extraction techniques, we quantify geminate and nongeminate losses and find that fewer excitons reach the donor-acceptor interface in polymers with further away branching points due to larger aggregate sizes. In these material systems, the photogeneration is therefore mainly limited by exciton harvesting efficiency.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b02739
SN  - 0897-4756
SN  - 1520-5002
VL  - 30
IS  - 19
SP  - 6801
EP  - 6809
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kegeles, Alexander
T1  - Algebraic foundation of Group Field Theory
T1  - Algebraische Grundlagen der Gruppenfeldtheorie
N2  - In this thesis we provide a construction of the operator framework starting from the functional formulation of group field theory (GFT). We define operator algebras on Hilbert spaces whose expectation values in specific states provide correlation functions of the functional formulation. Our construction allows us to give a direct relation between the ingredients of the functional GFT and its operator formulation in a perturbative regime. Using this construction we provide an example of GFT states that can not be formulated as states in a Fock space and lead to math- ematically inequivalent representations of the operator algebra. We show that such inequivalent representations can be grouped together by their symmetry properties and sometimes break the left translation symmetry of the GFT action. We interpret these groups of inequivalent representations as phases of GFT, similar to the classification of phases that we use in QFT’s on space-time.
N2  - Die Gruppenfeldtheorie (GFT) ist Kandidat für eine Theorie der Quantengravitation. Formuliert in der Sprache der Quantenfeldtheorie, beschreibt die GFT die Entstehung der Raum-Zeit. Jedoch, im Gegensatz zu den QFT's der Teilchenphysik, ist die GFT nicht auf der Raum-Zeit formuliert, sondern liefert einen möglichen Ansatz zur deren Entstehung. Dennoch, ähnlich wie in den QFT's der Teilchenphysik, existieren zwei Arten der GFT: die funktionale und die operator Formulierung. Der funktionale Formalismus, geschrieben mit Hilfe von Funktionalintegralen, stellt eine Verbindungen zu anderen Theorien der Quantengravitation dar, und liefert eine gute Basis für die Analyse der Renormierung. Seine Bestandteile lassen sich jedoch nicht ohne weiteres physikalisch interpretieren, was einen intuitiven Zugang bei der Entwicklung der Theorie verkompliziert. Die Operator-Formulierung wird dagegen in Operatoren auf Hilbert-Räumen angegeben und bietet eine Anschauliche Definition der GFT-Teilchen sowie eine Beschreibung der Theorie in der Sprache der Vielteilchenphysik. Allerdings ist weder ihre Verknüpfung zu dem funktionalen Zugang noch zu anderen, verwandten Theorien der Gravitation, bekannt, was diese Formulierung wenig praktikabel macht. Eine Beziehung zwischen funktionellem und dem operator Formalismus der GFT würde es uns ermöglichen, die klare Anschauung mit den Intuitionen anderer Theorien zu verbinden und würde somit die Entwicklung auf dem Gebiet vorantreiben.
In dieser Arbeit stelle ich eine Konstruktion des Operator-Formalismus vor, ausgehend von der funktionalen Formulierung der GFT. Ich definiere Operatoralgebren auf Hilberträumen, deren Erwartungswerte in bestimmten Zuständen den Korrelationsfunktionen der funktionalen Formulierung entsprechen. Diese Konstruktion gibt uns, eine direkte Beziehung zwischen den Bestandteilen der funktionellen GFT und der Operator-Formulierung.
KW  - quantum gravity
KW  - quantum field theory
KW  - group field theory
KW  - Quantengravitation
KW  - Quantenfeldtheorie
KW  - Gruppenfeldtheorie
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421014
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Gidion, Gunnar
T1  - Akustische Resonatoren zur Analyse und Kontrolle von schwingungsfähigen Systemen am Beispiel von Streichinstrumenten und Dielektrischen Elastomeraktoren
T1  - Acoustic resonators for the analysis and control of vibrational systems exemplified by bowed string instruments and dielectric elastomer actuators
N2  - Die Klangeigenschaften von Musikinstrumenten werden durch das Zusammenwirken der auf ihnen anregbaren akustischen Schwingungsmoden bestimmt, welche sich wiederum aus der geometrischen Struktur des Resonators in Kombination mit den verwendeten Materialien ergeben. In dieser Arbeit wurde das Schwingungsverhalten von Streichinstrumenten durch den Einsatz minimal-invasiver piezoelektrischer Polymerfilmsensoren untersucht. Die studierten Kopplungsphänomene umfassen den sogenannten Wolfton und Schwingungstilger, die zu dessen Abschwächung verwendet werden, sowie die gegenseitige Beeinflussung von Bogen und Instrument beim Spielvorgang. An Dielektrischen Elastomeraktormembranen wurde dagegen der Einfluss der elastischen Eigenschaften des Membranmaterials auf das akustische und elektromechanische Schwingungsverhalten gezeigt. Die Dissertation gliedert sich in drei Teile, deren wesentliche Ergebnisse im Folgenden zusammengefasst werden.

In Teil I wurde die Funktionsweise eines abstimmbaren Schwingungstilgers zur Dämpfung von Wolftönen auf Streichinstrumenten untersucht. Durch Abstimmung der Resonanzfrequenz des Schwingungstilgers auf die Wolftonfrequenz kann ein Teil der Saitenschwingungen absorbiert werden, so dass die zu starke Anregung der Korpusresonanz vermieden wird, die den Wolfton verursacht. Der Schwingungstilger besteht aus einem „Wolftöter“, einem Massestück, welches auf der Nachlänge der betroffenen Saite (zwischen Steg und Saitenhalter) installiert wird. Hier wurde gezeigt, wie die Resonanzen dieses Schwingungstilgers von der Masse des Wolftöters und von dessen Position auf der Nachlänge abhängen. Aber auch die Geometrie des Wolftöters stellte sich als ausschlaggebend heraus, insbesondere bei einem nicht-rotationssymmetrischen Wolftöter: In diesem Fall entsteht – basierend auf den zu erwartenden nicht-harmonischen Moden einer massebelasteten Saite – eine zusätzliche Mode, die von der Polarisationsrichtung der Saitenschwingung abhängt.

Teil II der Dissertation befasst sich mit Elastomermembranen, die als Basis von Dielektrischen Elastomeraktoren dienen, und die wegen der Membranspannung auch akustische Resonanzen aufweisen. Die Ansprache von Elastomeraktoren hängt unter anderem von der Geschwindigkeit der elektrischen Anregung ab. Die damit zusammenhängenden viskoelastischen Eigenschaften der hier verwendeten Elastomere, Silikon und Acrylat, wurden einerseits in einer frequenzabhängigen dynamisch-mechanischen Analyse des Elastomers erfasst, andererseits auch optisch an vollständigen Aktoren selbst gemessen. Die höhere Viskosität des Acrylats, das bei tieferen Frequenzen höhere Aktuationsdehnungen als das Silikon zeigt, führt zu einer Verminderung der Dehnungen bei höheren Frequenzen, so dass über etwa 40 Hertz mit Silikon größere Aktuationsdehnungen erreicht werden. Mit den untersuchten Aktoren konnte die Gitterkonstante weicher optischer Beugungsgitter kontrolliert werden, die als zusätzlicher Film auf der Membran installiert wurden. Über eine Messung der akustischen Resonanzfrequenz von Elastomermebranen aus Acrylat in 1Abhängigkeit von ihrer Vorstreckung konnte in Verbindung mit einer Modellierung des hyperelastischen Verhaltens des Elastomers (Ogden-Modell) der Schermodul bestimmt werden.

Schließlich wird in Teil III die Untersuchung von Geigen und ihrer Streichanregung mit Hilfe minimal-invasiver piezoelektrischer Polymerfilme geschildert. Es konnten am Bogen und am Steg von Geigen – unter den beiden Füßen des Stegs – jeweils zwei Filmsensoren installiert werden. Mit den beiden Sensoren am Steg wurden Frequenzgänge von Geigen gemessen, welche eine Bestimmung der frequenzabhängigen Stegbewegung erlaubten. Diese Methode ermöglicht damit auch eine umfassende Charakterisierung der Signaturmoden in Bezug auf die Stegdynamik. Die Ergebnisse der komplementären Methoden von Impulsanregung und natürlichem Spielen der Geigen konnten dank der Sensoren verglichen werden. Für die Nutzung der Sensoren am Bogen – insbesondere für eine Messung des Bogendrucks – wurde eine Kalibrierung des Bogen-Sensor-Systems mit Hilfe einer Materialprüfmaschine durchgeführt. Bei einer Messung während des natürlichen Spielens wurde mit den Sensoren am Bogen einerseits die Übertragung der Saitenschwingung auf den Bogen festgestellt. Dabei konnten außerdem longitudinale Bogenhaarresonanzen identifiziert werden, die von der Position der Saite auf dem Bogen abhängen. Aus der Analyse dieses Phänomens konnte die longitudinale Wellengeschwindigkeit der Bogenhaare bestimmt werden, die eine wichtige Größe für die Kopplung zwischen Saite und Bogen ist. Mit Hilfe des Systems aus Sensoren an Bogen und Steg werden auf Grundlage der vorliegenden Arbeit Studien an Streichinstrumenten vorgeschlagen, in denen die Bespielbarkeit der Instrumente zu den jeweils angeregten Steg- und Bogenschwingungen in Beziehung gesetzt werden kann. Damit könnte nicht zuletzt auch die bisher nicht vollständig geklärte Rolle des Bogens für Klang und Bespielbarkeit besser beurteilt werden
N2  - The sound of musical instruments is created by the interaction of their vibrational modes,
which are a result of the geometrical structure and the material used in a certain instrument. In this thesis, the vibrations of bowed string instruments are studied by means of
minimally-invasive polymer-film sensors. The investigated coupling phenomena comprise the wolf tone and the wolf-tone absorbers as well as the mutual interference between the bow and the instrument during playing. In a methodically related study, the acoustical and mechanical behaviour of dielectric elastomer actuators was examined, with a focus on the influence of the elastic membrane material and settings on the actuation and the resonator properties. The dissertation is arranged into three parts, the main findings of which are summarised in the following.

In part I, the working principle of a tunable vibration absorber for the attenuation of wolf tones on bowed string instruments is investigated. By tuning the resonance frequency of the vibration absorber to match the wolf-tone frequency, a part of the string vibrations can be absorbed. Thus, a strong excitation of the body mode, which causes the wolf, can be avoided. The vibration absorber consists of a piece of mass, the wolf suppressor, which is installed on the afterlength of the concerned string (between the bridge and the tailpiece). It is shown here how the resonances of this vibration-absorber system depend on the mass and the position of the wolf suppressor on the afterlength. Moreover, also the geometry of the suppressor was found to play a role, especially in the case of a suppressor that is not axially symmetric: Then, based on the non-harmonic modes that can be expected for a mass-loaded string, an additional mode is created that depends on the polarisation of the string vibrations.

The second part of the thesis deals with elastomer membranes that serve as the basis of dielectric elastomer actuators. In these systems, acoustical resonances can also be observed, due to the membrane tension. Among other things, the response of elastomer actuators also depends on the velocity of the electric excitation. The corresponding viscoelastic properties of the elastomers that are studied in this work, silicone and acrylic, were captured by two kinds frequency-response measurements. On the one hand, a dynamic-mechanical analysis with varied frequency was carried out on the pure elastomers; on the other hand, the performance of the assembled actuators was measured with a high-speed camera. The high viscosity of the acrylic, which shows larger actuation strains than the silicone at lower frequencies, leads to a reduction of strains at higher frequencies so that above 40 Hz, the silicone-based actuators achieve larger actuation strains. The investigated actuators were used to control soft diffraction gratings on the actuator membrane. By measuring the acoustical resonance frequency of acrylic elastomer membranes at different pre-stretches, the shear modulus of the material could be determined on the basis of the Ogden hyperelastic material law.

Finally, in part III, an investigation of violins and their interactions with the bow is described in which minimally-invasive piezoelectric polymer films are used for vibration detection. Two film sensors were installed, respectively, on the bow and under the bridge 1of violins. With the two sensors under the bridge feet, the frequency response of violins was recorded, by which the frequency-dependent bridge motions could be determined. This method allows for a comprehensive characterisation of the signature modes with respect to the bridge dynamics. The results of the complementary methods of impulse excitation and natural playing of the violin could be compared owing to the sensors. To use the sensors on the bow – in particular, for a measurement of the bow force – the bow-sensor system was calibrated with the help of a materials testing machine. With the sensors on the bow, the transfer of string vibrations to the bow during normal playing could be captured. In the same measurement, longitudinal bow-hair resonances were identified which depend on the position of the string on the bow. The analysis of this phenomenon yielded the longitudinal wave velocity on the bow hair, an important factor for the string-bow coupling. Using the described system of sensors on the bow and the violin, further studies are proposed, in particular to relate the playability of bowed string instruments to the simultaneous bow and string vibrations. Thus, the yet incompletely fathomed role of the bow for sound and playability could be more comprehensively assessed.
KW  - musikalische Akustik
KW  - musical acoustics
KW  - Schwingungstilger
KW  - dynamic vibration absorber
KW  - Physik der Musikinstrumente
KW  - physics of musical instruments
KW  - Ferroelektrete
KW  - ferroelectrets
KW  - Piezoelektrische Sensoren
KW  - piezoelectric sensors
KW  - Dielektrische Elastomeraktoren
KW  - Geige
KW  - violin
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-411772
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Lampert, Astrid
T1  - Airborne lidar observations of tropospheric arctic clouds
T1  - Flugzeuggetragene Lidar-Beobachtung von troposphärischen arktischen Wolken
N2  - Due to the unique environmental conditions and different feedback mechanisms, the Arctic region is especially sensitive to climate changes. The influence of clouds on the radiation budget is substantial, but difficult to quantify and parameterize in models. In the framework of the PhD, elastic backscatter and depolarization lidar observations of Arctic clouds were performed during the international Arctic Study of Tropospheric Aerosol, Clouds and Radiation (ASTAR) from Svalbard in March and April 2007. Clouds were probed above the inaccessible Arctic Ocean with a combination of airborne instruments: The Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research provided information on the vertical and horizontal extent of clouds along the flight track, optical properties (backscatter coefficient), and cloud thermodynamic phase. From the data obtained by the spectral albedometer (University of Mainz), the cloud phase and cloud optical thickness was deduced. Furthermore, in situ observations with the Polar Nephelometer, Cloud Particle Imager and Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, France) provided information on the microphysical properties, cloud particle size and shape, concentration, extinction, liquid and ice water content. In the thesis, a data set of four flights is analyzed and interpreted. The lidar observations served to detect atmospheric structures of interest, which were then probed by in situ technique. With this method, an optically subvisible ice cloud was characterized by the ensemble of instruments (10 April 2007). Radiative transfer simulations based on the lidar, radiation and in situ measurements allowed the calculation of the cloud forcing, amounting to -0.4 W m-2. This slight surface cooling is negligible on a local scale. However, thin Arctic clouds have been reported more frequently in winter time, when the clouds' effect on longwave radiation (a surface warming of 2.8 W m-2) is not balanced by the reduced shortwave radiation (surface cooling). Boundary layer mixed-phase clouds were analyzed for two days (8 and 9 April 2007). The typical structure consisting of a predominantly liquid water layer on cloud top and ice crystals below were confirmed by all instruments. The lidar observations were compared to European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological analyses. A change of air masses along the flight track was evidenced in the airborne data by a small completely glaciated cloud part within the mixed-phase cloud system. This indicates that the updraft necessary for the formation of new cloud droplets at cloud top is disturbed by the mixing processes. The measurements served to quantify the shortcomings of the ECMWF model to describe mixed-phase clouds. As the partitioning of cloud condensate into liquid and ice water is done by a diagnostic equation based on temperature, the cloud structures consisting of a liquid cloud top layer and ice below could not be reproduced correctly. A small amount of liquid water was calculated for the lowest (and warmest) part of the cloud only. Further, the liquid water content was underestimated by an order of magnitude compared to in situ observations. The airborne lidar observations of 9 April 2007 were compared to space borne lidar data on board of the satellite Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO). The systems agreed about the increase of cloud top height along the same flight track. However, during the time delay of 1 h between the lidar measurements, advection and cloud processing took place, and a detailed comparison of small-scale cloud structures was not possible. A double layer cloud at an altitude of 4 km was observed with lidar at the West coast in the direct vicinity of Svalbard (14 April 2007). The cloud system consisted of two geometrically thin liquid cloud layers (each 150 m thick) with ice below each layer. While the upper one was possibly formed by orographic lifting under the influence of westerly winds, or by the vertical wind shear shown by ECMWF analyses, the lower one might be the result of evaporating precipitation out of the upper layer. The existence of ice precipitation between the two layers supports the hypothesis that humidity released from evaporating precipitation was cooled and consequently condensed as it experienced the radiative cooling from the upper layer. In summary, a unique data set characterizing tropospheric Arctic clouds was collected with lidar, in situ and radiation instruments. The joint evaluation with meteorological analyses allowed a detailed insight in cloud properties, cloud evolution processes and radiative effects.
N2  - Die Arktis mit ihren speziellen Umweltbedingungen ist besonders empfindlich gegenüber Klimaveränderungen. Dabei spielen Wolken eine große Rolle im Strahlungsgleichgewicht, die aber nur schwer genau bestimmt und in Klimamodellen dargestellt werden kann. Die Daten für die Promotionsarbeit wurden im Frühjahr 2007 bei Flugzeug-Messungen von Wolken über dem Arktischen Ozean von Spitzbergen aus erhoben. Das dafür verwendete Lidar (Licht-Radar) des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts lieferte ein höhenaufgelöstes Bild der Wolkenstrukturen und ihrer Streu-Eigenschaften, andere Messgeräte ergänzten optische sowie mikrophysikalische Eigenschaften der Wolkenteilchen (Extinktion, Größenverteilung, Form, Konzentration, Flüssigwasser- und Eisgehalt, Messgeräte vom Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, France) und Strahlungsmessungen (Uni Mainz). Während der Messkampagne herrschte Nordwind vor. Die untersuchten Luftmassen mit Ursprung fern von menschlichen Verschmutzungsquellen war daher sehr sauber. Beim Überströmen der kalten Luft über den offenen warmen Arktischen Ozean bildeten sich in der Grenzschicht (ca. 0-1500 m Höhe) Mischphasenwolken, die aus unterkühlten Wassertröpfchen im oberen Bereich und Eis im unteren Bereich der Wolken bestehen. Mit den Flugzeug-Messungen und numerischen Simulationen des Strahlungstransports wurde der Effekt einer dünnen Eiswolke auf den Strahlungshaushalt bestimmt. Die Wolke hatte lokal eine geringe Abkühlung der Erdoberfläche zur Folge. Ähnliche Wolken würden jedoch im Winter, wenn keine Sonnenstrahlung die Arktis erreicht, durch den Treibhauseffekt eine nicht vernachlässigbare Erwärmung der Oberfläche verursachen. Die Messungen der Mischphasenwolken wurden mit einem Wettervorhersagemodell (ECMWF) verglichen. Für die ständig neue Bildung von flüssigen Wassertropfen im oberen Teil der Wolke ist das Aufsteigen von feuchten Luftpaketen nötig. Während einer Messung wurden entlang der Flugstrecke verschiedene Luftmassen durchflogen. An der Luftmassengrenze wurde eine reine Eiswolke inmitten eines Mischphasen-Systems beobachtet. Die Messungen zeigen, dass das Mischen von Luftmassen den Nachschub an feuchter Luft blockiert, was unmittelbare Auswirkungen auf die thermodynamische Phase des Wolkenwassers hat. Weiterhin wurde bestimmt, wie groß die Abweichungen der Modellrechnungen von den Messungen bezüglich Wassergehalt und der Verteilung von Flüssigwasser und Eis waren. Durch die vereinfachte Wolken-Parameterisierung wurde die typische vertikale Struktur von Mischphasenwolken im Modell nicht wiedergegeben. Die flugzeuggetragenen Lidar-Messungen vom 9. April 2007 wurden mit Lidar-Messungen an Bord des Satelliten CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) verglichen. Die Messungen zeigten beide eine ansteigende Wolkenobergrenze entlang desselben Flugwegs. Da die Messungen jedoch nicht genau gleichzeitig durchgeführt wurden, war wegen Advektion und Prozessen in den Wolken kein genauer Vergleich der kleinskaligen Wolkenstrukturen möglich. Außerdem wurde eine doppelte Wolkenschicht in der freien Troposphäre (4 km Höhe) analysiert. Die Wolke bestand aus zwei separaten dünnen Schichten aus flüssigem Wasser (je 150 m dick) mit jeweils Eis darunter. Die untere Schicht entstand wahrscheinlich aus verdunstetem Eis-Niederschlag. Diese feuchte Schicht wurde durch die Abstrahlung der oberen Wolkenschicht gekühlt, so dass sie wieder kondensierte. Solche Wolkenformationen sind in der Arktis bisher vor allem in der Grenzschicht bekannt. Ein einzigartiger Datensatz von arktischen Wolken wurde mit einer Kombination verschiedener Flugzeug-Messgeräte erhoben. Zusammen mit meteorologischen Analysen konnten für verschiedene Fallstudien Wolkeneigenschaften, Entwicklungsprozesse und Auswirkungen auf den Strahlungshaushalt bestimmt werden.
KW  - Arktis
KW  - Lidar
KW  - Mischphasenwolken
KW  - optisch dünne Wolken
KW  - CALIPSO
KW  - Arctic
KW  - lidar
KW  - mixed-phase clouds
KW  - optically thin clouds
KW  - CALIPSO
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41211
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Safdari, Hadiseh
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei V.
A1  - Bodrova, Anna
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Aging underdamped scaled Brownian motion
BT  - Ensemble- and time-averaged particle displacements, nonergodicity, and the failure of the overdamping approximation
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - We investigate both analytically and by computer simulations the ensemble- and time-averaged, nonergodic, and aging properties of massive particles diffusing in a medium with a time dependent diffusivity. We call this stochastic diffusion process the (aging) underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM). We demonstrate how the mean squared displacement (MSD) and the time-averaged MSD of UDSBM are affected by the inertial term in the Langevin equation, both at short, intermediate, and even long diffusion times. In particular, we quantify the ballistic regime for the MSD and the time-averaged MSD as well as the spread of individual time-averaged MSD trajectories. One of the main effects we observe is that, both for the MSD and the time-averaged MSD, for superdiffusive UDSBM the ballistic regime is much shorter than for ordinary Brownian motion. In contrast, for subdiffusive UDSBM, the ballistic region extends to much longer diffusion times. Therefore, particular care needs to be taken under what conditions the overdamped limit indeed provides a correct description, even in the long time limit. We also analyze to what extent ergodicity in the Boltzmann-Khinchin sense in this nonstationary system is broken, both for subdiffusive and superdiffusive UDSBM. Finally, the limiting case of ultraslow UDSBM is considered, with a mixed logarithmic and power-law dependence of the ensemble-and time-averaged MSDs of the particles. In the limit of strong aging, remarkably, the ordinary UDSBM and the ultraslow UDSBM behave similarly in the short time ballistic limit. The approaches developed here open ways for considering other stochastic processes under physically important conditions when a finite particle mass and aging in the system cannot be neglected.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.95.012120
SN  - 2470-0045
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 95
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schmidt, Lukas
T1  - Aerosols and boundary layer structure over Arctic sea ice based on airborne lidar and dropsonde measurements
T1  - Aerosol und Grenzschichtstruktur über arktischem Meereis anhand von Flugzeuggetragenen Lidar- und Dropsonden- Messungen
N2  - The atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean is strongly influenced by the distribution of sea ice and open water. Leads in the sea ice produce strong convective fluxes of sensible and latent heat and release aerosol particles into the atmosphere. They increase the occurrence of clouds and modify the structure and characteristics of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) and thereby influence the Arctic climate.
In the course of this study aircraft measurements were performed over the western Arctic Ocean as part of the campaign PAMARCMIP 2012 of the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI). Backscatter from aerosols and clouds within the lower troposphere and the ABL were measured with the nadir pointing Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) and dropsondes were launched to obtain profiles of meteorological variables. Furthermore, in situ measurements of aerosol properties, meteorological variables and turbulence were part of the campaign. The measurements covered a broad range of atmospheric and sea ice conditions. 
In this thesis, properties of the ABL over Arctic sea ice with a focus on the influence of open leads are studied based on the data from the PAMARCMIP campaign. The height of the ABL is determined by different methods that are applied to dropsonde and AMALi backscatter profiles. ABL heights are compared for different flights representing different conditions of the atmosphere and of sea ice and open water influence. The different criteria for ABL height that are applied show large variation in terms of agreement among each other, depending on the characteristics of the ABL and its history. It is shown that ABL height determination from lidar backscatter by methods commonly used under mid-latitude conditions is applicable to the Arctic ABL only under certain conditions. Aerosol or clouds within the ABL are needed as a tracer for ABL height detection from backscatter. Hence an aerosol source close to the surface is necessary, that is typically found under the present influence of open water and therefore convective conditions. However it is not always possible to distinguish residual layers from the actual ABL. Stable boundary layers are generally difficult to detect.
To illustrate the complexity of the Arctic ABL and processes therein, four case studies are analyzed each of which represents a snapshot of the interplay between atmosphere and underlying sea ice or water surface. Influences of leads and open water on the aerosol and clouds within the ABL are identified and discussed. Leads are observed to cause the formation of fog and cloud layers within the ABL by humidity emission. Furthermore they decrease the stability and increase the height of the ABL and consequently facilitate entrainment of air and aerosol layers from the free troposphere.
N2  - Die Verteilung von Meereis und offenem Wasser hat einen starken Einfluss auf die Atmosphäre über dem arktischen Ozean. Eisrinnen (sog. Leads) verursachen konvektive Flüsse von latenter und sensibler Wärme und führen zum Eintrag von Aerosolpartikeln in die Atmosphäre. Dadurch führen sie zum vermehrten Auftreten von Wolken und modifizieren die Struktur und die Eigenschaften der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht (ABL), wodurch das arktische Klima beeinflusst wird.
Im Rahmen der Messkampagne PAMARCMIP 2012 des Alfred-Wegener-Instituts (AWI) wurden als Teil dieser Arbeit über dem westlichen arktischen Ozean Flugzeugmessungen durchgeführt. Mithilfe des nach unten gerichteten Airborne Mobile Aerosol Lidar (AMALi) wurde die Rückstreuung von Aerosolen und Wolken in der unteren Troposphäre und ABL gemessen. Dropsonden wurden verwendet, um Profile meteorologischer Größen zu erhalten. Zudem wurden in situ Messungen von Aerosoleigenschaften, meteorologischen Variablen und der Turbulenz durchgeführt.
In dieser Arbeit werden die Eigenschaften der ABL über arktischem Meereis basierend auf den Daten der PAMARCMIP Kampagne untersucht. Dabei liegt der Fokus auf dem Einfluss offener Leads auf die ABL. Aus den gewonnenen Dropsondendaten und AMALi Rückstreuprofilen wird die Höhe der ABL mithilfe verschiedener Methoden bestimmt. Die für verschiedene Messflüge und somit unterschiedliche atmosphärische Bedingungen sowie Meereisverteilungen berechneten ABL Höhen werden miteinander verglichen, und somit der Einfluss von offenem Wasser auf die ABL untersucht. Die verschiedenen Methoden zur Bestimmung der ABL Höhe führen zu unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, je nach Eigenschaften der ABL und ihrer Geschichte. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Methoden für die ABL Höhen-Bestimmung aus der Lidar Rückstreuung, die gewöhnlich für die mittleren Breiten verwendet werden, nur bedingt für arktische Bedingungen geeignet ist. Um die ABL Höhe aus der Rückstreuung ableiten zu können, müssen Aerosole oder Wolken in der Grenzschicht als Tracer vorhanden sein. Dazu ist eine Aerosolquelle nahe der Oberfläche notwendig, welche typischerweise unter dem Einfluss von offenem Wasser und konvektiven Bedingungen vorliegt. Dennoch ist es nicht immer möglich, die aktuelle Grenzschicht von residualen Schichten zu unterscheiden. Stabile Grenzschichten sind im Allgemeinen schwer zu detektieren. 
Um die Komplexität der arktischen Grenzschicht und die beteiligten Prozesse zu veranschaulichen, werden vier Fallstudien detailliert analysiert, welche jeweils eine Momentaufnahme des Zusammenspiels von Atmosphäre und Meereis oder Wasseroberfläche darstellen. Der Einfluss von Leads und offenem Wasser auf Aerosol und Wolken in der ABL werden identifiziert und diskutiert. Die Bildung von Wolken- und Nebelschichten, verursacht durch den Feuchteeintrag über offenen Leads, wird beobachtet. Zudem verringern leads die Stabilität der ABL, führen zu einer Zunahme ihrer Höhe und begünstigen dadurch Entrainment von Luft und Aerosolschichten aus der freien Troposphäre.
KW  - polar
KW  - atmosphere
KW  - AMALi
KW  - Polar 5
KW  - lead
KW  - polar
KW  - Atmosphäre
KW  - AMALi
KW  - Polar 5
KW  - Eisrinne
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75076
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kegelmann, Lukas
T1  - Advancing charge selective contacts for efficient monolithic perovskite-silicon tandem solar cells
T1  - Entwicklung Ladungsselektiver Kontakte für Effiziente Monolithische
Perowskit-Silizium Tandem-Solarzellen
N2  - Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites are one of the most promising material classes for photovoltaic energy conversion. In solar cells, the perovskite absorber is sandwiched between n- and p-type contact layers which selectively transport electrons and holes to the cell’s cathode and anode, respectively. This thesis aims to advance contact layers in perovskite solar cells and unravel the impact of interface and contact properties on the device performance. Further, the contact materials are applied in monolithic perovskite-silicon heterojunction (SHJ) tandem solar cells, which can overcome the single junction efficiency limits and attract increasing attention. Therefore, all contact layers must be highly transparent to foster light harvesting in the tandem solar cell design. Besides, the SHJ device restricts processing temperatures for the selective contacts to below 200°C.
A comparative study of various electron selective contact materials, all processed below 180°C, in n-i-p type perovskite solar cells highlights that selective contacts and their interfaces to the absorber govern the overall device performance. Combining fullerenes and metal-oxides in a TiO2/PC60BM (phenyl-C60-butyric acid methyl ester) double-layer contact allows to merge good charge extraction with minimized interface recombination. The layer sequence thereby achieved high stabilized solar cell performances up to 18.0% and negligible current-voltage hysteresis, an otherwise pronounced phenomenon in this device design. Double-layer structures are therefore emphasized as a general concept to establish efficient and highly selective contacts.
Based on this success, the concept to combine desired properties of different materials is transferred to the p-type contact. Here, a mixture of the small molecule Spiro-OMeTAD [2,2’,7,7’-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9’-spirobifluoren] and the doped polymer PEDOT [poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)] is presented as a novel hole selective contact. PEDOT thereby remarkably suppresses charge recombination at the perovskite surface, allowing an increase of quasi-Fermi level splitting in the absorber. Further, the addition of Spiro-OMeTAD into the PEDOT layer is shown to enhance charge extraction at the interface and allow high efficiencies up to 16.8%. 
Finally, the knowledge on contact properties is applied to monolithic perovskite-SHJ tandem solar cells. The main goal is to optimize the top contact stack of doped Spiro-OMeTAD/molybdenum oxide(MoOx)/ITO towards higher transparency by two different routes. First, fine-tuning of the ITO deposition to mitigate chemical reduction of MoOx and increase the transmittance of MoOx/ITO stacks by 25%. Second, replacing Spiro-OMeTAD with the alternative hole transport materials PEDOT/Spiro-OMeTAD mixtures, CuSCN or PTAA [poly(triaryl amine)]. Experimental results determine layer thickness constrains and validate optical simulations, which subsequently allow to realistically estimate the respective tandem device performances. As a result, PTAA represents the most promising replacement for Spiro-OMeTAD, with a projected increase of the optimum tandem device efficiency for the herein used architecture by 2.9% relative to 26.5% absolute. The results also reveal general guidelines for further performance gains of the technology.
N2  - Hybride, organisch-anorganische Perowskite gelten als eine der vielversprechendsten Materialklassen für die photovoltaische Energieumwandlung. Dazu werden Perowskit-Absorber in Solarzellen zwischen n- und p-Typ Kontaktschichten angeordnet, die Elektronen oder Löcher selektiv zur Kathode bzw. Anode der Zelle transportieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die ladungsselektiven Transportschichten in Perowskit-Solarzellen zu verbessern und Einflüsse der Grenzflächen- und Kontakteigenschaften auf die Zelleffizienz herauszustellen. Darüber hinaus werden die selektiven Schichten in monolithischen Perowskit-Silizium-Heterokontakt (SHK) Tandem-Solarzellen eingesetzt. Diese können höhere Wirkungsgrade als Einfachsolarzellen erzielen und erfahren zunehmende Aufmerksamkeit aus der Forschung. Hierfür müssen alle Kontaktschichten hochtransparent sein, um eine möglichst effiziente Lichtausnutzung im Tandem-Solarzellen-Design zu erzielen. Des Weiteren limitiert die SHK-Solarzelle die höchst mögliche Temperatur zur Abscheidung der selektiven Kontakte auf 200°C.
In einer Vergleichsstudie werden deshalb zunächst verschiedene elektronenselektive Kontaktmaterialien, die alle unter 180°C prozessiert werden, in n-i-p-Typ Perowskit-Solarzellen eingesetzt. Es zeigt sich hierbei, wie wesentlich die selektiven Kontakte und ihre Grenzflächen zum Absorber die Effizienz der Solarzellen bestimmen. Eine Kombination aus Fulleren und Metalloxid in einem TiO2/PC60BM (Phenyl-C60-Buttersäuremethylester) Doppelschichtkontakt ermöglicht dabei eine besonders gute Ladungsextraktion und stark reduzierte Grenzflächenrekombination. Die Materialzusammenstellung erreicht in der Studie hohe stabilisierte Solarzellenwirkungsgrade bis zu 18,0% und eine vernachlässigbare Strom-Spannungs-Hysterese, ein üblicherweise ausgeprägtes Phänomen in diesem Zellaufbau. Das Ergebnis stellt Doppelschicht-Strukturen als generelles Konzept zur Herstellung effizienter und hochselektiver Kontakte heraus.
Basierend auf diesem Erfolg wird das Konzept, Eigenschaften verschiedener Materialien miteinander zu kombinieren, anschließend auf den p-Typ Kontakt übertragen. Dazu wird ein neuartiger lochselektiver Kontakt vorgestellt, bestehend aus einer Mischung des kleinen Moleküls Spiro-OMeTAD [2,2‘7,7‘-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamin)-9,9‘-spirobifluoren] und dem dotierten Polymer PEDOT [poly(3,4-ethylendioxythiophen)]. PEDOT unterdrückt dabei bemerkenswerter Weiße die Ladungsträgerrekombination an der Perowskit-Grenzfläche, wodurch eine Erhöhung der Quasi-Fermi-Niveau-Aufspaltung im Absorber erzielt wird. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass die Zugabe von Spiro-OMeTAD in die PEDOT-Schicht die Lochextraktion an der Grenzfläche verbessert und folglich hohe Solarzellenwirkungsgrade von bis zu 16,8% ermöglicht. 
Schließlich wird das gewonnene Wissen über die Bedeutung der Kontakt- und Grenzflächeneigenschaften auf monolithische Perowskit-SHK-Tandemsolarzellen angewandt. Das Hauptziel dabei ist die Optimierung des oberen Kontaktstapels, bestehend aus dotiertem Spiro-OMeTAD/Molybdän Oxid (MoOx)/ITO, hin zu verbesserter Transparenz. Zwei verschiedene Ansätze werden hierzu verfolgt. Erstens, durch Feinanpassung der ITO-Abscheidung kann eine chemische Reduktion von MoOx verringert und die Transmission von MoOx/ITO-Schichtstapeln um 25% erhöht werden. Zweitens: Durch Ersetzen des Spiro-OMeTAD mit alternativen, transparenteren Lochtransportmaterialien sollen parasitäre Absorptionsverluste vermieden werden. Als potentielle Lochkontakte werden dabei PEDOT/Spiro-OMeTAD-Mischungen, CuSCN und PTAA [Poly(triarylamin)] analysiert. Experimentelle Untersuchungen liefern optimierte Dicken der Lochkontakt und MoOx Schichten und dienen der Validierung optischer Simulationen der Schichtstapel. Dies erlaubt im Folgenden eine realistische Abschätzung der maximal erreichbaren Tandemsolarzelleneffizienzen. Dabei stellt PTAA den vielversprechendsten Ersatz für Spiro-OMeTAD dar, mit einer prognostizierten Erhöhung des erreichbaren Tandem-Solarzellenwirkungsgrad um 2,9% relativ auf 26,5% absolut. Die Ergebnisse stellen zudem einen Leitfaden zur weiteren Effizienzsteigerung der Tandemsolarzellen-Technologie dar.
KW  - perovskite
KW  - silicon
KW  - tandem solar cell
KW  - interface engineering
KW  - contact layers
KW  - Perowskit
KW  - Silizium
KW  - Tandem-Solarzelle
KW  - Interface-Engineering
KW  - Kontaktschichten
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426428
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Yadavalli, Nataraja Sekhar
T1  - Advances in experimental methods to probe surface relief grating formation mechanism in photosensitive materials
T1  - Entstehung von Oberflächengittern in lichtempfindlichen Materialien
N2  - When azobenzene-modified photosensitive polymer films are irradiated with light interference patterns, topographic variations in the film develop that follow the electric field vector distribution resulting in the formation of surface relief grating (SRG). The exact correspondence of the electric field vector orientation in interference pattern in relation to the presence of local topographic minima or maxima of SRG is in general difficult to determine. In my thesis, we have established a systematic procedure to accomplish the correlation between different interference patterns and the topography of SRG. For this, we devise a new setup combining an atomic force microscope and a two-beam interferometer (IIAFM). With this set-up, it is possible to track the topography change in-situ, while at the same time changing polarization and phase of the impinging interference pattern. To validate our results, we have compared two photosensitive materials named in short as PAZO and trimer. This is the first time that an absolute correspondence between the local distribution of electric field vectors of interference pattern and the local topography of the relief grating could be established exhaustively. In addition, using our IIAFM we found that for a certain polarization combination of two orthogonally polarized interfering beams namely SP (↕, ↔) interference pattern, the topography forms SRG with only half the period of the interference patterns. Exploiting this phenomenon we are able to fabricate surface relief structures below diffraction limit with characteristic features measuring only 140 nm, by using far field optics with a wavelength of 491 nm. We have also probed for the stresses induced during the polymer mass transport by placing an ultra-thin gold film on top (5–30 nm). During irradiation, the metal film not only deforms along with the SRG formation, but ruptures in regular and complex manner. The morphology of the cracks differs strongly depending on the electric field distribution in the interference pattern even when the magnitude and the kinetic of the strain are kept constant. This implies a complex local distribution of the opto-mechanical stress along the topography grating. The neutron reflectivity measurements of the metal/polymer interface indicate the penetration of metal layer within the polymer resulting in the formation of bonding layer that confirms the transduction of light induced stresses in the polymer layer to a metal film.
N2  - Azobenzolhaltige Polymere gehören zu einer Klasse funktionaler Materialien, bei denen durch ein äußeres Strahlungsfeld eine starke mechanische Reaktion ausgelöst werden kann. Durch die Bindung an das Polymerrückgrat können die Azobenzole, die unter UV-Belichtung eine Photoisomerisierung ausführen, was zum Teil drastische Effekte zur Folge hat. Unter Belichtung mit Intensitätsmustern, d.h. mit räumlich variierender Verteilung der Polarisation oder der Intensität des einfallenden Lichts verändert sich die Topographie der azobenzolhaltigen Filme, was zur Bildung von Oberflächengittern (engl. Surface Relief Gratings, SRG) führt. In dieser Arbeit wurde eine neue Methode vorgeschlagen, bei der das Verhalten elastischer/morphologischer Eigenschaften unter verschiedenen Belichtungsbedingungen, d.h. mit unterschiedlicher Verteilung der Polarisation und der Intensität in situ lokal als Funktion der Position entlang der SRG aufgenommen werden kann. Außerdem wurde hier vorgeschlagen, opto-mechanische Spannungen, die innerhalb der photosensitiven Polymerfilme während der Belichtung entstehen, mit Hilfe dünner aufgebrachter metallischen Schichten abzubilden und zu analysieren.
KW  - Azobenzolhaltige Polymerfilme
KW  - Oberflächengitter
KW  - In-situ Rasterkraftmikroskopie
KW  - Opto-mechanische Spannungen
KW  - Metall/Graphen/Polymer Grenzfläch
KW  - azobenzene polymer films
KW  - surface relief grating
KW  - in-situ atomic force microscopy
KW  - opto-mechanical stresses
KW  - metal/polymer interfaces
Y1  - 2014
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71213
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Stoll, Andreas
T1  - Advanced spectroscopic instruments enabled by integrated optics
N2  - The aim of this work is the study of silica Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs) in the context of applications in astronomy. The specific focus lies on the investigation of the feasibility and technology limits of customized silica AWG devices for high resolution near-infrared spectroscopy. In a series of theoretical and experimental studies, AWG devices of varying geometry, foot-print and spectral resolution are constructed, simulated using a combination of a numerical beam propagation method and Fraunhofer diffraction and fabricated devices are characterized with respect to transmission efficiency, spectral resolution and polarization sensitivity. The impact of effective index non-uniformities on the performance of high-resolution AWG devices is studied numerically. Characterization results of fabricated devices are used to extrapolate the technology limits of the silica platform. The important issues of waveguide birefringence and defocus aberration are discussed theoretically and addressed experimentally by selection of an appropriate aberration-minimizing anastigmatic AWG layout structure. The drawbacks of the anastigmatic AWG geometry are discussed theoretically. From the results of the experimental studies, it is concluded that fabrication-related phase errors and waveguide birefringence are the primary limiting factors for the growth of AWG spectral resolution. It is shown that, without post-processing, the spectral resolving power is phase-error-limited to R < 40, 000 and, in the case of unpolarized light, birefringence-limited to R < 30, 000 in the AWG devices presented in this work. Necessary measures, such as special waveguide geometries and post-fabrication phase error correction are proposed for future designs. The elimination of defocus aberration using an anastigmatic AWG geometry is successfully demonstrated in experiment. Finally, a novel, non-planar dispersive in-fibre waveguide structure is proposed, discussed and studied theoretically.
N2  - Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung von Arrayed Waveguide Gratings (AWGs) auf SiO2-Basis im Kontext von Anwendungen in der Astronomie. Der besondere Fokus liegt auf der Untersuchung der Machbarkeit und der technologischen Grenzen von spezialisierten AWGs für die hochauflösende Nahinfrarot-Spektroskopie. In einer Reihe von theoretischen und experimentellen Studien werden AWGs unterschiedlicher Geometrie, Größe und spektraler Auflösung konstruiert, unter Verwendung einer numerischen Beam-Propagation-Methode (BPM) und Fraunhofer-Beugung simuliert und hinsichtlich Effizienz, spektraler Auflösung und Polarisationsempfindlichkeit charakterisiert. Der Einfluss von Variationen des effektiven Brechungsindex auf die Leistung von hochauflösenden AWGs wird numerisch untersucht. Mit hergestellten AWGs gewonnene Messergebnisse werden verwendet, um die technologischen Grenzen der SiO2-Plattform zu extrapolieren. Die relevanten Probleme der Polarisationsempfindlichkeit und der in kanonischen Rowland-Geometrien auftretenden Defokusaberration werden theoretisch diskutiert und experimentell durch die Auswahl einer geeigneten aberrationsminimierenden AWG-Struktur angegangen. Die Nachteile anastigmatischer AWGs werden theoretisch diskutiert. Aus den Ergebnissen der experimentellen Studien wird geschlossen, dass herstellungsbedingte Phasenfehler und Wellenleiter-Doppelbrechung die primären begrenzenden Faktoren für die Erhöhung der AWG-Spektralauflösung sind. Es wird gezeigt, dass das spektrale Auflösungsvermögen der in dieser Arbeit präsentierten AWGs ohne Phasenfehlerkorrektur auf R < 40, 000 und durch Doppelbrechung auf R < 30, 000 im Fall unpolarisierten Lichtes begrenzt ist. Notwendige Maßnahmen wie spezielle Wellenleitergeometrien und Phasenfehlerkorrektur nach der Herstellung werden für zukünftige AWG-Designs empfohlen. Die Eliminierung von Defokussierungsfehlern unter Verwendung einer anastigmatischen AWG-Geometrie wird erfolgreich im Experiment demonstriert. Schließlich wird eine neuartige, in eine optische Faser eingebettete, nicht-planare dispersive Wellenleiterstruktur vorgeschlagen, diskutiert und theoretisch untersucht.
KW  - Astrophotonics
KW  - Integrated spectrograph
KW  - planar lightwave circuit
KW  - arrayed waveguide grating
KW  - silica-on-silicon
KW  - Astrophotonik
KW  - integrierter Spektrograph
KW  - planare Lichtwellenleiter
KW  - Siliziumdioxid-auf-Silizium
Y1  - 2022
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
T1  - Advanced methods for analysing and modelling multivariate palaeoclimatic time series
T1  - Moderne Verfahren zur Analyse und Modellierung multivariater paläoklimatischer Zeitreihen
N2  - The separation of natural and anthropogenically caused climatic changes is an important task of contemporary climate research. For this purpose, a detailed knowledge of the natural variability of the climate during warm stages is a necessary prerequisite. Beside model simulations and historical documents, this knowledge is mostly derived from analyses of so-called climatic proxy data like tree rings or sediment as well as ice cores. In order to be able to appropriately interpret such sources of palaeoclimatic information, suitable approaches of statistical modelling as well as methods of time series analysis are necessary, which are applicable to short, noisy, and non-stationary uni- and multivariate data sets. Correlations between different climatic proxy data within one or more climatological archives contain significant information about the climatic change on longer time scales. Based on an appropriate statistical decomposition of such multivariate time series, one may estimate dimensions in terms of the number of significant, linear independent components of the considered data set. In the presented work, a corresponding approach is introduced, critically discussed, and extended with respect to the analysis of palaeoclimatic time series. Temporal variations of the resulting measures allow to derive information about climatic changes. For an example of trace element abundances and grain-size distributions obtained near the Cape Roberts (Eastern Antarctica), it is shown that the variability of the dimensions of the investigated data sets clearly correlates with the Oligocene/Miocene transition about 24 million years before present as well as regional deglaciation events. Grain-size distributions in sediments give information about the predominance of different transportation as well as deposition mechanisms. Finite mixture models may be used to approximate the corresponding distribution functions appropriately. In order to give a complete description of the statistical uncertainty of the parameter estimates in such models, the concept of asymptotic uncertainty distributions is introduced. The relationship with the mutual component overlap as well as with the information missing due to grouping and truncation of the measured data is discussed for a particular geological example. An analysis of a sequence of grain-size distributions obtained in Lake Baikal reveals that there are certain problems accompanying the application of finite mixture models, which cause an extended climatological interpretation of the results to fail. As an appropriate alternative, a linear principal component analysis is used to decompose the data set into suitable fractions whose temporal variability correlates well with the variations of the average solar insolation on millenial to multi-millenial time scales. The abundance of coarse-grained material is obviously related to the annual snow cover, whereas a significant fraction of fine-grained sediments is likely transported from the Taklamakan desert via dust storms in the spring season.
N2  - Die Separation natürlicher und anthropogen verursachter Klimaänderungen ist eine bedeutende Aufgabe der heutigen Klimaforschung. Hierzu ist eine detaillierte Kenntnis der natürlichen Klimavariabilität während Warmzeiten unerlässlich. Neben Modellsimulationen und historischen Aufzeichnungen spielt hierfür die Analyse von sogenannten Klima-Stellvertreterdaten eine besondere Rolle, die anhand von Archiven wie Baumringen oder Sediment- und Eisbohrkernen erhoben werden. Um solche Quellen paläoklimatischer Informationen vernünftig interpretieren zu können, werden geeignete statistische Modellierungsansätze sowie Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse benötigt, die insbesondere auf kurze, verrauschte und instationäre uni- und multivariate Datensätze anwendbar sind. Korrelationen zwischen verschiedenen Stellvertreterdaten eines oder mehrerer klimatologischer Archive enthalten wesentliche Informationen über den Klimawandel auf großen Zeitskalen. Auf der Basis einer geeigneten Zerlegung solcher multivariater Zeitreihen lassen sich Dimensionen schätzen als die Zahl der signifikanten, linear unabhängigen Komponenten des Datensatzes. Ein entsprechender Ansatz wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit vorgestellt, kritisch diskutiert und im Hinblick auf die Analyse von paläoklimatischen Zeitreihen weiterentwickelt. Zeitliche Variationen der entsprechenden Maße erlauben Rückschlüsse auf klimatische Veränderungen. Am Beispiel von Elementhäufigkeiten und Korngrößenverteilungen des Cape-Roberts-Gebietes in der Ostantarktis wird gezeigt, dass die Variabilität der Dimension der untersuchten Datensätze klar mit dem Übergang vom Oligozän zum Miozän vor etwa 24 Millionen Jahren sowie regionalen Abschmelzereignissen korreliert. Korngrößenverteilungen in Sedimenten erlauben Rückschlüsse auf die Dominanz verschiedenen Transport- und Ablagerungsmechanismen. Mit Hilfe von Finite-Mixture-Modellen lassen sich gemessene Verteilungsfunktionen geeignet approximieren. Um die statistische Unsicherheit der Parameterschätzung in solchen Modellen umfassend zu beschreiben, wird das Konzept der asymptotischen Unsicherheitsverteilungen eingeführt. Der Zusammenhang mit dem Überlapp der einzelnen Komponenten und aufgrund des Abschneidens und Binnens der gemessenen Daten verloren gehenden Informationen wird anhand eines geologischen Beispiels diskutiert. Die Analyse einer Sequenz von Korngrößenverteilungen aus dem Baikalsee zeigt, dass bei der Anwendung von Finite-Mixture-Modellen bestimmte Probleme auftreten, die eine umfassende klimatische Interpretation der Ergebnisse verhindern. Stattdessen wird eine lineare Hauptkomponentenanalyse verwendet, um den Datensatz in geeignete Fraktionen zu zerlegen, deren zeitliche Variabilität stark mit den Schwankungen der mittleren Sonneneinstrahlung auf der Zeitskala von Jahrtausenden bis Jahrzehntausenden korreliert. Die Häufigkeit von grobkörnigem Material hängt offenbar mit der jährlichen Schneebedeckung zusammen, während feinkörniges Material möglicherweise zu einem bestimmten Anteil durch Frühjahrsstürme aus der Taklamakan-Wüste herantransportiert wird.
KW  - Zeitreihenanalyse
KW  - Paläoklimatologie
KW  - Multivariate Statistik
KW  - Korngrößenverteilungen
KW  - Time Series Analysis
KW  - Palaeoclimatology
KW  - Multivariate Statistics
KW  - Grain-size distributions
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12560
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Evsevleev, Sergei
A1  - Paciornik, Sidnei
A1  - Bruno, Giovanni
T1  - Advanced deep learning-based 3D microstructural characterization of multiphase metal matrix composites
JF  - Advanced engineering materials
N2  - The quantitative analysis of microstructural features is a key to understanding the micromechanical behavior of metal matrix composites (MMCs), which is a premise for their use in practice. Herein, a 3D microstructural characterization of a five-phase MMC is performed by synchrotron X-ray computed tomography (SXCT). A workflow for advanced deep learning-based segmentation of all individual phases in SXCT data is shown using a fully convolutional neural network with U-net architecture. High segmentation accuracy is achieved with a small amount of training data. This enables extracting unprecedently precise microstructural parameters (e.g., volume fractions and particle shapes) to be input, e.g., in micromechanical models.
KW  - computed tomography
KW  - convolutional neural networks
KW  - deep learning
KW  - metal
KW  - matrix composites
KW  - segmentations
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/adem.201901197
SN  - 1438-1656
SN  - 1527-2648
VL  - 22
IS  - 4
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Teppner, Randolf
T1  - Adsorptionsschichten an fluiden Grenzflächen : Skalengesetze und Ionenverteilungen
N2  - In dieser Arbeit wurden zwei Themenbereiche bearbeitet:  1. Ellipsometrie an Adsorpionsschichten niedermolekularer Tenside an der Wasser/Luft-Grenzfläche (Ellipsometrie ist geeignet, adsorbierte Mengen von nicht- und zwitterionischen Tensiden zu messen, bei ionischen werden zusätzlich die Gegenionen mit erfaßt; Ellipsometrie mißt sich ändernde Gegenionenverteilung). 2. Ellipsometrische Untersuchung von endadsorbierten Polymerbürsten an der Wasser/Öl-Grenzfläche (Ellipsometrie ist nicht in der Lage, verschiedene Segmentkonzentrationsprofile innerhalb der Bürste aufzulösen, ist aber sehr wohl geeignet, Skalengesetze für Dicken und Drücke in Abhängigkeit von Ankerdichte und Kettenlänge der Polymere zu überprüfen; für in Heptan gequollene Poly-isobuten-Bürsten konnte gezeigt werden, daß sie sich entsprechend den theoretischen Vorhersagen für Bürsten in einem theta-Lösungsmittel verhalten)
N2  - In this publication two subjects are dealt with: 1. Ellipsometry on adsorption layers of low molecular weight surfactants at the air/water-interface (Ellipsometry is suitable to measure adsorbed amounts of non-ionic surfactants, whereas this is impossible for ionic surfactants; in the latter case the ellipsometric signal is strongly influenced by the counter ion distribution; ellipsometry can measure changes in the counter ion distribution) 2. Ellipsometric investigation of polymer brushes anchored to the oil/water-interface (Ellipsometry is not able to distinguish between different segmental concentration profiles within the brush, but it is nevertheless suitable to check scaling laws for brush height and pressure in dependence on anchor density and degree of polymerization of the polymers; it could be shown, that brushes of poly-isobutylene swollen in heptane behave as predicted for brushes in a theta-solvent)
KW  - Ellipsometrie
KW  - Adsorptionsschichten
KW  - Ionenverteilungen
KW  - Polymerbürsten
KW  - Skalengesetze
Y1  - 2000
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000117
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Umlandt, Maren
A1  - Feldmann, David
A1  - Schneck, Emanuel
A1  - Santer, Svetlana
A1  - Bekir, Marek
T1  - Adsorption of photoresponsive surfactants at solid-liquid interfaces
JF  - Langmuir
N2  - We report on the adsorption kinetics of azoben-zene-containing surfactants on solid surfaces of different hydrophobicity. The understanding of this processes is of great importance for many interfacial phenomena that can be actuated and triggered by light, since the surfactant molecules contain a photoresponsive azobenzene group in their hydrophobic tail. Three surfactant types are studied, differing in the spacer connecting the headgroup and the azobenzene unit by between 6 and 10 CH2 groups. Under irradiation with light of a suitable wavelength, the azobenzene undergoes reversible photoisomerization between two states, a nonpolar trans-state and a highly polar cis-state. Consequently, the surfactant molecule changes its hydrophobicity and thus affinity to a surface depending on the photoisomerization state of the azobenzene. The adsorption behavior on hydrophilic (glass) and hydrophobic (TeflonAF) surfaces is analyzed using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and zeta-potential measurements. At equilibrium, the adsorbed surfactant amount is almost twice as large on glass compared to TeflonAF for both isomers. The adsorption rate for the trans-isomers on both surfaces is similar, but the desorption rate of the trans-isomers is faster at the glass-water interface than at the Teflon-water interface. This result demonstrates that the trans-isomers have higher affinity for the glass surface, so the trans-to-cis ratios on glass and TeflonAF are 80/1 and 2/1, respectively, with similar trends for all three surfactant types.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02545
SN  - 0743-7463
SN  - 1520-5827
VL  - 36
IS  - 46
SP  - 14009
EP  - 14018
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Anielski, Alexander
A1  - Barbosa Pfannes, Eva Katharina
A1  - Beta, Carsten
T1  - Adaptive microfluidic gradient generator for quantitative chemotaxis experiments
JF  - Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques
N2  - Chemotactic motion in a chemical gradient is an essential cellular function that controls many processes in the living world. For a better understanding and more detailed modelling of the underlying mechanisms of chemotaxis, quantitative investigations in controlled environments are needed. We developed a setup that allows us to separately address the dependencies of the chemotactic motion on the average background concentration and on the gradient steepness of the chemoattractant. In particular, both the background concentration and the gradient steepness can be kept constant at the position of the cell while it moves along in the gradient direction. This is achieved by generating a well-defined chemoattractant gradient using flow photolysis. In this approach, the chemoattractant is released by a light-induced reaction from a caged precursor in a microfluidic flow chamber upstream of the cell. The flow photolysis approach is combined with an automated real-time cell tracker that determines changes in the cell position and triggers movement of the microscope stage such that the cell motion is compensated and the cell remains at the same position in the gradient profile. The gradient profile can be either determined experimentally using a caged fluorescent dye or may be alternatively determined by numerical solutions of the corresponding physical model. To demonstrate the function of this adaptive microfluidic gradient generator, we compare the chemotactic motion of Dictyostelium discoideum cells in a static gradient and in a gradient that adapts to the position of the moving cell. Published by AIP Publishing.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4978535
SN  - 0034-6748
SN  - 1089-7623
VL  - 88
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Willner, Sven N.
A1  - Levermann, Anders
A1  - Zhao, Fang
A1  - Frieler, Katja
T1  - Adaptation required to preserve future high-end river flood risk at present levels
JF  - Science Advances
N2  - Earth’s surface temperature will continue to rise for another 20 to 30 years even with the strongest carbon emission reduction currently considered. The associated changes in rainfall patterns can result in an increased flood risk worldwide. We compute the required increase in flood protection to keep high-end fluvial flood risk at present levels. The analysis is carried out worldwide for subnational administrative units. Most of the United States, Central Europe, and Northeast and West Africa, as well as large parts of India and Indonesia, require the strongest adaptation effort. More than half of the United States needs to at least double their protection within the next two decades. Thus, the need for adaptation to increased river flood is a global problem affecting industrialized regions as much as developing countries.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aao1914
SN  - 2375-2548
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
PB  - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Antonelli, Andrea
T1  - Accurate waveform models for gravitational-wave astrophysics: synergetic approaches from analytical relativity
N2  - Gravitational-wave (GW) astrophysics is a field in full blossom. Since the landmark detection of GWs from a binary black hole on September 14th 2015, fifty-two compact-object binaries have been reported by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration. Such events carry astrophysical and cosmological information ranging from an understanding of how black holes and neutron stars are formed, what neutron stars are composed of, how the Universe expands, and allow testing general relativity in the highly-dynamical strong-field regime. It is the goal of GW astrophysics to extract such information as accurately as possible. Yet, this is only possible if the tools and technology used to detect and analyze GWs are advanced enough. A key aspect of GW searches are waveform models, which encapsulate our best predictions for the gravitational radiation under a certain set of parameters, and that need to be cross-correlated with data to extract GW signals. Waveforms must be very accurate to avoid missing important physics in the data, which might be the key to answer the fundamental questions of GW astrophysics. The continuous improvements of the current LIGO-Virgo detectors, the development of next-generation ground-based detectors such as the Einstein Telescope or the Cosmic Explorer, as well as the development of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), demand accurate waveform models. While available models are enough to capture the low spins, comparable-mass binaries routinely detected in LIGO-Virgo searches, those for sources from both current and next-generation ground-based and spaceborne detectors must be accurate enough to detect binaries with large spins and asymmetry in the masses. Moreover, the thousands of sources that we expect to detect with future detectors demand accurate waveforms to mitigate biases in the estimation of signals’ parameters due to the presence of a foreground of many sources that overlap in the frequency band. This is recognized as one of the biggest challenges for the analysis of future-detectors’ data, since biases might hinder the extraction of important astrophysical and cosmological information from future detectors’ data. In the first part of this thesis, we discuss how to improve waveform models for binaries with high spins and asymmetry in the masses. In the second, we present the first generic metrics that have been proposed to predict biases in the presence of a foreground of many overlapping signals in GW data.
For the first task, we will focus on several classes of analytical techniques. Current models for LIGO and Virgo studies are based on the post-Newtonian (PN, weak-field, small velocities) approximation that is most natural for the bound orbits that are routinely detected in GW searches. However, two other approximations have risen in prominence, the post-Minkowskian (PM, weak- field only) approximation natural for unbound (scattering) orbits and the small-mass-ratio (SMR) approximation typical of binaries in which the mass of one body is much bigger than the other. These are most appropriate to binaries with high asymmetry in the masses that challenge current waveform models. Moreover, they allow one to “cover” regions of the parameter space of coalescing binaries, thereby improving the interpolation (and faithfulness) of waveform models. The analytical approximations to the relativistic two-body problem can synergically be included within the effective-one-body (EOB) formalism, in which the two-body information from each approximation can be recast into an effective problem of a mass orbiting a deformed Schwarzschild (or Kerr) black hole. The hope is that the resultant models can cover both the low-spin comparable-mass binaries that are routinely detected, and the ones that challenge current models. The first part of this thesis is dedicated to a study about how to best incorporate information from the PN, PM, SMR and EOB approaches in a synergistic way. We also discuss how accurate the resulting waveforms are, as compared against numerical-relativity (NR) simulations. We begin by comparing PM models, whether alone or recast in the EOB framework, against PN models and NR simulations. We will show that PM information has the potential to improve currently-employed models for LIGO and Virgo, especially if recast within the EOB formalism. This is very important, as the PM approximation comes with a host of new computational techniques from particle physics to exploit. Then, we show how a combination of PM and SMR approximations can be employed to access previously-unknown PN orders, deriving the third subleading PN dynamics for spin-orbit and (aligned) spin1-spin2 couplings. Such new results can then be included in the EOB models currently used in GW searches and parameter estimation studies, thereby improving them when the binaries have high spins. Finally, we build an EOB model for quasi-circular nonspinning binaries based on the SMR approximation (rather than the PN one as usually done). We show how this is done in detail without incurring in the divergences that had affected previous attempts, and compare the resultant model against NR simulations. We find that the SMR approximation is an excellent approximation for all (quasi-circular nonspinning) binaries, including both the equal-mass binaries that are routinely detected in GW searches and the ones with highly asymmetric masses. In particular, the SMR-based models compare much better than the PN models, suggesting that SMR-informed EOB models might be the key to model binaries in the future. In the second task of this thesis, we work within the linear-signal ap- proximation and describe generic metrics to predict inference biases on the parameters of a GW source of interest in the presence of confusion noise from unfitted foregrounds and from residuals of other signals that have been incorrectly fitted out. We illustrate the formalism with simple (yet realistic) LISA sources, and demonstrate its validity against Monte-Carlo simulations. The metrics we describe pave the way for more realistic studies to quantify the biases with future ground-based and spaceborne detectors.
N2  - Wenn zwei kompakte Objekte wie Schwarze Löcher oder Neutronensterne kollidieren, wird der Raum und die Zeit um sie herum stark gekrümmt. Der effekt sind Störungen der Raumzeit, sogenannte Gravitationswellen, die sich im gesamten Universum ausbreiten.

Mit den leistungsstarken und präzisen Netzwerken von Detektoren und der Arbeit vieler Wissenschaftler rund um den Globus kann man Gravitationswellen auf der Erde messen.

Gravitationswellen tragen Informationen über das System, das sie erzeugt hat. Insbesondere kann man erfahren, wie sich die kompakten Objekte gebildet haben und woraus sie bestehen. Daraus lässt sich ableiten, wie sich das Universum ausdehnt, und man kann die Allgemeine Relativitätstheorie in Regionen mit starker Gravitation testen.

Um diese Informationen zu extrahieren, werden genaue Modelle benötigt. Modelle können entweder numerisch durch Lösen der berühmten Einstein-Gleichungen oder analytisch durch Annäherung an deren Lösungen gewonnen werden. In meiner Arbeit haben wir den zweiten Ansatz verfolgt, um sehr genaue Vorhersagen für die Signale zu erhalten, die bei kommenden Beobachtungen durch Gravitationswellendetektoren verwendet werden können.
KW  - gravitational waves
KW  - Gravitationswellen
KW  - general relativity
KW  - allgemeine Relativitätstheorie
KW  - data analysis
KW  - Datenanalyse
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-576671
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kellermann, Thorsten
T1  - Accurate numerical relativity simulations of non-vacuumspace-times in two dimensions and applications to critical collapse
T1  - Exakte numerisch relativistische Simulationen der Nicht-Vakuum-Raum-Zeit in zwei Dimensionen und deren Anwendung zu Problemen des kritischen Kollaps
N2  - This Thesis puts its focus on the physics of neutron stars and its description with methods of numerical relativity. In the first step, a new numerical framework the Whisky2D code will be developed, which solves the relativistic equations of hydrodynamics in axisymmetry. Therefore we consider an improved formulation of the conserved form of these equations. The second part will use the new code to investigate the critical behaviour of two colliding neutron stars. Considering the analogy to phase transitions in statistical physics, we will investigate the evolution of the entropy of the neutron stars during the whole process. A better understanding of the evolution of thermodynamical quantities, like the entropy in critical process, should provide deeper understanding of thermodynamics in relativity. More specifically, we have written the Whisky2D code, which solves the general-relativistic hydrodynamics equations in a flux-conservative form and in cylindrical coordinates. This of course brings in 1/r singular terms, where r is the radial cylindrical coordinate, which must be dealt with appropriately. In the above-referenced works, the flux operator is expanded and the 1/r terms, not containing derivatives, are moved to the right-hand-side of the equation (the source term), so that the left hand side assumes a form identical to the one of the three-dimensional (3D) Cartesian formulation. We call this the standard formulation. Another possibility is not to split the flux operator and to redefine the conserved variables, via a multiplication by r. We call this the new formulation. The new equations are solved with the same methods as in the Cartesian case. From a mathematical point of view, one would not expect differences between the two ways of writing the differential operator, but, of course, a difference is present at the numerical level. Our tests show that the new formulation yields results with a global truncation error which is one or more orders of magnitude smaller than those of alternative and commonly used formulations. The second part of the Thesis uses the new code for investigations of critical phenomena in general relativity. In particular, we consider the head-on-collision of two neutron stars in a region of the parameter space where two final states a new stable neutron star or a black hole, lay close to each other. In 1993, Choptuik considered one-parameter families of solutions, S[P], of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon equations for a massless scalar field in spherical symmetry, such that for every P > P⋆, S[P] contains a black hole and for every P < P⋆, S[P] is a solution not containing singularities. He studied numerically the behavior of S[P] as P → P⋆ and found that the critical solution, S[P⋆], is universal, in the sense that it is approached by all nearly-critical solutions regardless of the particular family of initial data considered. All these phenomena have the common property that, as P approaches P⋆, S[P] approaches a universal solution S[P⋆] and that all the physical quantities of S[P] depend only on |P − P⋆|. The first study of critical phenomena concerning the head-on collision of NSs was carried out by Jin and Suen in 2007. In particular, they considered a series of families of equal-mass NSs, modeled with an ideal-gas EOS, boosted towards each other and varied the mass of the stars, their separation, velocity and the polytropic index in the EOS. In this way they could observe a critical phenomenon of type I near the threshold of black-hole formation, with the putative solution being a nonlinearly oscillating star. In a successive work, they performed similar simulations but considering the head-on collision of Gaussian distributions of matter. Also in this case they found the appearance of type-I critical behaviour, but also performed a perturbative analysis of the initial distributions of matter and of the merged object. Because of the considerable difference found in the eigenfrequencies in the two cases, they concluded that the critical solution does not represent a system near equilibrium and in particular not a perturbed Tolmann-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) solution. In this Thesis we study the dynamics of the head-on collision of two equal-mass NSs using a setup which is as similar as possible to the one considered above. While we confirm that the merged object exhibits a type-I critical behaviour, we also argue against the conclusion that the critical solution cannot be described in terms of equilibrium solution. Indeed, we show that, in analogy with what is found in, the critical solution is effectively a perturbed unstable solution of the TOV equations. Our analysis also considers fine-structure of the scaling relation of type-I critical phenomena and we show that it exhibits oscillations in a similar way to the one studied in the context of scalar-field critical collapse.
N2  - Diese Arbeit legt seinen Schwerpunkt auf die Physik von Neutronensternen und deren Beschreibung mit Methoden der numerischen Relativitätstheorie. Im ersten Schritt wird eine neue numerische Umgebung, der Whisky2D Code entwickelt, dieser löst die relativistischen Gleichungen der Hydrodynamik in Axialymmetrie. Hierzu betrachten wir eine verbesserte Formulierung der sog. "flux conserved formulation" der Gleichungen. Im zweiten Teil wird der neue Code verwendet , um das kritische Verhalten zweier kollidierenden Neutronensternen zu untersuchen. In Anbetracht der Analogie, um Übergänge in der statistischen Physik Phase werden wir die Entwicklung der Entropie der Neutronensterne während des gesamten Prozesses betrachten. Ein besseres Verständnis der Evolution von thermodynamischen Größen, wie der Entropie in kritischer Prozess, sollte zu einem tieferen Verständnis der relativistischen Thermodynamik führen. Der Whisky2D Code, zur Lösung Gleichungen relativistischer Hydrodynamik wurde in einer „flux conserved form“ und in zylindrischen Koordinaten geschrieben. Hierdurch entstehen 1 / r singuläre Terme, wobei r der ist, die entsprechend behandelt werden müssen. In früheren Arbeiten, wird der Operator expandiert und die 1 / r spezifisch Therme auf die rechte Seite geschrieben, so dass die linke Seite eine Form annimmt, die identisch ist mit der kartesischen Formulierung. Wir nennen dies die Standard-Formulierung. Eine andere Möglichkeit ist, die Terme nicht zu expandieren, den und den 1/r Term in die Gleichung hinein zu ziehen. Wir nennen dies die Neue-Formulierung. Die neuen Gleichungen werden mit den gleichen Verfahren wie im kartesischen Fall gelöst. Aus mathematischer Sicht ist keine Unterschiede zwischen den beiden Formulierungen zu erwarten, erst die numerische Sicht zeigt die Unterschiede auf. Versuche zeigen, dass die Neue-Formulierung numerische Fehler um mehrere Größenordnungen reduziert. Der zweite Teil der Dissertation verwendet den neuen Code für die Untersuchung kritischer Phänomene in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie. Insbesondere betrachten wir die Kopf-auf-Kollision zweier Neutronensterne in einem Bereich des Parameter Raums, deren zwei mögliche Endzustände entweder einen neuen stabilen Neutronenstern oder ein Schwarzes Loch darstellen. Im Jahr 1993, betrachtete Choptuik Ein-Parameter-Familien von Lösungen, S [P], der Einstein-Klein-Gordon-Gleichung für ein masseloses Skalarfeld in sphärischer Symmetrie, so dass für jedes P> P ⋆, S[P] ein Schwarzes Loch enthalten ist und jedes P <P ⋆, S [P] eine Lösung ohne eine Singularität. Er studierte das numerisch Verhalten von S [P] als P → P ⋆ und stellte fest, dass die kritische Lösung, S[P ⋆], universell in dem Sinne ist, dass die Lösung nahe des kritischen Wertes unabhängig von den Anfangsdaten ist. Alle diese Phänomene haben die gemeinsame Eigenschaft, dass sobald sich P P ⋆ annähert, auch S[P] S [P ⋆] annähert und dass alle physikalischen Größen von S [P] nur noch von | P - P ⋆ | abhängen. Die erste Studie der kritischen Phänomene über den Frontalzusammenstoß von zwei Neutronensternen wurde von Jin und Suen im Jahr 2007 durchgeführt. Insbesondere untersuchten sie eine Reihe von Anfangsdaten gleicher Neutronensternmasse, mit einer idealen EOS, die aufeinander zu beschleunigt werden. Variiert wurden die Massen der Sterne, ihr Abstand, die Geschwindigkeit und die polytropen Index der EOS. Auf diese Weise konnten sie kritische Phänomen des Typ I beobachten. In weiteren Versuchen, führten sie ähnliche Simulationen frontal kollidierender Materie in Gauß Verteilungen durch. Auch in diesem Fall fanden sie Typ-I-kritisches Verhalten. Zudem führten sie eine störungstheoretische Analyse der Anfangsobjekte als auch der stabilen Endobjekte durch. Wegen der beträchtlichen Unterschiede in den Eigenfrequenzen in beiden Fallen, schlossen sie daraus, dass die kritische Lösung keine linear-gestörten Tolmann-Oppenheimer-Volkoff (TOV) Sterne im Gleichgewicht darstellen. In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir die Dynamik der Frontalzusammenstoß zweier Neutronensterne gleicher Masse mit ähnlichem Setup wie oben besprochen. Während wir bestätigen, dass die erzeugten Objekte ebenfalls ein Typ-I-kritische Verhalten aufweisen, wiedersprechen wir der der Aussage, dass sich die kritische Lösung nicht als Gleichgewichtslösung dargestellt werden kann. In der Tat zeigen wir, dass die kritische Lösung als linear-gestörte instabile Lösung eines TOV-Sterns dargestellt werden kann. Unsere Analyse berücksichtigt auch die Feinstruktur der Skalenverhältnisse Typ-I-kritischer Phänomene und wir zeigen ebenfalle, dass hier Oszillationen auftreten, die bereits in ähnlichen Studien zum Kollaps kritischer Skalar-Feld gefunden wurden.
KW  - numerische Relativitätstheorie
KW  - relativistische Hydrodynamik
KW  - kritischer Kollaps
KW  - numerical relativity
KW  - relativistic hydrodynamics
KW  - critical collapse
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59578
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Eckert, Sebastian
T1  - Accessing active sites of molecular proton dynamics
N2  - The unceasing impact of intense sunlight on earth constitutes a continuous source of energy fueling countless natural processes. On a molecular level, the energy contained in the electromagnetic radiation is transferred through photochemical processes into chemical or thermal energy. In the course of such processes, photo-excitations promote molecules into thermally inaccessible excited states. This induces adaptations of their molecular geometry according to the properties of the excited state. Decay processes towards energetically lower lying states in transient molecular geometries result in the formation of excited state relaxation pathways. The photo-chemical relaxation mechanisms depend on the studied system itself, the interactions with its chemical environment and the character of the involved states. This thesis focuses on systems in which photo-induced deprotonation processes occur at specific atomic sites.

To detect these excited-state proton dynamics at the affected atoms, a local probe of molecular electronic structure is required. Therefore, site-selective and orbital-specific K-edge soft X-ray spectroscopy techniques are used here to detect photo-induced proton dynamics in gaseous and liquid sample environments. The protonation of nitrogen (N) sites in organic molecules and the oxygen (O) atom in the water molecule are probed locally through transitions between 1s orbitals and the p-derived molecular valence electronic structure. The used techniques are X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS). Both yield access to the unoccupied local valence electronic structure, whereas the latter additionally probes occupied states.

We apply these probes in optical pump X-ray probe experiments to investigate valence excited-state proton transfer capabilities of aqueous 2-thiopyridone. A characteristic shift of N K-edge X-ray absorption resonances as well as a distinct X-ray emission line are established by us as spectral fingerprints of N deprotonation in the system. We utilize them to identify photo-induced N deprotonation of 2-thiopyridone on femtosecond timescales, in optical pump N K-edge RIXS probe measurements. We further establish excited state proton transfer mechanisms on picosecond and nanosecond timescales along the dominant relaxation pathways of 2-thiopyridone using transient N K-edge XAS.

Despite being an excellent probe mechanism for valence excited-state proton dynamics, the K-edge core-excitation itself also disturbs the electronic structure at specific sites of a molecule. The rapid reaction of protons to 1s photo-excitations can yield directional structural distortions within the femtosecond core-excited state lifetime. These directional proton dynamics can change the energetic separation of eigenstates of the system and alter probabilities for radiative decay between them. Both effects yield spectral signatures of the dynamics in RIXS spectra.

Using these signatures of RIXS transitions into electronically excited states, we investigate proton dynamics induced by N K-edge excitation in the amino-acid histidine. The minor core-excited state dynamics of histidine in basic and neutral chemical environments allow us to establish XAS and RIXS spectral signatures of different N protonation states at its imidazole N sites. Based on these signatures, we identify an excitation-site-independent N-H dissociation for N K-edge excitation under acidic conditions.

Such directional structural deformations, induced by core-excitations, also make proton dynamics in electronic ground states accessible through RIXS transitions into vibrationally excited states. In that context, we interpret high resolution RIXS spectra of the water molecule for three O K-edge resonances based on quantum-chemical wave packet propagation simulations. We show that highly oriented ground state vibrational modes of coupled nuclear motion can be populated through RIXS processes by preparation of core-excited state nuclear wave packets with the same directionality. Based on that, we analytically derive the possibility to extract one-dimensional directional cuts through potential energy surfaces of molecular systems from the corresponding RIXS spectra. We further verify this concept through the extraction of the gas-phase water ground state potential along three coordinates from experimental data in comparison to quantum-chemical simulations of the potential energy surface.

This thesis also contains contributions to instrumentation development for investigations of photo-induced molecular dynamics at high brilliance X-ray light sources. We characterize the setup used for the transient valence-excited state XAS measurements of 2-thiopyridone. Therein, a sub-micrometer thin liquid sample environment is established employing in-vacuum flat-jet technology, which enables a transmission experimental geometry. In combination with a MHz-laser system, we achieve a high detection sensitivity for photo-induced X-ray absorption changes. Additionally, we present conceptual improvements for temporal X-ray optical cross-correlation techniques based on transient changes of multilayer optical properties, which are crucial for the realization of femtosecond time-resolved studies at synchrotrons and free-electron lasers.
N2  - Die stetige Bestrahlung der Erde mit intensivem Sonnenlicht stellt einen permanente Energiequelle dar, die zahllose natürliche Prozesse antreibt. Auf molekularer Ebene wird die Energie der elektromagnetischen Strahlung durch photochemische Prozesse in chemische und thermische Energie umgewandelt. Während dieser Prozesse werden thermisch nicht erreichbare angeregte Zustände von Molekülen durch Photoanregungen bevölkert. Dies führt zu Änderungen der Molekülgeometrie, die abhängig von den Eigenschaften der angeregten Zustände sind. Zerfallsprozesse in energetisch tieferliegende Zustände in transienten Molekülgeometrien führen zur Ausbildung von Relaxationspfaden angeregter Zustände. Die Relaxationsmechanismen sind dabei abhängig vom untersuchten System selbst, den Wechselwirkungen mit seiner chemischen Umgebung und den Eigenschaften der beteiligten angeregten Zustände. In dieser Arbeit werden Systeme untersucht, in denen die Protonierung bestimmter Atome im Molekül durch eine Photoanregung geändert werden kann.

Um Protonendynamik an den betreffenden Atomen zu untersuchen, wird ein lokaler Zugang zur elektronischen Struktur des Moleküls benötigt. Daher wird in dieser Arbeit K-Kanten Weichröntgenspektroskopie genutzt, um photo-induzierte Protonendynamik in gasförmigen und flüssigen Proben zu untersuchen. Zusätzlich zur Selektivität bzgl. des Elements und des chemischen Zustands des betreffenden Atoms bietet diese Zugang zum Charakter und zur Lokalisierung der bindungsformenden Valenzorbitale. Die Protonierung von Stickstoffatomen (N) in organischen Systemen und die des Sauerstoffatoms (O) im Wassermolekül wird dabei durch Übergänge zwischen stark lokalisierten 1s- und Valenzorbitalen mit 2p-Charakter detektiert. Die verwendeten Spektroskopiemethoden Röntgenabsorption (engl. X-ray absorption spectroscopy, XAS) und resonate inelastische Röntgenstreuung (engl. resonant inelastic X-ray scattering, RIXS) bieten dabei einen lokalen Zugang zur unbesetzten bzw. im Fall von RIXS auch zur besetzten elektronischen Struktur der untersuchten Moleküle.

Mit Hilfe der genannten Methoden haben wir in zeitaufgelösten Anrege-Abfrage (engl. pump-probe) Experimenten durch Valenzanregungen induzierte Protonentransfer-Prozesse (engl. excited state proton transfer, ESPT) des Moleküls 2-Thiopyridon in wässriger Lösung untersucht. Eine Verschiebung der N K-Kanten Röntgenabsorptionsresonanzen, sowie eine charakteristische Röntgenemissionslinie werden von uns als spektrale Signaturen einer N Deprotonierung des Systems etabliert. Eine potenzielle photo-induzierte N Deprotonierung des Moleküls wird anhand dieser Signaturen auf femtosekunden Zeitskalen über zeitaufgelöste N K-Kanten RIXS Messungen identifiziert. Protonentransfer-Mechanismen auf Pico- und Nanosekunden Zeitskalen entlang der dominanten Relaxationspfade des Systems werden mit zeitaufgelöstem N K-Kanten XAS untersucht.

K-Kanten Rumpfanregungen eignen sich nicht nur ideal zur Detektion von Protonendynamik in valenzangeregten Zuständen, da die Rumpfanregungen selbst auch eine lokalisierte Störung der elektronischen Struktur darstellen. Vor allem die Reaktion von Protonen auf diese Störung innerhalb der 1s Rumpfloch-Lebensdauer von wenigen Femtosekunden kann zu einer gerichteten Verzerrung der Molekülstruktur führen. Die damit verbundenen Änderungen von Übergangsenergien und -wahrscheinlichkeiten sind als Signaturen dieser gerichteten Protonendynamik in RIXS Spektren zugänglich.

Anhand von RIXS Übergängen in elektronisch angeregte Zustände untersuchen wir Protonendynamik, die durch N K-Kanten Anregungen an den N Atomen im Imidazolring der Aminosäure Histidin induziert wird. Die schwache Dynamik in basischen und neutralen wässrigen Lösungen erlauben es uns, die Protonierung dieser N Atome mit charakteristischen spektralen Signaturen zu korrelieren. Mit Hilfe dieser Signaturen identifizieren wir eine durch K-Kanten Anregung verursachte N-H Dissoziation in saurer Lösung. Dieser Prozess ist unabhängig davon, an welchem der N Atome des Imidazolrings die Rumpfanregung lokalisiert ist.

Solche, durch Rumpfanregungen verursachten, gerichteten Verzerrungen der Molekülstruktur ermöglichen einen Zugang zu Protonendynamik im elektronischen Grundzustand über RIXS Prozesse in dessen vibrationsangeregte Zustände. In diesem Zusammenhang vergleichen wir hochaufgelöste O K-Kanten RIXS Spektren des Wassermoleküls in der Gasphase mit quantenchemischen Simulationen zur Wellenpaketpropagation in den rumpfangeregten Zuständen. Dabei wird deutlich, dass die gerichtete Verzerrung der Molekülstruktur im rumpfangeregten Zustand eine Bevölkerung von Vibrationsmoden des Grundzustandes mit der gleichen Ausrichtung durch den RIXS Prozess verursacht. Anhand dieser Ergebnisse leiten wir ab, unter welchen Bedingungen eine Extraktion eindimensionaler Querschnitte der Potentialfläche des Grundzustandes aus den entsprechenden RIXS Spektren möglich ist. Wir verifizieren diese Methode anhand der Extraktion der Grundzustandspotentialfläche des Wassermoleküls entlang drei unterschiedlicher Richtungen im Vergleich zu den quantenchemischen Rechnungen.

Diese Arbeit enthält zudem Beiträge zur Entwicklung von Instrumentierung für Untersuchungen valenzangeregter Moleküldynamik an Röntgenquellen mit hoher Brillianz. Der experimentelle Aufbau, der für die zeitaufgelösten XAS Messungen an 2-Thiopyridon verwendet wurde, wird vorgestellt. Ein sub-Mikrometer dünner Flüssigkeitsflachstrahl erlaubt dabei Messungen in einer Transmissionsgeometrie. In Kombination mit einem MHz-Lasersystem können transiente Absorptionsänderungen effizient detektiert werden. Zudem präsentieren wir Konzepte zur zeitlichen Korrelation von Röntgen- und optischen Lichtpulsen, basierend auf Änderungen der optischen Eigenschaften von Dünnschichtsystemen, die essenziell für Studien transienter Prozesse an Synchrotrons und Freie-Elektronen Lasern mit Femtosekunden Zeitauflösung sind.
KW  - molecular proton dynamics
KW  - Protonendynamik molekularer Systeme
KW  - K-edge soft X-ray spectroscopy
KW  - K-Kanten Weichröntgenspektroskopie
KW  - excited state proton transfer
KW  - Protonentransfer in angeregten Zuständen
KW  - core-excited state dynamics
KW  - Dynamik in rumpfangeregten Zuständen
KW  - optical pump - X-ray probe spectroscopy
KW  - Kurzzeitspektroskopie mit optischer Anregung und Röntgendetektion
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425870
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Regenstein, Wolfgang
T1  - Absorptionsspektroskopische Untersuchungen zum Einfluß des Mediums und des Aggregatzustandes auf die Gestalt und Lage der Charge-Transfer-Bande
N2  - An einigen CT-Modellkomplexen in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln und bei Temperaturen von 113-300 K sollte der Einfluß der Umgebung auf die Form und Lage der Absorption von CT-Komplexen unterschiedlicher Bindungsfestigkeit untersucht werden.
Dazu wurden bekannte Bandenprofilfunktionen auf ihre Anwendbar-keit geprüft. Da eine optimale Anpassung nicht möglich war, wurde eine neue Profilfunktion entwickelt, die eine bessere Beschreibung ergab.
Nach der Bestimmung der Gleichgewichtskonstante und des Extink-tionskoeffizienten konnte mit der Profilfläche das Übergangsmoment berechnet werden.
Die Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit wurde bei verschiedenen Brechzahlen und Dielektrizitätskonstanten untersucht.
Für feste Komplexe wurde eine spezielle Präparationstechnik gewählt. Die beobachteten Feinstrukturen und der auftretende Streuuntergrund werden diskutiert.
N2  - At some CT model complexes in various solvents and temperatures between 113- 300 K should investigate the influence of envirenment on the shape and position of CT complexes at various binding forces. 
Thereto known band profile functions were checked for their applicability. Because it was impossible to get an optimal accomodation a new profile function was developed, that results in a better description.
After determination of equilibrium constant and extinction coefficient it was possible to calculate the transition moment with profiled area.
The solvent dependence was investigated with various refractive indexes and dielectric constants.
For solid complexes were selected a special preparation technique. The observed fine structures and the appered scattering underground were discussed.
T2  - Absorption spectroscopic investigations on the influence of medium and aggregate state on the shape and position of CT bands
KW  - CT Komplex
KW  - Bandenprofil
KW  - Übergangsmoment
KW  - Lösungsmittelabhängigkeit
KW  - Präparation fester Komplexe
KW  - CT complex
KW  - band profile
KW  - transition moment
KW  - solvent dependence
KW  - solid complex preparation
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-496702
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vandewal, Koen
A1  - Benduhn, Johannes
A1  - Schellhammer, Karl Sebastian
A1  - Vangerven, Tim
A1  - Rückert, Janna E.
A1  - Piersimoni, Fortunato
A1  - Scholz, Reinhard
A1  - Zeika, Olaf
A1  - Fan, Yeli
A1  - Barlow, Stephen
A1  - Neher, Dieter
A1  - Marder, Seth R.
A1  - Manca, Jean
A1  - Spoltore, Donato
A1  - Cuniberti, Gianaurelio
A1  - Ortmann, Frank
T1  - Absorption Tails of Donor
BT  - C-60 Blends Provide Insight into Thermally Activated Charge-Transfer Processes and Polaron Relaxation
JF  - Journal of the American Chemical Society
N2  - In disordered organic semiconductors, the transfer of a rather localized charge carrier from one site to another triggers a deformation of the molecular structure quantified by the intramolecular relaxation energy. A similar structural relaxation occurs upon population of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states formed at organic electron donor (D)-acceptor (A) interfaces. Weak CT absorption bands for D A complexes occur at photon energies below the optical gaps of both the donors and the C-60 acceptor as a result of optical transitions from the neutral ground state to the ionic CT state. In this work, we show that temperature-activated intramolecular vibrations of the ground state play a major role in determining the line shape of such CT absorption bands. This allows us to extract values for the relaxation energy related to the geometry change from neutral to ionic CT complexes. Experimental values for the relaxation energies of 20 D:C-60 CT complexes correlate with values calculated within density functional theory. These results provide an experimental method for determining the polaron relaxation energy in solid-state organic D-A blends and show the importance of a reduced relaxation energy, which we introduce to characterize thermally activated CT processes.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b12857
SN  - 0002-7863
VL  - 139
IS  - 4
SP  - 1699
EP  - 1704
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Guggenberger, Tobias
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Absence of stationary states and non-Boltzmann distributions of fractional Brownian motion in shallow external potentials
JF  - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics
N2  - We study the diffusive motion of a particle in a subharmonic potential of the form U(x) = |x|( c ) (0 < c < 2) driven by long-range correlated, stationary fractional Gaussian noise xi ( alpha )(t) with 0 < alpha <= 2. In the absence of the potential the particle exhibits free fractional Brownian motion with anomalous diffusion exponent alpha. While for an harmonic external potential the dynamics converges to a Gaussian stationary state, from extensive numerical analysis we here demonstrate that stationary states for shallower than harmonic potentials exist only as long as the relation c > 2(1 - 1/alpha) holds. We analyse the motion in terms of the mean squared displacement and (when it exists) the stationary probability density function. Moreover we discuss analogies of non-stationarity of Levy flights in shallow external potentials.
KW  - diffusion
KW  - Boltzmann distribution
KW  - fractional Brownian motion
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac7b3c
SN  - 1367-2630
VL  - 24
IS  - 7
PB  - Dt. Physikalische Ges.
CY  - [Bad Honnef]
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
A1  - Zienicke, Egbert
A1  - Feudel, Fred
T1  - Absence of magnetohydrodynamic activity in the voltage-driven sheet pinch
N2  - We have numerically studied the bifurcation properties of a sheet pinch with impenetrable stress-free boundaries. An incompressible, electrically conducting fluid with spatially and temporally uniform kinematic viscosity and magnetic diffusivity is confined between planes at x1=0 and 1. Periodic boundary conditions are assumed in the x2 and x3 directions and the magnetofluid is driven by an electric field in the x3 direction, prescribed on the boundary planes. There is a stationary basic state with the fluid at rest and a uniform current J=(0,0,J3). Surprisingly, this basic state proves to be stable and apparently to be the only time-asymptotic state, no matter how strong the applied electric field and irrespective of the other control parameters of the system, namely, the magnetic Prandtl number, the spatial periods L2 and L3 in the x2 and x3 directions, and the mean values B¯2 and B¯3 of the magnetic-field components in these directions.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 32 
Y1  - 1996
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14328
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sajedi, Maryam
A1  - Krivenkov, Maxim
A1  - Marchenko, Dmitry
A1  - Varykhalov, Andrei
A1  - Sanchez-Barriga, Jaime
A1  - Rienks, Emile D. L.
A1  - Rader, Oliver
T1  - Absence of a giant Rashba effect in the valence band of lead halide perovskites
JF  - Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics
N2  - For hybrid organic-inorganic as well as all-inorganic lead halide perovskites a Rashba effect has been invoked to explain the high efficiency in energy conversion by prohibiting direct recombination. Both a bulk and surface Rashba effect have been predicted. In the valence band of methylammonium (MA) lead bromide a Rashba effect has been reported by angle-resolved photoemission and circular dichroism with giant values of 7-11 eV angstrom. We present band dispersion measurements of MAPbBr(3) and spin-resolved photoemission of CsPbBr3 to show that a large Rashba effect detectable by photoemission or circular dichroism does not exist and cannot be the origin of the high effciency.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.102.081116
SN  - 2469-9950
SN  - 2469-9969
VL  - 102
IS  - 8
PB  - American Institute of Physics; American Physical Society (APS)
CY  - Woodbury, NY
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Allefeld, Carsten
T1  - About the derivation of the SCA algorithm
N2  - In Allefeld & Kurths [2004], we introduced an approach to multivariate phase synchronization analysis in the form of a Synchronization Cluster Analysis (SCA). A statistical model of a synchronization cluster was described, and an abbreviated instruction on how to apply this model to empirical data was given, while an implementation of the corresponding algorithm was (and is) available from the authors. In this letter, the complete details on how the data analysis algorithm is to be derived from the model are filled in.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 075 
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20137
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Norell, Jesper
A1  - Eckert, Sebastian
A1  - Van Kuiken, Benjamin E.
A1  - Föhlisch, Alexander
A1  - Odelius, Michael
T1  - Ab initio simulations of complementary K-edges and solvatization effects for detection of proton transfer in aqueous 2-thiopyridone
JF  - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr
N2  - The nitrogen and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption spectra of aqueous 2-thiopyridone, a model system for excited-state proton transfer in several recent time-resolved measurements, have been simulated from ab initio molecular dynamics. Spectral signatures of the local intra- and inter-molecular structure are identified and rationalized, which facilitates experimental interpretation and optimization. In particular, comparison of aqueous and gas phase spectrum simulations assesses the previously unquantified solvatization effects, where hydrogen bonding is found to yield solvatochromatic shifts up to nearly 1 eV of the main peak positions. Thereby, while each K-edge can still decisively determine the local protonation of its core-excited site, only their combined, complementary fingerprints allow separating all of the three relevant molecular forms, giving a complete picture of the proton transfer.
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5109840
SN  - 0021-9606
SN  - 1089-7690
VL  - 151
IS  - 11
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdalla, Hassan E.
A1  - Adam, R.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Benkhali, F. Ait
A1  - Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan
A1  - Arakawa, M.
A1  - Arcaro, C.
A1  - Armand, C.
A1  - Ashkar, H.
A1  - Backes, M.
A1  - Martins, V. Barbosa
A1  - Barnard, M.
A1  - Becherini, Y.
A1  - Berge, D.
A1  - Bernloehr, K.
A1  - Bissaldi, E.
A1  - Blackwell, R.
A1  - Boettcher, M.
A1  - Boisson, C.
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - Bonnefoy, S.
A1  - Bregeon, J.
A1  - Breuhaus, M.
A1  - Brun, F.
A1  - Brun, P.
A1  - Bryan, M.
A1  - Buechele, M.
A1  - Bulik, T.
A1  - Bylund, T.
A1  - Capasso, M.
A1  - Caroff, S.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chand, T.
A1  - Chandra, S.
A1  - Chen, A.
A1  - Colafrancesco, S.
A1  - Curylo, M.
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - Devin, J.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dirson, L.
A1  - Djannati-Atai, A.
A1  - Dmytriiev, A.
A1  - Donath, A.
A1  - Doroshenko, V
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Emery, G.
A1  - Ernenwein, J-P
A1  - Eschbach, S.
A1  - Feijen, K.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Fussling, Matthias
A1  - Gabici, S.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Gate, F.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Giunti, L.
A1  - Glawion, D.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Gottschall, D.
A1  - Grondin, M-H
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Haupt, M.
A1  - Heinzelmann, G.
A1  - Henri, G.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hinton, J. A.
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hoischen, Clemens
A1  - Holch, T. L.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Huber, D.
A1  - Iwasaki, H.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Jankowsky, D.
A1  - Jankowsky, F.
A1  - Jardin-Blicq, A.
A1  - Jung-Richardt, I
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katsuragawa, M.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Khangulyan, D.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - King, J.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Komin, Nu
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Kostunin, D.
A1  - Kreter, M.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lemiere, A.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J-P
A1  - Leser, Eva
A1  - Levy, C.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lypova, I
A1  - Mackey, J.
A1  - Majumdar, J.
A1  - Malyshev, D.
A1  - Marandon, V
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Mares, A.
A1  - Mariaud, C.
A1  - Marti-Devesa, G.
A1  - Marx, R.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Meintjes, P. J.
A1  - Mitchell, A. M. W.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Mohrmann, L.
A1  - Moore, C.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Muller, J.
A1  - Murach, T.
A1  - Nakashima, S.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Ndiyavala, H.
A1  - Niederwanger, F.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Oakes, L.
A1  - Odaka, H.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Wilhelmi, E. de Ona
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Perennes, C.
A1  - Petrucci, P-O
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Piel, Q.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Poireau, V
A1  - Noel, A. Priyana
A1  - Prokhorov, D. A.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Puehlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raab, S.
A1  - Rauth, R.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Remy, Q.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Rinchiuso, L.
A1  - Romoli, C.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Ruiz-Velasco, E.
A1  - Sahakian, V
A1  - Sailer, S.
A1  - Saito, S.
A1  - Sanchez, D. A.
A1  - Santangelo, Andrea
A1  - Sasaki, M.
A1  - Schlickeiser, R.
A1  - Schussler, F.
A1  - Schulz, A.
A1  - Schutte, H. M.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Seglar-Arroyo, M.
A1  - Senniappan, M.
A1  - Seyffert, A. S.
A1  - Shafi, N.
A1  - Shiningayamwe, K.
A1  - Simoni, R.
A1  - Sinha, A.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Specovius, A.
A1  - Spir-Jacob, M.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, Christian
A1  - Steppa, Constantin Beverly
A1  - Takahashi, T.
A1  - Tavernier, T.
A1  - Taylor, A. M.
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tiziani, D.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Tsirou, M.
A1  - Tsuji, N.
A1  - Tuffs, R.
A1  - Uchiyama, Y.
A1  - van der Walt, D. J.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - van Rensburg, C.
A1  - van Soelen, B.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Veh, J.
A1  - Venter, C.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Vink, J.
A1  - Voelk, H. J.
A1  - Vuillaume, T.
A1  - Wadiasingh, Z.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Yang, R.
A1  - Yoneda, H.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Ziegler, A.
A1  - Zorn, J.
A1  - Zywucka, N.
A1  - de Palma, F.
A1  - Axelsson, M.
A1  - Roberts, O. J.
T1  - A very-high-energy component deep in the gamma-ray burst afterglow
JF  - Nature : the international weekly journal of science
N2  - Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are brief flashes of gamma-rays and are considered to be the most energetic explosive phenomena in the Universe(1). The emission from GRBs comprises a short (typically tens of seconds) and bright prompt emission, followed by a much longer afterglow phase. During the afterglow phase, the shocked outflow-produced by the interaction between the ejected matter and the circumburst medium-slows down, and a gradual decrease in brightness is observed(2). GRBs typically emit most of their energy via.-rays with energies in the kiloelectronvolt-to-megaelectronvolt range, but a few photons with energies of tens of gigaelectronvolts have been detected by space-based instruments(3). However, the origins of such high-energy (above one gigaelectronvolt) photons and the presence of very-high-energy (more than 100 gigaelectronvolts) emission have remained elusive(4). Here we report observations of very-high-energy emission in the bright GRB 180720B deep in the GRB afterglow-ten hours after the end of the prompt emission phase, when the X-ray flux had already decayed by four orders of magnitude. Two possible explanations exist for the observed radiation: inverse Compton emission and synchrotron emission of ultrarelativistic electrons. Our observations show that the energy fluxes in the X-ray and gamma-ray range and their photon indices remain comparable to each other throughout the afterglow. This discovery places distinct constraints on the GRB environment for both emission mechanisms, with the inverse Compton explanation alleviating the particle energy requirements for the emission observed at late times. The late timing of this detection has consequences for the future observations of GRBs at the highest energies.
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1743-9
SN  - 0028-0836
SN  - 1476-4687
VL  - 575
IS  - 7783
SP  - 464
EP  - +
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abeysekara, A. U.
A1  - Archer, A.
A1  - Aune, Taylor
A1  - Benbow, Wystan
A1  - Bird, Ralph
A1  - Brose, Robert
A1  - Buchovecky, M.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Cui, Wei
A1  - Daniel, M. K.
A1  - Falcone, A.
A1  - Feng, Qi
A1  - Finley, John P.
A1  - Fleischhack, H.
A1  - Flinders, A.
A1  - Fortson, L.
A1  - Furniss, Amy
A1  - Gotthelf, Eric V.
A1  - Grube, J.
A1  - Hanna, David
A1  - Hervet, O.
A1  - Holder, J.
A1  - Huang, K.
A1  - Hughes, G.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Huetten, M.
A1  - Johnson, Caitlin A.
A1  - Kaaret, Philip
A1  - Kar, P.
A1  - Kelley-Hoskins, N.
A1  - Kertzman, M.
A1  - Kieda, David
A1  - Krause, Maria
A1  - Kumar, S.
A1  - Lang, M. J.
A1  - Lin, T. T. Y.
A1  - Maier, Gernot
A1  - McArthur, S.
A1  - Moriarty, P.
A1  - Mukherjee, Reshmi
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Otte, Adam Nepomuk
A1  - Pandel, Dirk
A1  - Park, Nahee
A1  - Petrashyk, A.
A1  - Pohl, Martin
A1  - Popkow, Alexis
A1  - Pueschel, Elisa
A1  - Quinn, J.
A1  - Ragan, K.
A1  - Reynolds, P. T.
A1  - Richards, Gregory T.
A1  - Roache, E.
A1  - Rousselle, J.
A1  - Rulten, C.
A1  - Sadeh, I.
A1  - Santander, M.
A1  - Sembroski, G. H.
A1  - Shahinyan, Karlen
A1  - Tyler, J.
A1  - Vassiliev, V. V.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Ward, J. E.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Wells, R. M.
A1  - Wilcox, P.
A1  - Wilhelm, Alina
A1  - Williams, David A.
A1  - Zitzer, B.
T1  - A Very High Energy gamma-Ray Survey toward the Cygnus Region of the Galaxy
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - We present results from deep observations toward the Cygnus region using 300 hr of very high energy (VHE)gamma-ray data taken with the VERITAS Cerenkov telescope array and over 7 yr of high-energy.-ray data taken with the Fermi satellite at an energy above 1 GeV. As the brightest region of diffuse gamma-ray emission in the northern sky, the Cygnus region provides a promising area to probe the origins of cosmic rays. We report the identification of a potential Fermi-LAT counterpart to VER J2031+415 (TeV J2032+4130) and resolve the extended VHE source VER J2019+368 into two source candidates (VER J2018+367* and VER J2020+368*) and characterize their energy spectra. The Fermi-LAT morphology of 3FGL J2021.0+4031e (the Gamma Cygni supernova remnant) was examined, and a region of enhanced emission coincident with VER J2019+407 was identified and jointly fit with the VERITAS data. By modeling 3FGL J2015.6+3709 as two sources, one located at the location of the pulsar wind nebula CTB 87 and one at the quasar QSO J2015+371, a continuous spectrum from 1 GeV to 10 TeV was extracted for VER J2016+371 (CTB 87). An additional 71 locations coincident with Fermi-LAT sources and other potential objects of interest were tested for VHE gamma-ray emission, with no emission detected and upper limits on the differential flux placed at an average of 2.3% of the Crab Nebula flux. We interpret these observations in a multiwavelength context and present the most detailed gamma-ray view of the region to date.
KW  - acceleration of particles
KW  - cosmic rays
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - ISM: supernova remnants
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac4a2
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 861
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Battistoni, A.
A1  - Dürr, H. A.
A1  - Gühr, Markus
A1  - Wolf, Thomas J. A.
T1  - A tilted pulse-front setup for femtosecond transient grating spectroscopy in highly non-collinear geometries
JF  - Journal of optics
N2  - We demonstrate a tilted pulse-front transient grating (TG) technique that allows to optimally utilize time resolution as well as TG line density while probing under grazing incidence as typically done in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) or soft x-ray (SXR) experiments. Our optical setup adapts the pulse front tilt of the two pulses that create the TG to the grazing incident pulse. We demonstrate the technique using all 800 nm femtosecond laser pulses for TG generation on a vanadium dioxide film. We probe that grating via diffraction of a third 800 nm pulse. The time resolution of 90 fs is an improvement by a factor of 30 compared to our previous experiments on the same system. The scheme paves the way for EUV and SXR probing of optically induced TGs on any material.
KW  - transient grating spectroscopy
KW  - ultrafast spectroscopy
KW  - pulse front matching
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aad60a
SN  - 2040-8978
SN  - 2040-8986
VL  - 20
IS  - 9
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Myhre, Rolf H.
A1  - Wolf, Thomas J. A.
A1  - Cheng, Lan
A1  - Nandi, Saikat
A1  - Coriani, Sonia
A1  - Gühr, Markus
A1  - Koch, Henrik
T1  - A theoretical and experimental benchmark study of core-excited states in nitrogen
JF  - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr
N2  - The high resolution near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectrum of nitrogen displays the vibrational structure of the core-excited states. This makes nitrogen well suited for assessing the accuracy of different electronic structure methods for core excitations. We report high resolution experimental measurements performed at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility. These are compared with theoretical spectra calculated using coupled cluster theory and algebraic diagrammatic construction theory. The coupled cluster singles and doubles with perturbative triples model known as CC3 is shown to accurately reproduce the experimental excitation energies as well as the spacing of the vibrational transitions. The computational results are also shown to be systematically improved within the coupled cluster hierarchy, with the coupled cluster singles, doubles, triples, and quadruples method faithfully reproducing the experimental vibrational structure. Published by AIP Publishing.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5011148
SN  - 0021-9606
SN  - 1089-7690
VL  - 148
IS  - 6
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Vu, Nils Leif
T1  - A task-based parallel elliptic solver for numerical relativity with discontinuous Galerkin methods
N2  - Elliptic partial differential equations are ubiquitous in physics. In numerical relativity---the study of computational solutions to the Einstein field equations of general relativity---elliptic equations govern the initial data that seed every simulation of merging black holes and neutron stars. In the quest to produce detailed numerical simulations of these most cataclysmic astrophysical events in our Universe, numerical relativists resort to the vast computing power offered by current and future supercomputers. To leverage these computational resources, numerical codes for the time evolution of general-relativistic initial value problems are being developed with a renewed focus on parallelization and computational efficiency. Their capability to solve elliptic problems for accurate initial data must keep pace with the increasing detail of the simulations, but elliptic problems are traditionally hard to parallelize effectively.

In this thesis, I develop new numerical methods to solve elliptic partial differential equations on computing clusters, with a focus on initial data for orbiting black holes and neutron stars. I develop a discontinuous Galerkin scheme for a wide range of elliptic equations, and a stack of task-based parallel algorithms for their iterative solution. The resulting multigrid-Schwarz preconditioned Newton-Krylov elliptic solver proves capable of parallelizing over 200 million degrees of freedom to at least a few thousand cores, and already solves initial data for a black hole binary about ten times faster than the numerical relativity code SpEC. I also demonstrate the applicability of the new elliptic solver across physical disciplines, simulating the thermal noise in thin mirror coatings of interferometric gravitational-wave detectors to unprecedented accuracy. The elliptic solver is implemented in the new open-source SpECTRE numerical relativity code, and set up to support simulations of astrophysical scenarios for the emerging era of gravitational-wave and multimessenger astronomy.
N2  - Elliptische partielle Differentialgleichungen sind in der Physik allgegenwärtig. Das elektrische Feld einer Ladung, die Gravitation der Erde, die Statik einer Brücke, oder die Temperaturverteilung auf einer heißen Herdplatte folgen trotz verschiedenster zugrundeliegender Physik elliptischen Gleichungen ähnlicher Struktur, denn es sind statische, also zeitunabhängige Effekte. Elliptische Gleichungen beschreiben auch astrophysikalische Szenarien von kataklysmischen Ausmaßen, die jegliche Gegebenheiten auf der Erde weit überschreiten. So werden Schwarze Löcher und Neutronensterne -- zwei mögliche Endstadien von massereichen Sternen -- ebenfalls von elliptischen Gleichungen beschrieben. In diesem Fall sind es Einstein's Feldgleichungen von Raum, Zeit, Gravitation und Materie. Da Schwarze Löcher und Neutronensterne mehr Masse als unsere Sonne auf die Größe einer Stadt wie Potsdam komprimieren übernimmt die Gravitation, und damit Einstein's allgemeine Relativitätstheorie, die Kontrolle. Es ist die Aufgabe der numerischen Relativität, Szenarien wie die Kollision solcher gewaltigen Objekte mithilfe von Supercomputern zu simulieren und damit die Gravitationswellensignale vorherzusagen, die von Detektoren auf der Erde gemessen werden können. Jede dieser Simulationen beginnt mit Anfangsdaten, die elliptische Gleichungen erfüllen müssen.

In dieser Dissertation entwickle ich neue numerische Methoden um elliptische partielle Differentialgleichungen auf Supercomputern zu lösen, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf Anfangsdaten für Simulationen von Schwarzen Löchern und Neutronensternen. Ich entwickle dafür eine sogenannte discontinuous Galerkin Methode um elliptische Gleichungen auf Computern zu repräsentieren, sowie eine Reihe von Algorithmen um diese Gleichungen anschließend schrittweise numerisch zu lösen bis sie die notwendige Präzision erfüllen. Die Besonderheit dieser Algorithmen liegt in ihrer Eigenschaft, in viele Teilprobleme zerlegt auf einer großen Zahl von Rechenkernen parallel arbeiten zu können. Dieses task-based parallelism ermöglicht die effektive Verwendung von Supercomputern. Ich demonstriere die Fähigkeit meiner Algorithmen, Berechnungen von über 200 Millionen Unbekannten mit hoher Effizienz auf mindestens einige Tausend Rechenkerne verteilen zu können, und Anfangsdaten zweier sich umkreisender Schwarzer Löcher bereits etwa zehnmal schneller zu lösen als der langjährig verwendete Computercode SpEC. Außerdem zeige ich, dass mein neuer Code auch außerhalb der Relativitätstheorie anwendbar ist. Dazu simuliere ich thermisches Rauschen in den Beschichtungen von Spiegeln, das ebenfalls von elliptischen Gleichungen beschrieben wird. Solche Spiegel sind Objekt großen Forschungsinteresses, da sie ein zentrales Element von Gravitationswellendetektoren darstellen. Mein Code zur numerischen Lösung elliptischer Gleichungen ist Teil des kollaborativen und quelloffenen SpECTRE Forschungsprojekts zur Simulation astrophysikalischer Szenarien für die aufstrebende Ära der Gravitationswellen- und Multimessenger-Astronomie.
KW  - numerical relativity
KW  - task-based parallelism
KW  - discontinuous Galerkin methods
KW  - elliptic partial differential equations
KW  - black holes
KW  - initial data
KW  - high-performance computing
KW  - iterative methods for sparse linear systems
KW  - gravitational waves
KW  - thermal noise in mirror coatings
KW  - numerische Relativität
KW  - elliptische partielle Differentialgleichungen
KW  - schwarze Löcher
KW  - Anfangsdaten
KW  - Hochleistungscomputer
KW  - iterative Methoden zur Lösung linearer Systeme
KW  - Gravitationswellen
KW  - thermisches Rauschen in Spiegelbeschichtungen
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562265
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abeysekara, A. U.
A1  - Archer, A.
A1  - Benbow, Wystan
A1  - Bird, Ralph
A1  - Brose, Robert
A1  - Buchovecky, M.
A1  - Bugaev, V.
A1  - Connolly, M. P.
A1  - Cui, Wei
A1  - Errando, Manel
A1  - Falcone, A.
A1  - Feng, Qi
A1  - Finley, John P.
A1  - Flinders, A.
A1  - Fortson, L.
A1  - Furniss, Amy
A1  - Gillanders, Gerard H.
A1  - Huetten, M.
A1  - Hanna, David
A1  - Hervet, O.
A1  - Holder, J.
A1  - Hughes, G.
A1  - Humensky, T. B.
A1  - Johnson, Caitlin A.
A1  - Kaaret, Philip
A1  - Kar, P.
A1  - Kelley-Hoskins, N.
A1  - Kertzman, M.
A1  - Kieda, David
A1  - Krause, Maria
A1  - Krennrich, F.
A1  - Lang, M. J.
A1  - Lin, T. T. Y.
A1  - Maier, Gernot
A1  - McArthur, S.
A1  - Moriarty, P.
A1  - Mukherjee, Reshmi
A1  - Ong, R. A.
A1  - Park, N.
A1  - Perkins, Jeremy S.
A1  - Petrashyk, A.
A1  - Pohl, Martin
A1  - Popkow, Alexis
A1  - Pueschel, Elisa
A1  - Quinn, J.
A1  - Ragan, K.
A1  - Reynolds, P. T.
A1  - Richards, Gregory T.
A1  - Roache, E.
A1  - Rulten, C.
A1  - Sadeh, I.
A1  - Santander, M.
A1  - Sembroski, G. H.
A1  - Shahinyan, Karlen
A1  - Tyler, J.
A1  - Wakely, S. P.
A1  - Weiner, O. M.
A1  - Weinstein, A.
A1  - Wells, R. M.
A1  - Wilcox, P.
A1  - Wilhelm, Alina
A1  - Williams, David A.
A1  - Zitzer, B.
A1  - Vurm, Indrek
A1  - Beloborodov, Andrei
T1  - A Strong Limit on the Very-high-energy Emission from GRB 150323A
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - On 2015 March 23, the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) responded to a Swift-Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) detection of a gamma-ray burst, with observations beginning 270 s after the onset of BAT emission, and only 135 s after the main BAT emission peak. No statistically significant signal is detected above 140 GeV. The VERITAS upper limit on the fluence in a 40-minute integration corresponds to about 1% of the prompt fluence. Our limit is particularly significant because the very-high-energy (VHE) observation started only similar to 2 minutes after the prompt emission peaked, and Fermi-Large Area Telescope observations of numerous other bursts have revealed that the high-energy emission is typically delayed relative to the prompt radiation and lasts significantly longer. Also, the proximity of GRB 150323A (z = 0.593) limits the attenuation by the extragalactic background light to similar to 50% at 100-200 GeV. We conclude that GRB 150323A had an intrinsically very weak high-energy afterglow, or that the GeV spectrum had a turnover below similar to 100 GeV. If the GRB exploded into the stellar wind of a massive progenitor, the VHE non-detection constrains the wind density parameter to be A greater than or similar to 3 x 10(11) g . cm(-1), consistent with a standard Wolf-Rayet progenitor. Alternatively, the VHE emission from the blast wave would be weak in a very tenuous medium such as the interstellar medium, which therefore cannot be ruled out as the environment of GRB 150323A.
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - gamma-ray burst: general
KW  - gamma-ray burst: individual (GRB 150323A)
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab371
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 857
IS  - 1
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Latour, Marlyn
A1  - Husser, Tim Oliver
A1  - Giesers, Benjamin David
A1  - Kamann, S.
A1  - Göttgens, Fabian
A1  - Dreizler, Stefan
A1  - Brinchmann, Jan
A1  - Bastian, Nate
A1  - Wendt, Martin
A1  - Weilbacher, Peter Michael
A1  - Molinski, N. S.
T1  - A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: multiple populations chemistry in NGC 2808 star star star
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. Galactic globular clusters (GCs) are now known to host multiple populations displaying particular abundance variations. The different populations within a GC can be well distinguished following their position in the pseudo two-colors diagrams, also referred to as "chromosome maps". These maps are constructed using optical and near-UV photometry available from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) UV survey of GCs. However, the chemical tagging of the various populations in the chromosome maps is hampered by the fact that HST photometry and elemental abundances are both only available for a limited number of stars. Aims. The spectra collected as part of the MUSE survey of globular clusters provide a spectroscopic counterpart to the HST photometric catalogs covering the central regions of GCs. In this paper, we use the MUSE spectra of 1115 red giant branch (RGB) stars in NGC 2808 to characterize the abundance variations seen in the multiple populations of this cluster. Methods. We used the chromosome map of NGC 2808 to divide the RGB stars into their respective populations. We then combined the spectra of all stars belonging to a given population, resulting in one high signal-to-noise ratio spectrum representative of each population. Results. Variations in the spectral lines of O, Na, Mg, and Al are clearly detected among four of the populations. In order to quantify these variations, we measured equivalent width differences and created synthetic populations spectra that were used to determine abundance variations with respect to the primordial population of the cluster. Our results are in good agreement with the values expected from previous studies based on high-resolution spectroscopy. We do not see any significant variations in the spectral lines of Ca, K, and Ba. We also do not detect abundance variations among the stars belonging to the primordial population of NGC 2808. Conclusions. We demonstrate that in spite of their low resolution, the MUSE spectra can be used to investigate abundance variations in the context of multiple populations.
KW  - techniques: imaging spectroscopy
KW  - stars: abundances
KW  - globular clusters: individual: NGC 2808
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936242
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 631
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Giesers, Benjamin David
A1  - Kamann, Sebastian
A1  - Dreizler, Stefan
A1  - Husser, Tim-Oliver
A1  - Askar, Abbas
A1  - Göttgens, Fabian
A1  - Brinchmann, Jarle
A1  - Latour, Marilyn
A1  - Weilbacher, Peter Michael
A1  - Wendt, Martin
A1  - Roth, Martin M.
T1  - A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: Binaries in NGC 3201
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - We utilise multi-epoch MUSE spectroscopy to study binary stars in the core of the Galactic globular cluster NGC 3201. Our sample consists of 3553 stars with 54 883 spectra in total comprising 3200 main-sequence stars up to 4 magnitudes below the turn-off. Each star in our sample has between 3 and 63 (with a median of 14) reliable radial velocity measurements within five years of observations. We introduce a statistical method to determine the probability of a star showing radial velocity variations based on the whole inhomogeneous radial velocity sample. Using HST photometry and an advanced dynamical MOCCA simulation of this specific cluster we overcome observational biases that previous spectroscopic studies had to deal with. This allows us to infer a binary frequency in the MUSE field of view and enables us to deduce the underlying true binary frequency of (6.75 +/- 0.72)% in NGC 3201. The comparison of the MUSE observations with the MOCCA simulation suggests a large portion of primordial binaries. We can also confirm a radial increase in the binary fraction towards the cluster centre due to mass segregation. We discovered that in the core of NGC 3201 at least (57.5 +/- 7.9)% of blue straggler stars are in a binary system. For the first time in a study of globular clusters, we were able to fit Keplerian orbits to a significant sample of 95 binaries. We present the binary system properties of eleven blue straggler stars and the connection to SX Phoenicis-type stars. We show evidence that two blue straggler formation scenarios, the mass transfer in binary (or triple) star systems and the coalescence due to binary-binary interactions, are present in our data. We also describe the binary and spectroscopic properties of four sub-subgiant (or red straggler) stars. Furthermore, we discovered two new black hole candidates with minimum masses (M sin i) of (7.68 +/- 0.50)M-circle dot, (4.4 +/- 2.8)M-circle dot, and refine the minimum mass estimate on the already published black hole to (4.53 +/- 0.21)M-circle dot, These black holes are consistent with an extensive black hole subsystem hosted by NGC 3201.
KW  - binaries: general
KW  - blue stragglers
KW  - stars: black holes
KW  - techniques: radial velocities
KW  - techniques: imaging spectroscopy
KW  - globular clusters: individual: NGC 3201
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936203
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 632
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Göttgens, Fabian
A1  - Husser, Tim-Oliver
A1  - Kamann, Sebastian
A1  - Dreizler, Stefan
A1  - Giesers, Benjamin
A1  - Kollatschny, Wolfram
A1  - Weilbacher, Peter Michael
A1  - Roth, Martin M.
A1  - Wendt, Martin
T1  - A stellar census in globular clusters with MUSE: A spectral catalogue of emission-line sources
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Aims. Globular clusters produce many exotic stars due to a much higher frequency of dynamical interactions in their dense stellar environments. Some of these objects were observed together with several hundred thousand other stars in our MUSE survey of 26 Galactic globular clusters. Assuming that at least a few exotic stars have exotic spectra (i.e. spectra that contain emission lines), we can use this large spectroscopic data set of over a million stellar spectra as a blind survey to detect stellar exotica in globular clusters. Methods. To detect emission lines in each spectrum, we modelled the expected shape of an emission line as a Gaussian curve. This template was used for matched filtering on the di fferences between each observed 1D spectrum and its fitted spectral model. The spectra with the most significant detections of H alpha emission are checked visually and cross-matched with published catalogues. Results. We find 156 stars with H alpha emission, including several known cataclysmic variables (CV) and two new CVs, pulsating variable stars, eclipsing binary stars, the optical counterpart of a known black hole, several probable sub-subgiants and red stragglers, and 21 background emission-line galaxies. We find possible optical counterparts to 39 X-ray sources, as we detected H alpha emission in several spectra of stars that are close to known positions of Chandra X-ray sources. This spectral catalogue can be used to supplement existing or future X-ray or radio observations with spectra of potential optical counterparts to classify the sources.
KW  - globular clusters: general
KW  - stars: emission-line, Be
KW  - novae
KW  - cataclysmic variables
KW  - catalogs
KW  - techniques: imaging spectroscopy
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936485
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 631
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  -