TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdalla, Hassan E.
A1  - Abramowski, A.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Benkhali, F. Ait
A1  - Akhperjanian, A. G.
A1  - Andersson, T.
A1  - Anguener, E. O.
A1  - Arakawa, M.
A1  - Arrieta, M.
A1  - Aubert, P.
A1  - Backes, M.
A1  - Balzer, A.
A1  - Barnard, M.
A1  - Becherini, Y.
A1  - Tjus, J. Becker
A1  - Berge, D.
A1  - Bernhard, S.
A1  - Bernloehr, K.
A1  - Blackwell, R.
A1  - Boettcher, M.
A1  - Boisson, C.
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - Bonnefoy, S.
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Bregeon, J.
A1  - Brun, F.
A1  - Brun, P.
A1  - Bryan, M.
A1  - Buechele, M.
A1  - Bulik, T.
A1  - Capasso, M.
A1  - Carr, J.
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chakraborty, N.
A1  - Chaves, R. C. G.
A1  - Chen, A.
A1  - Chevalier, J.
A1  - Coffaro, M.
A1  - Colafrancesco, S.
A1  - Cologna, G.
A1  - Condon, B.
A1  - Conrad, J.
A1  - Cui, Y.
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Decock, J.
A1  - Degrange, B.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - Devin, J.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dirson, L.
A1  - Djannati-Atai, A.
A1  - Domainko, W.
A1  - Donath, A.
A1  - Dutson, K.
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Edwards, T.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Eger, P.
A1  - Ernenwein, J. -P.
A1  - Eschbach, S.
A1  - Farnier, C.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Fernandes, M. V.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Foerster, A.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Fuessling, M.
A1  - Gabici, S.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Garrigoux, T.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Giebels, B.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Gottschall, D.
A1  - Goyal, A.
A1  - Grondin, M. -H.
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Haupt, M.
A1  - Hawkes, J.
A1  - Heinzelmann, G.
A1  - Henri, G.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hinton, J. A.
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hoischen, Clemens
A1  - Holch, T. L.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Ivascenko, A.
A1  - Iwasaki, H.
A1  - Jacholkowska, A.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Janiak, M.
A1  - Jankowsky, D.
A1  - Jankowsky, F.
A1  - Jingo, M.
A1  - Jogler, T.
A1  - Jouvin, L.
A1  - Jung-Richardt, I.
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katsuragawa, M.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Kerszberg, D.
A1  - Khangulyan, D.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - King, J.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Klochkov, D.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Kolitzus, D.
A1  - Komin, Nu.
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Krakau, S.
A1  - Kraus, M.
A1  - Krueger, P. P.
A1  - Laffon, H.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lau, J.
A1  - Lees, J. -P.
A1  - Lefaucheur, J.
A1  - Lefranc, V.
A1  - Lemiere, A.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Leser, Eva
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lorentz, M.
A1  - Liu, R.
A1  - Lopez-Coto, R.
A1  - Lypova, I.
A1  - Marandon, V.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Mariaud, C.
A1  - Marx, R.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Maxted, N.
A1  - Mayer, M.
A1  - Meintjes, P. J.
A1  - Meyer, M.
A1  - Mitchell, A. M. W.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Mohrmann, L.
A1  - Mora, K.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Murach, T.
A1  - Nakashima, S.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Niederwanger, F.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Oakes, L.
A1  - Odaka, H.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Padovani, M.
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Pekeur, N. W.
A1  - Pelletier, G.
A1  - Perennes, C.
A1  - Petrucci, P. -O.
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Piel, Q.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Poon, H.
A1  - Prokhorov, D.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Puehlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raab, S.
A1  - Rauth, R.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - de los Reyes, R.
A1  - Richter, S.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Romoli, C.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Rulten, C. B.
A1  - Sahakian, V.
A1  - Saito, S.
A1  - Salek, D.
A1  - Sanchez, D. A.
A1  - Santangelo, Andrea
A1  - Sasaki, M.
A1  - Schlickeiser, R.
A1  - Schuessler, F.
A1  - Schulz, A.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Seglar-Arroyo, M.
A1  - Settimo, M.
A1  - Seyffert, A. S.
A1  - Shafi, N.
A1  - Shilon, I.
A1  - Simoni, R.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Spanier, F.
A1  - Spengler, G.
A1  - Spies, F.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, Christian
A1  - Stycz, K.
A1  - Sushch, I.
A1  - Takahashi, T.
A1  - Tavernet, J. -P.
A1  - Tavernier, T.
A1  - Taylor, A. M.
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tibaldo, L.
A1  - Tiziani, D.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Tsuji, N.
A1  - Tuffs, R.
A1  - Uchiyama, Y.
A1  - van der Walt, D. J.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - van Rensburg, C.
A1  - van Soelen, B.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Veh, J.
A1  - Venters, C.
A1  - Viana, A.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Vink, J.
A1  - Voisin, F.
A1  - Voelk, H. J.
A1  - Vuillaume, T.
A1  - Wadiasingh, Z.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Wagner, P.
A1  - Wagner, R. M.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Willmann, P.
A1  - Woernlein, A.
A1  - Wouters, D.
A1  - Yang, R.
A1  - Zaborov, D.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zefi, F.
A1  - Ziegler, A.
A1  - Zywucka, N.
T1  - Characterising the VHE diffuse emission in the central 200 parsecs of our Galaxy with HESS
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - The diffuse very high-energy (VHE; > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission observed in the central 200 pc of the Milky Way by H.E.S.S. was found to follow dense matter distribution in the central molecular zone (CMZ) up to a longitudinal distance of about 130 pc to the Galactic centre (GC), where the flux rapidly decreases. This was initially interpreted as the result of a burst-like injection of energetic particles 104 yr ago, but a recent more sensitive H.E.S.S. analysis revealed that the cosmic-ray (CR) density profile drops with the distance to the centre, making data compatible with a steady cosmic PeVatron at the GC. In this paper, we extend this analysis to obtain, for the first time, a detailed characterisation of the correlation with matter and to search for additional features and individual gamma-ray sources in the inner 200 pc. Taking advantage of 250 h of H.E.S.S. data and improved analysis techniques, we perform a detailed morphology study of the diffuse VHE emission observed from the GC ridge and reconstruct its total spectrum. To test the various contributions to the total gamma-ray emission, we used an iterative 2D maximum-likelihood approach that allows us to build a phenomenological model of the emission by summing a number of different spatial components. We show that the emission correlated with dense matter covers the full CMZ and that its flux is about half the total diffuse emission flux. We also detect some emission at higher latitude that is likely produced by hadronic collisions of CRs in less dense regions of the GC interstellar medium. We detect an additional emission component centred on the GC and extending over about 15 pc that is consistent with the existence of a strong CR density gradient and confirms the presence of a CR accelerator at the very centre of our Galaxy. We show that the spectrum of full ridge diffuse emission is compatible with that previously derived from the central regions, suggesting that a single population of particles fills the entire CMZ. Finally, we report the discovery of a VHE gamma-ray source near the GC radio arc and argue that it is produced by the pulsar wind nebula candidate G0.13-0.11.
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - gamma rays: ISM
KW  - Galaxy: center
KW  - cosmic rays
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730824
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 612
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mutothya, Nicholas Mwilu
A1  - Xu, Yong
A1  - Li, Yongge
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Characterising stochastic motion in heterogeneous media driven by coloured non-Gaussian noise
JF  - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical
N2  - We study the stochastic motion of a test particle in a heterogeneous medium in terms of a position dependent diffusion coefficient mimicking measured deterministic diffusivity gradients in biological cells or the inherent heterogeneity of geophysical systems. Compared to previous studies we here investigate the effect of the interplay of anomalous diffusion effected by position dependent diffusion coefficients and coloured non-Gaussian noise. The latter is chosen to be distributed according to Tsallis' q-distribution, representing a popular example for a non-extensive statistic. We obtain the ensemble and time averaged mean squared displacements for this generalised process and establish its non-ergodic properties as well as analyse the non-Gaussian nature of the associated displacement distribution. We consider both non-stratified and stratified environments.
KW  - diffusion
KW  - anomalous diffusion
KW  - non-extensive statistics
KW  - coloured
KW  - noise
KW  - heterogeneous diffusion process
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/abfba6
SN  - 1751-8113
SN  - 1751-8121
VL  - 54
IS  - 29
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Mulansky, Mario
T1  - Chaotic diffusion in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems
T1  - Chaotische Diffusion in nichtlinearen Hamiltonschen Systemen
N2  - This work investigates diffusion in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems. The diffusion, more precisely subdiffusion, in such systems is induced by the intrinsic chaotic behavior of trajectories and thus is called chaotic diffusion''. Its properties are studied on the example of one- or two-dimensional lattices of harmonic or nonlinear oscillators with nearest neighbor couplings. The fundamental observation is the spreading of energy for localized initial conditions. Methods of quantifying this spreading behavior are presented, including a new quantity called excitation time. This new quantity allows for a more precise analysis of the spreading than traditional methods. Furthermore, the nonlinear diffusion equation is introduced as a phenomenologic description of the spreading process and a number of predictions on the density dependence of the spreading are drawn from this equation. Two mathematical techniques for analyzing nonlinear Hamiltonian systems are introduced. The first one is based on a scaling analysis of the Hamiltonian equations and the results are related to similar scaling properties of the NDE. From this relation, exact spreading predictions are deduced. Secondly, the microscopic dynamics at the edge of spreading states are thoroughly analyzed, which again suggests a scaling behavior that can be related to the NDE. Such a microscopic treatment of chaotically spreading states in nonlinear Hamiltonian systems has not been done before and the results present a new technique of connecting microscopic dynamics with macroscopic descriptions like the nonlinear diffusion equation. All theoretical results are supported by heavy numerical simulations, partly obtained on one of Europe's fastest supercomputers located in Bologna, Italy. In the end, the highly interesting case of harmonic oscillators with random frequencies and nonlinear coupling is studied, which resembles to some extent the famous Discrete Anderson Nonlinear Schroedinger Equation. For this model, a deviation from the widely believed power-law spreading is observed in numerical experiments. Some ideas on a theoretical explanation for this deviation are presented, but a conclusive theory could not be found due to the complicated phase space structure in this case. Nevertheless, it is hoped that the techniques and results presented in this work will help to eventually understand this controversely discussed case as well.
N2  - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Phänomen der Diffusion in nichtlinearen Systemen. Unter Diffusion versteht man normalerweise die zufallsmä\ss ige Bewegung von Partikeln durch den stochastischen Einfluss einer thermodynamisch beschreibbaren Umgebung. Dieser Prozess ist mathematisch beschrieben durch die Diffusionsgleichung. In dieser Arbeit werden jedoch abgeschlossene Systeme ohne Einfluss der Umgebung betrachtet. Dennoch wird eine Art von Diffusion, üblicherweise bezeichnet als Subdiffusion, beobachtet. Die Ursache dafür liegt im chaotischen Verhalten des Systems. Vereinfacht gesagt, erzeugt das Chaos eine intrinsische Pseudo-Zufälligkeit, die zu einem gewissen Grad mit dem Einfluss einer thermodynamischen Umgebung vergleichbar ist und somit auch diffusives Verhalten provoziert. Zur quantitativen Beschreibung dieses subdiffusiven Prozesses wird eine Verallgemeinerung der Diffusionsgleichung herangezogen, die Nichtlineare Diffusionsgleichung. Desweiteren wird die mikroskopische Dynamik des Systems mit analytischen Methoden untersucht, und Schlussfolgerungen für den makroskopischen Diffusionsprozess abgeleitet. Die Technik der Verbindung von mikroskopischer Dynamik und makroskopischen Beobachtungen, die in dieser Arbeit entwickelt wird und detailliert beschrieben ist, führt zu einem tieferen Verständnis von hochdimensionalen chaotischen Systemen. Die mit mathematischen Mitteln abgeleiteten Ergebnisse sind darüber hinaus durch ausführliche Simulationen verifiziert, welche teilweise auf einem der leistungsfähigsten Supercomputer Europas durchgeführt wurden, dem sp6 in Bologna, Italien. Desweiteren können die in dieser Arbeit vorgestellten Erkenntnisse und Techniken mit Sicherheit auch in anderen Fällen bei der Untersuchung chaotischer Systeme Anwendung finden.
KW  - Chaos
KW  - Diffusion
KW  - Thermalisierung
KW  - Energieausbreitung
KW  - chaos
KW  - diffusion
KW  - thermalization
KW  - energy spreading
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63180
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Petereit, Johannes
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
T1  - Chaos synchronization by nonlinear coupling
JF  - Communications in nonlinear science & numerical simulation
N2  - We study synchronization properties of three nonlinearly coupled chaotic maps. Coupling is introduced in such a way, that it cannot be reduced to pairwise terms, but includes combined action of all interacting units. For two models of nonlinear coupling we characterize the transition to complete synchrony, as well as partially synchronized states. Relation to hypernetworks of chaotic units is also discussed.
KW  - Chaos synchronization
KW  - Partial synchrony
KW  - Intermittency
KW  - Hypernetwork
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2016.09.002
SN  - 1007-5704
SN  - 1878-7274
VL  - 44
SP  - 344
EP  - 351
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Lehmann, Jascha In-su
T1  - Changes in extratropical storm track activity and their implications for extreme weather events
Y1  - 2016
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Qiu, Xunlin
A1  - Groth, Frederick
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Cellular polypropylene foam films as DC voltage insulation and as piezoelectrets
BT  - a comparison
JF  - IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation
N2  - Polymer foams are in industrial use for several decades. More recently, non-polar polymer foams were found to be piezoelectric (so-called piezoelectrets) after internal electrical charging of the cavities. So far, few studies have been carried out on the electrical-insulation properties of polymer foams. Here, we compare the piezoelectric and the DC-voltage electrical-insulation properties of cellular polypropylene (PP) foams. Their cavity microstructure can be adjusted via inflation in high-pressure nitrogen gas in combination with a subsequent thermal treatment. While inflation is effective for improving the piezoelectricity, it is detrimental for the electrical-insulation properties. The original cellular PP foam shows a breakdown strength of approximately 230 MV/m, within the same range as that of solid PP. The breakdown strength decreases with increasing degree of inflation, and the dependence on the foam thickness follows an inverse power law with an exponent of 1.2. Nevertheless, up to a thickness of 140 mu m (3.5 times the original thickness), the breakdown strength of cellular-foam PP films is at least 7 times that of an air gap with the same thickness. In addition, the influence of high temperatures and high humidities on the piezoelectricity and the breakdown strength of cellular PP was studied. It was found that the piezoelectric d(33) coefficient decays rapidly already at 70 degrees C, while the breakdown strength slightly increases during storage at 70 or 90 degrees C. Under a relative humidity of 95%, the breakdown strength increases with storage time, while the piezoelectric d(33) coefficient slightly decreases.
KW  - Cellular polypropylene (PP)
KW  - polymer-foam films
KW  - ferro- and piezoelectrets
KW  - charge storage
KW  - electrical breakdown
KW  - dielectric barrier discharges
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2018.007192
SN  - 1070-9878
SN  - 1558-4135
VL  - 25
IS  - 3
SP  - 829
EP  - 834
PB  - Institut of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, Eric Wolfgang
A1  - Anders, Janet
A1  - Saalfrank, Peter
T1  - Cavity-altered thermal isomerization rates and dynamical resonant localization in vibro-polaritonic chemistry
JF  - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr
N2  - It has been experimentally demonstrated that reaction rates for molecules embedded in microfluidic optical cavities are altered when compared to rates observed under "ordinary" reaction conditions. However, precise mechanisms of how strong coupling of an optical cavity mode to molecular vibrations affects the reactivity and how resonance behavior emerges are still under dispute. In the present work, we approach these mechanistic issues from the perspective of a thermal model reaction, the inversion of ammonia along the umbrella mode, in the presence of a single-cavity mode of varying frequency and coupling strength. A topological analysis of the related cavity Born-Oppenheimer potential energy surface in combination with quantum mechanical and transition state theory rate calculations reveals two quantum effects, leading to decelerated reaction rates in qualitative agreement with experiments: the stiffening of quantized modes perpendicular to the reaction path at the transition state, which reduces the number of thermally accessible reaction channels, and the broadening of the barrier region, which attenuates tunneling. We find these two effects to be very robust in a fluctuating environment, causing statistical variations of potential parameters, such as the barrier height. Furthermore, by solving the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in the vibrational strong coupling regime, we identify a resonance behavior, in qualitative agreement with experimental and earlier theoretical work. The latter manifests as reduced reaction probability when the cavity frequency omega(c) is tuned resonant to a molecular reactant frequency. We find this effect to be based on the dynamical localization of the vibro-polaritonic wavepacket in the reactant well.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0076434
SN  - 0021-9606
SN  - 1089-7690
VL  - 156
IS  - 15
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Haakh, Harald Richard
T1  - Cavity QED with superconductors and its application to the Casimir effect
N2  - Diese Diplomarbeit untersucht den Casimir-Effekt zwischen normal- und supraleitenden Platten über einen weiten Temperaturbereich, sowie die Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung zwischen einem Atom und einer solchen Oberfläche. Hierzu wurden vorwiegend numerische und asymptotische Rechnungen durchgeführt. Die optischen Eigenschaften der Oberflächen werden dann aus dielektrischen Funktionen oder optischen Leitfähigkeiten erhalten. Wichtige Modellen werden vorgestellt und insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre analytischen und kausalen Eigenschaften untersucht. Es wird vorgestellt, wie sich die Casimir-Energie zwischen zwei normalleitenden Platten berechnen lässt. Frühere Arbeiten über den in allen metallischen Kavitäten vorhandenen Beitrag von Oberflächenplasmonen zur Casimir-Wechselwirkung wurden zum ersten mal auf endliche Temperaturen erweitert. Für Supraleiter wird eine analytische Fortsetzung der BCS-Leitfähigkeiten zu rein imaginären Frequenzen, sowohl innerhalb wie außerhalb des schmutzigen Grenzfalles verschwindender mittlerer freier Weglänge vorgestellt. Es wird gezeigt, dass die aus dieser neuen Beschreibung erhaltene freie Casimir-Energie in bestimmten Bereichen der Materialparameter hervorragend mit der im Rahmen des Zwei-Fluid-Modells für den Supraleiter berechneten übereinstimmt. Die Casimir-Entropie einer supraleitenden Kavität erfüllt den Nernstschen Wärmesatz und weist einen charakteristischen Sprung beim Erreichen des supraleitenden Phasenübergangs auf. Diese Effekte treten ebenfalls in der magnetischen Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung eines Atoms mit einer supraleitenden Oberfläche auf. Es wird ferner gezeigt, dass die magnetische Dipol-Wechselwirkung eines Atomes mit einem Metall sehr stark von den dissipativen Eigenschaften und insbesondere von den Oberflächenströmen abhängt. Dies führt zu einer starken Unterdrückung der magnetischen Casimir-Polder-Energie bei endlichen Temperaturen und Abständen oberhalb der thermischen Wellenlänge. Die Casimir-Polder-Entropie verletzt in einigen Modellen den Nernstschen Wärmesatz.Ähnliche Effekte werden für den Casimir-Effekt zwischen Platten kontrovers diskutiert. In den entsprechenden elektrischen Dipol-Wechselwirkungen tritt keiner dieser Effekte auf. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen nahe, das bekannte Plasma-Modells als Grenzfall eines Supraleiters bei niedrigen Temperaturen (bekannt als London-Theorie) zu betrachten, statt als Beschreibung eines normales Metalles. Supraleiter bieten die Möglichkeit, die Dissipation der Oberflächenströme in hohem Maße zu steuern. Dies könnte einen experimentellen Zugang zu den optischen Eigenschaften von Metallen bei niedrigen Frequenzen erlauben, die eng mit dem thermischen Casimir-Effekt verknüpft sind. Anders als in entsprechenden Mikrowellen-Experimenten sind hierbei die Energien und Impulse unabhängige Größen. Die Messung der Oberflächenwechselwirkung zwischen Atomen und Supraleitern ist mit den heute verfügbaren Atomfallen auf Mikrochips möglich und der magnetische Anteil der Wechselwirkung sollte spektroskopischen Techniken zugänglich sein
N2  - This thesis investigates the Casimir effect between plates made of normal and superconducting metals over a broad range of temperatures, as well as the Casimir-Polder interaction of an atom to such a surface. Numerical and asymptotical calculations have been the main tools in order to do so. The optical properties of the surfaces are described by dielectric functions or optical conductivities, which are reviewed for common models and have been analyzed with special weight on distributional properties and causality. The calculation of the Casimir energy between two normally conducting plates (cavity) is reviewed and previous work on the contribution to the Casimir energy due to the surface plasmons, present in all metallic cavities, has been generalized to finite temperatures for the first time. In the field of superconductivity, a new analytical continuation of the BCS conductivity to to purely imaginary frequencies has been obtained both inside and outside the extremely dirty limit of vanishing mean free path. The Casimir free energy calculated from this description was shown to coincide well with the values obtained from the two fluid model of superconductivity in certain regimes of the material parameters. The Casimir entropy in a superconducting cavity fulfills the third law of thermodynamics and features a characteristic discontinuity at the phase transition temperature. These effects were equally encountered in the Casimir-Polder interaction of an atom with a superconducting wall. The magnetic dipole coupling of an atom to a metal was shown to be highly sensible to dissipation and especially to the surface currents. This leads to a strong quenching of the magnetic Casimir-Polder energy at finite temperature. Violations of the third law of thermodynamics are encountered in special models, similar to phenomena in the Casimir-effect between two plates, that are debated controversely. None of these effects occurs in the analog electric dipole interaction. The results of this work suggest to reestablish the well-known plasma model as the low temperature limit of a superconductor as in London theory rather than use it for the description of normal metals. Superconductors offer the opportunity to control the dissipation of surface currents to a great extent. This could be used to access experimentally the low frequency optical response of metals, which is strongly connected to the thermal Casimir-effect. Here, differently from corresponding microwave experiments, energy and momentum are independent quantities. A measurement of the total Casimir-Polder interaction of atoms with superconductors seems to be in reach in today’s microchip-based atom-traps and the contribution due to magnetic coupling might be accessed by spectroscopic techniques
KW  - Vakuumwechselwirkung
KW  - Casimir-Effekt
KW  - Casimir-Polder Wechselwirkung
KW  - Supraleiter
KW  - Metall
KW  - Vacuum interaction
KW  - Casimir effect
KW  - Casimir-Polder interaction
KW  - superconductor
KW  - Metal
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32564
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ye, S. -Y.
A1  - Kurth, William S.
A1  - Hospodarsky, George B.
A1  - Persoon, Ann M.
A1  - Gurnett, Don A.
A1  - Morooka, Michiko
A1  - Wahlund, Jan-Erik
A1  - Hsu, Hsiang-Wen
A1  - Seiss, Martin
A1  - Srama, Ralf
T1  - Cassini RPWS dust observation near the Janus/Epimetheus orbit
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics
N2  - During the Ring Grazing orbits near the end of Cassini mission, the spacecraft crossed the equatorial plane near the orbit of Janus/Epimetheus (similar to 2.5 Rs). This region is populated with dust particles that can be detected by the Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS) instrument via an electric field antenna signal. Analysis of the voltage waveforms recorded on the RPWS antennas provides estimations of the density and size distribution of the dust particles. Measured RPWS profiles, fitted with Lorentzian functions, are shown to be mostly consistent with the Cosmic Dust Analyzer, the dedicated dust instrument on board Cassini. The thickness of the dusty ring varies between 600 and 1,000 km. The peak location shifts north and south within 100 km of the ring plane, likely a function of the precession phase of Janus orbit.
KW  - Saturn
KW  - dust
KW  - ring
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA025112
SN  - 2169-9380
SN  - 2169-9402
VL  - 123
IS  - 6
SP  - 4952
EP  - 4960
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Schiefele, Jürgen
T1  - Casimir-Polder interaction in second quantization
T1  - Casimir-Polder Wechselwirkung in zweiter Quantisierung
N2  - The Casimir-Polder interaction between a single neutral atom and a nearby surface, arising from the (quantum and thermal) fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, is a cornerstone of cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED), and theoretically well established. Recently, Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of ultracold atoms have been used to test the predictions of cQED. The purpose of the present thesis is to upgrade single-atom cQED with the many-body theory needed to describe trapped atomic BECs. Tools and methods are developed in a second-quantized picture that treats atom and photon fields on the same footing. We formulate a diagrammatic expansion using correlation functions for both the electromagnetic field and the atomic system. The formalism is applied to investigate, for BECs trapped near surfaces, dispersion interactions of the van der Waals-Casimir-Polder type, and the Bosonic stimulation in spontaneous decay of excited atomic states. We also discuss a phononic Casimir effect, which arises from the quantum fluctuations in an interacting BEC.
N2  - Die durch (quantenmechanische und thermische) Fluktuationen des elektromagnetischen Feldes hervorgerufene Casimir-Polder-Wechselwirkung zwischen einem elektrisch neutralen Atom und einer benachbarten Oberfläche stellt einen theoretisch gut untersuchten Aspekt der Resonator-Quantenelektrodynamik (cavity quantum electrodynamics, cQED) dar. Seit kurzem werden atomare Bose-Einstein-Kondensate (BECs) verwendet, um die theoretischen Vorhersagen der cQED zu überprüfen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, die bestehende cQED Theorie für einzelne Atome mit den Techniken der Vielteilchenphysik zur Beschreibung von BECs zu verbinden. Es werden Werkzeuge und Methoden entwickelt, um sowohl Photon- als auch Atom-Felder gleichwertig in zweiter Quantisierung zu beschreiben. Wir formulieren eine diagrammatische Störungstheorie, die Korrelationsfunktionen des elektromagnetischen Feldes und des Atomsystems benutzt. Der Formalismus wird anschließend verwendet, um für in Fallen nahe einer Oberfläche gehaltene BECs Atom-Oberflächen-Wechselwirkungen vom Casimir-Polder-Typ und die bosonische Stimulation des spontanen Zerfalls angeregter Atome zu untersuchen. Außerdem untersuchen wir einen phononischen Casimir-Effekt, der durch die quantenmechanischen Fluktuationen in einem wechselwirkenden BEC entsteht.
KW  - Hohlraum-Quantenelektrodynamik
KW  - Bose-Einstein-Kondensation
KW  - Casimir-Polder-Interaktion
KW  - Vakuumschwankungen
KW  - van der Waals-Kräfte
KW  - cavity quantum electrodynamics
KW  - Bose-Einstein condensation
KW  - Casimir-Polder interaction
KW  - vacuum fluctuations
KW  - van der Waals forces
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54171
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Varghese, Alan J.
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Sujith, Raman I.
T1  - Capturing multifractality of pressure fluctuations in thermoacoustic systems using fractional-order derivatives
JF  - Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science
N2  - The stable operation of a turbulent combustor is not completely silent; instead, there is a background of small amplitude aperiodic acoustic fluctuations known as combustion noise. Pressure fluctuations during this state of combustion noise are multifractal due to the presence of multiple temporal scales that contribute to its dynamics. However, existing models are unable to capture the multifractality in the pressure fluctuations. We conjecture an underlying fractional dynamics for the thermoacoustic system and obtain a fractional-order model for pressure fluctuations. The data from this model has remarkable visual similarity to the experimental data and also has a wide multifractal spectrum during the state of combustion noise. Quantitative similarity with the experimental data in terms of the Hurst exponent and the multifractal spectrum is observed during the state of combustion noise. This model is also able to produce pressure fluctuations that are qualitatively similar to the experimental data acquired during intermittency and thermoacoustic instability. Furthermore, we argue that the fractional dynamics vanish as we approach the state of thermoacoustic instability.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0032585
SN  - 1054-1500
SN  - 1089-7682
VL  - 31
IS  - 3
PB  - American Institute of Physics, AIP
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Jansen, Wolfgang
T1  - CANDYS/QA : algorithms, programs, and user‘s manual
N2  - Contents: I. Algorithms 1. Theoretical Backround 2. Numerical Procedures 3. Graph Representation of the Solutions 4. Applications and Example II. Users' Manual 5. About the Program 6. The Course of a Qualitative Analysis 7. The Model Module 8. Input description 9. Output Description 10. Example 11. Graphics
T3  - NLD Preprints - 27 
Y1  - 1995
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13920
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ulbricht, Alexander
A1  - Mohr, Gunther
A1  - Altenburg, Simon J.
A1  - Oster, Simon
A1  - Maierhofer, Christiane
A1  - Bruno, Giovanni
T1  - Can potential defects in LPBF be healed from the laser exposure of subsequent layers?
BT  - A quantitative study
JF  - Metals : open access journal
N2  - Additive manufacturing (AM) of metals and in particular laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) enables a degree of freedom in design unparalleled by conventional subtractive methods. To ensure that the designed precision is matched by the produced LPBF parts, a full understanding of the interaction between the laser and the feedstock powder is needed. It has been shown that the laser also melts subjacent layers of material underneath. This effect plays a key role when designing small cavities or overhanging structures, because, in these cases, the material underneath is feed-stock powder. In this study, we quantify the extension of the melt pool during laser illumination of powder layers and the defect spatial distribution in a cylindrical specimen. During the LPBF process, several layers were intentionally not exposed to the laser beam at various locations, while the build process was monitored by thermography and optical tomography. The cylinder was finally scanned by X-ray computed tomography (XCT). To correlate the positions of the unmolten layers in the part, a staircase was manufactured around the cylinder for easier registration. The results show that healing among layers occurs if a scan strategy is applied, where the orientation of the hatches is changed for each subsequent layer. They also show that small pores and surface roughness of solidified material below a thick layer of unmolten material (>200 mu m) serve as seeding points for larger voids. The orientation of the first two layers fully exposed after a thick layer of unmolten powder shapes the orientation of these voids, created by a lack of fusion.
KW  - selective laser melting (SLM)
KW  - additive manufacturing (AM)
KW  - process
KW  - monitoring
KW  - infrared thermography
KW  - optical tomography
KW  - X-ray computed
KW  - tomography (XCT)
KW  - healing
KW  - in situ monitoring
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/met11071012
SN  - 2075-4701
VL  - 11
IS  - 7
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shen, Z.
A1  - Diercke, Andrea
A1  - Denker, Carsten
T1  - Calibration of full-disk He i 10 830 angstrom filtergrams of the Chromospheric Telescope
JF  - Astronomische Nachrichten = Astronomical notes
N2  - The Chromospheric Telescope (ChroTel) is a small 10-cm robotic telescope at Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife (Spain), which observes the entire sun in Hα, Ca ii K, and He i 10 830 Å. We present a new calibration method that includes limb-darkening correction, removal of nonuniform filter transmission, and determination of He i Doppler velocities. Chromospheric full-disk filtergrams are often obtained with Lyot filters, which may display nonuniform transmission causing large-scale intensity variations across the solar disk. Removal of a 2D symmetric limb-darkening function from full-disk images results in a flat background. However, transmission artifacts remain and are even more distinct in these contrast-enhanced images. Zernike polynomials are uniquely appropriate to fit these large-scale intensity variations of the background. The Zernike coefficients show a distinct temporal evolution for ChroTel data, which is likely related to the telescope's alt-azimuth mount that introduces image rotation. In addition, applying this calibration to sets of seven filtergrams that cover the He i triplet facilitates the determination of chromospheric Doppler velocities. To validate the method, we use three datasets with varying levels of solar activity. The Doppler velocities are benchmarked with respect to cotemporal high-resolution spectroscopic data of the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph (GRIS). Furthermore, this technique can be applied to ChroTel Hα and Ca ii K data. The calibration method for ChroTel filtergrams can be easily adapted to other full-disk data exhibiting unwanted large-scale variations. The spectral region of the He i triplet is a primary choice for high-resolution near-infrared spectropolarimetry. Here, the improved calibration of ChroTel data will provide valuable context data.
KW  - methods: Data analysis
KW  - methods: Observational
KW  - Sun: Chromosphere
KW  - techniques: Image processing
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/asna.201813536
SN  - 0004-6337
SN  - 1521-3994
VL  - 339
IS  - 9-10
SP  - 661
EP  - 671
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zheng, Chunming
T1  - Bursting and synchronization in noisy oscillatory systems
T1  - Bursting und Synchronisation in verrauschten, oszillierenden Systemen
N2  - Noise is ubiquitous in nature and usually results in rich dynamics in stochastic systems such as oscillatory systems, which exist in such various fields as physics, biology and complex networks. The correlation and synchronization of two or many oscillators are widely studied topics in recent years.

In this thesis, we mainly investigate two problems, i.e., the stochastic bursting phenomenon in noisy excitable systems and synchronization in a three-dimensional Kuramoto model with noise. Stochastic bursting here refers to a sequence of coherent spike train, where each spike has random number of followers due to the combined effects of both time delay and noise. Synchronization, as a universal phenomenon in nonlinear dynamical systems, is well illustrated in the Kuramoto model, a prominent model in the description of collective motion.

In the first part of this thesis, an idealized point process, valid if the characteristic timescales in the problem are well separated, is used to describe statistical properties such as the power spectral density and the interspike interval distribution. We show how the main parameters of the point process, the spontaneous excitation rate, and the probability to induce a spike during the delay action can be calculated from the solutions of a stationary and a forced Fokker-Planck equation. We extend it to the delay-coupled case and derive analytically the statistics of the spikes in each neuron, the pairwise correlations between any two neurons, and the spectrum of the total output from the network.

In the second part, we investigate the three-dimensional noisy Kuramoto model, which can be used to describe the synchronization in a swarming model with helical trajectory. In the case without natural frequency, the Kuramoto model can be connected with the Vicsek model, which is widely studied in collective motion and swarming of active matter. We analyze the linear stability of the incoherent state and derive the critical coupling strength above which the incoherent state loses stability. In the limit of no natural frequency, an exact self-consistent equation of the mean field is derived and extended straightforward to any high-dimensional case.
N2  - Rauschen ist in der Natur allgegenwärtig und führt zu einer reichen Dynamik in stochastischen Systemen von gekoppelten Oszillatoren, die in so unterschiedlichen Bereichen wie Physik, Biologie und in komplexen Netzwerken existieren. Korrelation und Synchronisation von zwei oder vielen Oszillatoren ist in den letzten Jahren ein aktives Forschungsfeld. 

In dieser Arbeit untersuchen wir hauptsächlich zwei Probleme, d.h. das stochastische Burst-Phänomen in verrauschten anregbaren Systemen und die Synchronisation in einem dreidimensionalen Kuramoto-Modell mit Rauschen. Stochastisches Bursting bezieht sich hier auf eine Folge von kohärenten Spike-Zügen, bei denen jeder Spike aufgrund der kombinierten Effekte von Zeitverzögerung und Rauschen eine zufällige Anzahl von Folge Spikes aufweist. Die Synchronisation als universelles Phänomen in nichtlinearen dynamischen Systemen kann anhand des Kuramoto-Modells, einem grundlegenden Modell bei der gekoppelter Oszillatoren und kollektiver Bewegung, gut demonstriert und analysiert werden.

Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird ein idealisierter Punktprozess betrachtet, der gültig ist, wenn die charakteristischen Zeitskalen im Problem gut voneinander getrennt sind,um statistische Eigenschaften wie die spektrale Leistungsdichte und die Intervallverteilung zwischen Neuronen Impulsen zu beschreiben. Wir zeigen, wie die Hauptparameter des Punktprozesses, die spontane Anregungsrate und die Wahrscheinlichkeit, während der Verzögerungsaktion einen Impuls zu induzieren, aus den Lösungen einer stationären und einer getriebenen Fokker-Planck-Gleichung berechnet werden können. Wir erweitern dieses Ergebnis auf den verzögerungsgekoppelten Fall und leiten analytisch
die Statistiken der Impulse in jedem Neuron, die paarweisen Korrelationen zwischen zwei beliebigen Neuronen und das Spektrum der Zeitreihe alle Impulse aus dem Netzwerk ab.

Im zweiten Teil untersuchen wir das dreidimensionale verrauschte Kuramoto-Modell, mit dem die Synchronisation eines Schwarmmodells mit schraubenförmigen Flugbahnen beschrieben werden kann. Im Fall ohne Eigenfrequenz jedes Teilchensist das System äquivalent zum Vicsek Modell, welches in der Beschreibung der kollektiven Bewegung von Schwärmen und aktiver Materie eine breite Anwendung findet. Wir analysieren die lineare Stabilität des inkohärenten Zustands und leiten die kritische Kopplungsstärke ab, oberhalb derer der inkohärente Zustand an Stabilität verliert. Im Fall ohne Eigenfrequenz wird eine exakte selbstkonsistente Gleichung für das mittlere Feld abgeleitet und direkt für höherdimensionale Bewegungen verallgemeinert.
KW  - Synchronization
KW  - Kuramoto model
KW  - Oscillation
KW  - stochastic bursting
KW  - Synchronisation
KW  - Kuramoto-Modell
KW  - Oszillatoren
KW  - Stochastisches Bursting
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-500199
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Franović, Igor
A1  - Omel'chenko, Oleh
A1  - Wolfrum, Matthias
T1  - Bumps, chimera states, and Turing patterns in systems of coupled active rotators
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - Self-organized coherence-incoherence patterns, called chimera states, have first been reported in systems of Kuramoto oscillators. For coupled excitable units, similar patterns where coherent units are at rest are called bump states. Here, we study bumps in an array of active rotators coupled by nonlocal attraction and global repulsion. We demonstrate how they can emerge in a supercritical scenario from completely coherent Turing patterns: a single incoherent unit appears in a homoclinic bifurcation, undergoing subsequent transitions to quasiperiodic and chaotic behavior, which eventually transforms into extensive chaos with many incoherent units. We present different types of transitions and explain the formation of coherence-incoherence patterns according to the classical paradigm of short-range activation and long-range inhibition.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.L052201
SN  - 2470-0045
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 104
IS  - 5
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Emanuel, Marc D.
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Gompper, Gerhard
T1  - Buckling transitions and soft-phase invasion of two-component icosahedral shells
JF  - Physical review / publ. by The American Physical Society. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics
N2  - What is the optimal distribution of two types of crystalline phases on the surface of icosahedral shells, such as of many viral capsids? We here investigate the distribution of a thin layer of soft material on a crystalline convex icosahedral shell. We demonstrate how the shapes of spherical viruses can be understood from the perspective of elasticity theory of thin two-component shells. We develop a theory of shape transformations of an icosahedral shell upon addition of a softer, but still crystalline, material onto its surface. We show how the soft component "invades" the regions with the highest elastic energy and stress imposed by the 12 topological defects on the surface. We explore the phase diagram as a function of the surface fraction of the soft material, the shell size, and the incommensurability of the elastic moduli of the rigid and soft phases. We find that, as expected, progressive filling of the rigid shell by the soft phase starts from the most deformed regions of the icosahedron. With a progressively increasing soft-phase coverage, the spherical segments of domes are filled first (12 vertices of the shell), then the cylindrical segments connecting the domes (30 edges) are invaded, and, ultimately, the 20 flat faces of the icosahedral shell tend to be occupied by the soft material. We present a detailed theoretical investigation of the first two stages of this invasion process and develop a model of morphological changes of the cone structure that permits noncircular cross sections. In conclusion, we discuss the biological relevance of some structures predicted from our calculations, in particular for the shape of viral capsids.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.102.062104
SN  - 2470-0045
SN  - 2470-0053
SN  - 2470-0061
SN  - 1538-4519
VL  - 102
IS  - 6
PB  - Woodbury
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Baczyński, Krzysztof Konrad
T1  - Buckling instabilities of semiflexible filaments in biological systems
T1  - Knickinstabilitäten semiflexibler Filamente in biologischen Systemen
N2  - In dieser Arbeit werden Knickinstabilitäten von Filamenten in biologischen Systemen untersucht. Das Zytoskelett von Zellen ist aus solchen Filamenten aufgebaut. Sie sind für die mechanische Stabilität der Zelle verantwortlich und spielen eine große Rolle bei intrazellulären Transportprozessen durch molekulare Motoren, die verschiedene Lasten wie beispielsweise Organellen entlang der Filamente des Zytoskeletts transportieren. Filamente sind semiflexible Polymere, deren Biegeenergie ähnlich groß ist wie die thermische Energie, so dass sie auch als elastische Balken auf der Nanoskala gesehen werden können, die signifikante thermische Fluktuationen zeigen. Wie ein makroskopischer elastischer Balken können auch Filamente eine mechanische Knickinstabilität unter Kompression zeigen. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit wird untersucht, wie diese Instabilität durch thermische Fluktuationen der Filamente beeinflusst wird. In Zellen können Kompressionskräfte durch molekulare Motoren erzeugt werden. Das geschieht zum Beispiel während der Zellteilung in der mitotischen Spindel. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit untersuchen wir, wie die stochastische Natur einer von Motoren generierten Kraft die Knickinstabilität von Filamenten beeinflusst. Zunächst stellen wir kurz das Problem von Knickinstabilitäten auf der makroskopischen Skala dar und führen ein Modell für das Knicken von Filamenten oder elastischen Stäben in zwei Raumdimensionen und in Anwesenheit thermischer Fluktuationen ein. Wir präsentieren eine analytische Lösung für Knickinstabilitäten in Anwesenheit thermischer Fluktuationen, die auf einer Renormierungsgruppenrechnung im Rahmen des nichtlinearen Sigma-Models basiert. Wir integrieren die kurzwelligen Fluktuationen aus, um eine effektive Theorie für die langwelligen Moden zu erhalten, die die Knickinstabilität bestimmen. Wir berechnen die Änderung der kritischen Kraft für die Knickinstabilität und zeigen, dass die thermischen Fluktuationen in zwei Raumdimensionen zu einer Zunahme der kritischen Kraft führen. Außerdem zeigen wir, dass thermische Fluktuationen im geknickten Zustand zu einer Zunahme der mittleren projizierten Länge des Filaments in Richtung der wirkenden Kraft führen. Als Funktion der Konturlänge des Filaments besitzt die mittlere projizierte Länge eine Spitze an der Knickinstabilität, die durch thermische Fluktuationen abgerundet wird. Unser Hauptresultat ist die Beobachtung, dass ein geknicktes Filament unter dem Einfluss thermischer Fluktuationen gestreckt wird, d.h. dass seine mittlere projizierte Länge in Richtung der Kompressionskraft auf Grund der thermischen Fluktuationen zunimmt. Unsere analytischen Resultate werden durch Monte-Carlo Simulationen der Knickinstabilität semiflexibler Filamente in zwei Raumdimensionen bestätigt. Wir führen auch Monte-Carlo Simulationen in höheren Raumdimensionen durch und zeigen, dass die Zunahme der projizierten Länge unter dem Einfluss thermischer Fluktuationen weniger ausgeprägt ist und stark von der Wahl der Randbedingungen abhängt. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit formulieren wir ein Modell für die Knickinstabilität semiflexibler Filamente unter dem Einfluss molekularer Motoren. Wir untersuchen ein System, in dem sich eine Gruppe von Motoren entlang eines fixierten Filaments bewegt, und dabei ein zweites Filament als Last trägt. Das Last-Filament wird gegen eine Wand gedrückt und knickt. Während des Knickvorgangs können die Motoren, die die Kraft auf das Filament generieren, stochastisch von dem Filament ab- und an das Filament anbinden. Wir formulieren ein stochastisches Model für dieses System und berechnen die “mean first passage time“, d.h. die mittlere Zeit für den Übergang von einem Zustand, in dem alle Motoren gebundenen sind zu einem Zustand, in dem alle Motoren abgebunden sind. Dieser Übergang entspricht auch einem Übergang aus dem gebogenen zurück in einen ungebogenen Zustand des Last-Filaments. Unser Resultat zeigt, dass für genügend kurze Mikrotubuli die Bewegung der Motoren von der durch das Last-Filament generierten Kraft beeinflusst wird. Diese Ergebnisse können in zukünftigen Experimenten überprüft werden.
N2  - We study buckling instabilities of filaments in biological systems. Filaments in a cell are the building blocks of the cytoskeleton. They are responsible for the mechanical stability of cells and play an important role in intracellular transport by molecular motors, which transport cargo such as organelles along cytoskeletal filaments. Filaments of the cytoskeleton are semiflexible polymers, i.e., their bending energy is comparable to the thermal energy such that they can be viewed as elastic rods on the nanometer scale, which exhibit pronounced thermal fluctuations. Like macroscopic elastic rods, filaments can undergo a mechanical buckling instability under a compressive load. In the first part of the thesis, we study how this buckling instability is affected by the pronounced thermal fluctuations of the filaments. In cells, compressive loads on filaments can be generated by molecular motors. This happens, for example, during cell division in the mitotic spindle. In the second part of the thesis, we investigate how the stochastic nature of such motor-generated forces influences the buckling behavior of filaments. In chapter 2 we review briefly the buckling instability problem of rods on the macroscopic scale and introduce an analytical model for buckling of filaments or elastic rods in two spatial dimensions in the presence of thermal fluctuations. We present an analytical treatment of the buckling instability in the presence of thermal fluctuations based on a renormalization-like procedure in terms of the non-linear sigma model where we integrate out short-wavelength fluctuations in order to obtain an effective theory for the mode of the longest wavelength governing the buckling instability. We calculate the resulting shift of the critical force by fluctuation effects and find that, in two spatial dimensions, thermal fluctuations increase this force. Furthermore, in the buckled state, thermal fluctuations lead to an increase in the mean projected length of the filament in the force direction. As a function of the contour length, the mean projected length exhibits a cusp at the buckling instability, which becomes rounded by thermal fluctuations. Our main result is the observation that a buckled filament is stretched by thermal fluctuations, i.e., its mean projected length in the direction of the applied force increases by thermal fluctuations. Our analytical results are confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations for buckling of semiflexible filaments in two spatial dimensions. We also perform Monte Carlo simulations in higher spatial dimensions and show that the increase in projected length by thermal fluctuations is less pronounced than in two dimensions and strongly depends on the choice of the boundary conditions. In the second part of this work, we present a model for buckling of semiflexible filaments under the action of molecular motors. We investigate a system in which a group of motors moves along a clamped filament carrying a second filament as a cargo. The cargo-filament is pushed against the wall and eventually buckles. The force-generating motors can stochastically unbind and rebind to the filament during the buckling process. We formulate a stochastic model of this system and calculate the mean first passage time for the unbinding of all linking motors which corresponds to the transition back to the unbuckled state of the cargo filament in a mean-field model. Our results show that for sufficiently short microtubules the movement of kinesin-I-motors is affected by the load force generated by the cargo filament. Our predictions could be tested in future experiments.
KW  - Polymere
KW  - Filament
KW  - Elastizität
KW  - Knickinstabilität
KW  - molekulare Motoren
KW  - Polymers
KW  - filaments
KW  - elasticity
KW  - buckling
KW  - molecular motors
Y1  - 2009
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-37927
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Brownian motion and beyond: first-passage, power spectrum, non-Gaussianity, and anomalous diffusion
JF  - Journal of statistical mechanics: theory and experiment
N2  - Brownian motion is a ubiquitous physical phenomenon across the sciences. After its discovery by Brown and intensive study since the first half of the 20th century, many different aspects of Brownian motion and stochastic processes in general have been addressed in Statistical Physics. In particular, there now exists a very large range of applications of stochastic processes in various disciplines. Here we provide a summary of some of the recent developments in the field of stochastic processes, highlighting both the experimental findings and theoretical frameworks.
KW  - 15
KW  - 4
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/ab4988
SN  - 1742-5468
VL  - 2019
IS  - 11
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dai, Xiaolin
A1  - Böker, Alexander
A1  - Glebe, Ulrich
T1  - Broadening the scope of sortagging
JF  - RSC Advances
N2  - Sortases are enzymes occurring in the cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria. Sortase A (SrtA), the best studied sortase class, plays a key role in anchoring surface proteins with the recognition sequence LPXTG covalently to oligoglycine units of the bacterial cell wall. This unique transpeptidase activity renders SrtA attractive for various purposes and motivated researchers to study multiple in vivo and in vitro ligations in the last decades. This ligation technique is known as sortase-mediated ligation (SML) or sortagging and developed to a frequently used method in basic research. The advantages are manifold: extremely high substrate specificity, simple access to substrates and enzyme, robust nature and easy handling of sortase A. In addition to the ligation of two proteins or peptides, early studies already included at least one artificial (peptide equipped) substrate into sortagging reactions - which demonstrates the versatility and broad applicability of SML. Thus, SML is not only a biology-related technique, but has found prominence as a major interdisciplinary research tool. In this review, we provide an overview about the use of sortase A in interdisciplinary research, mainly for protein modification, synthesis of protein-polymer conjugates and immobilization of proteins on surfaces.
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ra06705h
SN  - 2046-2069
VL  - 9
IS  - 9
SP  - 4700
EP  - 4721
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ohme, Frank
T1  - Bridging the gap between post-Newtonian theory and numerical relativity in gravitational-wave data analysis
T1  - Die Verbindung von post-Newtonscher Theorie und Numerischer Relativitätstheorie in der Gravitationswellenanalyse
N2  - One of the most exciting predictions of Einstein's theory of gravitation that have not yet been proven experimentally by a direct detection are gravitational waves. These are tiny distortions of the spacetime itself, and a world-wide effort to directly measure them for the first time with a network of large-scale laser interferometers is currently ongoing and expected to provide positive results within this decade. One potential source of measurable gravitational waves is the inspiral and merger of two compact objects, such as binary black holes. Successfully finding their signature in the noise-dominated data of the detectors crucially relies on accurate predictions of what we are looking for. In this thesis, we present a detailed study of how the most complete waveform templates can be constructed by combining the results from (A) analytical expansions within the post-Newtonian framework and (B) numerical simulations of the full relativistic dynamics. We analyze various strategies to construct complete hybrid waveforms that consist of a post-Newtonian inspiral part matched to numerical-relativity data. We elaborate on exsisting approaches for nonspinning systems by extending the accessible parameter space and introducing an alternative scheme based in the Fourier domain. Our methods can now be readily applied to multiple spherical-harmonic modes and precessing systems. In addition to that, we analyze in detail the accuracy of hybrid waveforms with the goal to quantify how numerous sources of error in the approximation techniques affect the application of such templates in real gravitational-wave searches. This is of major importance for the future construction of improved models, but also for the correct interpretation of gravitational-wave observations that are made utilizing any complete waveform family. In particular, we comprehensively discuss how long the numerical-relativity contribution to the signal has to be in order to make the resulting hybrids accurate enough, and for currently feasible simulation lengths we assess the physics one can potentially do with template-based searches.
N2  - Eine der aufregendsten Vorhersagen aus Einsteins Gravitationstheorie, die bisher noch nicht direkt durch ein Experiment nachgewiesen werden konnten, sind Gravitationswellen. Dies sind winzige Verzerrungen der Raumzeit selbst, und es wird erwartet, dass das aktuelle Netzwerk von groß angelegten Laserinterferometern im kommenden Jahrzehnt die erste direkte Gravitationswellenmessung realisieren kann. Eine potentielle Quelle von messbaren Gravitationswellen ist das Einspiralen und Verschmelzen zweier kompakter Objekte, wie z.B. ein Binärsystem von Schwarzen Löchern. Die erfolgreiche Identifizierung ihrer charakteristischen Signatur im Rausch-dominierten Datenstrom der Detektoren hängt allerdings entscheidend von genauen Vorhersagen ab, was wir eigentlich suchen. In dieser Arbeit wird detailliert untersucht, wie die komplettesten Wellenformenmodelle konstruiert werden können, indem die Ergebnisse von (A) analytischen Entwicklungen im post-Newtonschen Verfahren und (B) numerische Simulationen der voll-relativistischen Bewegungen verknüpft werden. Es werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Erstellung solcher "hybriden Wellenformen", bei denen der post-Newtonsche Teil mit numerischen Daten vervollständigt wird, analysiert. Existierende Strategien für nicht-rotierende Systeme werden vertieft und der beschriebene Parameterraum erweitert. Des Weiteren wird eine Alternative im Fourierraum eingeführt. Die entwickelten Methoden können nun auf multiple sphärisch-harmonische Moden und präzedierende Systeme angewandt werden. Zusätzlich wird die Genauigkeit der hybriden Wellenformen mit dem Ziel analysiert, den Einfluss verschiedener Fehlerquellen in den Näherungstechniken zu quantifizieren und die resultierenden Einschränkungen bei realen Anwendungen abzuschätzen. Dies ist von größter Bedeutung für die zukünftige Entwicklung von verbesserten Modellen, aber auch für die korrekte Interpretation von Gravitationswellenbeobachtungen, die auf Grundlage solcher Familien von Wellenformen gemacht worden sind. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, wie lang der numerische Anteil des Signals sein muss, um die Hybride genau genug konstruieren zu können. Für die aktuell umsetzbaren Simulationslängen wird die Physik eingeschätzt, die mit Hilfe von Modell-basierten Suchen potentiell untersucht werden kann.
KW  - Schwarze Löcher
KW  - Gravitationswellen
KW  - Numerische Relativitätstheorie
KW  - Datenanalyse
KW  - Post-Newton
KW  - black holes
KW  - gravitational waves
KW  - numerical relativity
KW  - data analysis
KW  - post-Newton
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60346
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ermilova, Elena
T1  - Breitbandige dielektrische Charakterisierung biologisch relevanter Polymere
Y1  - 2015
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Bolotov, Maxim I.
A1  - Smirnov, Lev A.
A1  - Osipov, Grigory V.
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
T1  - Breathing chimera in a system of phase oscillators
JF  - JETP Letters
N2  - Chimera states consisting of synchronous and asynchronous domains in a medium of nonlinearly coupled phase oscillators have been considered. Stationary inhomogeneous solutions of the Ott-Antonsen equation for a complex order parameter that correspond to fundamental chimeras have been constructed. The direct numerical simulation has shown that these structures under certain conditions are transformed to oscillatory (breathing) chimera regimes because of the development of instability.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1134/S0021364017180059
SN  - 0021-3640
SN  - 1090-6487
VL  - 106
SP  - 393
EP  - 399
PB  - Pleiades Publ.
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Eckert, Sebastian
A1  - Vaz da Cruz, Vinícius
A1  - Ochmann, Miguel
A1  - Ahnen, Inga von
A1  - Föhlisch, Alexander
A1  - Huse, Nils
T1  - Breaking the symmetry of pyrimidine
BT  - solvent effects and core-excited state dynamics
JF  - The journal of physical chemistry letters
N2  - Symmetry and its breaking crucially define the chemical properties of molecules and their functionality. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering is a local electronic structure probe reporting on molecular symmetry and its dynamical breaking within the femtosecond scattering duration. Here, we study pyrimidine, a system from the C-2v point group, in an aqueous solution environment, using scattering though its 2a(2) resonance. Despite the absence of clean parity selection rules for decay transitions from in-plane orbitals, scattering channels including decay from the 7b(2) and 11a(1) orbitals with nitrogen lone pair character are a direct probe for molecular symmetry. Computed spectra of explicitly solvated molecules sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation are combined with the results of a quantum dynamical description of the X-ray scattering process. We observe dominant signatures of core-excited Jahn-Teller induced symmetry breaking for resonant excitation. Solvent contributions are separable by shortening of the effective scattering duration through excitation energy detuning.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01865
SN  - 1948-7185
VL  - 12
IS  - 35
SP  - 8637
EP  - 8643
PB  - American Chemical Society
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reindl, Nicole
A1  - Rauch, Thomas
A1  - Miller Bertolami, Marcelo Miguel
A1  - Todt, Helge Tobias
A1  - Werner, K.
T1  - Breaking news from the HST
BT  - the central star of the Stingray Nebula is now returning towards the AGB
JF  - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
N2  - SAO 244567 is a rare example of a star that allows us to witness stellar evolution in real time. Between 1971 and 1990, it changed from a B-type star into the hot central star of the Stingray Nebula. This observed rapid heating has been a mystery for decades, since it is in strong contradiction with the low mass of the star and canonical post-asymptotic giant branch (AGB) evolution. We speculated that SAO 244567 might have suffered from a late thermal pulse (LTP) and obtained new observations with Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/COS to follow the evolution of the surface properties of SAO 244567 and to verify the LTP hypothesis. Our non-LTE spectral analysis reveals that the star cooled significantly since 2002 and that its envelope is now expanding. Therefore, we conclude that SAO 244567 is currently on its way back towards the AGB, which strongly supports the LTP hypothesis. A comparison with state-of-the-art LTP evolutionary calculations shows that these models cannot fully reproduce the evolution of all surface parameters simultaneously, pointing out possible shortcomings of stellar evolution models. Thereby, SAO 244567 keeps on challenging stellar evolution theory and we highly encourage further investigations.
KW  - stars: AGB and post-AGB
KW  - stars: atmospheres
KW  - stars: evolution
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slw175
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
VL  - 464
SP  - L51
EP  - L55
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Giesecke, André
T1  - Box-Simulationen von rotierender Magnetokonvektion im flüssigen Erdkern
T1  - Box simulations of rotating magnetoconvection in the earth's fluid core
N2  - Box-Simulationen von rotierender Magnetokonvektion im flüssigen Erdkern Numerische Simulationen der 3D-MHD Gleichungen sind mit Hilfe des Codes NIRVANA durchgeführt worden. Die Gleichungen für kompressible rotierende Magnetokonvektion wurden für erdähnliche Bedingungen numerisch in einer kartesischen Box gelöst. Charakteristische Eigenschaften mittlerer Größen, wie der Turbulenz-Intensität oder der turbulente Wärmefluss, die durch die kombinierte Wirkung kleinskaliger Fluktuationen entstehen, wurden bestimmt. Die Korrelationslänge der Turbulenz hängt signifikant von der Stärke und der Orientierung des Magnetfeldes ab, und das anisotrope Verhalten der Turbulenz aufgrund von Coriolis- und Lorentzkraft ist für schnellere Rotation wesentlich stärker ausgeprägt. Die Ausbildung eines isotropen Verhaltens auf kleinen Skalen unter dem Einfluss von Rotation alleine wird bereits durch ein schwaches Magnetfeld verhindert. Dies resultiert in einer turbulenten Strömung, die durch die vertikale Komponente dominiert wird. In Gegenwart eines horizontalen Magnetfeldes nimmt der vertikale turbulente Wärmefluss leicht mit zunehmender Feldstärke zu, so dass die Kühlung eines rotierenden Systems verbessert wird. Der horizontale Wärmetransport ist stets westwärts und in Richtung der Pole orientiert. Letzteres kann unter Umständen die Quelle für eine großskalige meridionale Strömung darstellen, während erstes in globalen Simulationen mit nicht axialsymmetrischen Randbedingungen für den Wärmefluss von Bedeutung ist. Die mittlere elektromotorische Kraft, die die Erzeugung von magnetischem Fluss durch die Turbulenz beschreibt, wurde unmittelbar aus den Lösungen für Geschwindigkeit und Magnetfeld berechnet. Hieraus konnten die entsprechenden α-Koeffizienten hergeleitet werden. Aufgrund der sehr schwachen Dichtestratifizierung ändert der α-Effekt sein Vorzeichen nahezu exakt in der Mitte der Box. Der α-Effekt ist positiv in der oberen Hälfte und negativ in der unteren Hälfte einer auf der Nordhalbkugel rotierenden Box. Für ein starkes Magnetfeld ergibt sich zudem eine deutliche abwärts orientierte Advektion von magnetischem Fluss. Ein Mean-Field Modell des Geodynamos wurde konstruiert, das auf dem α-Effekt basiert, wie er aus den Box-Simulationen berechnet wurde. Für eine äußerst beschränkte Klasse von radialen α-Profilen weist das lineare α^2-Modell Oszillationen auf einer Zeitskala auf, die durch die turbulente Diffusionszeit bestimmt wird. Die wesentlichen Eigenschaften der periodischen Lösungen werden präsentiert, und der Einfluss der Größe des inneren Kerns auf die Charakteristiken des kritischen Bereichs, innerhalb dessen oszillierende Lösungen auftreten, wurden untersucht. Reversals werden als eine halbe Oszillation interpretiert. Sie sind ein recht seltenes Ereignis, da sie lediglich dann stattfinden können, wenn das α-Profil ausreichend lange in dem periodische Lösungen erlaubenden Bereich liegt. Aufgrund starker Fluktuationen auf der konvektiven Zeitskala ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit eines solchen Reversals relativ klein. In einem einfachen nicht-linearen Mean-Field Modell mit realistischen Eingabeparametern, die auf den Box-Simulationen beruhen, konnte die Plausibilität des Reversal-Modells anhand von Langzeitsimulationen belegt werden.
N2  - Box-simulations of rotating magnetoconvection in the Earth's fluid core. Simulations of the 3D MHD-equations have been performed using the code NIRVANA. The equations for compressible rotating magnetoconvection are numerically solved in a Cartesian box assuming conditions roughly suitable for the geodynamo. The characteristics of averaged quantities like the turbulence intensity and the turbulent heat flux that are caused by the combined action of the small-scale fluctuations are computed. The correlation length of the turbulence significantly depends on the strength and orientation of the magnetic field and the anisotropic behavior of the turbulence intensity induced by Coriolis and Lorentz force is considerably more pronounced for faster rotation. The development of an isotropic behavior on the small scales -- as it is observed in pure rotating convection -- vanishes even for weak magnetic fields, which results in a turbulent flow that is dominated by the vertical component. In the presence of a horizontal magnetic field the vertical turbulent heat flux slightly increases with increasing field strength, so that cooling of the rotating system is facilitated. Horizontal transport of heat is always directed westwards and towards the poles. The latter might be a source of a large-scale meridional flow whereas the first would be important in global simulations in case of non-axisymmetric boundary conditions for the heat flux. The mean electromotive force describing the generation of mean magnetic flux by turbulence in the rotating fluid is directly calculated from the simulations and the corresponding α-coefficients are derived. Due to the very weak density stratification, the α-effect changes its sign in the middle of the box. It is positive at the top and negative at the bottom of the convective instable layer. For strong magnetic fields we also find a clear downward advection of the mean magnetic field. Finally the quenching behavior of the α-effect in dependence of the imposed magnetic field strength is presented. A geodynamo-model is constructed, which is based on an α-effect that has been computed from the box simulations. For a highly restricted class of radial α-profiles the linear α^2-model exhibits oscillating solutions on a timescale given by the turbulent diffusion time. The basic properties of the periodic solutions are presented and the influence of the inner core size on the characteristics of the critical range that allows for oscillating solutions is shown. Reversals are interpreted as half of such an oscillation. They are rather seldom events because they can only occur if the α-profile exists long enough within the small critical range that allows for periodic solutions. Due to strong fluctuations on the convective timescale the probability of such a reversal is very small. Finally, a simple non-linear mean-field model with reasonable input parameters based on the box-simulations demonstrates the plausibility of the presented theory with a long-time series of a (geo-)dynamo reversal sequence.
KW  - Geodynamo
KW  - Magnetokonvektion
KW  - Alpha-Effekt
KW  - MHD-Simulationen
KW  - Reversal
KW  - geodynamo
KW  - alpha-effect
KW  - magnetoconvection
KW  - MHD-Simulations
KW  - reversal
Y1  - 2007
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13605
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Li, Tian-yi
A1  - Benduhn, Johannes
A1  - Li, Yue
A1  - Jaiser, Frank
A1  - Spoltore, Donato
A1  - Zeika, Olaf
A1  - Ma, Zaifei
A1  - Neher, Dieter
A1  - Vandewal, Koen
A1  - Leo, Karl
T1  - Boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) with meso-perfluorinated alkyl substituents as near infrared donors in organic solar cells
JF  - Journal of materials chemistry : A, Materials for energy and sustainability
N2  - Three furan-fused BODIPYs were synthesized with perfluorinated methyl, ethyl and n-propyl groups on the meso-carbon. They were obtained with high yields by reacting the furan-fused 2-carboxylpyrrole in corresponding perfluorinated acid and anhydride. With the increase in perfluorinated alkyl chain length, the molecular packing in the single crystal is influenced, showing increasing stacking distance and decreasing slope angle. All the BODIPYs were characterized as intense absorbers in near infrared region in solid state, peaking at similar to 800 nm with absorption coefficient of over 280 000 cm(-1). Facilitated by high thermal stability, the furan-fused BODIPYs were employed in vacuum-deposited organic solar cells as electron donors. All devices exhibit PCE over 6.0% with the EQE maximum reaching 70% at similar to 790 nm. The chemical modification of the BODIPY donors have certain influence on the active layer morphology, and the highest PCE of 6.4% was obtained with a notably high jsc of 13.6 mA cm(-2). Sensitive EQE and electroluminance studies indicated that the energy losses generated by the formation of a charge transfer state and the radiative recombination at the donor-acceptor interface were comparable in the range of 0.14-0.19 V, while non-radiative recombination energy loss of 0.38 V was the main energy loss route resulting in the moderate V-oc of 0.76 V.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06261g
SN  - 2050-7488
SN  - 2050-7496
VL  - 6
IS  - 38
SP  - 18583
EP  - 18591
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krämer, Hauke Kai
A1  - Marwan, Norbert
T1  - Border effect corrections for diagonal line based recurrence quantification analysis measures
JF  - Modern physics letters : A, Particles and fields, gravitation, cosmology, nuclear physics
N2  - Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) defines a number of quantifiers, which base upon diagonal line structures in the recurrence plot (RP). Due to the finite size of an RP, these lines can be cut by the borders of the RP and, thus, bias the length distribution of diagonal lines and, consequently, the line based RQA measures. In this letter we investigate the impact of the mentioned border effects and of the thickening of diagonal lines in an RP (caused by tangential motion) on the estimation of the diagonal line length distribution, quantified by its entropy. Although a relation to the Lyapunov spectrum is theoretically expected, the mentioned entropy yields contradictory results in many studies. Here we summarize correction schemes for both, the border effects and the tangential motion and systematically compare them to methods from the literature. We show that these corrections lead to the expected behavior of the diagonal line length entropy, in particular meaning zero values in case of a regular motion and positive values for chaotic motion. Moreover, we test these methods under noisy conditions, in order to supply practical tools for applied statistical research.
KW  - Recurrence plots
KW  - Recurrence quantification analysis
KW  - Shannon entropy
KW  - Dynamical invariants
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2019.125977
SN  - 0375-9601
SN  - 1873-2429
VL  - 383
IS  - 34
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Goldschmidt, Richard Janis
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
A1  - Politi, Antonio
T1  - Blinking chimeras in globally coupled rotators
JF  - Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science
N2  - In globally coupled ensembles of identical oscillators so-called chimera states can be observed. The chimera state is a symmetry-broken regime, where a subset of oscillators forms a cluster, a synchronized population, while the rest of the system remains a collection of nonsynchronized, scattered units. We describe here a blinking chimera regime in an ensemble of seven globally coupled rotators (Kuramoto oscillators with inertia). It is characterized by a death-birth process, where a long-term stable cluster of four oscillators suddenly dissolves and is very quickly reborn with a new reshuffled configuration. We identify three different kinds of rare blinking events and give a quantitative characterization by applying stability analysis to the long-lived chaotic state and to the short-lived regular regimes that arise when the cluster dissolves.
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5105367
SN  - 1054-1500
SN  - 1089-7682
VL  - 29
IS  - 7
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chaurasia, Swami Vivekanandji
A1  - Dietrich, Tim
A1  - Rosswog, Stephan
T1  - Black hole-neutron star simulations with the BAM code
BT  - first tests and simulations
JF  - Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology
N2  - The first detections of black hole-neutron star mergers (GW200105 and GW200115) by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra Collaboration mark a significant scientific breakthrough. The physical interpretation of pre- and postmerger signals requires careful cross-examination between observational and theoretical modelling results. Here we present the first set of black hole-neutron star simulations that were obtained with the numerical-relativity code BAM. Our initial data are constructed using the public LORENE spectral library, which employs an excision of the black hole interior. BAM, in contrast, uses the moving-puncture gauge for the evolution. Therefore, we need to "stuff" the black hole interior with smooth initial data to evolve the binary system in time. This procedure introduces constraint violations such that the constraint damping properties of the evolution system are essential to increase the accuracy of the simulation and in particular to reduce spurious center-of-mass drifts. Within BAM we evolve the Z4c equations and we compare our gravitational-wave results with those of the SXS collaboration and results obtained with the SACRA code. While we find generally good agreement with the reference solutions and phase differences less than or similar to 0.5 rad at the moment of merger, the absence of a clean convergence order in our simulations does not allow for a proper error quantification. We finally present a set of different initial conditions to explore how the merger of black hole neutron star systems depends on the involved masses, spins, and equations of state.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.084010
SN  - 2470-0010
SN  - 2470-0029
VL  - 104
IS  - 8
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - Ridge, NY
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Siegel, Daniel
T1  - Binary neutron star mergers and short gamma-ray bursts
BT  - magnetohydrodynamics and electromagnetic emission
Y1  - 2015
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Feudel, Fred
A1  - Feudel, Ulrike
T1  - Bifurcations in rotating spherical shell convection under the influence of differential rotation
JF  - Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science
N2  - The bifurcations of thermal convection in a rotating spherical shell heated from the inner sphere and driven by the buoyancy of a central gravity field are studied numerically. This model of spherical Rayleigh-Benard convection describes large-scale convection in planets and in the outer zones of celestial bodies. In this work, the influence of an additionally imposed differential rotation of the inner sphere with respect to the outer one on the heat transfer and, more generally, on the whole bifurcation structure is investigated. In addition to numerical simulations, path-following techniques are applied in order to compute both stable and unstable solution branches. The dynamics and the heat transfer are essentially determined by a global bifurcation, which we have identified as a homoclinic bifurcation that consists of a collision of a stable modulated rotating with an unstable rotating wave.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0063113
SN  - 1054-1500
SN  - 1089-7682
VL  - 31
IS  - 11
PB  - AIP
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Feudel, Fred
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
T1  - Bifurcations and pattern formation in a 2D Navier-Stokes fluid
N2  - We report on bifurcation studies for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in two space dimensions with periodic boundary conditions and an external forcing of the Kolmogorov type. Fourier representations of velocity and pressure have been used to approximate the original partial differential equations by a finite-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations, which then has been studied by means of bifurcation-analysis techniques. A special route into chaos observed for increasing Reynolds number or strength of the imposed forcing is described. It includes several steady states, traveling waves, modulated traveling waves, periodic and torus solutions, as well as a period-doubling cascade for a torus solution. Lyapunov exponents and Kaplan-Yorke dimensions have been calculated to characterize the chaotic branch. While studying the dynamics of the system in Fourier space, we also have transformed solutions to real space and examined the relation between the different bifurcations in Fourier space and toplogical changes of the streamline portrait. In particular, the time-dependent solutions, such as, e.g., traveling waves, torus, and chaotic solutions, have been characterized by the associated fluid-particle motion (Lagrangian dynamics).
T3  - NLD Preprints - 23 
Y1  - 1995
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13907
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Braun, Robert
A1  - Feudel, Fred
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
T1  - Bifurcations and chaos in an array of forced vortices
N2  - We have studied the bifurcation structure of the incompressible two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with a special external forcing driving an array of 8×8 counterrotating vortices. The study has been motivated by recent experiments with thin layers of electrolytes showing, among other things, the formation of large-scale spatial patterns. As the strength of the forcing or the Reynolds number is raised the original stationary vortex array becomes unstable and a complex sequence of bifurcations is observed. The bifurcations lead to several periodic branches, torus and chaotic solutions, and other stationary solutions. Most remarkable is the appearance of solutions characterized by structures on spatial scales large compared to the scale of the forcing. We also characterize the different dynamic regimes by means of tracers injected into the fluid. Stretching rates and Hausdorff dimensions of convected line elements are calculated to quantify the mixing process. It turns out that for time-periodic velocity fields the mixing can be very effective.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 37 
Y1  - 1997
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14564
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Scheel, Stefan
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
T1  - Bifurcation to oscillations in three-dimensional Rayleigh-Bénard convection
N2  - Three-dimensional bouyancy-driven convection in a horizontal fluid layer with stress-free boundary conditions at the top and bottom and periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal directions is investigated by means of numerical simulation and bifurcation-analysis techniques. The aspect ratio is fixed to a value of 2√2 and the Prandtl number to a value of 6.8. Two-dimensional convection rolls are found to be stable up to a Rayleigh number of 17 950, where a Hopf bifurcation leads to traveling waves. These are stable up to a Rayleigh number of 30 000, where a secondary Hopf bifurcation generates modulated traveling waves. We pay particular attention to the symmetries of the solutions and symmetry breaking by the bifurcations.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 39 
Y1  - 1997
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14370
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Feudel, Fred
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
A1  - Schmidtmann, Olaf
T1  - Bifurcation phenomena of the magnetofluid equations
N2  - We report on bifurcation studies for the incompressible magnetohydrodynamic equations in three space dimensions with periodic boundary conditions and a temporally constant external forcing. Fourier reprsentations of velocity, pressure and magnetic field have been used to transform the original partial differential equations into systems of ordinary differential equations (ODE), to which then special numerical methods for the qualitative analysis of systems of ODE have been applied, supplemented by the simulative calculation of solutions for selected initial conditions. In a part of the calculations, in order to reduce the number of modes to be retained, the concept of approximate inertial manifolds has been applied. For varying (incereasing from zero) strength of the imposed forcing, or varying Reynolds number, respectively, time-asymptotic states, notably stable stationary solutions, have been traced. A primary non-magnetic steady state loses, in a Hopf bifurcation, stability to a periodic state with a non-vanishing magnetic field, showing the appearance of a generic dynamo effect. From now on the magnetic field is present for all values of the forcing. The Hopf bifurcation is followed by furhter, symmetry-breaking, bifurcations, leading finally to chaos. We pay particular attention to kinetic and magnetic helicities. The dynamo effect is observed only if the forcing is chosen such that a mean kinetic helicity is generated; otherwise the magnetic field diffuses away, and the time-asymptotic states are non-magnetic, in accordance with traditional kinematic dynamo theory.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 9 
Y1  - 1995
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13585
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Schumacher, Jörg
A1  - Seehafer, Norbert
T1  - Bifurcation analysis of the plane sheet pinch
N2  - A numerical bifurcation analysis of the electrically driven plane sheet pinch is presented. The electrical conductivity varies across the sheet such as to allow instability of the quiescent basic state at some critical Hartmann number. The most unstable perturbation is the two-dimensional tearing mode. Restricting the whole problem to two spatial dimensions, this mode is followed up to a time-asymptotic steady state, which proves to be sensitive to three-dimensional perturbations even close to the point where the primary instability sets in. A comprehensive three-dimensional stability analysis of the two-dimensional steady tearing-mode state is performed by varying parameters of the sheet pinch. The instability with respect to three-dimensional perturbations is suppressed by a sufficiently strong magnetic field in the invariant direction of the equilibrium. For a special choice of the system parameters, the unstably perturbed state is followed up in its nonlinear evolution and is found to approach a three-dimensional steady state.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 56 
Y1  - 1999
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14926
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Müller, Melanie J. I.
T1  - Bidirectional transport by molecular motors
T1  - Bidirektionaler Transport durch molekulare Motoren
N2  - In biological cells, the long-range intracellular traffic is powered by molecular motors which transport various cargos along microtubule filaments. The microtubules possess an intrinsic direction, having a 'plus' and a 'minus' end. Some molecular motors such as cytoplasmic dynein walk to the minus end, while others such as conventional kinesin walk to the plus end. Cells typically have an isopolar microtubule network. This is most pronounced in neuronal axons or fungal hyphae. In these long and thin tubular protrusions, the microtubules are arranged parallel to the tube axis with the minus ends pointing to the cell body and the plus ends pointing to the tip. In such a tubular compartment, transport by only one motor type leads to 'motor traffic jams'. Kinesin-driven cargos accumulate at the tip, while dynein-driven cargos accumulate near the cell body. We identify the relevant length scales and characterize the jamming behaviour in these tube geometries by using both Monte Carlo simulations and analytical calculations. A possible solution to this jamming problem is to transport cargos with a team of plus and a team of minus motors simultaneously, so that they can travel bidirectionally, as observed in cells. The presumably simplest mechanism for such bidirectional transport is provided by a 'tug-of-war' between the two motor teams which is governed by mechanical motor interactions only. We develop a stochastic tug-of-war model and study it with numerical and analytical calculations. We find a surprisingly complex cooperative motility behaviour. We compare our results to the available experimental data, which we reproduce qualitatively and quantitatively.
N2  - In biologischen Zellen transportieren molekulare Motoren verschiedenste Frachtteilchen entlang von Mikrotubuli-Filamenten. Die Mikrotubuli-Filamente besitzen eine intrinsische Richtung: sie haben ein "Plus-" und ein "Minus-"Ende. Einige molekulare Motoren wie Dynein laufen zum Minus-Ende, während andere wie Kinesin zum Plus-Ende laufen. Zellen haben typischerweise ein isopolares Mikrotubuli-Netzwerk. Dies ist besonders ausgeprägt in neuronalen Axonen oder Pilz-Hyphen. In diesen langen röhrenförmigen Ausstülpungen liegen die Mikrotubuli parallel zur Achse mit dem Minus-Ende zum Zellkörper und dem Plus-Ende zur Zellspitze gerichtet. In einer solchen Röhre führt Transport durch nur einen Motor-Typ zu "Motor-Staus". Kinesin-getriebene Frachten akkumulieren an der Spitze, während Dynein-getriebene Frachten am Zellkörper akkumulieren. Wir identifizieren die relevanten Längenskalen und charakterisieren das Stauverhalten in diesen Röhrengeometrien mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen und analytischen Rechnungen. Eine mögliche Lösung für das Stauproblem ist der Transport mit einem Team von Plus- und einem Team von Minus-Motoren gleichzeitig, so dass die Fracht sich in beide Richtungen bewegen kann. Dies wird in Zellen tatsächlich beobachtet. Der einfachste Mechanismus für solchen bidirektionalen Transport ist ein "Tauziehen" zwischen den beiden Motor-Teams, das nur mit mechanischer Interaktion funktioniert. Wir entwickeln ein stochastisches Tauzieh-Modell, das wir mit numerischen und analytischen Rechnungen untersuchen. Es ergibt sich ein erstaunlich komplexes Motilitätsverhalten. Wir vergleichen unsere Resultate mit den vorhandenen experimentellen Daten, die wir qualitativ und quantitativ reproduzieren.
KW  - molekulare Motoren
KW  - bidirektionaler intrazellulärer Transport
KW  - Tauziehen
KW  - stochastische Prozesse
KW  - kooperative Phänomene
KW  - molecular motors
KW  - bidirectional intracellular transport
KW  - tug-of-war
KW  - stochastic processes
KW  - cooperative phenomena
Y1  - 2008
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-18715
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hou, Ru
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Akimoto, Takuma
T1  - Biased continuous-time random walks for ordinary and equilibrium cases
BT  - facilitation of diffusion, ergodicity breaking and ageing
JF  - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies
N2  - We examine renewal processes with power-law waiting time distributions (WTDs) and non-zero drift via computing analytically and by computer simulations their ensemble and time averaged spreading characteristics. All possible values of the scaling exponent alpha are considered for the WTD psi(t) similar to 1/t(1+alpha). We treat continuous-time random walks (CTRWs) with 0 < alpha < 1 for which the mean waiting time diverges, and investigate the behaviour of the process for both ordinary and equilibrium CTRWs for 1 < alpha < 2 and alpha > 2. We demonstrate that in the presence of a drift CTRWs with alpha < 1 are ageing and non-ergodic in the sense of the non-equivalence of their ensemble and time averaged displacement characteristics in the limit of lag times much shorter than the trajectory length. In the sense of the equivalence of ensemble and time averages, CTRW processes with 1 < alpha < 2 are ergodic for the equilibrium and non-ergodic for the ordinary situation. Lastly, CTRW renewal processes with alpha > 2-both for the equilibrium and ordinary situation-are always ergodic. For the situations 1 < alpha < 2 and alpha > 2 the variance of the diffusion process, however, depends on the initial ensemble. For biased CTRWs with alpha > 1 we also investigate the behaviour of the ergodicity breaking parameter. In addition, we demonstrate that for biased CTRWs the Einstein relation is valid on the level of the ensemble and time averaged displacements, in the entire range of the WTD exponent alpha.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp01863d
SN  - 1463-9076
SN  - 1463-9084
VL  - 20
IS  - 32
SP  - 20827
EP  - 20848
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Streibel, Martin Albert Gerhard
T1  - Bestimmung  von Ozonabbauraten über der Arktis und Antarktis mittels Ozonsonden- und Satellitendaten
T1  - Determination of ozone loss rates over the Arctic and Antarctic using ozone sonde and satellite data
N2  - Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der chemischen Ozonzerstörung im arktischen und antarktischen stratosphärischen Polarwirbel. Diese wird durch Abbauprodukte von anthropogen emittierten Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffen und Halonen, Chlor- und Bromradikale, verursacht. Studien in denen der gemessene und modellierte Ozonabbau verglichen wird zeigen, dass die Prozeße bekannt sind, der quantitative Verlauf allerdings nicht vollständig verstanden ist.  Die Prozesse, die zur Ozonzerstörung führen sind in beiden Polarwirbeln ähnlich. Allerdings fällt als Konsequenz unterschiedlicher meteorologischer Bedingungen der chemische Ozonabbau im arktischen Polarwirbel weniger drastisch aus als über der Antarktis. Der arktische Polarwirbel ist im Mittel stärker dynamisch gestört als der antarktische und weist eine stärkere Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität auf. Das erschwert die Messung des chemischen Ozonabbaus. Zur Trennung des chemischen Ozonabbaus von der dynamischen Umverteilung des Ozons im arktischen Polarwirbel wurde die Matchmethode entwickelt. Bei dieser Methode werden Luftpakete innerhalb des Polarwirbels mehrfach beprobt, um den chemischen Anteil der Ozonänderung zu quantifizieren. Zur Identifizierung von doppelt beprobten Luftpaketen werden Trajektorien aus Windfeldern berechnet. Können zwei Messungen im Rahmen bestimmter Qualitätskriterien durch eine Trajektorie verbunden werden, kann die Ozondifferenz zwischen beiden Sondierungen berechnet und als chemischer Ozonabbau interpretiert werden. Eine solche Koinzidenz wird Match genannt. Der Matchmethode liegt ein statistischer Ansatz zugrunde, so dass eine Vielzahl solcher doppelt beprobter Luftmassen vorliegen muss, um gesicherte Aussagen über die Ozonzerstörung gewinnen zu können. So erhält man die Ozonzerstörung in einem bestimmten Zeitintervall, also Ozonabbauraten. Um die Anzahl an doppelt beprobten Luftpackten zu erhöhen wurde eine aktive Koordinierung der Ozonsondenaufstiege entwickelt.  Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Matchkampagnen während des arktischen Winters 2002/2003 und zum ersten Mal während eines antarktischen Winter (2003) durchgeführt. Aus den gewonnenen Daten wurden Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln bestimmt. Diese Abbauraten dienen zum einen der Evaluierung von Modellen, ermöglichen aber auch den direkten Vergleich von Ozonabbauraten in beiden Polarwirbeln.  Der Winter 2002/2003 war zu Beginn durch sehr tiefe Temperaturen in der mittleren und unteren Stratosphäre charakterisiert, so dass die Matchkampagne Ende November gestartet wurde. Ab Januar war der Polarwirbel zeitweise stark dynamisch gestört. Die Kampagne ging bis Mitte März. Für den Höhenbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur (15-23 km) konnten Ozonabbauraten und der Verlust in der Gesamtsäule berechnet werden. Die Ozonabbauraten wurden in verschiedenen Tests auf ihre Stabilität überprüft.  Der antarktische Polarwirbel war vom Beginn des Winters bis Mitte Oktober 2003 sehr kalt und stellte Ende September kurzzeitig den Rekord für die größte bisher aufgetretene Ozonloch-Fläche ein. Es konnten für den Kampagnenzeitraum, Anfang Juni bis Anfang Oktober, Ozonabbauraten im Höhenbereich von 400 bis 550 K potentieller Temperatur ermittelt werden. Der zeitliche Verlauf des Ozonabbaus war dabei auf fast allen Höhenniveaus identisch. Die Zunahme des Sonnenlichtes im Polarwirbel mit der Zeit führt zu einem starken Anwachsen der Ozonabbauraten. Ab Mitte September gingen die Ozonabbauraten auf Null zurück, da bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt das gesamte Ozon zwischen ca. 14 und 21 km zerstört wurde.  Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird ein neuer Algorithmus auf Basis der multivariaten Regression vorgestellt, mit dem Ozonabbauraten aus Ozonprofilen verschiedener Sensoren gleichzeitig berechnet werden können. Dabei können neben der Ozonabbaurate die systematischen Fehler zwischen den einzelnen Sensoren bestimmt werden. Dies wurde exemplarisch am antarktischen Winter 2003 für das 475 K potentielle Temperatur Niveau gezeigt. Neben den Ozonprofilen der Sonden wurden Daten von zwei Satellitenexperimenten verwendet. Die mit der multivariaten Matchtechnik berechneten Ozonabbauraten stimmen gut mit den Ozonabbauraten der Einzelsensor-Matchansätze überein.
N2  - The subject of this thesis is the destruction of ozone in the stratospheric polar vortex of the Arctic and Antarctic. It is caused by decomposition products of anthropogenic emitted Chlorofluorocarbons and Halons, radicals of chlorine and bromine. Studies which are dealing with the comparison of measured and modelled ozone loss show that the processes are known but that the quantitative development is not fully understood yet.  The processes that lead to ozone destruction are similar in both polar vortices. But as a consequence of different meteorological conditions the chemical ozone loss in the arctic polar vortex is less dramatic than over the Antarctic. On average the Arctic polar vortex is stronger perturbed and exhibit a stronger annual variability. In order to distinguish between chemical ozone loss and the dynamical redistribution of ozone in the Arctic vortex the Match method was developed. Air parcels in the polar vortex are probed several times in order to quantify the chemical change in ozone. To identify those air parcels trajectories are calculated using wind fields. When it is possible to connect two measurements by a trajectory within certain quality criteria the difference in ozone can be calculated and is interpreted as chemical ozone loss. Such a coincidence is called a Match. The Match method is a statistical approach which needs many of those doubly probed air parcels in order to draw significant conclusions about the destruction of ozone. So the ozone destruction can be calculated for a certain period in time which gives ozone loss rates. In order to enhance the number of doubly probed air masses an active coordination was established.  Within the scope of the thesis Match campaigns were performed during the Arctic winter 2002/2003 and for the first time during the Antarctic winter 2003. The achieved data was used in order to determine ozone loss rates in both polar vortices. The loss rates serve for the evaluation of numerical models but allow as well the direct comparison of ozone loss rates of both polar vortices.  The beginning of the winter 2002/2003 is characterized by very low temperatures in the middle and lower stratosphere. Hence, the Match campaign started at the end of November. From January on the polar vortex was strongly dynamically disturbed at certain times. For the height region of 400 to 500 K potential temperature (15-23 km) ozone loss rates and the column loss were determined. The robustness of the ozone loss rates was checked with a variety of different tests.  From beginning of the winter until October 2003 the Antarctic polar vortex was very cold and the expansion of the ozone hole area reached record values in late September. From the beginning of June until the beginning of October ozone loss has been calculated in a height region from 400 to 550 K potential temperature. The development of the ozone loss was almost identical on the different height levels. The increase in sunlight led to an increase in ozone loss rates. From mid September the ozone loss rates decreased rapidly and the ozone was completely destroyed between approx. 14 and 21 km.  In the last part of the thesis a new algorithm is presented which is based on a multivariate regression in order to calculate ozone loss rates from ozone profiles made by different sensors. At the same time the systematic error between different sensors has to be considered. As an example the approach is shown for the Antarctic Winter 2003 on the 475 K potential temperature level. Beside the ozone profiles from the sondes, data from two satellites experiments have been used. The agreement between the ozone loss rates calculated by the multivariate regression method and those calculated by the single match approach is very good.
KW  - Ozon
KW  - Polarforschung
KW  - Polartief
KW  - Atmosphäre
KW  - Ozonzabbau
KW  - ozone
KW  - polar research
KW  - polar vortex
KW  - atmosphere
KW  - ozone loss
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6570
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Codutti, Agnese
T1  - Behavior of magnetic microswimmers
T1  - Verhalten magnetischer Microschwimmer
BT  - simulations for natural swimmers and synthetic propellers
BT  - Simulationen von natürlichen Schwimmern und synthetischen Propellern
N2  - Microswimmers, i.e. swimmers of micron size experiencing low Reynolds numbers, have received a great deal of attention in the last years, since many applications are envisioned in medicine and bioremediation. A promising field is the one of magnetic swimmers, since magnetism is biocom-patible and could be used to direct or actuate the swimmers. This thesis studies two examples of magnetic microswimmers from a physics point of view.
The first system to be studied are magnetic cells, which can be magnetic biohybrids (a swimming cell coupled with a magnetic synthetic component) or magnetotactic bacteria (naturally occurring bacteria that produce an intracellular chain of magnetic crystals). A magnetic cell can passively interact with external magnetic fields, which can be used for direction. The aim of the thesis is to understand how magnetic cells couple this magnetic interaction to their swimming strategies, mainly how they combine it with chemotaxis (the ability to sense external gradient of chemical species and to bias their walk on these gradients). In particular, one open question addresses the advantage given by these magnetic interactions for the magnetotactic bacteria in a natural environment, such as porous sediments. In the thesis, a modified Active Brownian Particle model is used to perform simulations and to reproduce experimental data for different systems such as bacteria swimming in the bulk, in a capillary or in confined geometries. I will show that magnetic fields speed up chemotaxis under special conditions, depending on parameters such as their swimming strategy (run-and-tumble or run-and-reverse), aerotactic strategy (axial or polar), and magnetic fields (intensities and orientations), but it can also hinder bacterial chemotaxis depending on the system.
The second example of magnetic microswimmer are rigid magnetic propellers such as helices or random-shaped propellers. These propellers are actuated and directed by an external rotating magnetic field. One open question is how shape and magnetic properties influence the propeller behavior; the goal of this research field is to design the best propeller for a given situation. The aim of the thesis is to propose a simulation method to reproduce the behavior of experimentally-realized propellers and to determine their magnetic properties. The hydrodynamic simulations are based on the use of the mobility matrix. As main result, I propose a method to match the experimental data, while showing that not only shape but also the magnetic properties influence the propellers swimming characteristics.
N2  - Die Forschung an Mikroschwimmern oder genauer gesagt an aktiv schwimmenden Mikroorganismen oder Objekten mit niedrigen Reynolds Zahlen, hat in den letzten Jahren wegen ihrer vielfältigen Anwendungen in der Medizin und Bioremediation stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. Besonders vielversprechend ist die Arbeit mit magnetischen Mikroschwimmern, da deren biokompatibler Magnetismus genutzt werden kann um die Schwimmer gezielt zu steuern. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Beispiele von magnetischen Mikroschwimmern aus physikalischer Sicht untersucht. Das erste Modellsystem hierfür sind magnetische Zellen. Diese können entweder magnetische Biohybride (eine schwimm-Zelle gekoppelt mit einer synthetischen magnetischen Komponente) oder magnetotaktische Bakterien (natürlich vorkommende Bakterien die eine intrazelluläre Kette von magnetischen Kristallen produzieren) sein. Die passive Wechselwirkung der magnetischen Zelle mit einem externen Magnetfeld kann zu deren Steuerung genutzt werden. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es zu verstehen wie magnetische Zellen die magnetische Wechselwirkung mit ihre Schwimmstrategie verknüpfen, oder genauer gesagt, wie sie sie zur Chemotaxis (die Fähigkeit externe chemische Gradienten wahrzunehmen und die Fortbewegungsrichtung daran anzupassen) zu nutzen. Es ist immer noch nicht restlos geklärt worin in der natürlichen Umgebung der magnetischen Bakterien, wie beispielsweise in porösem Sediment, der Vorteil der Wechselwirkung mit dem externen magnetischen Feld liegt. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein modifiziertes „Active Brownian Particle model“ verwendet um mittels Computersimulationen experimentelle Ergebnisse an Bakterien zu reproduzieren, die sich frei, in einer Glaskapillare, oder in anders begrenzten Geometrien bewegen. Ich werde zeigen, dass abhängig von der Schwimmstrategie („run-and-tumble“ oder „runand-reverse“), aerotaktische Strategie (axial oder polar), und der Feldintensität und Orientierung, das magnetische Feld Chemotaxis beschleunigen kann. Abhängig von dem gewählten Modellsystem kann es jedoch auch zu einer Behinderung der Chemotaxis kommen. Das zweite Beispiel für magnetische Mikroschwimmer sind starre (z.B. Helices) oder zufällig geformte magnetische Propeller. Sie werden durch ein externes magnetisches Feld angetrieben und gelenkt. Hierbei stellt sich die Frage wie die Form der Propeller deren Verhalten beeinflusst und wie sie für eine bestimmte Anwendung optimiert werden können. Daher ist es das Ziel dieser Arbeit Simulationsmethoden vorzuschlagen um das experimentell beobachtete Verhalten zu reproduzieren und die magnetischen Eigenschaften der Propeller zu beschreiben. Hierfür wird die Mobilitätsmatrix verwendet um die hydrodynamischen Simulationen zu realisieren. Ein Hauptresultat meiner Arbeit ist eine neue Methode, welche die Simulationen in Einklang mit den experimentellen Resultaten bringt. Hierbei zeigt sich, dass nicht nur die Form sondern insbesondere auch die magnetischen Eigenschaften die Schwimmcharakteristik der Propeller entscheidend beeinflussen.
KW  - microswimmers
KW  - magnetism
KW  - bacteria
KW  - propellers
KW  - simulation
KW  - Microschwimmer
KW  - Magnetismus
KW  - Bakterien
KW  - Propeller
KW  - Simulationen
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422976
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Makarava, Natallia
T1  - Bayesian estimation of self-similarity exponent
T1  - Bayessche Schätzung des selbstählichen Exponenten
N2  - Estimation of the self-similarity exponent has attracted growing interest in recent decades and became a research subject in various fields and disciplines. Real-world data exhibiting self-similar behavior and/or parametrized by self-similarity exponent (in particular Hurst exponent) have been collected in different fields ranging from finance and human sciencies to hydrologic and traffic networks. Such rich classes of possible applications obligates researchers to investigate qualitatively new methods for estimation of the self-similarity exponent as well as identification of long-range dependencies (or long memory). In this thesis I present the Bayesian estimation of the Hurst exponent. In contrast to previous methods, the Bayesian approach allows the possibility to calculate the point estimator and confidence intervals at the same time, bringing significant advantages in data-analysis as discussed in this thesis. Moreover, it is also applicable to short data and unevenly sampled data, thus broadening the range of systems where the estimation of the Hurst exponent is possible. Taking into account that one of the substantial classes of great interest in modeling is the class of Gaussian self-similar processes, this thesis considers the realizations of the processes of fractional Brownian motion and fractional Gaussian noise. Additionally, applications to real-world data, such as the data of water level of the Nile River and fixational eye movements are also discussed.
N2  - Die Abschätzung des Selbstähnlichkeitsexponenten hat in den letzten Jahr-zehnten an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen und ist in vielen wissenschaftlichen Gebieten und Disziplinen zu einem intensiven Forschungsthema geworden. Reelle Daten, die selbsähnliches Verhalten zeigen und/oder durch den Selbstähnlichkeitsexponenten (insbesondere durch den Hurst-Exponenten) parametrisiert werden, wurden in verschiedenen Gebieten gesammelt, die von Finanzwissenschaften über Humanwissenschaften bis zu Netzwerken in der Hydrologie und dem Verkehr reichen. Diese reiche Anzahl an möglichen Anwendungen verlangt von Forschern, neue Methoden zu entwickeln, um den Selbstähnlichkeitsexponenten abzuschätzen, sowie großskalige Abhängigkeiten zu erkennen. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich die Bayessche Schätzung des Hurst-Exponenten vor. Im Unterschied zu früheren Methoden, erlaubt die Bayessche Herangehensweise die Berechnung von Punktschätzungen zusammen mit Konfidenzintervallen, was von bedeutendem Vorteil in der Datenanalyse ist, wie in der Arbeit diskutiert wird. Zudem ist diese Methode anwendbar auf kurze und unregelmäßig verteilte Datensätze, wodurch die Auswahl der möglichen Anwendung, wo der Hurst-Exponent geschätzt werden soll, stark erweitert wird. Unter Berücksichtigung der Tatsache, dass der Gauß'sche selbstähnliche Prozess von bedeutender Interesse in der Modellierung ist, werden in dieser Arbeit Realisierungen der Prozesse der fraktionalen Brown'schen Bewegung und des fraktionalen Gauß'schen Rauschens untersucht. Zusätzlich werden Anwendungen auf reelle Daten, wie Wasserstände des Nil und fixierte Augenbewegungen, diskutiert.
KW  - Hurst-Exponent
KW  - Bayessche Statistik
KW  - fraktionale Brown'schen Bewegung
KW  - fraktionales Gauß'sches Rauschen
KW  - fixierte Augenbewegungen
KW  - Hurst exponent
KW  - Bayesian inference
KW  - fractional Brownian motion
KW  - fractional Gaussian noise
KW  - fixational eye movements
Y1  - 2012
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64099
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seckler, Henrik
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Bayesian deep learning for error estimation in the analysis of anomalous diffusion
JF  - Nature Communnications
N2  - Modern single-particle-tracking techniques produce extensive time-series of diffusive motion in a wide variety of systems, from single-molecule motion in living-cells to movement ecology. The quest is to decipher the physical mechanisms encoded in the data and thus to better understand the probed systems. We here augment recently proposed machine-learning techniques for decoding anomalous-diffusion data to include an uncertainty estimate in addition to the predicted output. To avoid the Black-Box-Problem a Bayesian-Deep-Learning technique named Stochastic-Weight-Averaging-Gaussian is used to train models for both the classification of the diffusionmodel and the regression of the anomalous diffusion exponent of single-particle-trajectories. Evaluating their performance, we find that these models can achieve a wellcalibrated error estimate while maintaining high prediction accuracies. In the analysis of the output uncertainty predictions we relate these to properties of the underlying diffusion models, thus providing insights into the learning process of the machine and the relevance of the output.
KW  - random-walk
KW  - models
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34305-6
SN  - 2041-1723
VL  - 13
PB  - Nature Publishing Group UK
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Seckler, Henrik
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Bayesian deep learning for error estimation in the analysis of anomalous diffusion
JF  - Nature Communications
N2  - Modern single-particle-tracking techniques produce extensive time-series of diffusive motion in a wide variety of systems, from single-molecule motion in living-cells to movement ecology. The quest is to decipher the physical mechanisms encoded in the data and thus to better understand the probed systems. We here augment recently proposed machine-learning techniques for decoding anomalous-diffusion data to include an uncertainty estimate in addition to the predicted output. To avoid the Black-Box-Problem a Bayesian-Deep-Learning technique named Stochastic-Weight-Averaging-Gaussian is used to train models for both the classification of the diffusion model and the regression of the anomalous diffusion exponent of single-particle-trajectories. Evaluating their performance, we find that these models can achieve a well-calibrated error estimate while maintaining high prediction accuracies. In the analysis of the output uncertainty predictions we relate these to properties of the underlying diffusion models, thus providing insights into the learning process of the machine and the relevance of the output. <br /> Diffusive motions in complex environments such as living biological cells or soft matter systems can be analyzed with single-particle-tracking approaches, where accuracy of output may vary. The authors involve a machine-learning technique for decoding anomalous-diffusion data and provide an uncertainty estimate together with predicted output.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34305-6
SN  - 2041-1723
VL  - 13
IS  - 1
PB  - Nature portfolio
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Seckler, Henrik
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Bayesian deep learning for error estimation in the analysis of anomalous diffusion
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Sprache
Englisch
Modern single-particle-tracking techniques produce extensive time-series of diffusive motion in a wide variety of systems, from single-molecule motion in living-cells to movement ecology. The quest is to decipher the physical mechanisms encoded in the data and thus to better understand the probed systems. We here augment recently proposed machine-learning techniques for decoding anomalous-diffusion data to include an uncertainty estimate in addition to the predicted output. To avoid the Black-Box-Problem a Bayesian-Deep-Learning technique named Stochastic-Weight-Averaging-Gaussian is used to train models for both the classification of the diffusionmodel and the regression of the anomalous diffusion exponent of single-particle-trajectories. Evaluating their performance, we find that these models can achieve a wellcalibrated error estimate while maintaining high prediction accuracies. In the analysis of the output uncertainty predictions we relate these to properties of the underlying diffusion models, thus providing insights into the learning process of the machine and the relevance of the output.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1314 
KW  - random-walk
KW  - models
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-586025
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 1314
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thapa, Samudrajit
A1  - Lomholt, Michael Andersen
A1  - Krog, Jens
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Bayesian analysis of single-particle tracking data using the nested-sampling algorithm: maximum-likelihood model selection applied to stochastic-diffusivity data
JF  - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : PCCP ; a journal of European Chemical Societies
N2  - We employ Bayesian statistics using the nested-sampling algorithm to compare and rank multiple models of ergodic diffusion (including anomalous diffusion) as well as to assess their optimal parameters for in silico-generated and real time-series. We focus on the recently-introduced model of Brownian motion with "diffusing diffusivity'-giving rise to widely-observed non-Gaussian displacement statistics-and its comparison to Brownian and fractional Brownian motion, also for the time-series with some measurement noise. We conduct this model-assessment analysis using Bayesian statistics and the nested-sampling algorithm on the level of individual particle trajectories. We evaluate relative model probabilities and compute best-parameter sets for each diffusion model, comparing the estimated parameters to the true ones. We test the performance of the nested-sampling algorithm and its predictive power both for computer-generated (idealised) trajectories as well as for real single-particle-tracking trajectories. Our approach delivers new important insight into the objective selection of the most suitable stochastic model for a given time-series. We also present first model-ranking results in application to experimental data of tracer diffusion in polymer-based hydrogels.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp04043e
SN  - 1463-9076
SN  - 1463-9084
VL  - 20
IS  - 46
SP  - 29018
EP  - 29037
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena
A1  - Zhang, Huotian
A1  - Markina, Anastaa si
A1  - Yuan, Jun
A1  - Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad
A1  - Wolff, Christian Michael
A1  - Zuo, Guangzheng
A1  - Stolterfoht, Martin
A1  - Zou, Yingping
A1  - Gao, Feng
A1  - Andrienko, Denis
A1  - Shoaee, Safa
A1  - Neher, Dieter
T1  - Barrierless free charge generation in the high-performance PM6:Y6 bulk heterojunction non-fullerene solar cell
JF  - Advanced materials
N2  - Organic solar cells are currently experiencing a second golden age thanks to the development of novel non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). Surprisingly, some of these blends exhibit high efficiencies despite a low energy offset at the heterojunction. Herein, free charge generation in the high-performance blend of the donor polymer PM6 with the NFA Y6 is thoroughly investigated as a function of internal field, temperature and excitation energy. Results show that photocurrent generation is essentially barrierless with near-unity efficiency, regardless of excitation energy. Efficient charge separation is maintained over a wide temperature range, down to 100 K, despite the small driving force for charge generation. Studies on a blend with a low concentration of the NFA, measurements of the energetic disorder, and theoretical modeling suggest that CT state dissociation is assisted by the electrostatic interfacial field which for Y6 is large enough to compensate the Coulomb dissociation barrier.
KW  - driving force
KW  - non-fullerene acceptors
KW  - organic solar cells
KW  - photocurrent generation
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201906763
SN  - 0935-9648
SN  - 1521-4095
VL  - 32
IS  - 9
PB  - Wiley-VCH
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Theves, Matthias
T1  - Bacterial motility and growth in open and confined environments
T1  - Bacterial motility and growth in open and confined environments
N2  - In the presence of a solid-liquid or liquid-air interface, bacteria can choose between a planktonic and a sessile lifestyle. Depending on environmental conditions, cells swimming in close proximity to the interface can irreversibly attach to the surface and grow into three-dimensional aggregates where the majority of cells is sessile and embedded in an extracellular polymer matrix (biofilm). We used microfluidic tools and time lapse microscopy to perform experiments with the polarly flagellated soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), a bacterial species that is able to form biofilms. We analyzed individual trajectories of swimming cells, both in the bulk fluid and in close proximity to a glass-liquid interface. Additionally, surface related growth during the early phase of biofilm formation was investigated. In the bulk fluid, P.putida shows a typical bacterial swimming pattern of alternating periods of persistent displacement along a line (runs) and fast reorientation events (turns) and cells swim with an average speed around 24 micrometer per second. We found that the distribution of turning angles is bimodal with a dominating peak around 180 degrees. In approximately six out of ten turning events, the cell reverses its swimming direction. In addition, our analysis revealed that upon a reversal, the cell systematically changes its swimming speed by a factor of two on average. Based on the experimentally observed values of mean runtime and rotational diffusion, we presented a model to describe the spreading of a population of cells by a run-reverse random walker with alternating speeds. We successfully recover the mean square displacement and, by an extended version of the model, also the negative dip in the directional autocorrelation function as observed in the experiments. The analytical solution of the model demonstrates that alternating speeds enhance a cells ability to explore its environment as compared to a bacterium moving at a constant intermediate speed. As compared to the bulk fluid, for cells swimming near a solid boundary we observed an increase in swimming speed at distances below d= 5 micrometer and an increase in average angular velocity at distances below d= 4 micrometer. While the average speed was maximal with an increase around 15% at a distance of d= 3 micrometer, the angular velocity was highest in closest proximity to the boundary at d=1 micrometer with an increase around 90% as compared to the bulk fluid. To investigate the swimming behavior in a confinement between two solid boundaries, we developed an experimental setup to acquire three-dimensional trajectories using a piezo driven objective mount coupled to a high speed camera. Results on speed and angular velocity were consistent with motility statistics in the presence of a single boundary. Additionally, an analysis of the probability density revealed that a majority of cells accumulated near the upper and lower boundaries of the microchannel. The increase in angular velocity is consistent with previous studies, where bacteria near a solid boundary were shown to swim on circular trajectories, an effect which can be attributed to a wall induced torque. The increase in speed at a distance of several times the size of the cell body, however, cannot be explained by existing theories which either consider the drag increase on cell body and flagellum near a boundary (resistive force theory) or model the swimming microorganism by a multipole expansion to account for the flow field interaction between cell and boundary. An accumulation of swimming bacteria near solid boundaries has been observed in similar experiments. Our results confirm that collisions with the surface play an important role and hydrodynamic interactions alone cannot explain the steady-state accumulation of cells near the channel walls. Furthermore, we monitored the number growth of cells in the microchannel under medium rich conditions. We observed that, after a lag time, initially isolated cells at the surface started to grow by division into colonies of increasing size, while coexisting with a comparable smaller number of swimming cells. After 5:50 hours, we observed a sudden jump in the number of swimming cells, which was accompanied by a breakup of bigger clusters on the surface. After approximately 30 minutes where planktonic cells dominated in the microchannel, individual swimming cells reattached to the surface. We interpret this process as an emigration and recolonization event. A number of complementary experiments were performed to investigate the influence of collective effects or a depletion of the growth medium on the transition. Similar to earlier observations on another bacterium from the same family we found that the release of cells to the swimming phase is most likely the result of an individual adaption process, where syntheses of proteins for flagellar motility are upregulated after a number of division cycles at the surface.
N2  - Bakterien sind einzellige Mikroorganismen, die sich in flüssigem Medium mit Hilfe von rotierenden Flagellen, länglichen Fasern aus Proteinen, schwimmend fortbewegen. In Gegenwart einer Grenzfläche und unter günstigen Umweltbedingungen siedeln sich Bakterien an der Oberfläche an und gehen in eine sesshafte Wachstumsphase über. Die Wachstumsphase an der Oberfläche ist gekennzeichnet durch das Absondern von klebrigen, nährstoffreichen extrazellulären Substanzen, welche die Verbindung der Bakterien untereinander und mit der Oberfläche verstärken. Die entstehenden Aggregate aus extrazellulärer Matrix und Bakterien werden als Biofilm bezeichnet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten wir ein Bodenbakterium, Pseudomonas putida (P. putida), welches in wässriger Umgebung an festen Oberflächen Biofilme ausbildet. Wir benutzten photolithographisch hergestellte Mikrokanäle und Hochgeschwindigkeits-Videomikroskopie um die Bewegung schwimmender Zellen in verschiedenen Abständen zu einer Glasoberfläche aufzunehmen. Zusätzlich wurden Daten über das parallel stattfindende Wachstum der sesshaften Zellen an der Oberfläche aufgezeichnet. Die Analyse von Trajektorien frei schwimmender Zellen zeigte, dass sich Liniensegmente, entlang derer sich die Zellen in eine konstante Richtung bewegen, mit scharfen Kehrtwendungen mit einem Winkel von 180 Grad abwechseln. Dabei änderte sich die Schwimmgeschwindigket von einem zum nächsten Segment im Mittel um einen Faktor von 2. Unsere experimentellen Daten waren die Grundlage für ein mathematisches Modell zur Beschreibung der Zellbewegung mit alternierender Geschwindigkeit. Die analytische Lösung des Modells zeigt elegant, dass eine Population von Bakterien, welche zwischen zwei Geschwindigkeiten wechseln, signifikant schneller expandiert als eine Referenzpopulation mit Bakterien konstanter Schwimmgeschwindkeit. Im Vergleich zu frei schwimmenden Bakterien beobachteten wir in der Nähe der Oberfläche eine um 15% erhöhte Schwimmgeschwindigkeit der Zellen und eine um 90 % erhöhte Winkel-geschwindigkeit. Außerdem wurde eine signifikant höhere Zelldichte in der Nähe der Grenzfläche gemessen. Während sich der Anstieg in der Winkelgeschwindigkeit durch ein Drehmoment erklären lässt, welches in Oberflächennähe auf den rotierenden Zellkörper und die rotierenden Flagellen wirkt, kann die Beschleunigung und Akkumulation der Zellen bei dem beobachteten Abstand nicht durch existierende Theorien erklärt werden. Unsere Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, dass neben hydrodynamischen Effekten auch Kollisionen mit der Oberfläche eine wichtige Rolle spielen und sich die Rotationsgeschwindigkeit der Flagellenmotoren in der Nähe einer festen Oberfläche grundsätzlich verändert. Unsere Experimente zum Zellwachstum an Oberflächen zeigten, dass sich etwa sechs Stunden nach Beginn des Experiments größere Kolonien an der Kanaloberfläche auflösen und Zellen für ca. 30 Minuten zurück in die schwimmende Phase wechseln. Ergebnisse von mehreren Vergleichsexperimenten deuten darauf hin, dass dieser Übergang nach einer festen Anzahl von Zellteilungen an der Oberfläche erfolgt und nicht durch den Verbrauch des Wachstumsmediums bedingt wird.
KW  - Pseudomonas putida
KW  - Motilität
KW  - Flagellenbewegung
KW  - Random-Walk-Theorie
KW  - Schwimmende Mikroorganismen
KW  - pseudomonas putida
KW  - motility
KW  - flagellar filaments
KW  - random walk
KW  - cell tracking
Y1  - 2013
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70313
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Pavlenko, Elena S.
A1  - Sander, Mathias
A1  - Mitzscherling, Steffen
A1  - Pudell, Jan-Etienne
A1  - Zamponi, Flavio
A1  - Rössle, Matthias
A1  - Bojahr, Andre
A1  - Bargheer, Matias
T1  - Azobenzene – functionalized polyelectrolyte nanolayers as ultrafast optoacoustic transducers
N2  - We introduce azobenzene-functionalized polyelectrolyte multilayers as efficient, inexpensive optoacoustic transducers for hyper-sound strain waves in the GHz range. By picosecond transient reflectivity measurements we study the creation of nanoscale strain waves, their reflection from interfaces, damping by scattering from nanoparticles and propagation in soft and hard adjacent materials like polymer layers, quartz and mica. The amplitude of the generated strain ε ∼ 5 × 10−4 is calibrated by ultrafast X-ray diffraction.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 297 
Y1  - 2016
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-101996
VL  - 8
SP  - 13297
EP  - 13302
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stojkoski, Viktor
A1  - Sandev, Trifce
A1  - Kocarev, Ljupco
A1  - Pal, Arnab
T1  - Autocorrelation functions and ergodicity in diffusion with stochastic resetting
JF  - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical
N2  - Diffusion with stochastic resetting is a paradigm of resetting processes. Standard renewal or master equation approach are typically used to study steady state and other transport properties such as average, mean squared displacement etc. 
What remains less explored is the two time point correlation functions whose evaluation is often daunting since it requires the implementation of the exact time dependent probability density functions of the resetting processes which are unknown for most of the problems. 

We adopt a different approach that allows us to write a stochastic solution for a single trajectory undergoing resetting. 
Moments and the autocorrelation functions between any two times along the trajectory can then be computed directly using the laws of total expectation. Estimation of autocorrelation functions turns out to be pivotal for investigating the ergodic properties of various observables for this canonical model. 
In particular, we investigate two observables (i) sample mean which is widely used in economics and (ii) time-averaged-mean-squared-displacement (TAMSD) which is of acute interest in physics. 

We find that both diffusion and drift-diffusion processes with resetting are ergodic at the mean level unlike their reset-free counterparts. In contrast, resetting renders ergodicity breaking in the TAMSD while both the stochastic processes are ergodic when resetting is absent. We quantify these behaviors with detailed analytical study and corroborate with extensive numerical simulations. 

Our results can be verified in experimental set-ups that can track single particle trajectories and thus have strong implications in understanding the physics of resetting.
KW  - autocorrelations
KW  - ergodicity
KW  - diffusion
KW  - stochastic resetting
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac4ce9
SN  - 1751-8113
SN  - 1751-8121
VL  - 55
IS  - 10
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Gerlach, Marius
A1  - Preitschopf, Tobias
A1  - Karaev, Emil
A1  - Quitian-Lara, Heidy Mayerly
A1  - Mayer, Dennis
A1  - Bozek, John
A1  - Fischer, Ingo
A1  - Fink, Reinhold F.
T1  - Auger electron spectroscopy of fulminic acid, HCNO
BT  - an experimental and theoretical study
JF  - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : a journal of European Chemical Societies
N2  - HCNO is a molecule of considerable astrochemical interest as a precursor to prebiotic molecules. It is synthesized by preparative pyrolysis and is unstable at room temperature. Here, we investigate its spectroscopy in the soft X-ray regime at the C 1s, N 1s and O 1s edges. All 1s ionization energies are reported and X-ray absorption spectra reveal the transitions from the 1s to the pi* state. Resonant and normal Auger electron spectra for the decay of the core hole states are recorded in a hemispherical analyzer. An assignment of the experimental spectra is provided with the aid of theoretical counterparts. The latter are using a valence configuration interaction representation of the intermediate and final state energies and wavefunctions, the one-center approximation for transition rates and band shapes according to the moment theory. The computed spectra are in very good agreement with the experimental data and most of the relevant bands are assigned. Additionally, we present a simple approach to estimate relative Auger transition rates on the basis of a minimal basis representation of the molecular orbitals. We demonstrate that this provides a qualitatively good and reliable estimate for several signals in the normal and resonant Auger electron spectra which have significantly different intensities in the decay of the three core holes.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp02104h
SN  - 1463-9076
SN  - 1463-9084
VL  - 24
IS  - 25
SP  - 15217
EP  - 15229
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Zacharias, Michael
A1  - Chen, Xuhui
A1  - Wagner, Stefan
T1  - Attenuation of TeV gamma-rays by the starlight photon field of the host galaxy
JF  - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
N2  - The absorption of TeV gamma-ray photons produced in relativistic jets by surrounding soft photon fields is a long-standing problem of jet physics. In some cases, the most likely emission site close to the central black hole is ruled out because of the high opacity caused by strong optical and infrared photon sources, such as the broad-line region. Mostly neglected for jet modelling is the absorption of gamma-rays in the starlight photon field of the host galaxy. Analysing the absorption for arbitrary locations and observation angles of the gamma-ray emission site within the host galaxy, we find that the distance to the galaxy centre, the observation angle, and the distribution of starlight in the galaxy are crucial for the amount of absorption. We derive the absorption value for a sample of 20 TeV-detected blazars with a redshift z(r) < 0.2. The absorption value of the gamma-ray emission located in the galaxy centre may be as high as 20 per cent, with an average value of 6 per cent. This is important in order to determine the intrinsic blazar parameters. We see no significant trends in our sample between the degree of absorption and host properties, such as starlight emissivity, galactic size, half-light radius, and redshift. While the uncertainty of the spectral properties of the extragalactic background light exceeds the effect of absorption by stellar light from the host galaxy in distant objects, the latter is a dominant effect in nearby sources. It may also be revealed in a differential comparison of sources with similar redshifts.
KW  - opacity
KW  - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
KW  - galaxies: active
KW  - gamma-rays: galaxies
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw3032
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
VL  - 465
IS  - 3
SP  - 3767
EP  - 3774
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Merchel, Silke
A1  - Gärtner, Andreas
A1  - Beutner, Sabrina
A1  - Bookhagen, Bodo
A1  - Chabilan, Amelie
T1  - Attempts to understand potential deficiencies in chemical procedures for AMS: Cleaning and dissolving quartz for Be-10 and Al-26 analysis
JF  - Nuclear instruments & methods in physics research : a journal on accelerators, instrumentation and techniques applied to research in nuclear and atomic physics, materials science and related fields in physics, Section B, Beam interactions with materials and atoms
N2  - The purity of the analysed samples (e.g. quartz) with respect to chemical composition and radionuclide contamination is essential for geomorphologic applications using so-called terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCNs). To guarantee this, numerous cleaning and dissolution procedures have been developed. At the DREsden Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (DREAMS) facility, we also work on enhancing the chemical quartz-enrichment methodology from bulk rock and dissolution of quartz. Repeated exposure of the bulk material to acid mixtures (HCl/H2SiF6) at room temperature for cleaning and its monitoring by optical microscopy works for most quartz-rich samples. The quartz dissolution in HF under rather mild conditions (at room temperature on a shaker-table) has the advantage to leave difficult-to-dissolve minerals (e.g., tourmaline, zircon, rutile, sillimanite, kyanite, chromite, corundum), not separated by other physical methods before, as residue. Our comparison with a high-temperature dissolution method (in a microwave) indicates an additional amount of interfering elements, such as in average about 3 mg of Ti, more than 7 mg of Al, and about 22 mu g of Be (for 50 g SiO2), is added to the sample, hence showing the superiority of our mild method. This way, we reduce problems for chemistry and AMS, but also ensure better comparability to production rates of cleaner stoichiometric quartz from calibration sites.
KW  - Accelerator mass spectrometry
KW  - In-situ
KW  - Terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide
KW  - Residue
KW  - Quartz
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.02.007
SN  - 0168-583X
SN  - 1872-9584
VL  - 455
SP  - 293
EP  - 299
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Janowski, Marcin Andrzej
A1  - Zoschke, Reimo
A1  - Scharff, Lars B.
A1  - Jaime, Silvia Martinez
A1  - Ferrari, Camilla
A1  - Proost, Sebastian
A1  - Xiong, Jonathan Ng Wei
A1  - Omranian, Nooshin
A1  - Musialak-Lange, Magdalena
A1  - Nikoloski, Zoran
A1  - Graf, Alexander
A1  - Schoettler, Mark Aurel
A1  - Sampathkumar, Arun
A1  - Vaid, Neha
A1  - Mutwil, Marek
T1  - AtRsgA from Arabidopsis thaliana is important for maturation of the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome
JF  - The plant journal
N2  - Plastid ribosomes are very similar in structure and function to the ribosomes of their bacterial ancestors. Since ribosome biogenesis is not thermodynamically favorable under biological conditions it requires the activity of many assembly factors. Here we have characterized a homolog of bacterial RsgA in Arabidopsis thaliana and show that it can complement the bacterial homolog. Functional characterization of a strong mutant in Arabidopsis revealed that the protein is essential for plant viability, while a weak mutant produced dwarf, chlorotic plants that incorporated immature pre-16S ribosomal RNA into translating ribosomes. Physiological analysis of the mutant plants revealed smaller, but more numerous, chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells, reduction of chlorophyll a and b, depletion of proplastids from the rib meristem and decreased photosynthetic electron transport rate and efficiency. Comparative RNA sequencing and proteomic analysis of the weak mutant and wild-type plants revealed that various biotic stress-related, transcriptional regulation and post-transcriptional modification pathways were repressed in the mutant. Intriguingly, while nuclear- and chloroplast-encoded photosynthesis-related proteins were less abundant in the mutant, the corresponding transcripts were increased, suggesting an elaborate compensatory mechanism, potentially via differentially active retrograde signaling pathways. To conclude, this study reveals a chloroplast ribosome assembly factor and outlines the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of the compensatory mechanism activated during decreased chloroplast function. Significance Statement AtRsgA is an assembly factor necessary for maturation of the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome. Depletion of AtRsgA leads to dwarfed, chlorotic plants, a decrease of mature 16S rRNA and smaller, but more numerous, chloroplasts. Large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed that chloroplast-encoded and -targeted proteins were less abundant, while the corresponding transcripts were increased in the mutant. We analyze the transcriptional responses of several retrograde signaling pathways to suggest the mechanism underlying this compensatory response.
KW  - ribosome assembly
KW  - chloroplast ribosome
KW  - assembly factor
KW  - 30S subunit
KW  - RsgA
KW  - Arabidopsis thaliana
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14040
SN  - 0960-7412
SN  - 1365-313X
VL  - 96
IS  - 2
SP  - 404
EP  - 420
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Henkel, Carsten
A1  - Courtois, Jean-Yves
A1  - Aspect, Alain
T1  - Atomic diffraction by a thin phase grating
N2  - We present a semiclassical perturbation method for the description of atomic diffraction by a weakly modulated potential. It proceeds in a way similar to the treatment of light diffraction by a thin phase grating, and consists in calculating the atomic wavefunction by means of action integrals along the classical trajectories of the atoms in the absence of the modulated part of the potential. The capabilities and the validity condition of the method are illustrated on the well-known case of atomic diffraction by a Gaussian standing wave. We prove that in this situation the perturbation method is equivalent to the Raman-Nath approximation, and we point out that the usually-considered Raman-Nath validity condition can lead to inaccuracies in the evaluation of the phases of the diffraction amplitudes. The method is also applied to the case of an evanescent wave reflection grating, and an analytical expression for the diffraction pattern at any incidence angle is obtained for the first time. Finally, the application of the method to other situations is briefly discussed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 101 
Y1  - 1994
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-42269
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Keles, Engin
T1  - Atmospheric properties and dynamics of gaseous exoplanets inferred from high-resolution alkali line transmission spectroscopy
N2  - The characterization of exoplanets applying high-resolution transmission spectroscopy ini- tiated a new era making it possible to trace atmospheric signature at high altitudes in exoplanet atmospheres and to determine atmospheric properties which enrich our under- standing of the formation and evolution of the solar system. In contrast to what is observed in our solar system, where gaseous planets orbit at wide orbits, Jupiter type exoplanets were detected in foreign stellar systems surrounding their host stars within few days, in close orbits, the so called hot- and ultra-hot Jupiters. The most well studied ones are HD209458b and HD189733b, which are the first exoplanets where absorption is detected in their atmospheres, namely from the alkali line sodium. For hot Jupiters, the resonant alkali lines are the atmospheric species with one of the strongest absorption signatures, due to their large absorption cross-section. However, al- though the alkali lines sodium and potassium were detected in low-resolution observations for various giant exoplanets, potassium was absent in different high-resolution investiga- tions in contrast to sodium. The reason for this is quite puzzling, since both alkalis have very similar physical and chemical properties (e.g. condensation and ionization proper- ties). Obtaining high-resolution transit observations of HD189733b and HD209458b, we were able to detect potassium on HD189733b (Manuscript 1), which was the first high-resolution detection of potassium on an exoplanet. The absence of potassium on HD209458b could be reasoned by depletion processes, such as condensation or photo-ionization or high-altitude clouds. In a further study (Manuscript II), we resolved the potassium line and compared this to a previously detected sodium absorption on this planet. The comparison showed, that the potassium lines are either tracing different altitudes and temperatures compared to the sodium lines, or are depleted so that the planetary Na/K- ratio is way larger than the stellar one. A comparison of the alkali lines with synthetic line profiles showed that the sodium lines were much broader than the potassium lines, probably being induced by winds. To investigate this, the effect of zonal streaming winds on the sodium lines on Jupiter-type planets is investigated in a further study (Manuscript III), showing that such winds can significantly broaden the Na- lines and that high-resolution observations can trace such winds with different properties. Furthermore, investigating the Na-line observations for different exoplanets, I showed that the Na-line broadening follows a trend with cooler planets showing stronger line broadening and so hinting on stronger winds, matching well into theoretical predictions. Each presented manuscript depends on the re- sults published within the previous manuscript, yielding a unitary study of the exoplanet HD189733b. The investigation of the potassium absorption required to account for different effects: The telluric lines removal and the effect of center-to-limb variation (see Manuscript I), the residual Rossiter-Mc-Laughlin effect (see Manuscript II) and the broadening of spectral lines on a translucent atmospheric ring by zonal jet streams (see Manuscript III). This thesis shows that high-resolution transmission spectroscopy is a powerful tool to probe sharp alkali line absorption on giant exoplanet atmospheres and to investigate on the properties and dynamics of hot Jupiter type atmospheres.
KW  - planets and satellites: atmospheres
KW  - planets and satellites: composition
KW  - planets and satellites: gaseous planets
KW  - exoplanets
Y1  - 2021
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zhou, Xu
T1  - Atmospheric interactions with land surface in the arctic based on regional climate model solutions
Y1  - 2014
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Glushak, Ksenia
T1  - Atmospheric circulation and the surface mass balance in a regional climate model of Antarctica
T1  - Atmosphärische Zirkulation und die Massenbilanz der Oberfläche in einem regionalen Klimamodell der Antarktis
N2  - Understanding the Earth's climate system and particularly climate variability presents one of the most difficult and urgent challenges in science. The Antarctic plays a crucial role in the global climate system, since it is the principal region of radiative energy deficit and atmospheric cooling. An assessment of regional climate model HIRHAM is presented. The simulations are generated with the HIRHAM model, which is modified for Antarctic applications. With a horizontal resolution of 55km, the model has been run for the period 1958-1998 creating long-term simulations from initial and boundary conditions provided by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA40 re-analysis. The model output is compared with observations from observation stations, upper air data, global atmospheric analyses and satellite data. In comparison with the observations, the evaluation shows that the simulations with the HIRHAM model capture both the large and regional scale circulation features with generally small bias in the modeled variables. On the annual time scale the largest errors in the model simulations are the overestimation total cloud cover and the colder near-surface temperature over the interior of the Antarctic plateau. The low-level temperature inversion as well as low-level wind jet is well captured by the model. The decadal scale processes were studied based on trend calculations. The long-term run was divided into two 20 years parts. The 2m temperature, 500 hPa temperature, MSLP, precipitation and net mass balance trends were calculated for both periods and over 1958 - 1998. During the last two decades the strong surface cooling was observed over the Eastern Antarctica, this result is in good agreement with the result of Chapman and Walsh (2005) who calculated the temperature trend based on the observational data. The MSLP trend reveals a big disparity between the first and second parts of the 40 year run. The overall trend shows the strengthening of the circumpolar vortex and continental anticyclone. The net mass balance as well as precipitation show a positive trend over the Antarctic Peninsula region, along Wilkes Land and in Dronning Maud Land. The Antarctic ice sheet grows over the Eastern part of Antarctica with small exceptions in Dronning Maud Land and Wilkes Land and sinks in the Antarctic Peninsula; this result is in good agreement with the satellite-measured altitude presented in Davis (2005) . To better understand the horizontal structure of MSLP, temperature and net mass balance trends the influence of the Southern Annual Mode (SAM) on the Antarctic climate was investigated. The main meteorological parameters during the positive and negative Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) phases were compared to each other. A positive/negative AAO index means strengthening/weakening of the circumpolar vortex, poleward/northward storm tracks and prevailing/weakening westerly winds. For detailed investigation of global teleconnection, two positive and one negative periods of AAO phase were chosen. The differences in MSLP and 2m temperature between positive and negative AAO years during the winter months partly explain the surface cooling during the last decades.
N2  - Eine der dringendsten wissenschaftlichen Herausforderungen besteht darin, das Klimasystem der Erde und die Prozesse zu verstehen, die seine Klimavariabilität bestimmen. Die Antarktis spielt eine entscheidende Rolle im globalen Klimasystem, da sie die wesentliche Energiesenke und atmosphärische Abkühlregion darstellt. In dieser Arbeit wird das regionale Klimamodell HIRHAM zur Untersuchung des Klimas der Antarktis eingesetzt, das dafür speziell angepasst wurde. Mit einer horizontalen Auflösung von 50 km und 25 vertikalen Schichten wurden Simulationen für 40 Jahre von 1958-1998 durchgeführt, wobei die Anfangs- und Randbedingungen durch die ERA40 Daten des ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) geliefert wurden. Die Modellergebnisse wurden mit Daten von Beobachtungsstationen, aerologischen Vertikalsondierungen, globalen Analysedaten und Satellitendaten verglichen. Diese Validierung zeigt, dass die HIRHAM Modellsimulationen die globalen und regionalen Zirkulationsmuster mit einem vertretbaren Modellfehler generieren. Auf der jährlichen Zeitskale zeigen sich die größten Modellfehler in einer Überbestimmung der totalen Wolkenbedeckung und der kalten bodennahen Temperaturen der Atmosphäre. Die bodennahen Inversionen und katabatischen Windsysteme werden durch das Modell gut wiedergegeben. Dekadische Prozesse wurden durch Trendberechnungen analysiert. Dazu wurden die 40 Jahre umfassenden Simulationen in zwei 20 Jahre Abschnitte von 1958-1978 und 1979-1998 unterteilt. Die Trends in den 2m Temperaturen, im mittleren Bodenluftdruck, 500 hPa Geopotential, Niederschlag und der Netto Massenbilanz wurden berechnet. In den letzten zwei Dekaden wurde eine starke atmosphärische Abkühlung an der Oberfläche in der Ostantarktis simuliert, die in guter Übereinstimmung mit den Trendanalysen aus Beobachtungen von Chapman und Walsh (2005) steht. Der Trend im mittleren Bodenluftdruck weist deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den ersten Periode 1958-1978 und der zweiten Periode 1979-1998 auf. Insgesamt verstärkt sich über die untersuchten 40 Jahre der zirkumpolare Tiefdruckwirbel und die kontinentale Antizyklone. Die Nettomassenbilanz und der Niederschlag zeigen einen positiven Trend über der Antarktischen Halbinsel, Wilkes Land und Dronning Maud Land. Das antarktische Eisschild wächst im östlichen Teil der Antarktis mit geringen Ausnahmen in Dronning Maud Land und Wilkes Land an und schächt sich über der antarktischen Halbinsel ab. Dieses Resultat befindet sich in Übereinstimmung mit den Akkumulationstrends von Davis (2005) auf der Basis von Satellitendaten. Die horizontalen Strukturen der simulierten antarktischen Trends im mittleren Bodenluftdruck, in der 2m Temperatur und der Netto Massenbilanz wurden mit Trends des globalen Telekonnektionsmusters der Südhemisphäre verglichen. Dazu wurden wesentliche atmosphärische Parameter für positive und negative Phasen der Antarktischen Oszillation (AAO) analysiert. Die positiven/negativen AAO Phasen gehen einher mit einer Verstärkung/Abschwächung des zirkumpolaren Tiefdruckwirbels, verstärkten/reduzierten Stormtracks und verstärkten/abgeschwächten Westwinden. Für eine tiefergehende Untersuchung wurden zwei positive und eine negative AAO Phase miteinander verglichen. Die Unterschiede im Bodenluftdruck und der 2m Temperatur zwischen den positiven und negativen AAO Perioden können den Abkühlungstrend während der letzten Dekaden zu großen Teilen erklären.
KW  - Antarktis
KW  - Klima
KW  - regionales Modell
KW  - Antarctic
KW  - Climate
KW  - regional modeling
Y1  - 2007
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17296
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Avila, Gastón
T1  - Asymptotic staticity and tensor decompositions with fast decay conditions
T1  - Asymptotisch statische Anfangsdaten und Tensor-Zerlegungen mit starken Abfallbedingungen
N2  - Corvino, Corvino and Schoen, Chruściel and Delay have shown the existence of a large class of asymptotically flat vacuum initial data for Einstein's field equations which are static or stationary in a neighborhood of space-like infinity, yet quite general in the interior. The proof relies on some abstract, non-constructive arguments which makes it difficult to calculate such data numerically by using similar arguments. A quasilinear elliptic system of equations is presented of which we expect that it can be used to construct vacuum initial data which are asymptotically flat, time-reflection symmetric, and asymptotic to static data up to a prescribed order at space-like infinity. A perturbation argument is used to show the existence of solutions. It is valid when the order at which the solutions approach staticity is restricted to a certain range. Difficulties appear when trying to improve this result to show the existence of solutions that are asymptotically static at higher order. The problems arise from the lack of surjectivity of a certain operator. Some tensor decompositions in asymptotically flat manifolds exhibit some of the difficulties encountered above. The Helmholtz decomposition, which plays a role in the preparation of initial data for the Maxwell equations, is discussed as a model problem. A method to circumvent the difficulties that arise when fast decay rates are required is discussed. This is done in a way that opens the possibility to perform numerical computations. The insights from the analysis of the Helmholtz decomposition are applied to the York decomposition, which is related to that part of the quasilinear system which gives rise to the difficulties. For this decomposition analogous results are obtained. It turns out, however, that in this case the presence of symmetries of the underlying metric leads to certain complications. The question, whether the results obtained so far can be used again to show by a perturbation argument the existence of vacuum initial data which approach static solutions at infinity at any given order, thus remains open. The answer requires further analysis and perhaps new methods.
N2  - Corvino, Corvino und Schoen als auch Chruściel und Delay haben die Existenz einer grossen Klasse asymptotisch flacher Anfangsdaten für Einsteins Vakuumfeldgleichungen gezeigt, die in einer Umgebung des raumartig Unendlichen statisch oder stationär aber im Inneren der Anfangshyperfläche sehr allgemein sind. Der Beweis beruht zum Teil auf abstrakten, nicht konstruktiven Argumenten, die Schwierigkeiten bereiten, wenn derartige Daten numerisch berechnet werden sollen. In der Arbeit wird ein quasilineares elliptisches Gleichungssystem vorgestellt, von dem wir annehmen, dass es geeignet ist, asymptotisch flache Vakuumanfangsdaten zu berechnen, die zeitreflektionssymmetrisch sind und im raumartig Unendlichen in einer vorgeschriebenen Ordnung asymptotisch zu statischen Daten sind. Mit einem Störungsargument wird ein Existenzsatz bewiesen, der gilt, solange die Ordnung, in welcher die Lösungen asymptotisch statische Lösungen approximieren, in einem gewissen eingeschränkten Bereich liegt. Versucht man, den Gültigkeitsbereich des Satzes zu erweitern, treten Schwierigkeiten auf. Diese hängen damit zusammen, dass ein gewisser Operator nicht mehr surjektiv ist. In einigen Tensorzerlegungen auf asymptotisch flachen Räumen treten ähnliche Probleme auf, wie die oben erwähnten. Die Helmholtzzerlegung, die bei der Bereitstellung von Anfangsdaten für die Maxwellgleichungen eine Rolle spielt, wird als ein Modellfall diskutiert. Es wird eine Methode angegeben, die es erlaubt, die Schwierigkeiten zu umgehen, die auftreten, wenn ein schnelles Abfallverhalten des gesuchten Vektorfeldes im raumartig Unendlichen gefordert wird. Diese Methode gestattet es, solche Felder auch numerisch zu berechnen. Die Einsichten aus der Analyse der Helmholtzzerlegung werden dann auf die Yorkzerlegung angewandt, die in den Teil des quasilinearen Systems eingeht, der Anlass zu den genannten Schwierigkeiten gibt. Für diese Zerlegung ergeben sich analoge Resultate. Es treten allerdings Schwierigkeiten auf, wenn die zu Grunde liegende Metrik Symmetrien aufweist. Die Frage, ob die Ergebnisse, die soweit erhalten wurden, in einem Störungsargument verwendet werden können um die Existenz von Vakuumdaten zu zeigen, die im räumlich Unendlichen in jeder Ordnung statische Daten approximieren, bleibt daher offen. Die Antwort erfordert eine weitergehende Untersuchung und möglicherweise auch neue Methoden.
KW  - Einsteins Feldgleichungen
KW  - Zwangsgleichungen
KW  - Tensor-Zerlegungen
KW  - raumartige Unendliche
KW  - elliptisches Gleichungssystem
KW  - Einstein's field equations
KW  - constraint equations
KW  - tensor decompositions
KW  - space-like infinity
KW  - elliptic systems
Y1  - 2011
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-54046
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Omel'chenko, Oleh
A1  - Ocampo-Espindola, Jorge Luis
A1  - Kiss, István Z.
T1  - Asymmetry-induced isolated fully synchronized state in coupled oscillator populations
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - A symmetry-breaking mechanism is investigated that creates bistability between fully and partially synchronized states in oscillator networks. Two populations of oscillators with unimodal frequency distribution and different amplitudes, in the presence of weak global coupling, are shown to simplify to a modular network with asymmetrical coupling. With increasing the coupling strength, a synchronization transition is observed with an isolated fully synchronized state. The results are interpreted theoretically in the thermodynamic limit and confirmed in experiments with chemical oscillators.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.L022202
SN  - 2470-0045
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 104
IS  - 2
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Padash, Amin
A1  - Sandev, Trifce
A1  - Kantz, Holger
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei
T1  - Asymmetric Levy flights are more efficient in random search
JF  - Fractal and fractional
N2  - We study the first-arrival (first-hitting) dynamics and efficiency of a one-dimensional random search model performing asymmetric Levy flights by leveraging the Fokker-Planck equation with a delta-sink and an asymmetric space-fractional derivative operator with stable index alpha and asymmetry (skewness) parameter beta. 

We find exact analytical results for the probability density of first-arrival times and the search efficiency, and we analyse their behaviour within the limits of short and long times. 
We find that when the starting point of the searcher is to the right of the target, random search by Brownian motion is more efficient than Levy flights with beta <= 0 (with a rightward bias) for short initial distances, while for beta>0 (with a leftward bias) Levy flights with alpha -> 1 are more efficient. 

When increasing the initial distance of the searcher to the target, Levy flight search (except for alpha=1 with beta=0) is more efficient than the Brownian search. Moreover, the asymmetry in jumps leads to essentially higher efficiency of the Levy search compared to symmetric Levy flights at both short and long distances, and the effect is more pronounced for stable indices alpha close to unity.
KW  - asymmetric Levy flights
KW  - first-arrival density
KW  - search efficiency
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6050260
SN  - 2504-3110
VL  - 6
IS  - 5
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Förste, Stefanie
T1  - Assemblierung von Proteinkomplexen in vitro und in vivo
T1  - Assembly of protein complexes in vitro and in vivo
N2  - Proteine sind an praktisch allen Prozessen in lebenden Zellen maßgeblich beteiligt. Auch in der Biotechnologie werden Proteine in vielfältiger Weise eingesetzt.
Ein Protein besteht aus einer Kette von Aminosäuren. Häufig lagern sich mehrere dieser Ketten zu größeren Strukturen und Funktionseinheiten, sogenannten Proteinkomplexen,
zusammen. Kürzlich wurde gezeigt, dass eine Proteinkomplexbildung bereits während der Biosynthese der Proteine (co-translational) stattfinden kann
und nicht stets erst danach (post-translational) erfolgt. Da Fehlassemblierungen von Proteinen zu Funktionsverlusten und adversen Effekten führen, ist eine präzise und verlässliche Proteinkomplexbildung sowohl für zelluläre Prozesse als auch für biotechnologische Anwendungen essenziell. Mit experimentellen Methoden lassen sich zwar u.a. die Stöchiometrie und die Struktur von Proteinkomplexen bestimmen,
jedoch bisher nicht die Dynamik der Komplexbildung auf unterschiedlichen Zeitskalen. Daher sind grundlegende Mechanismen der Proteinkomplexbildung noch nicht vollständig verstanden. Die hier vorgestellte, auf experimentellen Erkenntnissen aufbauende, computergestützte Modellierung der Proteinkomplexbildung erlaubt eine umfassende Analyse des Einflusses physikalisch-chemischer Parameter
auf den Assemblierungsprozess. Die Modelle bilden möglichst realistisch die experimentellen Systeme der Kooperationspartner (Bar-Ziv, Weizmann-Institut, Israel; Bukau und Kramer, Universität Heidelberg) ab, um damit die Assemblierung von Proteinkomplexen einerseits in einem quasi-zweidimensionalen synthetischen Expressionssystem (in vitro) und andererseits im Bakterium Escherichia coli (in vivo) untersuchen zu können. Mit Hilfe eines vereinfachten Expressionssystems, in dem die Proteine nur an die Chip-Oberfläche, aber nicht aneinander binden können, wird das theoretische Modell parametrisiert. In diesem vereinfachten in-vitro-System durchläuft die Effizienz der Komplexbildung drei Regime – ein bindedominiertes Regime, ein Mischregime und ein produktionsdominiertes Regime. Ihr Maximum erreicht die Effizienz dabei kurz nach dem Übergang vom bindedominierten ins Mischregime und fällt anschließend monoton ab. Sowohl im nicht-vereinfachten in-vitro- als auch im in-vivo-System koexistieren je zwei konkurrierende Assemblierungspfade: Im in-vitro-System erfolgt die Komplexbildung entweder spontan in wässriger Lösung (Lösungsassemblierung) oder aber in einer definierten Schrittfolge an der Chip-Oberfläche (Oberflächenassemblierung); Im in-vivo-System konkurrieren hingegen die co- und die post-translationale Komplexbildung. Es zeigt sich, dass die Dominanz der Assemblierungspfade im in-vitro-System zeitabhängig ist und u.a. durch die Limitierung und Stärke der Bindestellen auf der Chip-Oberfläche beeinflusst werden kann. Im in-vivo-System hat der räumliche Abstand zwischen den Syntheseorten der beiden Proteinkomponenten nur dann einen Einfluss auf die Komplexbildung, wenn die Untereinheiten schnell degradieren. In diesem Fall dominiert die co-translationale Assemblierung auch auf kurzen Zeitskalen deutlich, wohingegen es bei stabilen Untereinheiten zu einem Wechsel von der Dominanz der post- hin zu einer geringen Dominanz der co-translationalen Assemblierung kommt. Mit den in-silico-Modellen lässt sich neben der Dynamik u.a. auch die Lokalisierung der Komplexbildung und -bindung darstellen, was einen Vergleich der theoretischen Vorhersagen mit experimentellen Daten und somit eine Validierung der Modelle ermöglicht. Der hier präsentierte in-silico Ansatz ergänzt die experimentellen Methoden, und erlaubt so, deren Ergebnisse zu interpretieren und neue Erkenntnisse davon abzuleiten.
KW  - Assemblierung
KW  - Proteine
KW  - Multiproteinkomplexbildung
KW  - co-translationale Assemblierung
KW  - post-translationale Assemblierung
KW  - Lösung
KW  - Oberfläche
KW  - Lösungsassemblierung
KW  - Oberflächenassemblierung
KW  - co-translational
KW  - post-translational
KW  - assembly
KW  - proteins
KW  - multi protein complex formation
Y1  - 2022
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-550742
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stolterfoht, Martin
A1  - Wolff, Christian Michael
A1  - Amir, Yohai
A1  - Paulke, Andreas
A1  - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena
A1  - Caprioglio, Pietro
A1  - Neher, Dieter
T1  - Approaching the fill factor Shockley-Queisser limit in stable, dopant-free triple cation perovskite solar cells
JF  - Energy & Environmental Science
N2  - Perovskite solar cells now compete with their inorganic counterparts in terms of power conversion efficiency, not least because of their small open-circuit voltage (V-OC) losses. A key to surpass traditional thin-film solar cells is the fill factor (FF). Therefore, more insights into the physical mechanisms that define the bias dependence of the photocurrent are urgently required. In this work, we studied charge extraction and recombination in efficient triple cation perovskite solar cells with undoped organic electron/hole transport layers (ETL/HTL). Using integral time of flight we identify the transit time through the HTL as the key figure of merit for maximizing the fill factor (FF) and efficiency. Complementarily, intensity dependent photocurrent and V-OC measurements elucidate the role of the HTL on the bias dependence of non-radiative and transport-related loss channels. We show that charge transport losses can be completely avoided under certain conditions, yielding devices with FFs of up to 84%. Optimized cells exhibit power conversion efficiencies of above 20% for 6 mm(2) sized pixels and 18.9% for a device area of 1 cm(2). These are record efficiencies for hybrid perovskite devices with dopant-free transport layers, highlighting the potential of this device technology to avoid charge-transport limitations and to approach the Shockley-Queisser limit.
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ee00899f
SN  - 1754-5692
SN  - 1754-5706
VL  - 10
SP  - 1530
EP  - 1539
PB  - Royal Society of Chemistry
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Matuschek, Hannes
T1  - Applications of reproducing Kernel Hilbert spaces and their approximations
Y1  - 2015
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kubas, Daniel
T1  - Applications of Galactic Microlensing
T1  - Anwendungen des Galaktischen Mikrolinseneffektes
N2  - Subject of this work is the study of applications of the Galactic Microlensing effect, where the light of a distant star (source) is bend according to Einstein's theory of gravity by the gravitational field of intervening compact mass objects (lenses), creating multiple (however not resolvable) images of the source. Relative motion of source, observer and lens leads to a variation of deflection/magnification and thus to a time dependant observable brightness change (lightcurve), a so-called microlensing event, lasting weeks to months.  The focus lies on the modeling of binary-lens events, which provide a unique tool to fully characterize the lens-source system and to detect extra-solar planets around the lens star. Making use of the ability of genetic algorithms to efficiently explore large and intricate parameter spaces in the quest for the global best solution, a modeling software (Tango) for binary lenses is developed, presented and applied to data sets from the PLANET microlensing campaign. For the event OGLE-2002-BLG-069 the 2nd ever lens mass measurement has been achieved, leading to a scenario, where a G5III Bulge giant at 9.4 kpc is lensed by an M-dwarf binary with total mass of M=0.51 solar masses at distance 2.9 kpc. Furthermore a method is presented to use the absence of planetary lightcurve signatures to constrain the abundance of extra-solar planets.
N2  - Thema der Arbeit ist das Studium von Anwendungen des Galaktischen Mikrolinseneffektes bei dem das Licht eines entfernten Sternes (Quelle) nach Einstein's Theorie der Gravitation im Schwerefeld eines sich hinreichend nahe der Sichlinie zur Quelle befindlichen massereichen kompakten Objektes (Linse) abgelenkt wird und Mehrfachbilder der Quelle erzeugt werden (welche jedoch nicht aufgelöst werden können). Die Relativbewegung von Quelle, Beobachter und Linse führt zur einer Änderung der Ablenk-und Verstärkungswirkung und somit zu einer beobachtbaren Helligkeitsänderung der Quelle (Lichtkurve), einem sogenannten Mikrolinsenereignis, welches Wochen bis Monate andauert.  Der Schwerpunkt liegt in der Modelierung von Doppellinsen-Ereignissen, welche die einzigartige Möglichkeit bieten das Linsen-Quelle System vollständig zu charakterisieren und extra-solare Planeten um den Linsenstern zu detektieren. Unter Verwendung der Eigenschaft genetischer Algorithmen hoch-dimensionale und komplizierte Parameterräume effizient nach dem besten globalen Model zu durchsuchen, wird eine Modelier-Software (Tango) entwickelt, präsentiert und auf Daten der PLANET Mikrolinsen Beobachtungskampagne angewandt. Dabei konnte für das Ereignis OGLE-2002-BLG-069 zum zweitenmal überhaupt die Linsenmasse bestimmt werden, in einem Szenario bei dem ein G5III Bulge Riese, 9.4 kpc entfernt, von einem M-Zwerg Binärsystem mit einer Gesamtmasse von M=0.51 Sonnenmassen in einer Entfernung von 2.9 kpc gelinst wird. Darüberhinaus wird ein Verfahren vorgestellt mit dem man die Abwesenheit planetarer Lichtkurvensignaturen nutzen kann, um Aussagen über die Häufigkeit extrasolarer Planeten zu treffen.
KW  - Planeten
KW  - Gravitation
KW  - Milchstrasse
KW  - Genetik
KW  - Gravitationslinsen
KW  - Mikrolinsen
KW  - OGLE
KW  - PLANET
KW  - Optimierung
KW  - microlensing
KW  - planet
KW  - OGLE
KW  - gravity
KW  - genetics
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5179
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Gámez López, Antonio Juan
T1  - Application of nonlinear dimensionality reduction to climate data for prediction
T1  - Anwendung nichtlinearer Dimensionsreduktion auf Klimadaten zur Vorhersage
N2  - This Thesis was devoted to the study of the coupled system composed by El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the Annual Cycle. More precisely, the work was focused on two main problems: 1. How to separate both oscillations into an affordable model for understanding the behaviour of the whole system. 2. How to model the system in order to achieve a better understanding of the interaction, as well as to predict future states of the system. We focused our efforts in the Sea Surface Temperature equations, considering that atmospheric effects were secondary to the ocean dynamics. The results found may be summarised as follows: 1. Linear methods are not suitable for characterising the dimensionality of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Therefore they do not help to separate the oscillations by themselves. Instead, nonlinear methods of dimensionality reduction are proven to be better in defining a lower limit for the dimensionality of the system as well as in explaining the statistical results in a more physical way [1]. In particular, Isomap, a nonlinear modification of Multidimensional Scaling methods, provides a physically appealing method of decomposing the data, as it substitutes the euclidean distances in the manifold by an approximation of the geodesic distances. We expect that this method could be successfully applied to other oscillatory extended systems and, in particular, to meteorological systems. 2. A three dimensional dynamical system could be modeled, using a backfitting algorithm, for describing the dynamics of the sea surface temperature in the tropical Pacific Ocean. We observed that, although there were few data points available, we could predict future behaviours of the coupled ENSO-Annual Cycle system with an accuracy of less than six months, although the constructed system presented several drawbacks: few data points to input in the backfitting algorithm, untrained model, lack of forcing with external data and simplification using a close system. Anyway, ensemble prediction techniques showed that the prediction skills of the three dimensional time series were as good as those found in much more complex models. This suggests that the climatological system in the tropics is mainly explained by ocean dynamics, while the atmosphere plays a secondary role in the physics of the process. Relevant predictions for short lead times can be made using a low dimensional system, despite its simplicity. The analysis of the SST data suggests that nonlinear interaction between the oscillations is small, and that noise plays a secondary role in the fundamental dynamics of the oscillations [2]. A global view of the work shows a general procedure to face modeling of climatological systems. First, we should find a suitable method of either linear or nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Then, low dimensional time series could be extracted out of the method applied. Finally, a low dimensional model could be found using a backfitting algorithm in order to predict future states of the system.
N2  - Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es das Verhalten der Temperatur des Meers im tropischen Pazifischen Ozean vorherzusagen. In diesem Gebiet der Welt finden zwei wichtige Phänomene gleichzeitig statt: der jährliche Zyklus und El Niño. Der jährliche Zyklus kann als Oszillation physikalischer Variablen (z.B. Temperatur, Windgeschwindigkeit, Höhe des Meeresspiegels), welche eine Periode von einem Jahr zeigen, definiert werden. Das bedeutet, dass das Verhalten des Meers und der Atmosphäre alle zwölf Monate ähnlich sind (alle Sommer sind ähnlicher jedes Jahr als Sommer und Winter des selben Jahres). El Niño ist eine irreguläre Oszillation weil sie abwechselnd hohe und tiefe Werte erreicht, aber nicht zu einer festen Zeit, wie der jährliche Zyklus. Stattdessen, kann el Niño in einem Jahr hohe Werte erreichen und dann vier, fünf oder gar sieben Jahre benötigen, um wieder aufzutreten. Es ist dabei zu beachten, dass zwei Phänomene, die im selben Raum stattfinden, sich gegenseitig beeinflussen. Dennoch weiß man sehr wenig darüber, wie genau el Niño den jährlichen Zyklus beeinflusst, und umgekehrt. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, erstens, sich auf die Temperatur des Meers zu fokussieren, um das gesamte System zu analysieren; zweitens, alle Temperaturzeitreihen im tropischen Pazifischen Ozean auf die geringst mögliche Anzahl zu reduzieren, um das System einerseits zu vereinfachen, ohne aber andererseits wesentliche Information zu verlieren. Dieses Vorgehen ähnelt der Analyse einer langen schwingenden Feder, die sich leicht um die Ruhelage bewegt. Obwohl die Feder lang ist, können wir näherungsweise die ganze Feder zeichnen wenn wir die höchsten Punkte zur einen bestimmten Zeitpunkt kennen. Daher, brauchen wir nur einige Punkte der Feder um ihren Zustand zu charakterisieren. Das Hauptproblem in unserem Fall ist die Mindestanzahl von Punkten zu finden, die ausreicht, um beide Phänomene zu beschreiben. Man hat gefunden, dass diese Anzahl drei ist. Nach diesem Teil, war das Ziel vorherzusagen, wie die Temperaturen sich in der Zeit entwickeln werden, wenn man die aktuellen und vergangenen Temperaturen kennt. Man hat beobachtet, dass eine genaue Vorhersage bis zu sechs oder weniger Monate gemacht werden kann, und dass die Temperatur für ein Jahr nicht vorhersagbar ist. Ein wichtiges Resultat ist, dass die Vorhersagen auf kurzen Zeitskalen genauso gut sind, wie die Vorhersagen, welche andere Autoren mit deutlich komplizierteren Methoden erhalten haben. Deswegen ist meine Aussage, dass das gesamte System von jährlichem Zyklus und El Niño mittels einfacherer Methoden als der heute angewandten vorhergesagt werden kann.
KW  - Nichtlineare Dynamik
KW  - El Niño Phänomen
KW  - Prognose
KW  - nonlinear dynamics
KW  - El Niño
KW  - prediction
Y1  - 2006
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-10956
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Doerries, Timo J.
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei V.
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Apparent anomalous diffusion and non-Gaussian distributions in a simple mobile-immobile transport model with Poissonian switching
JF  - Interface : journal of the Royal Society
N2  - We analyse mobile-immobile transport of particles that switch between the mobile and immobile phases with finite rates. Despite this seemingly simple assumption of Poissonian switching, we unveil a rich transport dynamics including significant transient anomalous diffusion and non-Gaussian displacement distributions. Our discussion is based on experimental parameters for tau proteins in neuronal cells, but the results obtained here are expected to be of relevance for a broad class of processes in complex systems. Specifically, we obtain that, when the mean binding time is significantly longer than the mean mobile time, transient anomalous diffusion is observed at short and intermediate time scales, with a strong dependence on the fraction of initially mobile and immobile particles. We unveil a Laplace distribution of particle displacements at relevant intermediate time scales. For any initial fraction of mobile particles, the respective mean squared displacement (MSD) displays a plateau. Moreover, we demonstrate a short-time cubic time dependence of the MSD for immobile tracers when initially all particles are immobile.
KW  - diffusion
KW  - mobile-immobile model
KW  - tau proteins
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2022.0233
SN  - 1742-5689
SN  - 1742-5662
VL  - 19
IS  - 192
PB  - Royal Society
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Helms, Andreas
T1  - Anwendung des Mikrogravitationslinseneffekts zur Untersuchung astronomischer Objekte
N2  - Die Untersuchung mikrogelinster astronomischer Objekte ermöglicht es, Informationen über die Größe und Struktur dieser Objekte zu erhalten. Im ersten Teil dieser Arbeit werden die Spektren von drei gelinsten Quasare, die mit dem Potsdamer Multi Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS) erhalten wurden, auf Anzeichen für Mikrolensing untersucht. In den Spektren des Vierfachquasares HE 0435-1223 und des Doppelquasares HE 0047-1756 konnten Hinweise für Mikrolensing gefunden werden, während der Doppelquasar UM 673 (Q 0142--100) keine Anzeichen für Mikrolensing zeigt. Die Invertierung der Lichtkurve eines Mikrolensing-Kausik-Crossing-Ereignisses ermöglicht es, das eindimensionale Helligkeitsprofil der gelinsten Quelle zu rekonstruieren. Dies wird im zweiten Teil dieser Arbeit untersucht. Die mathematische Beschreibung dieser Aufgabe führt zu einer Volterra'schen Integralgleichung der ersten Art, deren Lösung ein schlecht gestelltes Problem ist. Zu ihrer Lösung wird in dieser Arbeit ein lokales Regularisierungsverfahren angewendet, das an die kausale Strukture der Volterra'schen Gleichung besser angepasst ist als die bisher verwendete Tikhonov-Phillips-Regularisierung. Es zeigt sich, dass mit dieser Methode eine bessere Rekonstruktion kleinerer Strukturen in der Quelle möglich ist. Weiterhin wird die Anwendbarkeit der Regularisierungsmethode auf realistische Lichtkurven mit irregulärem Sampling bzw. größeren Lücken in den Datenpunkten untersucht.
N2  - The study of microlensed astronomical objects can reveal information about the size and the structure of these objects. In the first part of this thesis we analyze the spectra of three lensed quasars obtained with the Potsdam Multi Aperture Spectrophotometer (PMAS). The spectra of the quadrupole quasar HE 0435--1223 and the double quasar HE 0047--1756 show evidence for microlensing whereas in the double quasar UM 673 (Q 0142--100) no evidence for microlensing could be found. By inverting the lightcurve of a microlensing caustic crossing event the one dimensional luminosity profile of the lensed source can be reconstructed. This is investigated in the second part of this thesis.The mathematical formulation of this problem leads to a Volterra integral equation of the first kind, whose solution is an ill-posed problem. For the solution we use a local regularization method which is better adapted to the causal structure of the Volterra integral equation compared to the so far used Tikhonov-Phillips regularization. Furthermore we show that this method is more robust on reconstructing small structures in the source profile. We also study the influence of irregular sampled data and gaps in the lightcurve on the result of the inversion.
T2  - Anwendung des Mikrogravitationslinseneffekts zur Untersuchung astronomischer Objekte
KW  - Gravitationslinseneffekt
KW  - Mikrolensing
KW  - Quasar
KW  - Regularisierung
KW  - Schlecht gestelltes Problem
KW  - gravitational lensing
KW  - microlensing
KW  - quasar
KW  - regularization
KW  - ill-posed problem
Y1  - 2004
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001532
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rüdiger, Günther
A1  - Küker, Manfred
A1  - Kapyla, P. J.
A1  - Strassmeier, Klaus G.
T1  - Antisolar differential rotation of slowly rotating cool stars
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Rotating stellar convection transports angular momentum towards the equator, generating the characteristic equatorial acceleration of the solar rotation while the radial flux of angular momentum is always inwards. New numerical box simulations for the meridional cross-correlation < u(theta)u(phi)>, however, reveal the angular momentum transport towards the poles for slow rotation and towards the equator for fast rotation. The explanation is that for slow rotation a negative radial gradient of the angular velocity always appears, which in combination with a so-far neglected rotation-induced off-diagonal eddy viscosity term nu(perpendicular to) provides "antisolar rotation" laws with a decelerated equator Similarly, the simulations provided positive values for the rotation-induced correlation < u(r)u(theta)>, which is relevant for the resulting latitudinal temperature profiles (cool or warm poles) for slow rotation and negative values for fast rotation. Observations of the differential rotation of slowly rotating stars will therefore lead to a better understanding of the actual stress-strain relation, the heat transport, and the underlying model of the rotating convection.
KW  - stars: solar-type
KW  - convection
KW  - stars: rotation
KW  - turbulence
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935280
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 630
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Pranav, Manasi
A1  - Hultzsch, Thomas
A1  - Musiienko, Artem
A1  - Sun, Bowen
A1  - Shukla, Atul
A1  - Jaiser, Frank
A1  - Shoaee, Safa
A1  - Neher, Dieter
T1  - Anticorrelated photoluminescence and free charge generation proves field-assisted exciton dissociation in low-offset PM6:Y5 organic solar cells
JF  - APL materials : high impact open access journal in functional materials science
N2  - Understanding the origin of inefficient photocurrent generation in organic solar cells with low energy offset remains key to realizing high-performance donor-acceptor systems. Here, we probe the origin of field-dependent free-charge generation and photoluminescence in wnon-fullereneacceptor (NFA)-based organic solar cells using the polymer PM6 and the NFA Y5-a non-halogenated sibling to Y6, with a smaller energetic offset to PM6. By performing time-delayed collection field (TDCF) measurements on a variety of samples with different electron transport layers and active layer thickness, we show that the fill factor and photocurrent are limited by field-dependent free charge generation in the bulk of the blend. We also introduce a new method of TDCF called m-TDCF to prove the absence of artifacts from non-geminate recombination of photogenerated and dark charge carriers near the electrodes. We then correlate free charge generation with steady-state photoluminescence intensity and find perfect anticorrelation between these two properties. Through this, we conclude that photocurrent generation in this low-offset system is entirely controlled by the field-dependent dissociation of local excitons into charge-transfer states. (c) 2023 Author(s).
Y1  - 2023
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0151580
SN  - 2166-532X
VL  - 11
IS  - 6
PB  - AIP Publishing
CY  - Melville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Reese, Ronja
A1  - Albrecht, Torsten
A1  - Mengel, Matthias
A1  - Asay-Davis, Xylar
A1  - Winkelmann, Ricarda
T1  - Antarctic sub-shelf melt rates via PICO
JF  - The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union
N2  - Ocean-induced melting below ice shelves is one of the dominant drivers for mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet at present. An appropriate representation of sub-shelf melt rates is therefore essential for model simulations of marine-based ice sheet evolution. Continental-scale ice sheet models often rely on simple melt-parameterizations, in particular for long-term simulations, when fully coupled ice-ocean interaction becomes computationally too expensive. Such parameterizations can account for the influence of the local depth of the ice-shelf draft or its slope on melting. However, they do not capture the effect of ocean circulation underneath the ice shelf. Here we present the Potsdam Ice-shelf Cavity mOdel (PICO), which simulates the vertical overturning circulation in ice-shelf cavities and thus enables the computation of sub-shelf melt rates consistent with this circulation. PICO is based on an ocean box model that coarsely resolves ice shelf cavities and uses a boundary layer melt formulation. We implement it as a module of the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) and evaluate its performance under present-day conditions of the Southern Ocean. We identify a set of parameters that yield two-dimensional melt rate fields that qualitatively reproduce the typical pattern of comparably high melting near the grounding line and lower melting or refreezing towards the calving front. PICO captures the wide range of melt rates observed for Antarctic ice shelves, with an average of about 0.1 ma(-1) for cold sub-shelf cavities, for example, underneath Ross or Ronne ice shelves, to 16 ma(-1) for warm cavities such as in the Amundsen Sea region. This makes PICO a computationally feasible and more physical alternative to melt parameterizations purely based on ice draft geometry.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-12-1969-2018
SN  - 1994-0416
SN  - 1994-0424
VL  - 12
IS  - 6
SP  - 1969
EP  - 1985
PB  - Copernicus
CY  - Göttingen
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Dörries, Timo Julian
T1  - Anomalous transport and non-Gaussian dynamics in mobile-immobile models
N2  - The mobile-immobile model (MIM) has been established in geoscience in the context of contaminant transport in groundwater. Here the tracer particles effectively immobilise, e.g., due to diffusion into dead-end pores or sorption. The main idea of the MIM is to split the total particle density into a mobile and an immobile density. Individual tracers switch between the mobile and immobile state following a two-state telegraph process, i.e., the residence times in each state are distributed exponentially. In geoscience the focus lies on the breakthrough curve (BTC), which is the concentration at a fixed location over time.  We apply the MIM to biological experiments with a special focus on anomalous scaling regimes of the  mean squared displacement (MSD) and non-Gaussian displacement distributions. As an exemplary system, we have analysed the motion of tau proteins, that diffuse freely inside axons of neurons. Their free diffusion thereby corresponds to the mobile state of the MIM. Tau proteins stochastically bind to microtubules, which effectively immobilises the tau proteins until they unbind and continue diffusing. Long immobilisation durations compared to the mobile durations give rise to distinct non-Gaussian Laplace shaped distributions. It is  accompanied by a plateau in the MSD for initially mobile tracer particles at relevant intermediate timescales. An equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers gives rise to non-Gaussian displacements at intermediate timescales, while the MSD remains linear at all times. In another setting  bio molecules diffuse in a biosensor and transiently bind to specific receptors, where advection becomes relevant in the mobile state. The plateau in the MSD observed for the advection-free setting and long immobilisation durations persists also for the case with advection. We find a new clear regime of anomalous diffusion with non-Gaussian distributions and a cubic scaling of the MSD. This regime emerges for initially mobile and for initially immobile tracers. For an equilibrium fraction of initially mobile tracers we observe an intermittent ballistic scaling of the MSD.  The long-time effective diffusion coefficient is enhanced by advection, which we physically explain with the variance of mobile durations.  Finally, we generalize the MIM to incorporate arbitrary immobilisation time distributions and focus on a Mittag-Leffler immobilisation time distribution with power-law tail ~ t^(-1-mu)  with 0<mu<1 and diverging mean immobilisation durations.  A fit of our model to the BTC of experimental data from tracer particles in aquifers matches the BTC including the power-law tail.  We use the fit parameters for plotting the displacement distributions and the MSD. We find Gaussian normal diffusion at short times and long-time power-law decay of mobile mass accompanied by anomalous diffusion at long times.  The long-time diffusion is subdiffusive in the advection-free setting, while it is either subdiffusive for 0<mu<1/2 or superdiffusive for 1/2<mu<1 when advection is present. In the long-time limit we show equivalence of our model to a bi-fractional diffusion equation.
N2  - In den Geowissenschaften wurde das 	"mobile-immobile model" (MIM) entwickelt, um den Transport von Verunreinigungen in Grundwässern zu beschreiben. Diese Verunreinigungen können in Sackgassenporen diffundieren oder an Oberflächen adsorbieren. Dabei bewegen sich die Verunreinigungen effektiv nicht. Der Grundgedanke des MIMs besteht darin, die Dichte der Verunreinigungen in eine Dichte aus mobilen Partikeln und eine Dichte aus immobilen Partikeln aufzuteilen. Jedes einzelne Teilchen der  Verunreinigung wechselt dabei zwischen dem mobilen Zustand, wo es diffundiert und sich durch Advektion bewegt und dem immobilen Zustand, wo es sich nicht bewegt. Je nach Zustand wird die Verunreinigung der mobilen oder der immobilen Dichte zugerechnet. Die Aufenthaltsdauern im mobilen und immobilen Zustand folgen jeweils einer Exponentialverteilung. Dies bedeutet, dass der Wechsel zwischen mobilen und immobilen Zustand durch einen Telegrafenprozess beschrieben werden kann. In den Geowissenschaften liegt der Fokus auf der "breakthrough curve" (BTC), was die Konzentrationskurve an einem festen Ort definiert. Der Grundgedanke dieser Arbeit besteht nun darin, das MIM auf biologische Systeme zu übertragen, wo beispielsweise Proteine zwischen einem diffusiven und einem immobilen Zustand wechseln. Dabei fokussieren wir uns auf Messgrößen, die üblicherweise in Experimenten mit einzelnen Molekülen oder Proteinen gemessen werden. Typische Messgrößen stellen die mittlere quadratische Verschiebung (MSD) und die Verschiebungsdichte dar, wobei wir besonderen Fokus auf nicht-lineare MSDs und nicht-Gaußsche Verteilungen legen. Als tragendes Beispiel für MIM in biologischen Systemen identifizieren wir Tau Proteine, welche in Nervenzellen diffundieren und für eine zufällige Dauer an Mikrotubuli binden, wobei sie effektiv unbeweglich werden. In der eindimensionalen Beschreibung des Systems sind die mittleren Bindungsdauern wesentlich länger als die durchschnittlichen Diffusionsdauern. Dadurch entsteht eine exponentielle Ortswahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung begleitet von einem Plateau im MSD auf mittleren Zeitskalen, wenn die Proteine zu Beginn alle mobil sind. Für eine Gleichgewichtsverteilung an mobilen Proteinen zu Beginn ist das MSD linear, wobei die Verteilung einer skalierten Laplaceverteilung entspricht. In anderen Systemen, wie beispielsweise biologischen Molekülen in Biosensoren, spielt Advektion eine wichtige Rolle. Das Plateau, welches wir im MSD für lange mittlere Immobilisierungsdauern finden, besteht auch mit Advektion. Zusätzlich finden wir ein neues Regime mit einem anomalen Skalierungsverhalten des MSDs. Dabei wächst das MSD kubisch unabhängig von der mittleren Immobilisierungsdauer, sofern die Advektionsgeschwindigkeit hinreichend groß ist. Für eine Gleichgewichtsverteilung an mobilen Molekülen finden wir ein ballistisches Regime im MSD. Das Langzeitverhalten vom MSD ist linear, wobei der effektive Diffusionskoeffizient durch Advektion verstärkt wird. Dieser Effekt ist in der Literatur bekannt. Wir bieten hier aber eine physikalische Erklärung über eine Kopplung der Advektion mit der Varianz der gesamten Aufenthaltsdauer im mobilen Zustand.  Abschließend erweitern wir das MIM, indem wir über exponentiell verteilte Immobilisierungsdauern hinausgehen und beliebige Verteilungen zulassen.  Das entsprechende Modell nennen wir extended MIM (EMIM).  Besonderen Fokus legen wir dabei auf eine Mittag-Leffler Verteilung, die sich  durch ein Potenzgesetz ~t^(-1-mu) mit 0<mu<1 für lange Immobilisierungsdauern auszeichnet. Solche Verteilungen werden in Experimenten gemessen. Das Potenzgesetz hat zur Folge, dass der Mittelwert divergiert.  Wir fitten EMIM zu einer BTC aus einem Experiment, in dem die Konzentration von fluoreszenter Farbe nach Durchlauf eines Grundwasserleiters gemessen wird.  Das gemessene Potenzgesetz der BTC kann durch MIM erklärt werden. Wir verwenden die erhaltenen Fitparameter, um das MSD und die Dichten darzustellen. Dabei finden wir ein lineares MSD mit Gaußscher Verteilung zu Beginn und eine nicht-Gaußsche Verteilung im Langzeitverhalten. Im Allgemeinen ist das MSD von EMIM mit der Mittag-Leffler Verteilung subdiffusiv im advektionsfreien Fall. Mit vorhandener Advektion finden wir Subdiffusion für 0<mu<1/2 und Superdiffusion für 1/2<mu<1. Im Langzeitlimes konvergiert EMIM zu einer bifraktionelen Diffusiongleichung.
KW  - anomalous diffusion
KW  - tau proteins
KW  - contaminant transport
KW  - mobile-immobile model (MIM)
KW  - anomale Diffusion
KW  - Schadstofftransport
KW  - mobile-immobile model (MIM)
KW  - Tau-Protein
Y1  - 2024
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-634959
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
A1  - Safdari, Hadiseh
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Anomalous diffusion, nonergodicity, and ageing for exponentially and logarithmically time-dependent diffusivity
BT  - striking differences for massive versus massless particles
JF  - Journal of physics. D, Applied physics
N2  - We investigate a diffusion process with a time-dependent diffusion coefficient, both exponentially increasing and decreasing in time, D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t). For this (hypothetical) nonstationary diffusion process we compute-both analytically and from extensive stochastic simulations-the behavior of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean-squared displacements (MSDs) of the particles, both in the over- and underdamped limits. Simple asymptotic relations derived for the short- and long-time behaviors are shown to be in excellent agreement with the results of simulations. The diffusive characteristics in the presence of ageing are also considered, with dramatic differences of the over- versus underdamped regime. Our results for D(t)=D-0(e +/- 2 alpha t) extend and generalize the class of diffusive systems obeying scaled Brownian motion featuring a power-law-like variation of the diffusivity with time, D(t) similar to t(alpha-1). We also examine the logarithmically increasing diffusivity, D(t)=D(0)log[t/tau(0)], as another fundamental functional dependence (in addition to the power-law and exponential) and as an example of diffusivity slowly varying in time. One of the main conclusions is that the behavior of the massive particles is predominantly ergodic, while weak ergodicity breaking is repeatedly found for the time-dependent diffusion of the massless particles at short times. The latter manifests itself in the nonequivalence of the (both nonaged and aged) MSD and the mean time-averaged MSD. The current findings are potentially applicable to a class of physical systems out of thermal equilibrium where a rapid increase or decrease of the particles' diffusivity is inherently realized. One biological system potentially featuring all three types of time-dependent diffusion (power-law-like, exponential, and logarithmic) is water diffusion in the brain tissues, as we thoroughly discuss in the end.
KW  - anomalous diffusion
KW  - scaled Brownian motion
KW  - stochastic processes
KW  - nonstationary diffusivity
KW  - water diffusion in the brain
KW  - nonergodicity
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/abdff0
SN  - 0022-3727
SN  - 1361-6463
VL  - 54
IS  - 19
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Wei
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
A1  - Cherstvy, Andrey G.
T1  - Anomalous diffusion, aging, and nonergodicity of scaled Brownian motion with fractional Gaussian noise: overview of related experimental observations and models
JF  - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : PCCP ; a journal of European chemical societies
N2  - How does a systematic time-dependence of the diffusion coefficient D(t) affect the ergodic and statistical characteristics of fractional Brownian motion (FBM)? Here, we answer this question via studying the characteristics of a set of standard statistical quantifiers relevant to single-particle-tracking (SPT) experiments. We examine, for instance, how the behavior of the ensemble- and time-averaged mean-squared displacements-denoted as the standard MSD < x(2)(Delta)> and TAMSD <<(delta(2)(Delta))over bar>> quantifiers-of FBM featuring < x(2) (Delta >> = <<(delta(2)(Delta >)over bar>> proportional to Delta(2H) (where H is the Hurst exponent and Delta is the [lag] time) changes in the presence of a power-law deterministically varying diffusivity D-proportional to(t) proportional to t(alpha-1) -germane to the process of scaled Brownian motion (SBM)-determining the strength of fractional Gaussian noise. The resulting compound "scaled-fractional" Brownian motion or FBM-SBM is found to be nonergodic, with < x(2)(Delta >> proportional to Delta(alpha+)(2H)(-1) and <(delta 2(Delta >) over bar > proportional to Delta(2H). We also detect a stalling behavior of the MSDs for very subdiffusive SBM and FBM, when alpha + 2H - 1 < 0. The distribution of particle displacements for FBM-SBM remains Gaussian, as that for the parent processes of FBM and SBM, in the entire region of scaling exponents (0 < alpha < 2 and 0 < H < 1). The FBM-SBM process is aging in a manner similar to SBM. The velocity autocorrelation function (ACF) of particle increments of FBM-SBM exhibits a dip when the parent FBM process is subdiffusive. Both for sub- and superdiffusive FBM contributions to the FBM-SBM process, the SBM exponent affects the long-time decay exponent of the ACF. Applications of the FBM-SBM-amalgamated process to the analysis of SPT data are discussed. A comparative tabulated overview of recent experimental (mainly SPT) and computational datasets amenable for interpretation in terms of FBM-, SBM-, and FBM-SBM-like models of diffusion culminates the presentation. The statistical aspects of the dynamics of a wide range of biological systems is compared in the table, from nanosized beads in living cells, to chromosomal loci, to water diffusion in the brain, and, finally, to patterns of animal movements.
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp01741e
SN  - 1463-9076
SN  - 1463-9084
VL  - 24
IS  - 31
SP  - 18482
EP  - 18504
PB  - RSC Publ.
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Metzler, Ralf
T1  - Anomalous Diffusion in Membranes and the Cytoplasm of Biological Cells
T2  - Biophysical journal
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.2577
SN  - 0006-3495
SN  - 1542-0086
VL  - 112
IS  - 3
SP  - 476A
EP  - 476A
PB  - Cell Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Dieterich, Peter
A1  - Lindemann, Otto
A1  - Moskopp, Mats Leif
A1  - Tauzin, Sebastien
A1  - Huttenlocher, Anna
A1  - Klages, Rainer
A1  - Chechkin, Aleksei V.
A1  - Schwab, Albrecht
T1  - Anomalous diffusion and asymmetric tempering memory in neutrophil chemotaxis
JF  - PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal
N2  - Neutrophil granulocytes are essential for the first host defense. After leaving the blood circulation they migrate efficiently towards sites of inflammation. They are guided by chemoattractants released from cells within the inflammatory foci. On a cellular level, directional migration is a consequence of cellular front-rear asymmetry which is induced by the concentration gradient of the chemoattractants. The generation and maintenance of this asymmetry, however, is not yet fully understood. Here we analyzed the paths of chemotacting neutrophils with different stochastic models to gain further insight into the underlying mechanisms. Wildtype chemotacting neutrophils show an anomalous superdiffusive behavior. CXCR2 blockade and TRPC6-knockout cause the tempering of temporal correlations and a reduction of chemotaxis. Importantly, such tempering is found both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicate that the maintenance of anomalous dynamics is crucial for chemotactic behavior and the search efficiency of neutrophils. 
The motility of neutrophils and their ability to sense and to react to chemoattractants in their environment are of central importance for the innate immunity. Neutrophils are guided towards sites of inflammation following the activation of G-protein coupled chemoattractant receptors such as CXCR2 whose signaling strongly depends on the activity of Ca2+ permeable TRPC6 channels. It is the aim of this study to analyze data sets obtained in vitro (murine neutrophils) and in vivo (zebrafish neutrophils) with a stochastic mathematical model to gain deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms. The model is based on the analysis of trajectories of individual neutrophils. Bayesian data analysis, including the covariances of positions for fractional Brownian motion as well as for exponentially and power-law tempered model variants, allows the estimation of parameters and model selection. Our model-based analysis reveals that wildtype neutrophils show pure superdiffusive fractional Brownian motion. This so-called anomalous dynamics is characterized by temporal long-range correlations for the movement into the direction of the chemotactic CXCL1 gradient. Pure superdiffusion is absent vertically to this gradient. This points to an asymmetric 'memory' of the migratory machinery, which is found both in vitro and in vivo. CXCR2 blockade and TRPC6-knockout cause tempering of temporal correlations in the chemotactic gradient. This can be interpreted as a progressive loss of memory, which leads to a marked reduction of chemotaxis and search efficiency of neutrophils. In summary, our findings indicate that spatially differential regulation of anomalous dynamics appears to play a central role in guiding efficient chemotactic behavior.
KW  - neutrophils
KW  - chemotaxis
KW  - autocorrelation
KW  - zebrafish
KW  - cell migration
KW  - covariance
KW  - brownian motion
KW  - stochastic processes
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010089
SN  - 1553-734X
SN  - 1553-7358
VL  - 18
IS  - 5
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Buschhüter, David
T1  - Anforderungsrelevante mathematik- und physikbezogene Leistungsdispositionen von Physikanfängerinnen und  - anfängern
BT  - Zeitlicher Wandel mathematischer und physikalischer Kentnisse und Fähigkeiten (1978/2013) und inkrementelle Validität von Physikbezogenen Leistungsdispositionen für Studienleistungen und Studienabbruch
Y1  - 2017
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stange, Maike
A1  - Hintsche, Marius
A1  - Sachse, Kirsten
A1  - Gerhardt, Matthias
A1  - Valleriani, Angelo
A1  - Beta, Carsten
T1  - Analyzing the spatial positioning of nuclei in polynuclear giant cells
JF  - Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
N2  - How cells establish and maintain a well-defined size is a fundamental question of cell biology. Here we investigated to what extent the microtubule cytoskeleton can set a predefined cell size, independent of an enclosing cell membrane. We used electropulse-induced cell fusion to form giant multinuclear cells of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum. Based on dual-color confocal imaging of cells that expressed fluorescent markers for the cell nucleus and the microtubules, we determined the subcellular distributions of nuclei and centrosomes in the giant cells. Our two- and three-dimensional imaging results showed that the positions of nuclei in giant cells do not fall onto a regular lattice. However, a comparison with model predictions for random positioning showed that the subcellular arrangement of nuclei maintains a low but still detectable degree of ordering. This can be explained by the steric requirements of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as confirmed by the effect of a microtubule degrading drug.
KW  - Dictyostelium
KW  - cell nucleus
KW  - positioning
KW  - imaging
KW  - spatial poisson distribution
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6463/aa8da0
SN  - 0022-3727
SN  - 1361-6463
VL  - 50
IS  - 46
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wang, Dedong
A1  - Shprits, Yuri Y.
A1  - Zhelayskaya, Irina S.
A1  - Agapitov, Oleksiy
A1  - Drozdov, Alexander
A1  - Aseev, Nikita
T1  - Analytical chorus wave model derived from van Allen Probe Observations
JF  - Journal of geophysical research : Space physics
N2  - Chorus waves play an important role in the dynamic evolution of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using more than 5 years of Van Allen Probe data, we developed a new analytical model for upper‐band chorus (UBC; 0.5fce < f < fce) and lower‐band chorus (LBC; 0.05fce < f < 0.5fce) waves, where fce is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency. By applying polynomial fits to chorus wave root mean square amplitudes, we developed regression models for LBC and UBC as a function of geomagnetic activity (Kp), L, magnetic latitude (λ), and magnetic local time (MLT). Dependence on Kp is separated from the dependence on λ, L, and MLT as Kp‐scaling law to simplify the calculation of diffusion coefficients and inclusion into particle tracing codes. Frequency models for UBC and LBC are also developed, which depends on MLT and magnetic latitude. This empirical model is valid in all MLTs, magnetic latitude up to 20°, Kp ≤ 6, L‐shell range from 3.5 to 6 for LBC and from 4 to 6 for UBC. The dependence of root mean square amplitudes on L are different for different bands, which implies different energy sources for different wave bands. This analytical chorus wave model is convenient for inclusion in quasi‐linear diffusion calculations of electron scattering rates and particle simulations in the inner magnetosphere, especially for the newly developed four‐dimensional codes, which require significantly improved wave parameterizations.
KW  - chorus waves
KW  - radiation belt electrons
KW  - ring current electrons
KW  - analytical model
KW  - wave-particle interactions
KW  - diffusion coefficients
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026183
SN  - 2169-9380
SN  - 2169-9402
VL  - 124
IS  - 2
SP  - 1063
EP  - 1084
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Munyaev, Vyacheslav
A1  - Smirnov, Lev A.
A1  - Kostin, Vasily
A1  - Osipov, Grigory V.
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
T1  - Analytical approach to synchronous states of globally coupled noisy rotators
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1188 
KW  - coupled rotators
KW  - synchronization transition
KW  - hysteresis
KW  - Kuramoto model
KW  - noisy systems
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524261
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 2
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Munyaev, Vyacheslav O.
A1  - Smirnov, Lev A.
A1  - Kostin, Vasily A.
A1  - Osipov, Grigory V.
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
T1  - Analytical approach to synchronous states of globally coupled noisy rotators
JF  - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics
N2  - We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.
KW  - coupled rotators
KW  - synchronization transition
KW  - hysteresis
KW  - Kuramoto
KW  - model
KW  - noisy systems
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab6f93
SN  - 1367-2630
VL  - 22
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Munyaev, Vyacheslav
A1  - Smirnov, Lev A.
A1  - Kostin, Vasily
A1  - Osipov, Grigory V.
A1  - Pikovskij, Arkadij
T1  - Analytical approach to synchronous states of globally coupled noisy rotators
JF  - New Journal of Physics
N2  - We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.
KW  - coupled rotators
KW  - synchronization transition
KW  - hysteresis
KW  - Kuramoto model
KW  - noisy systems
Y1  - 2019
VL  - 22
IS  - 2
PB  - Springer Science
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Cecchini, Gloria
A1  - Schelter, Björn
T1  - Analytical approach to network inference
BT  - Investigating degree distribution
JF  - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics
N2  - When the network is reconstructed, two types of errors can occur: false positive and false negative errors about the presence or absence of links. In this paper, the influence of these two errors on the vertex degree distribution is analytically analyzed. Moreover, an analytic formula of the density of the biased vertex degree distribution is found. In the inverse problem, we find a reliable procedure to reconstruct analytically the density of the vertex degree distribution of any network based on the inferred network and estimates for the false positive and false negative errors based on, e.g., simulation studies.
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.98.022311
SN  - 2470-0045
SN  - 2470-0053
VL  - 98
IS  - 2
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mattern, Maximilian
A1  - Pudell, Jan-Etienne
A1  - Laskin, Gennadii
A1  - Reppert, Alexander von
A1  - Bargheer, Matias
T1  - Analysis of the temperature- and fluence-dependent magnetic stress in laser-excited SrRuO3
JF  - Structural dynamics
N2  - We use ultrafast x-ray diffraction to investigate the effect of expansive phononic and contractive magnetic stress driving the picosecond strain response of a metallic perovskite SrRuO3 thin film upon femtosecond laser excitation. We exemplify how the anisotropic bulk equilibrium thermal expansion can be used to predict the response of the thin film to ultrafast deposition of energy. It is key to consider that the laterally homogeneous laser excitation changes the strain response compared to the near-equilibrium thermal expansion because the balanced in-plane stresses suppress the Poisson stress on the picosecond timescale. We find a very large negative Grüneisen constant describing the large contractive stress imposed by a small amount of energy in the spin system. The temperature and fluence dependence of the strain response for a double-pulse excitation scheme demonstrates the saturation of the magnetic stress in the high-fluence regime.
KW  - Thin films
KW  - Thermodynamic properties
KW  - Bragg peak
KW  - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction
KW  - Thermal effects
KW  - Phonons
KW  - Magnetism
KW  - Lattice dynamics
KW  - Lasers
KW  - Perovskites
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/4.0000072
SN  - 2329-7778
VL  - 8
IS  - 2
PB  - AIP Publishing LLC
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Mattern, Maximilian
A1  - Pudell, Jan-Etienne
A1  - Laskin, G.
A1  - Reppert, Alexander von
A1  - Bargheer, Matias
T1  - Analysis of the temperature- and fluence-dependent magnetic stress in laser-excited SrRuO3
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - We use ultrafast x-ray diffraction to investigate the effect of expansive phononic and contractive magnetic stress driving the picosecond strain response of a metallic perovskite SrRuO3 thin film upon femtosecond laser excitation. We exemplify how the anisotropic bulk equilibrium thermal expansion can be used to predict the response of the thin film to ultrafast deposition of energy. It is key to consider that the laterally homogeneous laser excitation changes the strain response compared to the near-equilibrium thermal expansion because the balanced in-plane stresses suppress the Poisson stress on the picosecond timescale. We find a very large negative Grüneisen constant describing the large contractive stress imposed by a small amount of energy in the spin system. The temperature and fluence dependence of the strain response for a double-pulse excitation scheme demonstrates the saturation of the magnetic stress in the high-fluence regime.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1144 
KW  - Thin films
KW  - Thermodynamic properties
KW  - Bragg peak
KW  - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction
KW  - Thermal effects
KW  - Phonons
KW  - Magnetism
KW  - Lattice dynamics
KW  - Lasers
KW  - Perovskites
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-515718
SN  - 1866-8372
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Ma, Siyuan
T1  - Analysis of Teukolsky equations on slowly rotating Kerr spacetimes
T1  - Analyse von Teukolsky-Gleichungen auf langsam rotierende Kerr-Raumzeiten
N2  - In this thesis, we treat the extreme Newman-Penrose components of  both the Maxwell field (s=±1) and the linearized gravitational perturbations (or "linearized gravity" for short) (s=±2) in the exterior of a slowly rotating Kerr black hole. Upon different rescalings, we can obtain spin s components which satisfy the separable Teukolsky master equation (TME). For each of these spin s components defined in Kinnersley tetrad, the resulting equations by performing some first-order differential operator on it once and twice (twice only for s=±2), together with the TME, are in the form of an "inhomogeneous spin-weighted wave equation" (ISWWE) with different potentials and constitute a linear spin-weighted wave system. We then prove energy and integrated local energy decay (Morawetz) estimates for this type of ISWWE, and utilize them to achieve both a uniform bound of a positive definite energy and a Morawetz estimate for the regular extreme Newman-Penrose components defined in the regular Hawking-Hartle tetrad.

We also present some brief discussions on mode stability for TME for the case of real frequencies. This says that in a fixed subextremal Kerr spacetime, there is no nontrivial separated mode solutions to TME which are purely ingoing at horizon and purely outgoing at infinity. This yields a representation formula for solutions to inhomogeneous Teukolsky equations, and will play a crucial role in generalizing the above energy and Morawetz estimates results to the full subextremal Kerr case.
N2  - In dieser Arbeit behandeln wir die extremen Newman-Penrose-Komponenten des Maxwell-Feldes (s=±1) und die linearisierten Gravitationsstörungen (kurz "linearisierte Gravitation") (s=±2)  im Äußeren eines langsam rotierenden Kerr-Schwarzen Lochs. Nach verschiedenen Reskalierungen können wir Spin s-Komponenten erhalten, die die separierbare Teukolsky-Master-Gleichung (TME) erfüllen. Für jede dieser spin s-Komponenten, die in der Kingersley-Tetrade definiert sind, werden die resultierenden Gleichungen durch Ausführen eines Differentialoperators erster Ordnung einmal und zweimal (zweimal nur für s=±2) zusammen mit dem TME ausgeführt. liegen in Form einer "inhomogenen spin-weighted wave equation" (ISWWE) mit unterschiedlichen Potentialen vor und bilden ein lineares spingewichtetes Wellensystem. Wir zeigen dann Energie und integrierte lokale Zerfall (Morawetz) Schätzungen für diese Art von ISWWE, und nutzen sie, um sowohl eine einheitliche Grenze einer positiven bestimmten Energie und eine Morawetz-Schätzung für die regulären extremen Newman-Penrose-Komponenten zu erreichen definiert in der regulären Hawking-Hartle-Tetrade.

Wir präsentieren auch einige kurze Diskussionen über die Modenstabilität für TME für den Fall von echten Frequenzen. Dies besagt, dass es in einer festen subextremalen Kerr-Raumzeit keine nicht-trivialen getrennten Modenlösungen für TME gibt, die rein am Horizont und rein im Unendlichen ausgehen. Dies ergibt eine Repräsentationsformel für Lösungen zu inhomogenen Teukolsky-Gleichungen und wird eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Verallgemeinerung der obigen Energie- und Morawetz-Schätzergebnisse auf den vollen sutextremalen Kerr-Fall spielen.
KW  - energy estimate
KW  - Morawetz estimate
KW  - Teukolsky equations
KW  - slowly rotating Kerr spacetimes
KW  - mode stability
KW  - Energieschätzung
KW  - Morawetz-Schätzung
KW  - Teukolsky-Gleichungen
KW  - langsam rotierende Kerr-Raumzeiten
KW  - Modenstabilität
Y1  - 2018
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414781
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rinaldi, G.
A1  - Formisano, M.
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Bockelee-Morvan, D.
A1  - Cheng, Y-C
A1  - Vincent, J-B
A1  - Deshapriya, P.
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - Capria, M. T.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - De Sanctis, M. C.
A1  - Doose, L.
A1  - Erard, S.
A1  - Federico, C.
A1  - Filacchione, G.
A1  - Fink, U.
A1  - Leyrat, C.
A1  - Longobardo, A.
A1  - Magni, G.
A1  - Mighorini, A.
A1  - Mottola, S.
A1  - Naletto, G.
A1  - Raponi, A.
A1  - Taylor, F.
A1  - Tosi, F.
A1  - Tozzi, G. P.
A1  - Salatti, M.
T1  - Analysis of night-side dust activity on comet 67P observed by VIRTIS-M
BT  - a new method to constrain the thermal inertia on the surface
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - On 2015 July 18, near perihelion at a heliocentric distance of 1.28 au, the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) on board the Rosetta spacecraft had the opportunity of observing dust activity in the inner coma with a view of the night side (shadowed side) of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. At the time of the measurements we present here, we observe a dust plume that originates on the far side of the nucleus. We are able to identify the approximate location of its source at the boundary between the Hapi and Anuket regions, and we find that it has been in darkness for some hours before the observation. Assuming that this time span is equal to the conductive time scale, we obtain a thermal inertia in the range 25-36 W K-1 m(-2) s(-1/2). These thermal inertia values can be used to verify with a 3D finite-element method (REM) numerical code whether the surface and subsurface temperatures agree with the values found in the literature. We explored three different configurations: (1) a layer of water ice mixed with dust beneath a dust mantle of 5 mm with thermal inertia of 36 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5 ; (2) the same structure, but with thermal inertia of 100 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5; (3) an ice-dust mixture that is directly exposed. Of these three configurations, the first seems to be the most reasonable, both for the low thermal inertia and for the agreement with the surface and subsurface temperatures that have been found for the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spectral properties of the plume show that the visible dust color ranged from 16 +/- 4.8%/100 nm to 13 +/- 2.6%/100 nm, indicating that this plume has no detectable color gradient. The morphology of the plume can be classified as a narrow jet that has an estimated total ejected mass of between 6 and 19 tons when we assume size distribution indices between -2.5 and -3.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - infrared: planetary systems
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834907
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 630
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Zöller, Gert
T1  - Analyse raumzeitlicher Muster in Erdbebendaten
N2  - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Charakterisierung von Seismizität anhand von Erdbebenkatalogen. Es werden neue Verfahren der Datenanalyse entwickelt, die Aufschluss darüber geben sollen, ob der seismischen Dynamik ein stochastischer oder ein deterministischer Prozess zugrunde liegt und was daraus für die Vorhersagbarkeit starker Erdbeben folgt. Es wird gezeigt, dass seismisch aktive Regionen häufig durch nichtlinearen Determinismus gekennzeichent sind. Dies schließt zumindest die Möglichkeit einer Kurzzeitvorhersage ein. Das Auftreten seismischer Ruhe wird häufig als Vorläuferphaenomen für starke Erdbeben gedeutet. Es wird eine neue Methode präsentiert, die eine systematische raumzeitliche Kartierung seismischer Ruhephasen ermöglicht. Die statistische Signifikanz wird mit Hilfe des Konzeptes der Ersatzdaten bestimmt. Als Resultat erhält man deutliche Korrelationen zwischen seismischen Ruheperioden und starken Erdbeben. Gleichwohl ist die Signifikanz dafür nicht hoch genug, um eine Vorhersage im Sinne einer Aussage über den Ort, die Zeit und die Stärke eines zu erwartenden Hauptbebens zu ermöglichen.
KW  - Erdbeben
KW  - nichtlineare Dynamik
Y1  - 1999
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000122
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - He, Yushuang
A1  - Wang, Feipeng
A1  - He, Li
A1  - Wang, Qiang
A1  - Li, Jian
A1  - Qian, Yihua
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
A1  - Plath, Ronald
T1  - An insight Into the role of Nano-Alumina on DC Flashover-Resistance and surface charge variation of Epoxy Nanocomposites
JF  - IEEE transactions on dielectrics and electrical insulation
N2  - The addition of nano-Al2O3 has been shown to enhance the breakdown voltage of epoxy resin, but its flashover results appeared with disputation. This work concentrates on the surface charge variation and dc flashover performance of epoxy resin with nano-Al2O3 doping. The dispersion of nano-Al2O3 in epoxy is characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The dc flashover voltages of samples under either positive or negative polarity are measured with a finger-electrode system, and the surface charge variations before and after flashovers were identified from the surface potential mapping. The results evidence that nano-Al2O3 would lead to a 16.9% voltage drop for the negative flashovers and a 6.8% drop for positive cases. It is found that one-time flashover clears most of the accumulated surface charges, regardless of positive or negative. As a result, the ground electrode is neighbored by an equipotential zone enclosed with low-density heterocharges. The equipotential zone tends to be broadened after 20 flashovers. The nano-Al2O3 is noticed as beneficial to downsize the equipotential zone due to its capability on charge migration, which is reasonable to maintain flashover voltage at a high level after multiple flashovers. Hence, nano-Al2O3 plays a significant role in improving epoxy with high resistance to multiple flashovers.
KW  - surface morphology
KW  - Epoxy resins
KW  - Electric potential
KW  - Surface treatment
KW  - Doping
KW  - Epoxy resin
KW  - multiple
KW  - flashover
KW  - nanocomposite
KW  - surface charge
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1109/TDEI.2022.3173510
SN  - 1070-9878
SN  - 1558-4135
VL  - 29
IS  - 3
SP  - 1022
EP  - 1029
PB  - Inst. of Electr. and Electronics Engineers
CY  - Piscataway
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abdalla, H.
A1  - Adam, R.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Benkhali, F. Ait
A1  - Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan
A1  - Arcaro, C.
A1  - Armand, C.
A1  - Armstrong, T.
A1  - Ashkar, H.
A1  - Backes, M.
A1  - Baghmanyan, V.
A1  - Martins, V. Barbosa
A1  - Barnacka, A.
A1  - Barnard, M.
A1  - Becherini, Y.
A1  - Berge, D.
A1  - Bernlohr, K.
A1  - Bi, B.
A1  - Bottcher, M.
A1  - Boisson, C.
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - de Lavergne, M. de Bony
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Breuhaus, M.
A1  - Brun, F.
A1  - Brun, P.
A1  - Bryan, M.
A1  - Buchele, M.
A1  - Bulik, T.
A1  - Bylund, T.
A1  - Caroff, S.
A1  - Carosi, A.
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Chand, T.
A1  - Chandra, S.
A1  - Chen, A.
A1  - Cotter, G.
A1  - Curylo, M.
A1  - Mbarubucyeye, J. Damascene
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Davies, J.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - Devin, J.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dirson, L.
A1  - Djannati-Atai, A.
A1  - Dmytriiev, A.
A1  - Donath, A.
A1  - Doroshenko, V.
A1  - Duffy, C.
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Eichhorn, F.
A1  - Einecke, S.
A1  - Emery, G.
A1  - Ernenwein, J. -P.
A1  - Feijen, K.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - de Clairfontaine, G. Fichet
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Funk, S.
A1  - Fussling, Matthias
A1  - Gabici, S.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Giavitto, G.
A1  - Giunti, L.
A1  - Glawion, D.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Gottschall, D.
A1  - Grondin, M. -H.
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Haupt, M.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hinton, J. A.
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hoischen, Clemens
A1  - Holch, T. L.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horbe, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Huber, D.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Jankowsky, D.
A1  - Jankowsky, F.
A1  - Jardin-Blicq, A.
A1  - Joshi, V.
A1  - Jung-Richardt, I.
A1  - Kasai, E.
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Khangulyan, D.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Komin, Nu.
A1  - Konno, R.
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Kostunin, D.
A1  - Kreter, M.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lemiere, A.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Levy, C.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lypova, I.
A1  - Mackey, J.
A1  - Majumdar, J.
A1  - Malyshev, D.
A1  - Malyshev, D.
A1  - Marandon, V.
A1  - Marchegiani, P.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Mares, A.
A1  - Marti-Devesa, G.
A1  - Marx, R.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Meintjes, P. J.
A1  - Meyer, M.
A1  - Mitchell, A.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Mohrmann, L.
A1  - Montanari, A.
A1  - Moore, C.
A1  - Morris, P.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Muller, J.
A1  - Murach, T.
A1  - Nakashima, K.
A1  - Nayerhoda, A.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Ndiyavala, H.
A1  - Niederwanger, F.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Oakes, L.
A1  - O'Brien, Patrick
A1  - Odaka, H.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Olivera-Nieto, L.
A1  - Wilhelmi, E. de Ona
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Panny, S.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Peron, G.
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Piel, Q.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Poireau, V.
A1  - Noel, A. Priyana
A1  - Prokhorov, D. A.
A1  - Prokoph, H.
A1  - Puhlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raab, S.
A1  - Rauth, R.
A1  - Reichherzer, P.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Remy, Q.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Rinchiuso, L.
A1  - Romoli, C.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Ruiz-Velasco, E.
A1  - Sahakian, V.
A1  - Sailer, S.
A1  - Sanchez, D. A.
A1  - Santangelo, Andrea
A1  - Sasaki, M.
A1  - Scalici, M.
A1  - Schussler, F.
A1  - Schutte, H. M.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Seglar-Arroyo, M.
A1  - Senniappan, M.
A1  - Seyffert, A. S.
A1  - Shafi, N.
A1  - Shiningayamwe, K.
A1  - Simoni, R.
A1  - Sinha, A.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Specovius, A.
A1  - Spencer, S.
A1  - Spir-Jacob, M.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Sun, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, C.
A1  - Steinmassl, S.
A1  - Steppa, C.
A1  - Takahashi, T.
A1  - Tavernier, T.
A1  - Taylor, A. M.
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tiziani, D.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Tomankova, L.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Tsirou, M.
A1  - Tuffs, R.
A1  - Uchiyama, Y.
A1  - van der Walt, D. J.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - van Rensburg, C.
A1  - van Soelen, B.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Veh, J.
A1  - Venter, C.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Vink, J.
A1  - Volk, H. J.
A1  - Vuillaume, T.
A1  - Wadiasingh, Z.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Watson, J.
A1  - Werner, F.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wong, Yu Wun
A1  - Yusafzai, A.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zanin, R.
A1  - Zargaryan, D.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zhu, S. J.
A1  - Ziegler, A.
A1  - Zorn, J.
A1  - Zouari, S.
A1  - Zywucka, N.
T1  - An extreme particle accelerator in the Galactic plane
BT  - HESS J1826-130
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - The unidentified very-high-energy (VHE; E > 0.1 TeV) gamma -ray source, HESS J1826-130, was discovered with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS) in the Galactic plane. The analysis of 215 h of HESS data has revealed a steady gamma -ray flux from HESS J1826-130, which appears extended with a half-width of 0.21 degrees +/- 0.02 <br /> (stat)degrees <br /> stat degrees +/- 0.05 <br /> (sys)degrees sys degrees . The source spectrum is best fit with either a power-law function with a spectral index Gamma = 1.78 +/- 0.10(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) and an exponential cut-off at 15.2 <br /> (+5.5)(-3.2) -3.2+5.5 TeV, or a broken power-law with Gamma (1) = 1.96 +/- 0.06(stat) +/- 0.20(sys), Gamma (2) = 3.59 +/- 0.69(stat) +/- 0.20(sys) for energies below and above E-br = 11.2 +/- 2.7 TeV, respectively. The VHE flux from HESS J1826-130 is contaminated by the extended emission of the bright, nearby pulsar wind nebula, HESS J1825-137, particularly at the low end of the energy spectrum. Leptonic scenarios for the origin of HESS J1826-130 VHE emission related to PSR J1826-1256 are confronted by our spectral and morphological analysis. In a hadronic framework, taking into account the properties of dense gas regions surrounding HESS J1826-130, the source spectrum would imply an astrophysical object capable of accelerating the parent particle population up to greater than or similar to 200 TeV. Our results are also discussed in a multiwavelength context, accounting for both the presence of nearby supernova remnants, molecular clouds, and counterparts detected in radio, X-rays, and TeV energies.
KW  - ISM: supernova remnants
KW  - ISM: clouds
KW  - gamma rays: general
KW  - gamma rays:
KW  - ISM
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038851
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 644
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nakoudi, Konstantina
A1  - Stachlewska, Iwona S.
A1  - Ritter, Christoph
T1  - An extended lidar-based cirrus cloud retrieval scheme
BT  - first application over an Arctic site
JF  - Optics express : the international electronic journal of optics / Optica
N2  - Accurate and precise characterization of cirrus cloud geometrical and optical properties is essential for better constraining their radiative footprint. A lidar-based retrieval scheme is proposed here, with its performance assessed on fine spatio-temporal observations over the Arctic site of Ny-Alesund, Svalbard. Two contributions related to cirrus geometrical (dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform (WCT)) and optical properties (constrained Klett) are reported. The dynamic WCT rendered cirrus detection more robust, especially for thin cirrus layers that frequently remained undetected by the classical WCT method. Regarding optical characterization, we developed an iterative scheme for determining the cirrus lidar ratio (LRci) that is a crucial parameter for aerosol - cloud discrimination. Building upon the Klett-Fernald method, the LRci was constrained by an additional reference value. In established methods, such as the double-ended Klett, an aerosol-free reference value is applied. In the proposed constrained Klett, however, the reference value was approximated from cloud-free or low cloud optical depth (COD up to 0.2) profiles and proved to agree with independent Raman estimates. For optically thin cirrus, the constrained Klett inherent uncertainties reached 50% (60-74%) in terms of COD (LRci). However, for opaque cirrus COD (LRci) uncertainties were lower than 10% (15%). The detection method discrepancies (dynamic versus static WCT) had a higher impact on the optical properties of low COD layers (up to 90%) compared to optically thicker ones (less than 10%). The constrained Klett presented high agreement with two established retrievals. For an exemplary cirrus cloud, the constrained Klett estimated the COD355 (LRci355) at 0.28 +/- 0.17 (29 +/- 4 sr), the double-ended Klett at 0.27 +/- 0.15 (32 +/- 4 sr) and the Raman retrievals at 0.22 +/- 0.12 (26 +/- 11 sr). Our approach to determine the necessary reference value can also be applied in established methods and increase their accuracy. In contrast, the classical aerosol-free assumption led to 44 sr LRci overestimation in optically thin layers and 2-8 sr in thicker ones. The multiple scattering effect was corrected using Eloranta (1998) and accounted for 50-60% extinction underestimation near the cloud base and 20-30% within the cirrus layers.
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.414770
SN  - 1094-4087
VL  - 29
IS  - 6
SP  - 8553
EP  - 8580
PB  - Optical Society of America
CY  - Washington
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Grebenkov, Denis S.
T1  - An encounter-based approach for restricted diffusion with a gradient drift
JF  - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical
N2  - We develop an encounter-based approach for describing restricted diffusion with a gradient drift toward a partially reactive boundary. For this purpose, we introduce an extension of the Dirichlet-to-Neumann operator and use its eigenbasis to derive a spectral decomposition for the full propagator, i.e. the joint probability density function for the particle position and its boundary local time. This is the central quantity that determines various characteristics of diffusion-influenced reactions such as conventional propagators, survival probability, first-passage time distribution, boundary local time distribution, and reaction rate. As an illustration, we investigate the impact of a constant drift onto the boundary local time for restricted diffusion on an interval. More generally, this approach accesses how external forces may influence the statistics of encounters of a diffusing particle with the reactive boundary.
KW  - boundary local time
KW  - reflected Brownian motion
KW  - diffusion-influenced
KW  - reactions
KW  - surface reactivity
KW  - Robin boundary condition
KW  - Heterogeneous
KW  - catalysis
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ac411a
SN  - 1751-8113
SN  - 1751-8121
VL  - 55
IS  - 4
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Smirnov, Artem
A1  - Shprits, Yuri Y.
A1  - Allison, Hayley
A1  - Aseev, Nikita
A1  - Drozdov, Alexander
A1  - Kollmann, Peter
A1  - Wang, Dedong
A1  - Saikin, Anthony
T1  - An empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions in earth's outer radiation belt
JF  - Space Weather: the International Journal of Research and Applications
N2  - In this study, we present an empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in the outer radiation belt based on the full data set collected by the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument onboard the Van Allen Probes in 2012-2019. The PADs are fitted with a combination of the first, third and fifth sine harmonics. The resulting equation resolves all PAD types found in the outer radiation belt (pancake, flat-top, butterfly and cap PADs) and can be analytically integrated to derive omnidirectional flux. We introduce a two-step modeling procedure that for the first time ensures a continuous dependence on L, magnetic local time and activity, parametrized by the solar wind dynamic pressure. We propose two methods to reconstruct equatorial electron flux using the model. The first approach requires two uni-directional flux observations and is applicable to low-PA data. The second method can be used to reconstruct the full equatorial PADs from a single uni- or omnidirectional measurement at off-equatorial latitudes. The model can be used for converting the long-term data sets of electron fluxes to phase space density in terms of adiabatic invariants, for physics-based modeling in the form of boundary conditions, and for data assimilation purposes.
KW  - pitch angle
KW  - radiation belt
KW  - model
KW  - magnetosphere
KW  - van allen probes;
KW  - electrons
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1029/2022SW003053
SN  - 1542-7390
VL  - 20
IS  - 9
PB  - American Geophysical Union
CY  - Washington, DC
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Bastian, Martin
T1  - An emergent machine learning approach for seasonal cyclone activity forecasts
N2  - Seasonal forecasts are of great interest in many areas. Knowing the amount of precipitation for the upcoming season in regions of water scarcity would facilitate a better water management. If farmers knew the weather conditions of the upcoming summer at sowing time, they could select those cereal species that are best adapted to these conditions. This would allow farmers to improve the harvest and potentially even reduce the amount of pesticides used. However, the undoubted advantages of seasonal forecasts are often opposed by their high degree of uncertainty. The great challenge of generating seasonal forecasts with lead times of several months mainly originates from the chaotic nature of the earth system. In a chaotic system, even tiny differences in the initial conditions can lead to strong deviations in the system’s state in the long run.

In this dissertation we propose an emergent machine learning approach for seasonal forecasting, called the AnlgModel. The AnlgModel combines the analogue method with myopic feature selection and bootstrapping. To benchmark the abilities of the AnlgModel we apply it to seasonal cyclone activity forecasts in the North Atlantic and Northwest Pacific. The AnlgModel demonstrates competitive hindcast skills with two operational forecasts and even outperforms these for long lead times.

In the second chapter we comprehend the forecasting strategy of the Anlg-Model. We thereby analyse the analogue selection process for the 2017 North Atlantic and the 2018 Northwest Pacific seasonal cyclone activity. The analysis shows that those climate indices which are known to influence the seasonal cyclone activity, such as the Niño 3.4 SST, are correctly represented among the selected analogues. Furthermore the selected analogues reflect large-scale climate patterns that were identified by expert reports as being determinative for these particular seasons.

In the third chapter we analyse the features that are used by the AnlgModel for its predictions. We therefore inspect the feature relevance (FR). The FR patterns learned by the AnlgModel show a high congruence with the predictor regions used by the operational forecasts. However, the AnlgModel also discovered new features, such as the SST anomaly in the Gulf of Guinea during November. This SST pattern exhibits a remarkably high predictive potential for the upcoming Atlantic hurricane activity.

In the final chapter we investigate potential mechanisms, that link two of these regions with high feature relevance to the Atlantic hurricane activity. We mainly focus on ocean surface transport. The ocean surface flow paths are calculated using Lagrangian particle analysis. We demonstrate that the FR patterns in the region of the Canary islands do not correspond with ocean surface transport. It is instead likely that these FR patterns fingerprint a wind transport of latent heat. The second region to be studied is situated in the Gulf of Guinea. Our analysis shows that the FR patterns seen there do fingerprint ocean surface transport. However, our simulations also show that at least one other mechanism is involved in linking the Gulf of Guinea SST anomaly in November to the hurricane activity of the upcoming season.

In this work the AnlgModel does not only demonstrate its outstanding forecast skills but also shows its capabilities as research tool for detecting oceanic and atmospheric mechanisms.
KW  - seasonal cyclone activity forecasts
Y1  - 2023
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Ciemer, Catrin
A1  - Rehm, Lars
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
A1  - Winkelmann, Ricarda
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - An early-warning indicator for Amazon droughts exclusively based on tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures
JF  - Environmental Research Letters
N2  - Droughts in tropical South America have an imminent and severe impact on the Amazon rainforest and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. Extremely dry conditions in Amazonia have been previously linked to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the adjacent tropical oceans. Although the sources and impacts of such droughts have been widely studied, establishing reliable multi-year lead statistical forecasts of their occurrence is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we further investigate the relationship between SST and rainfall anomalies using a complex network approach. We identify four ocean regions which exhibit the strongest overall SST correlations with central Amazon rainfall, including two particularly prominent regions in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. Based on the time-dependent correlation between SST anomalies in these two regions alone, we establish a new early-warning method for droughts in the central Amazon basin and demonstrate its robustness in hindcasting past major drought events with lead-times up to 18 months.
KW  - complex networks
KW  - droughts
KW  - prediction
KW  - Amazon rainforest
Y1  - 2019
VL  - 15
IS  - 9
PB  - IOP - Institute of Physics Publishing
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Ciemer, Catrin
A1  - Rehm, Lars
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
A1  - Donner, Reik Volker
A1  - Winkelmann, Ricarda
A1  - Boers, Niklas
T1  - An early-warning indicator for Amazon droughts exclusively based on tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures
T2  - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - Droughts in tropical South America have an imminent and severe impact on the Amazon rainforest and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. Extremely dry conditions in Amazonia have been previously linked to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the adjacent tropical oceans. Although the sources and impacts of such droughts have been widely studied, establishing reliable multi-year lead statistical forecasts of their occurrence is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we further investigate the relationship between SST and rainfall anomalies using a complex network approach. We identify four ocean regions which exhibit the strongest overall SST correlations with central Amazon rainfall, including two particularly prominent regions in the northern and southern tropical Atlantic. Based on the time-dependent correlation between SST anomalies in these two regions alone, we establish a new early-warning method for droughts in the central Amazon basin and demonstrate its robustness in hindcasting past major drought events with lead-times up to 18 months.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1207 
KW  - complex networks
KW  - droughts
KW  - prediction
KW  - Amazon rainforest
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-525863
SN  - 1866-8372
IS  - 9
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Allefeld, Carsten
A1  - Kurths, Jürgen
T1  - An approach to multivariate phase synchronization analysis and its application to event-related potentials
N2  - A method for the multivariate analysis of statistical phase synchronization phenomena in empirical data is presented. A first statistical approach is complemented by a stochastic dynamic model, to result in a data analysis algorithm which can in a specific sense be shown to be a generic multivariate statistical phase synchronization analysis. The method is applied to EEG data from a psychological experiment, obtaining results which indicate the relevance of this method in the context of cognitive science as well as in other fields.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 069 
Y1  - 2004
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-20106
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Davidzon, Iary
A1  - Ilbert, Olivier
A1  - Faisst, Andreas L.
A1  - Sparre, Martin
A1  - Capak, Peter L.
T1  - An Alternate Approach to Measure Specific Star Formation Rates at 2 < z < 7
JF  - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2  - We trace the specific star formation rate (sSFR) of massive star-forming galaxies (greater than or similar to 10(10)M(circle dot)) from z similar to 2 to 7. Our method is substantially different from previous analyses, as it does not rely on direct estimates of star formation rate, but on the differential evolution of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF). We show the reliability of this approach by means of semianalytical and hydrodynamical cosmological simulations. We then apply it to real data, using the SMFs derived in the COSMOS and CANDELS fields. We find that the sSFR is proportional to (1 + z)(1.1) (+/-) (0.2) at z > 2, in agreement with other observations but in tension with the steeper evolution predicted by simulations from z similar to 4 to 2. We investigate the impact of several sources of observational bias, which, however, cannot account for this discrepancy. Although the SMF of high-redshift galaxies is still affected by significant errors, we show that future large-area surveys will substantially reduce them, making our method an effective tool to probe the massive end of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies.
KW  - galaxies: evolution
KW  - galaxies: high-redshift
KW  - galaxies: star formation
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa19e
SN  - 0004-637X
SN  - 1538-4357
VL  - 852
IS  - 2
PB  - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY  - Bristol
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Maaß, Peter
A1  - Pereverzev, Sergei V.
A1  - Ramlau, Ronny
A1  - Solodky, Sergei G.
T1  - An adaptive discretization for Tikhonov-Phillips regularization with a posteriori parameter selection
N2  - The aim of this paper is to describe an efficient strategy for descritizing ill-posed linear operator equations of the first kind: we consider Tikhonov-Phillips-regularization χ^δ α = (a * a + α I)^-1 A * y ^δ with a finite dimensional approximation A n instead of A. We propose a sparse matrix structure which still leads to optimal convergences rates but requires substantially less scalar products for computing A n compared with standard methods.
T3  - NLD Preprints - 48 
Y1  - 1998
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14739
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Nagel, Oliver
T1  - Amoeboid cells as a transport system for micro-objects
T1  - Amöboide Zellen als Transportsystem für Mikroobjekte
N2  - Due to advances in science and technology towards smaller and more powerful processing units, the fabrication of micrometer sized machines for different tasks becomes more and more possible. Such micro-robots could revolutionize medical treatment of diseases and shall support to work on other small machines. Nevertheless, scaling down robots and other devices is a challenging task and will probably remain limited in near future. Over the past decade the concept of bio-hybrid systems has proved to be a promising approach in order to advance the further development of micro-robots. Bio-hybrid systems combine biological cells with artificial components, thereby benefiting from the functionality of living biological cells. Cell-driven micro-transport is one of the most prominent applications in the emerging field of these systems. So far, micrometer sized cargo has been successfully transported by means of swimming bacterial cells. The potential of motile adherent cells as transport systems has largely remained unexplored.
This thesis concentrates on the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum as a potential candidate for an amoeboid bio-hybrid transport system. The use of this model organism comes with several advantages. Due to the unspecific properties of Dictyostelium adhesion, a wide range of different cargo materials can be used for transport. As amoeboid cells exceed bacterial cells in size by one order of magnitude, also the size of an object carried by a single cell can also be much larger for an amoeba. Finally it is possible to guide the cell-driven transport based on the chemotactic behavior of the amoeba. Since cells undergo a developmentally induced chemotactic aggregation, cargo could be assembled in a self-organized manner into a cluster. It is also possible to impose an external chemical gradient to guide the amoeboid transport system to a desired location.
To establish Dictyostelium discoideum as a possible candidate for bio-hybrid transport systems, this thesis will first investigate the movement of single cells. Secondly, the interaction of cargo and cells will be studied. Eventually, a conceptional proof will be conducted, that the cheomtactic behavior can be exploited either to transport a cargo self-organized or through an external chemical source.
N2  - Durch die Fortschritte in Wissenschaft und Technik hin zu kleineren und leistungsfähigeren Prozessoren wird die Herstellung von Maschinen mit einer Größe von wenigen Mikrometern immer wahrscheinlicher. Solche Mikro-Roboter könnten sowohl die medizinische Behandlung von Krankheiten revolutionieren als auch dabei helfen andere kleine Maschinen zu bauen. Nichts desto trotz ist es eine komplizierte Aufgabe Roboter sowie andere Maschinen zu verkleinern und wird in naher Zukunft wohl nur begrenzt möglich sein. Im Verlauf des letzten Jahrzehnts hat sich das Konzept der Bio-Hybridsysteme als ein vielversprechender Ansatz entwickelt, um Mikro-Roboter weiter zu entwickeln. Bio-Hybridsysteme kombinieren biologische Zellen mit künstlichen Komponenten, um so einen Vorteil aus der Funktionalität lebender biologischer Zellen zu ziehen. Der zellgetriebene Mikro-Transport ist eine der bekanntesten Anwendungen in dem wachsenden Feld dieser Systeme. Bisher wurde mikrometergroße Fracht erfolgreich mit Hilfe von schwimmenden Bakterien transportiert. Das Potential beweglicher, adhärenter Zellen als Transportsystem blieb bisher weitgehend unerforscht.
Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der sozialen Amöbe Dictyostelium discoideum als einen potentiellen Kandidaten für ein auf Amöben basiertes Bio-Hybridtransportsystem. Die Nutzung dieses Modellorganismus bringt einige Vorteile mit sich. Auf Grund der unspezifischen Adhäsion von Dictyostelium ist es möglich eine Vielzahl von verschiedenen Frachtmaterialien für den Transport zu nutzen. Da Amöben um eine Größenordnung größer sind als Bakterien, können auch die Objekte, die eine einzelne Amöbe transportieren kann um einiges größer sein, als bei einer einzelnen Bakterie. Desweiteren ist noch möglich den zellgetrieben Transport durch das chemotaktische Verhalten der Amöben zu steuern. Da die Zellen im Verlauf ihres Lebenszyklus’ eine entwicklungsinduzierte chemotaktische Aggregation durchlaufen, ist es möglich, die Fracht in einer selbstorganisierten Art und Weise in Aggregate zusammen zu führen. Es ist auch möglich einen externen chemotaktischen Stimulus zu generieren, um das auf Amöben basierende Transportsystem zu einer gewünschten Position zu lenken.
Um Dictyostelium discoideum als denkbaren Kandidaten für ein Bio-Hybridtransportsystem zu etablieren, wird in dieser Arbeit zuerst die Bewegung einzelner Zellen untersucht. Als zweites wird die Interaktion von Zellen und Fracht studiert. Zum Schluss wird ein konzeptioneller Beweis geführt, dass das chemotaktische Verhalten der Zellen genutzt werden kann, um eine Fracht entweder selbstorganisiert oder mit Hilfe eines externen Stimulus zu transportieren.
KW  - bio-hybrid
KW  - dicytostelium
KW  - chemotaxsis
KW  - Bio-Hybrid
KW  - Dicytostelium
KW  - Chemotaxsis
Y1  - 2019
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442192
ER  -