TY  - JOUR
A1  - Vollbrecht, Joachim
A1  - Tokmoldin, Nurlan
A1  - Sun, Bowen
A1  - Brus, Viktor V.
A1  - Shoaee, Safa
A1  - Neher, Dieter
T1  - Determination of the charge carrier density in organic solar cells
BT  - a tutorial
JF  - Journal of applied physics
N2  - The increase in the performance of organic solar cells observed over the past few years has reinvigorated the search for a deeper understanding of the loss and extraction processes in this class of device. A detailed knowledge of the density of free charge carriers under different operating conditions and illumination intensities is a prerequisite to quantify the recombination and extraction dynamics. Differential charging techniques are a promising approach to experimentally obtain the charge carrier density under the aforementioned conditions. In particular, the combination of transient photovoltage and photocurrent as well as impedance and capacitance spectroscopy have been successfully used in past studies to determine the charge carrier density of organic solar cells. In this Tutorial, these experimental techniques will be discussed in detail, highlighting fundamental principles, practical considerations, necessary corrections, advantages, drawbacks, and ultimately their limitations. Relevant references introducing more advanced concepts will be provided as well. Therefore, the present Tutorial might act as an introduction and guideline aimed at new prospective users of these techniques as well as a point of reference for more experienced researchers. Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
KW  - Electrical properties and parameters
KW  - Organic semiconductors
KW  - Solar cells
KW  - Photoconductivity
KW  - Capacitance spectroscopy
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0094955
SN  - 0021-8979
SN  - 1089-7550
SN  - 1520-8850
VL  - 131
IS  - 22
PB  - American Institute of Physics
CY  - Melville, NY
ER  -