TY  - JOUR
A1  - McKenna, Russell
A1  - Pfenninger, Stefan
A1  - Heinrichs, Heidi
A1  - Schmidt, Johannes
A1  - Staffell, Iain
A1  - Bauer, Christian
A1  - Gruber, Katharina
A1  - Hahmann, Andrea N.
A1  - Jansen, Malte
A1  - Klingler, Michael
A1  - Landwehr, Natascha
A1  - Larsén, Xiaoli Guo
A1  - Lilliestam, Johan
A1  - Pickering, Bryn
A1  - Robinius, Martin
A1  - Tröndle, Tim
A1  - Turkovska, Olga
A1  - Wehrle, Sebastian
A1  - Weinand, Jann Michael
A1  - Wohland, Jan
T1  - High-resolution large-scale onshore wind energy assessments
BT  - a review of potential definitions, methodologies and future research needs
JF  - Renewable energy
N2  - The rapid uptake of renewable energy technologies in recent decades has increased the demand of energy researchers, policymakers and energy planners for reliable data on the spatial distribution of their costs and potentials. For onshore wind energy this has resulted in an active research field devoted to analysing these resources for regions, countries or globally. A particular thread of this research attempts to go beyond purely technical or spatial restrictions and determine the realistic, feasible or actual potential for wind energy. Motivated by these developments, this paper reviews methods and assumptions for analysing geographical, technical, economic and, finally, feasible onshore wind potentials. We address each of these potentials in turn, including aspects related to land eligibility criteria, energy meteorology, and technical developments of wind turbine characteristics such as power density, specific rotor power and spacing aspects. Economic aspects of potential assessments are central to future deployment and are discussed on a turbine and system level covering levelized costs depending on locations, and the system integration costs which are often overlooked in such analyses. Non-technical approaches include scenicness assessments of the landscape, constraints due to regulation or public opposition, expert and stakeholder workshops, willingness to pay/accept elicitations and socioeconomic cost-benefit studies. For each of these different potential estimations, the state of the art is critically discussed, with an attempt to derive best practice recommendations and highlight avenues for future research.
KW  - onshore wind
KW  - resource assessments
KW  - social acceptance
KW  - planning constraints
KW  - research priorities
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.10.027
SN  - 0960-1481
VL  - 182
SP  - 659
EP  - 684
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -