TY - JOUR A1 - Guliakova, A. A. A1 - Gorokhovatsky, Yu. A. A1 - Galikhanov, M. F. A1 - Frübing, Peter T1 - Thermoactivational spectroscopy of the high impact polystyrene based composite films T1 - Термоактивационная спектроскопия композитных полимерных пленок на основе ударопрочного полистирола JF - St. Petersburg Polytechnic University Journal : Physics and Mathematics N2 - The relaxation processes in the high impact polystyrene (HIPS) films filled with 2, 4, 6 vol.% of titanium dioxide (TiO2) of the rutile modification have been studied using the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique. Three relaxation processes were observed in the composite HIPS films. The first one (a-relaxation peak) appeared at about 93 degrees C and represented the glass transition. The second peak p was a high-temperature part of the first one and overlapped it. The p peak was caused by the release and subsequent motion of excess charges deposited during the electret preparation or the polarization process. The third peak appeared at about 150 degrees C and occurred only in the spectra of the composite films. The overlapping peaks were separated by the thermal cleaning technique. The subsequent application of the numerical methods (the Tikhonov regularization technique) allowed to determine the activation energy of the second process and to compare the obtained value with the corresponding data on the dielectric relaxation. N2 - С помощью метода токов термостимулированной деполяризации (ТСД) исследованы релаксационные процессы в пленках ударопрочного полистирола (УПС) без наполнителя и с различным содержанием диоксида титана TiO2 (2, 4, 6 об.%). На кривых тока ТСД, полученных для композитных пленок, обнаружено три пика. Первый (α-релаксация) возникает при температуре около 93 °C и соответствует переходу вещества из стеклообразного состояния в высокоэластическое. Второй (ρ-пик) появляется как высокотемпературное плечо α-пика и соответствует процессу высвобождения и движения избыточных носителей заряда. Наличие третьего пика при температуре около 150 ºС характерно только для композитных пленок УПС. Разделение перекрывающихся α- и ρ-пиков проведено методом частичной термоочистки. Последующее применение регуляризующих алгоритмов Тихонова позволило определить энергию активации второго процесcа и сравнить полученное значение с результатом, полученным методом диэлектрической спектроскопии. KW - thermoactivational spectroscopy KW - high impact polystyrene KW - titanium dioxide Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18721/JPM.12401 SN - 2405-7223 SN - 2618-8686 SN - 2304-9782 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 9 EP - 16 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Fischer, Jost T1 - Über Synchronisationsphänomene nichtlinearer akustischer Oszillatoren T1 - About synchronization phenomena of nonlinear acoustic oscillators N2 - In dieser Arbeit werden die Effekte der Synchronisation nichtlinearer, akustischer Oszillatoren am Beispiel zweier Orgelpfeifen untersucht. Aus vorhandenen, experimentellen Messdaten werden die typischen Merkmale der Synchronisation extrahiert und dargestellt. Es folgt eine detaillierte Analyse der Übergangsbereiche in das Synchronisationsplateau, der Phänomene während der Synchronisation, als auch das Austreten aus der Synchronisationsregion beider Orgelpfeifen, bei verschiedenen Kopplungsstärken. Die experimentellen Befunde werfen Fragestellungen nach der Kopplungsfunktion auf. Dazu wird die Tonentstehung in einer Orgelpfeife untersucht. Mit Hilfe von numerischen Simulationen der Tonentstehung wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche fluiddynamischen und aero-akustischen Ursachen die Tonentstehung in der Orgelpfeife hat und inwiefern sich die Mechanismen auf das Modell eines selbsterregten akustischen Oszillators abbilden lässt. Mit der Methode des Coarse Graining wird ein Modellansatz formuliert. N2 - In this study, synchronization properties observed in a system of nonlinear acoustic oscillators in form of two coupled organ pipes are investigated. From given measurements we extract the effects of synchronization one would expect typically. Furthermore we set our focus to the domains of transition into the synchronization region, when the system is complete synchronized and when it tears off, under the condition of different coupling strengths. We analyze and discuss the observed phenomena concerning their nonlinearities. Using numerical, fluid-dynamic and aeroacoustic simulation techniques we investigate how an organ pipe can be understand as a self-sustained, acoustic oscillator. With the results of the numerical simulations we show, how to reduce the complex fluid-dynamical interplay with the acoustic field inside the pipe to a self-sustained acoustic oscillator. For this process we use the coarse graining method. KW - Physik KW - Synchronisation KW - Orgelpfeife KW - nichtlinear KW - Akustik KW - physics KW - synchronization KW - organ pipe KW - nonlinear KW - acoustics Y1 - 2012 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-63618 ER - TY - THES A1 - Rettig, Robert T1 - Über die Anisotropie der Kosmischen Strahlung Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - THES A1 - Liepertz, Sven Christian T1 - Zusammenhang zwischen dem Professionswissen von Physiklehrkräften, dem sachstrukturellen Angebot des Unterrichts und der Schülerleistung T2 - Studien zum Physik- und Chemielernen ; 224 Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-8325-4480-5 PB - Logos CY - Berlin ER - TY - THES A1 - Krey, Olaf T1 - Zur Rolle der Mathematik in der Physik : Wissenschaftstheoretische Aspekte und Vorstellungen Physiklernender T1 - The role of mathematics in physics : considerations from the philosophy of science and learners' conceptions N2 - Mathematik spielt im Physikunterricht eine nicht unerhebliche Rolle - wenn auch eine zwiespältige. Oft wird sie sogar zum Hindernis beim Lernen von Physik und kann ihr emanzipatorisches Potenzial nicht entfalten. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt zwei Bausteine für eine begründete Konzeption zum Umgang mit Mathematik beim Lernen von Physik zur Verfügung. Im Theorieteil der Arbeit werden zum Einen wissenschaftstheoretische Aspekte der Rolle der Mathematik in der Physik aufgearbeitet und der physikdidaktischen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Zusammenhang zugänglich gemacht. Zum anderen werden Forschungsergebnisse zu Vorstellungen Lernender über Physik und Mathematik sowie im Bereich der Epistemologie zusammengestellt. Im empirischen Teil der Arbeit werden Vorstellungen zur Rolle der Mathematik in der Physik von Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 10 und 12 sowie Physik-Lehramtstudierenden im Grundstudium mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens erhoben und unter Verwendung inhaltsanalytischer bzw. statistischer Methoden ausgewertet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen unter Anderem, dass Mathematik im Physikunterricht entgegen gängiger Meinungen bei den Lernenden nicht negativ, aber zumindest bei jüngeren Lernenden formal und algorithmisch konnotiert ist. N2 - Mathematics plays an important, but ambivalent role in the physics classroom. Often mathematics becomes an obstacle in learning physics and cannot reveal its emancipatory potential. This thesis provides two components of a well-grounded conception for handling mathematics in the learning of physics. In the theoretical part of the thesis epistemological aspects of the role of mathematics in physics are being processed and made accessible to the community of physics education researchers. At the same time, research data on learners’ epistemological beliefs about physics and mathematics are compiled. In the empirical part of the thesis a questionnaire was designed to collect data on beliefs about the role of mathematics in physics from pupils of grade 10 and 12 as well as undergraduate physics teacher students. Content-analytical and statistical methods have been applied in the processing of the questionnaires. The results revealed, among others, that mathematics in the physics classroom is not, against common belief, evaluated negatively by learners. Yet, at least younger learners perceive the use of mathematics in physics to be mainly formal and algorithmic. KW - Physik KW - Wissenschaftstheorie KW - Vorstellungen KW - Mathematikdidaktik KW - Physikdidaktik KW - physics KW - philosophy of science KW - conceptions KW - mathematics education KW - science education Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-59412 ER - TY - THES A1 - Gellert, Marcus T1 - Zum Dynamoeffekt in extern getriebenen Strömungen N2 - Die Frage nach der Herkunft und der dynamischen Entwicklung langlebiger kosmischer Magnetfelder ist in vielen Details noch unbeantwortet. Es besteht zwar kein Zweifel daran, dass das Magnetfeld der Erde und anderer kosmischer Objekte durch den sogenannten Dynamoeffekt verursacht werden, der genaue Mechanismus als auch die notwendigen Voraussetzungen und Randbedingungen der zugrundeliegenden Strömungen sind aber weitgehend unbekannt. Die für einen Dynamo interessanten Strömungsmuster, die im Inneren von Himmelskörpern durch Konvektion und differentielle Rotation entstehen, sind Konvektionsrollen parallel zur Rotationsachse. Auf einer Strömung mit eben solcher Geometrie, der sogenannten Roberts-Strömung, basieren die in der vorliegenden Arbeit untersuchten Dynamomodelle. Mit Methoden der nichtlinearen Dynamik wird versucht, das Systemverhalten bei Änderung der Systemparamter genauer zu charakterisieren. Die numerischen Untersuchungen beginnen mit einer Analyse der Dynamoaktivität der Roberts-Strömung in Abhängigkeit von den zwei freien Parametern in den Modellgleichungen, der magnetischen Prandtl-Zahl und der Stärke des Energieinputs. Gefunden werden verschiedene Lösungstypen die von einem stationären Magnetfeld über periodische bis zu chaotischen Zuständen reichen. Die yugrundeliegenden Symmetrien werden beschrieben und die Bifurkationen, die zum Wechsel der Lösungstypen führen, charakterisiert. Zusätzlich gibt es Bereiche bei sehr kleinen Prandtl-Zahlen, in denen überhaupt kein Dynamo existiert. Dieses Verhalten wird in der Literatur auch für viele andere numerisch ausgewertete Modelle beschrieben. Im Übergangsbereich zwischen dynamoaktivem und dynamoinaktivem Bereich wird das Auftreten einer sogenannten Blowout-Bifurkation gefunden. Desweiteren beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit der Frage, inwiefern Helizität, also eine schraubenförmige Bewegung, der Strömung den Dynamoeffekt beeinflusst. Dazu werden ähnliche Strömungstypen verglichen, die sich hauptsächlich in ihrem Helizitätswert unterscheiden. Es wird gefunden, dass ein bestimmter Wert der Helizität nicht unterschritten werden darf, um einen stabilen Roberts-Dynamo zu erhalten. N2 - The question of origin and development of longlasting cosmic magnetic fields is in many details an unanswered question. There is no doubt that the magnetic fields of cosmic objects like the earth, the sun and larger structures are caused by the so called dynamo effect. The exact mechanism as well as the necassary properties and boundary conditions for the underlying flow field are mostly unknown. The flow pattern believed to act as the source of dynamo activity in the inner of cosmic bodies are convection-like rolls parallel to the rotation axis of this objects and are results of the acting body forces due to differential rotation and thermal convection. The basis of the considered dynamo model is a flow field revealing such flow structures, the so called Roberts flow. The numerical investigations start with an analysis of dynamo activity of the Roberts flow in dependence on the two free parameters magnetic Prandtl number and forcing strength. The model shows different types of solutions starting from steady magnetic states in a very small parameter region at larger magnetic Prandtl numbers, time-periodic solutions and chaotic behavior for stronger forcing. For small magnetic Prandtl numbers the system doesn't carry any magnetic field. This 'small Prandtl number problem' is in accordance with the behavior of several other numerically investigated dynamo models described in the literature. The transient region between dynamo activity and the non-magnetic states can be classified by a so-called blowout bifurcation. Furthermore the investigation deals with the question in what way the helical structure of the flow field indicated by a non-vanishing kinetic helicity influences the dynamo process. The comparison of very similar flow families, mainly distinguishable by their different helicity values, leads to the result that beneath a lower bound no stable Roberts dynamo is working. T2 - Zum Dynamoeffekt in extern getriebenen Strömungen KW - Dynamo KW - Dynamoeffekt KW - Magnetfelderzeugung KW - Roberts-Strömung KW - Helizität KW - dynamo KW - dynamo effect KW - magnetic field generation KW - Roberts flow KW - helicity Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001705 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leussu, R. A1 - Usoskin, IIlya G. A1 - Valliappan, Senthamizh Pavai A1 - Diercke, Andrea A1 - Arlt, Rainer A1 - Denker, Carsten A1 - Mursula, K. T1 - Wings of the butterfly BT - sunspot groups for 1826-2015 JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - The spatio-temporal evolution of sunspot activity, the so-called Maunder butterfly diagram, has been continously available since 1874 using data from the Royal Greenwich Observatory, extended by SOON network data after 1976. Here we present a new extended butterfly diagram of sunspot group occurrence since 1826, using the recently digitized data from Schwabe (1826-1867) and Sporer (1866-1880). The wings of the diagram are separated using a recently developed method based on an analysis of long gaps in sunspot group occurrence in different latitude bands. We define characteristic latitudes, corresponding to the start, end, and the largest extent of the wings (the F, L, and H latitudes). The H latitudes (30 degrees-45 degrees) are highly significantly correlated with the strength of the wings (quantified by the total sum of the monthly numbers of sunspot groups). The F latitudes (20 degrees-30 degrees) depict a weak tendency, especially in the southern hemisphere, to follow the wing strength. The L latitudes (2 degrees-10 degrees) show no clear relation to the wing strength. Overall, stronger cycle wings tend to start at higher latitudes and have a greater wing extent. A strong (5-6)-cycle periodic oscillation is found in the start and end times of the wings and in the overlap and gaps between successive wings of one hemisphere. While the average wing overlap is zero in the southern hemisphere, it is two to three months in the north. A marginally significant oscillation of about ten solar cycles is found in the asymmetry of the L latitudes. The new long database of butterfly wings provides new observational constraints to solar dynamo models that discuss the spatio-temporal distribution of sunspot occurrence over the solar cycle and longer. KW - Sun: activity KW - sunspots KW - history and philosophy of astronomy Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629533 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 599 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Dominique M.-A. A1 - Petrov, Mykola A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - Wind nebulae and supernova remnants of very massive stars JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - A very small fraction of (runaway) massive stars have masses exceeding 60-70 M-circle dot and are predicted to evolve as luminous blue variable and Wolf-Rayet stars before ending their lives as core-collapse supernovae. Our 2D axisymmetric hydrodynamical simulations explore how a fast wind (2000 km s(-1)) and high mass-loss rate (10(-5)M(circle dot) yr(-1)) can impact the morphology of the circumstellar medium. It is shaped as 100 pc-scale wind nebula that can be pierced by the driving star when it supersonically moves with velocity 20-40 km s(-1) through the interstellar medium (ISM) in the Galactic plane. The motion of such runaway stars displaces the position of the supernova explosion out of their bow shock nebula, imposing asymmetries to the eventual shock wave expansion and engendering Cygnus-loop-like supernova remnants. We conclude that the size (up to more than 200 pc) of the filamentary wind cavity in which the chemically enriched supernova ejecta expand, mixing efficiently the wind and ISM materials by at least 10 per cent in number density, can be used as a tracer of the runaway nature of the very massive progenitors of such 0.1Myr old remnants. Our results motivate further observational campaigns devoted to the bow shock of the very massive stars BD+43 degrees 3654 and to the close surroundings of the synchrotron-emitting Wolf-Rayet shell G2.4+1.4. KW - shock waves KW - methods: numerical KW - circumstellar matter KW - stars: massive Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa554 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 493 IS - 3 SP - 3548 EP - 3564 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baushev, Anton N. A1 - Barkov, M. V. T1 - Why does Einasto profile index n similar to 6 occur so frequently? JF - Journal of cosmology and astroparticle physics N2 - We consider the behavior of spherically symmetric Einasto halos composed of gravitating particles in the Fokker-Planck approximation. This approach allows us to consider the undesirable influence of close encounters in the N-body simulations more adequately than the generally accepted criteria. The Einasto profile with index n approximate to 6 is a stationary solution of the Fokker-Planck equation in the halo center. There are some reasons to believe that the solution is an attractor. Then the Fokker-Planck diffusion tends to transform a density profile to the equilibrium one with the Einasto index n approximate to 6. We suggest this effect as a possible reason why the Einasto index n approximate to 6 occurs so frequently in the interpretation of N-body simulation results. The results obtained cast doubt on generally accepted criteria of N-body simulation convergence. KW - dark matter theory KW - dwarfs galaxies KW - galaxy evolution KW - rotation curves of galaxies Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2018/03/034 SN - 1475-7516 IS - 3 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haas, Bernhard A1 - Shprits, Yuri Y. A1 - Allison, Hayley A1 - Wutzig, Michael A1 - Wang, Dedong T1 - Which parameter controls ring current electron dynamics JF - Frontiers in astronomy and space sciences N2 - Predicting the electron population of Earth's ring current during geomagnetic storms still remains a challenging task. In this work, we investigate the sensitivity of 10 keV ring current electrons to different driving processes, parameterised by the Kp index, during several moderate and intense storms. Results are validated against measurements from the Van Allen Probes satellites. Perturbing the Kp index allows us to identify the most dominant processes for moderate and intense storms respectively. We find that during moderate storms (Kp < 6) the drift velocities mostly control the behaviour of low energy electrons, while loss from wave-particle interactions is the most critical parameter for quantifying the evolution of intense storms (Kp > 6). Perturbations of the Kp index used to drive the boundary conditions at GEO and set the plasmapause location only show a minimal effect on simulation results over a limited L range. It is further shown that the flux at L & SIM; 3 is more sensitive to changes in the Kp index compared to higher L shells, making it a good proxy for validating the source-loss balance of a ring current model. KW - ring current KW - magnetosphere KW - electron lifetimes KW - electrons KW - van allen probes (RBSP) KW - ring current model KW - verb Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspas.2022.911002 SN - 2296-987X VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klose, Ann Kristin A1 - Wunderling, Nico A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda A1 - Donges, Jonathan T1 - What do we mean, 'tipping cascade'? JF - Environmental research letters : ERL N2 - Based on suggested interactions of potential tipping elements in the Earth's climate and in ecological systems, tipping cascades as possible dynamics are increasingly discussed and studied. The activation of such tipping cascades would impose a considerable risk for human societies and biosphere integrity. However, there are ambiguities in the description of tipping cascades within the literature so far. Here we illustrate how different patterns of multiple tipping dynamics emerge from a very simple coupling of two previously studied idealized tipping elements. In particular, we distinguish between a two phase cascade, a domino cascade and a joint cascade. A mitigation of an unfolding two phase cascade may be possible and common early warning indicators are sensitive to upcoming critical transitions to a certain degree. In contrast, a domino cascade may hardly be stopped once initiated and critical slowing down-based indicators fail to indicate tipping of the following element. These different potentials for intervention and anticipation across the distinct patterns of multiple tipping dynamics should be seen as a call to be more precise in future analyses of cascading dynamics arising from tipping element interactions in the Earth system. KW - tipping cascade KW - domino effect KW - tipping interactions KW - cascading regime KW - shifts KW - early warning indicators Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3955 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 16 IS - 12 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tötzke, Christian A1 - Kardjilov, Nikolay A1 - Lenoir, Nicolas A1 - Manke, Ingo A1 - Oswald, Sascha A1 - Tengattini, Alessandro T1 - What comes NeXT? BT - High-Speed Neutron Tomography at ILL JF - Optics express : the international electronic journal of optics N2 - Here, we report on a new record in the acquisition time for fast neutron tomography. With an optimized imaging setup, it was possible to acquire single radiographic projection images with 10 ms and full tomographies with 155 projections images and a physical spatial resolution of 200 mu m within 1.5 s. This is about 6.7 times faster than the current record. We used the technique to investigate the water infiltration in the soil with a living lupine root system. The fast imaging setup will be part of the future NeXT instrument at ILL in Grenoble with a great field of possible future applications. (C) 2019 Optical Society of America under the terms of the OSA Open Access Publishing Agreement Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.27.028640 SN - 1094-4087 VL - 27 IS - 20 SP - 28640 EP - 28648 PB - Optical Society of America CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Münch, Thomas A1 - Laepple, Thomas T1 - What climate signal is contained in decadal- to centennial-scale isotope variations from Antarctic ice cores? JF - Climate of the past : CP N2 - Ice-core-based records of isotopic composition are a proxy for past temperatures and can thus provide information on polar climate variability over a large range of timescales. However, individual isotope records are affected by a multitude of processes that may mask the true temperature variability. The relative magnitude of climate and non-climate contributions is expected to vary as a function of timescale, and thus it is crucial to determine those temporal scales on which the actual signal dominates the noise. At present, there are no reliable estimates of this timescale dependence of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Here, we present a simple method that applies spectral analyses to stable-isotope data from multiple cores to estimate the SNR, and the signal and noise variability, as a function of timescale. The method builds on separating the contributions from a common signal and from local variations and includes a correction for the effects of diffusion and time uncertainty. We apply our approach to firn-core arrays from Dronning Maud Land (DML) in East Antarctica and from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS). For DML and decadal to multi-centennial timescales, we find an increase in the SNR by nearly 1 order of magnitude (similar to 0.2 at decadal and similar to 1.0 at multi-centennial scales). The estimated spectrum of climate variability also shows increasing variability towards longer timescales, contrary to what is traditionally inferred from single records in this region. In contrast, the inferred variability spectrum for WAIS stays close to constant over decadal to centennial timescales, and the results even suggest a decrease in SNR over this range of timescales. We speculate that these differences between DML and WAIS are related to differences in the spatial and temporal scales of the isotope signal, highlighting the potentially more homogeneous atmospheric conditions on the Antarctic Plateau in contrast to the marine-influenced conditions on WAIS. In general, our approach provides a methodological basis for separating local proxy variability from coherent climate variations, which is applicable to a large set of palaeoclimate records. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-2053-2018 SN - 1814-9324 SN - 1814-9332 VL - 14 IS - 12 SP - 2053 EP - 2070 PB - Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH CY - Göttingen ER - TY - THES A1 - Maraun, Douglas T1 - What can we learn from climate data? : Methods for fluctuation, time/scale and phase analysis T1 - Was können wir aus Klimadaten lernen? : Methoden zur Fluktuations-, Zeit/Skalen- und Phasenanalyse N2 - Since Galileo Galilei invented the first thermometer, researchers have tried to understand the complex dynamics of ocean and atmosphere by means of scientific methods. They observe nature and formulate theories about the climate system. Since some decades powerful computers are capable to simulate the past and future evolution of climate. Time series analysis tries to link the observed data to the computer models: Using statistical methods, one estimates characteristic properties of the underlying climatological processes that in turn can enter the models. The quality of an estimation is evaluated by means of error bars and significance testing. On the one hand, such a test should be capable to detect interesting features, i.e. be sensitive. On the other hand, it should be robust and sort out false positive results, i.e. be specific. This thesis mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis with a focus on sensitivity and specificity and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. First, the inference of long-range correlations by means of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA) is studied. It is argued that power-law scaling of the fluctuation function and thus long-memory may not be assumed a priori but have to be established. This requires to investigate the local slopes of the fluctuation function. The variability characteristic for stochastic processes is accounted for by calculating empirical confidence regions. The comparison of a long-memory with a short-memory model shows that the inference of long-range correlations from a finite amount of data by means of DFA is not specific. When aiming to infer short memory by means of DFA, a local slope larger than $\alpha=0.5$ for large scales does not necessarily imply long-memory. Also, a finite scaling of the autocorrelation function is shifted to larger scales in the fluctuation function. It turns out that long-range correlations cannot be concluded unambiguously from the DFA results for the Prague temperature data set. In the second part of the thesis, an equivalence class of nonstationary Gaussian stochastic processes is defined in the wavelet domain. These processes are characterized by means of wavelet multipliers and exhibit well defined time dependent spectral properties; they allow one to generate realizations of any nonstationary Gaussian process. The dependency of the realizations on the wavelets used for the generation is studied, bias and variance of the wavelet sample spectrum are calculated. To overcome the difficulties of multiple testing, an areawise significance test is developed and compared to the conventional pointwise test in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Applications to Climatological and Hydrological questions are presented. The thesis at hand mainly aims to contribute to methodological questions of time series analysis and to apply the investigated methods to recent climatological problems. In the last part, the coupling between El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Monsoon on inter-annual time scales is studied by means of Hilbert transformation and a curvature defined phase. This method allows one to investigate the relation of two oscillating systems with respect to their phases, independently of their amplitudes. The performance of the technique is evaluated using a toy model. From the data, distinct epochs are identified, especially two intervals of phase coherence, 1886-1908 and 1964-1980, confirming earlier findings from a new point of view. A significance test of high specificity corroborates these results. Also so far unknown periods of coupling invisible to linear methods are detected. These findings suggest that the decreasing correlation during the last decades might be partly inherent to the ENSO/Monsoon system. Finally, a possible interpretation of how volcanic radiative forcing could cause the coupling is outlined. N2 - Seit der Erfindung des Thermometers durch Galileo Galilei versuchen Forscher mit naturwissenschaftlichen Methoden die komplexen Zusammenhänge in der Atmosphäre und den Ozeanen zu entschlüsseln. Sie beobachten die Natur und stellen Theorien über das Klimasystem auf. Seit wenigen Jahrzehnten werden sie dabei von immer leistungsfähigeren Computern unterstützt, die das Klima der Erdgeschichte und der nahen Zukunft simulieren. Die Verbindung aus den Beobachtungen und den Modellen versucht die Zeitreihen­analyse herzustellen: Aus den Daten werden mit statistischen Methoden charak­teristische Eigenschaften der zugrundeliegenden klimatologischen Prozesse geschätzt, die dann in die Modelle einfliessen können. Die Bewertung solch einer Schätzung, die stets Messfehlern und Vereinfachungen des Modells unterworfen ist, erfolgt statistisch entweder mittels Konfidenzintervallen oder Signifikanztests. Solche Tests sollen auf der einen Seite charakteristische Eigenschaften in den Daten erkennen können, d.h. sie sollen sensitiv sein. Auf der anderen Seite sollen sie jedoch auch keine Eigenschaften vortäuschen, d.h. sie sollen spezifisch sein. Für die vertrauenswürdige Untermauerung einer Hypothese ist also ein spezifischer Test erforderlich. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht verschiedene Methoden der Zeitreihenanalyse, erweitert sie gegebenenfalls und wendet sie auf typische klimatologische Frage­stellungen an. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf die Spezifizität der jeweiligen Methode gelegt; die Grenzen möglicher Folgerungen mittels Datenanalyse werden diskutiert. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird studiert, wie und ob sich mithilfe der sogenannten trendbereinigenden Fluktuationsanalyse aus Temperaturzeitreihen ein sogenanntes langes Gedächtnis der zugrundeliegenden Prozesse herleiten lässt. Solch ein Gedächtnis bedeutet, dass der Prozess seine Vergangenheit nie vergisst, mit fundamentalen Auswirkungen auf die gesamte statistische Beurteilung des Klimasystems. Diese Arbeit konnte jedoch zeigen, dass die Analysemethode vollkommen unspezifisch ist und die Hypothese “Langes Gedächtnis” gar nicht abgelehnt werden kann. Im zweiten Teil werden zunächst Mängel einer sehr populären Analysemethode, der sogenannten kontinuierlichen Waveletspetralanalyse diskutiert. Diese Methode schätzt die Variabilität eines Prozesses auf verschiedenen Schwingungsperioden zu bestimm­ten Zeiten. Ein wichtiger Nachteil der bisherigen Methodik sind auch hier unspezi­fische Signifikanztests. Ausgehend von der Diskussion wird eine Theorie der Wavelet­spektralanalyse entwickelt, die ein breites Feld an neuen Anwendungen öffnet. Darauf basierend werden spezifische Signifikanztests konstruiert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird der Einfluss des El Niño/Southern Oscillation Phäno­mens auf den Indischen Sommermonsun analysiert. Es wird untersucht, ob und wann die Oszillationen beider Phänomene synchron ablaufen. Dazu wird eine etablierte Methode für die speziellen Bedürfnisse der Analyse von typischerweise sehr unregel­mäßigen Klimadaten erweitert. Mittels eines spezifischen Signifikanztests konnten bisherige Ergebnisse mit erhöhter Genauigkeit bestätigt werden. Zusätzlich konnte diese Methode jedoch auch neue Kopplungsintervalle feststellen, die die Hypothese entkräften konnten, dass ein neuerliches Verschwinden der Kopplung ein beisspielloser Vorgang sei. Schliesslich wird eine Hypothese vorgestellt, wie vulkanische Aerosole die Kopplung beeinflussen könnten. KW - Spektralanalyse KW - Monsun KW - Klimatologie KW - Zeitreihenanalyse KW - Wavelet-Analyse KW - El-Niño-Phänomen KW - Kopplungs-Analyse KW - Kohärenz-Analyse KW - Phasen-Analyse KW - Signifikanztests KW - Continuous Wavelet Spectral Analysis KW - Wavelet Coherence KW - Phase-Analysis KW - Significance Testing KW - Climatology Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-9047 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kayser, Markus T1 - Wechselwirkung der atmosphärischen Grenzschicht mit synoptisch–skaligen Prozessen während der N-ICE2015 Kampagne N2 - Die Arktis erwärmt sich schneller als der Rest der Erde. Die Auswirkungen manifestieren sich unter Anderem in einer verstärkten Erwärmung der arktischen Grenzschicht. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit Wechselwirkungen zwischen synoptischen Zyklonen und der arktischen Atmosphäre auf lokalen bis überregionalen Skalen. Ausgangspunkt dafür sind Messdaten und Modellsimulationen für den Zeitraum der N-ICE2015 Expedition, die von Anfang Januar bis Ende Juni 2015 im arktischen Nordatlantiksektor stattgefunden hat. Anhand von Radiosondenmessungen lassen sich Auswirkungen von synoptischen Zyklonen am deutlichsten im Winter erkennen, da sie durch die Advektion warmer und feuchter Luftmassen in die Arktis den Zustand der Atmosphäre von einem strahlungs-klaren in einen strahlungs-opaken ändern. Obwohl dieser scharfe Kontrast nur im Winter existiert, zeigt die Analyse, dass der integrierte Wasserdampf als Indikator für die Advektion von Luftmassen aus niedrigen Breiten in die Arktis auch im Frühjahr geeignet ist. Neben der Advektion von Luftmassen wird der Einfluss der Zyklonen auf die statische Stabilität charakterisiert. Beim Vergleich der N-ICE2015 Beobachtungen mit der SHEBA Kampagne (1997/1998), die über dickerem Eis stattfand, finden sich trotz der unterschiedlichen Meereisregime Ähnlichkeiten in der statischen Stabilität der Atmosphäre. Die beobachteten Differenzen in der Stabilität lassen sich auf Unterschiede in der synoptischen Aktivität zurückführen. Dies lässt vermuten, dass die dünnere Eisdecke auf saisonalen Zeitskalen nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die thermodynamische Struktur der arktischen Troposphäre besitzt, solange eine dicke Schneeschicht sie bedeckt. Ein weiterer Vergleich mit den parallel zur N-ICE2015 Kampagne gestarteten Radiosonden der AWIPEV Station in Ny-Åesund, Spitzbergen, macht deutlich, dass die synoptischen Zyklonen oberhalb der Orographie auf saisonalen Zeitskalen das Wettergeschehen bestimmen. Des Weiteren werden für Februar 2015 die Auswirkungen von in der Vertikalen variiertem Nudging auf die Entwicklung der Zyklonen am Beispiel des hydrostatischen regionalen Klimamodells HIRHAM5 untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass die Unterschiede zwischen den acht Modellsimulationen mit abnehmender Anzahl der genudgten Level zunehmen. Die größten Differenzen resultieren vornehmlich aus dem zeitlichen Versatz der Entwicklung synoptischer Zyklonen. Zur Korrektur des Zeitversatzes der Zykloneninitiierung genügt es bereits, Nudging in den unterstem 250 m der Troposphäre anzuwenden. Daneben findet sich zwischen den genudgten HIRHAM5-Simulation und den in situ Messungen der gleiche positive Temperaturbias, den auch ERA-Interim besitzt. Das freie HIRHAM hingegen reproduziert das positive Ende der N-ICE2015 Temperaturverteilung gut, besitzt aber einen starken negativen Bias, der sehr wahrscheinlich aus einer Unterschätzung des Feuchtegehalts resultiert. An Beispiel einer Zyklone wird gezeigt, dass Nudging Einfluss auf die Lage der Höhentiefs besitzt, die ihrerseits die Zyklonenentwicklung am Boden beeinflussen. Im Weiteren wird mittels eines für kleine Ensemblegrößen geeigneten Varianzmaßes eine statistische Einschätzung der Wirkung des Nudgings auf die Vertikale getroffen. Es wird festgestellt, dass die Ähnlichkeit der Modellsimulationen in der unteren Troposphäre generell höher ist als darüber und in 500 hPa ein lokales Minimum besitzt. Im letzten Teil der Analyse wird die Wechselwirkung der oberen und unteren Stratosphäre anhand zuvor betrachteter Zyklonen mit Daten der ERA-Interim Reanalyse untersucht. Lage und Ausrichtung des Polarwirbels erzeugten ab Anfang Februar 2015 eine ungewöhnlich große Meridionalkomponente des Tropopausenjets, die Zugbahnen in die zentrale Arktis begünstigte. Am Beispiel einer Zyklone wird die Übereinstimmung der synoptischen Entwicklung mit den theoretischen Annahmen über den abwärts gerichteten Einfluss der Stratosphäre auf die Troposphäre hervorgehoben. Dabei spielt die nicht-lineare Wechselwirkung zwischen der Orographie Grönlands, einer Intrusion stratosphärischer Luft in die Troposphäre sowie einer in Richtung Arktis propagierender Rossby-Welle eine tragende Rolle. Als Indikator dieser Wechselwirkung werden horizontale Signaturen aus abwechselnd aufsteigender und absinkender Luft innerhalb der Troposphäre identifiziert. N2 - The Arctic warms faster than the rest of the earth. The causes and effects of this arctic amplification are manifested in the arctic atmosphere, especially in the atmospheric boundary layer, which plays a key role in the exchange processes of the atmosphere, ocean and sea ice. This work highlights the importance of synoptic cyclones in the Arctic North Atlantic region. For this purpose, the influence of synoptic cyclones on the Arctic boundary layer as well as their interactions with different regions within the Arctic atmosphere on local to supraregional scales is investigated. The starting point for this are measurement data and model simulations for the period of the NICE2015 expedition, which took place in the Arctic North Atlantic region from early January to late June 2015. On the basis of radiosonde measurements, the effects of synoptic cyclones are most noticeable in the winter because, by the advection of warm and humid air masses into the Arctic, the condition of the atmosphere changes from a radiative clear to opaquely cloudy. Although this sharp contrast only exists in winter, the analysis shows that integrated water vapor is an indicator for the advection of air masses from low latitudes into the Arctic even in the spring. In addition to the advection of air masses, the influence of cyclones on static stability is characterized. Comparing the N-ICE2015 observations with the SHEBA campaign (1997/1998), which took place over thicker ice, similarities are found in the static stability of the atmosphere despite the different sea ice regimes. The observed differences in stability can be attributed to differences in synoptic activity. A further comparison with the radiosondes of the AWIPEV station in Ny-Åesund, Spitzbergen, which were launched parallel to the N-ICE2015 campaign, shows that synoptic cyclones determine the course of the winter months. In addition, the effects of vertically-varying nudging on the development of cyclones is examined for February 2015 using the hydrostatic regional climate model HIRHAM5. It is shown that the differences between the eight model simulations are increasing with decreasing number of nudged levels. The greatest differences are mainly due to the temporal offset of the development of synoptic cyclones. To correct the time offset of the cyclone initiation, it is sufficient to use nudging in the lowest troposphere. The free HIRHAM reproduces the positive end of the N-ICE2015 temperature distribution well, but has a strong negative bias which most likely results from an under-estimation of the moisture content. An example of a cyclone shows that nudging has an influence on the position of the high altitude lows, which in turn influences cyclone development on the ground. Furthermore, a statistical estimate of the effect of nudging on the vertical is made by means of a variance measure suitable for small ensemble sizes. It is found that the similarity of model simulations in the lower troposphere is generally higher than above and has a local minimum in 500 hPa. In the last part of the analysis, the interaction of the upper troposphere and the lower stratosphere is investigated with data from the ERA interim reanalysis using previously examined cyclones. The position and orientation of the polar vortex produced an unusually large meridional component of the tropopause jets, which favored passage of low pressure systems into the central Arctic from the beginning of February 2015 onwards. Using a cyclone as an example, the synoptic development is compared with the theoretical assumptions about the downward impact of the stratosphere on the troposphere. The non-linear interaction between Greenland’s orography, an intrusion of stratospheric air into the troposphere, and a Rossby wave propagating in the direction of the Arctic play a key role in the selected time frame. As an indicator of this interaction, horizontal signatures are identified from alternately ascending and descending air within the troposphere. KW - arktische Grenzschicht KW - Arctic boundary layer KW - synoptische Zyklone KW - synoptic cyclones KW - thermodynamische Struktur KW - thermodynamic structure KW - regional climate simulations KW - regionale Klimasimulationen KW - nudging Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-411124 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Aydiner, Ekrem A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Wealth distribution, Pareto law, and stretched exponential decay of money BT - Computer simulations analysis of agent-based models JF - Physica : europhysics journal ; A, Statistical mechanics and its applications N2 - We study by Monte Carlo simulations a kinetic exchange trading model for both fixed and distributed saving propensities of the agents and rationalize the person and wealth distributions. We show that the newly introduced wealth distribution – that may be more amenable in certain situations – features a different power-law exponent, particularly for distributed saving propensities of the agents. For open agent-based systems, we analyze the person and wealth distributions and find that the presence of trap agents alters their amplitude, leaving however the scaling exponents nearly unaffected. For an open system, we show that the total wealth – for different trap agent densities and saving propensities of the agents – decreases in time according to the classical Kohlrausch–Williams–Watts stretched exponential law. Interestingly, this decay does not depend on the trap agent density, but rather on saving propensities. The system relaxation for fixed and distributed saving schemes are found to be different. KW - Econophysics KW - Wealth and income distribution KW - Pareto law KW - Scaling exponents Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2017.08.017 SN - 0378-4371 SN - 1873-2119 VL - 490 SP - 278 EP - 288 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenau, Philip A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Waves in strongly nonlinear Gardner-like equations on a lattice JF - Nonlinearity / the Institute of Physics and the London Mathematical Society N2 - We introduce and study a family of lattice equations which may be viewed either as a strongly nonlinear discrete extension of the Gardner equation, or a non-convex variant of the Lotka-Volterra chain. Their deceptively simple form supports a very rich family of complex solitary patterns. Some of these patterns are also found in the quasi-continuum rendition, but the more intriguing ones, like interlaced pairs of solitary waves, or waves which may reverse their direction either spontaneously or due a collision, are an intrinsic feature of the discrete realm. KW - nonlinear lattice KW - solitary wave KW - Gardner equation KW - compacton Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6544/ac0f51 SN - 0951-7715 SN - 1361-6544 VL - 34 IS - 8 SP - 5872 EP - 5896 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - INPR A1 - Dicken, Volker A1 - Maaß, Peter T1 - Wavelet-Galerkin methods for ill-posed problems N2 - Projection methods based on wavelet functions combine optimal convergence rates with algorithmic efficiency. The proofs in this paper utilize the approximation properties of wavelets and results from the general theory of regularization methods. Moreover, adaptive strategies can be incorporated still leading to optimal convergence rates for the resulting algorithms. The so-called wavelet-vaguelette decompositions enable the realization of especially fast algorithms for certain operators. T3 - NLD Preprints - 22 Y1 - 1995 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-13890 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Agarwal, Ankit A1 - Maheswaran, Rathinasamy A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Caesar, Levke A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Wavelet-based multiscale similarity measure for complex networks JF - The European physical journal : B, Condensed matter and complex systems N2 - In recent years, complex network analysis facilitated the identification of universal and unexpected patterns in complex climate systems. However, the analysis and representation of a multiscale complex relationship that exists in the global climate system are limited. A logical first step in addressing this issue is to construct multiple networks over different timescales. Therefore, we propose to apply the wavelet multiscale correlation (WMC) similarity measure, which is a combination of two state-of-the-art methods, viz. wavelet and Pearson’s correlation, for investigating multiscale processes through complex networks. Firstly we decompose the data over different timescales using the wavelet approach and subsequently construct a corresponding network by Pearson’s correlation. The proposed approach is illustrated and tested on two synthetics and one real-world example. The first synthetic case study shows the efficacy of the proposed approach to unravel scale-specific connections, which are often undiscovered at a single scale. The second synthetic case study illustrates that by dividing and constructing a separate network for each time window we can detect significant changes in the signal structure. The real-world example investigates the behavior of the global sea surface temperature (SST) network at different timescales. Intriguingly, we notice that spatial dependent structure in SST evolves temporally. Overall, the proposed measure has an immense potential to provide essential insights on understanding and extending complex multivariate process studies at multiple scales. KW - Statistical and Nonlinear Physics Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2018-90460-6 SN - 1434-6028 SN - 1434-6036 VL - 91 IS - 11 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - INPR A1 - Maaß, Peter A1 - Rieder, Andreas T1 - Wavelet-accelerated Tikhonov-Phillips regularization with applications N2 - Contents: 1 Introduction 1.1 Tikhanov-Phillips Regularization of Ill-Posed Problems 1.2 A Compact Course to Wavelets 2 A Multilevel Iteration for Tikhonov-Phillips Regularization 2.1 Multilevel Splitting 2.2 The Multilevel Iteration 2.3 Multilevel Approach to Cone Beam Reconstuction 3 The use of approximating operators 3.1 Computing approximating families {Ah} T3 - NLD Preprints - 30 Y1 - 1996 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-14104 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maheswaran, Rathinasamy A1 - Agarwal, Ankit A1 - Sivakumar, Bellie A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Wavelet analysis of precipitation extremes over India and teleconnections to climate indices JF - Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment N2 - Precipitation patterns and extremes are significantly influenced by various climatic factors and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. This study uses wavelet coherence analysis to detect significant interannual and interdecadal oscillations in monthly precipitation extremes across India and their teleconnections to three prominent climate indices, namely, Nino 3.4, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Further, partial wavelet coherence analysis is used to estimate the standalone relationship between the climate indices and precipitation after removing the effect of interdependency. The wavelet analysis of monthly precipitation extremes at 30 different locations across India reveals that (a) interannual (2-8 years) and interdecadal (8-32 years) oscillations are statistically significant, and (b) the oscillations vary in both time and space. The results from the partial wavelet coherence analysis reveal that Nino 3.4 and IOD are the significant drivers of Indian precipitation at interannual and interdecadal scales. Intriguingly, the study also confirms that the strength of influence of large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns on Indian precipitation extremes varies with spatial physiography of the region. KW - Extreme precipitation KW - Teleconnection patterns KW - Wavelets KW - Partial wavelet coherence KW - India Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01738-3 SN - 1436-3240 SN - 1436-3259 VL - 33 IS - 11-12 SP - 2053 EP - 2069 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Solopow, Sergej T1 - Wavelength dependent demagnetization dynamics in Co2MnGa Heusler-alloy T1 - Wellenlängeabhängige Entmagnetisierungsdynamik in Co2MnGa Heusler-Legierung N2 - In dieser Arbeit haben wir ultraschnelle Entmagnetisierung an einer Heusler-Legierung untersucht. Es handelt sich um ein Halbmetall, das sich in einer ferromagnetischen Phase befindet. Die Besonderheit dieses Materials besteht im Aufbau einer Bandstruktur. Diese bildet Zustandsdichten, in der die Majoritätselektronen eine metallische Bänderbildung aufweisen und die Minoritätselektronen eine Bandlücke in der Nähe des Fermi-Niveaus aufweisen, das dem Aufbau eines Halbleiters entspricht. Mit Hilfe der Pump-Probe-Experimente haben wir zeitaufgelöste Messungen durchgeführt. Für das Pumpen wurden ultrakurze Laserpulse mit einer Pulsdauer von 100 fs benutzt. Wir haben dabei zwei verschiedene Wellenlängen mit 400 nm und 1240 nm benutzt, um den Effekt der Primäranregung und der Bandlücke in den Minoritätszuständen zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde zum ersten Mal OPA (Optical Parametrical Amplifier) für die Erzeugung der langwelligen Pulse an der FEMTOSPEX-Beamline getestet und erfolgreich bei den Experimenten verwendet. Wir haben Wellenlängen bedingte Unterschiede in der Entmagnetisierungszeit gemessen. Mit der Erhöhung der Photonenenergie ist der Prozess der Entmagnetisierung deutlich schneller als bei einer niedrigeren Photonenenergie. Wir verknüpften diese Ergebnisse mit der Existenz der Energielücke für Minoritätselektronen. Mit Hilfe lokaler Elliot-Yafet-Streuprozesse können die beobachteten Zeiten gut erklärt werden. Wir haben in dieser Arbeit auch eine neue Probe-Methode für die Magnetisierung angewandt und somit experimentell deren Effektivität, nämlich XMCD in Refletiongeometry, bestätigen können. Statische Experimente liefern somit deutliche Indizien dafür, dass eine magnetische von einer rein elektronischen Antwort des Systems getrennt werden kann. Unter der Voraussetzung, dass die Photonenenergie der Röntgenstrahlung auf die L3 Kante des entsprechenden Elements eingestellt, ein geeigneter Einfallswinkel gewählt und die zirkulare Polarisation fixiert wird, ist es möglich, diese Methode zur Analyse magnetischer und elektronischer Respons anzuwenden. N2 - In this work we investigated ultrafast demagnetization in a Heusler-alloy. This material belongs to the halfmetal and exists in a ferromagnetic phase. A special feature of investigated alloy is a structure of electronic bands. The last leads to the specific density of the states. Majority electrons form a metallic like structure while minority electrons form a gap near the Fermi-level, like in semiconductor. This particularity offers a good possibility to use this material as model-like structure and to make some proof of principles concerning demagnetization. Using pump-probe experiments we carried out time-resolved measurements to figure out the times of demagnetization. For the pumping we used ultrashort laser pulses with duration around 100 fs. Simultaneously we used two excitation regimes with two different wavelengths namely 400 nm and 1240 nm. Decreasing the energy of photons to the gap size of the minority electrons we explored the effect of the gap on the demagnetization dynamics. During this work we used for the first time OPA (Optical Parametrical Amplifier) for the generation of the laser irradiation in a long-wave regime. We tested it on the FETOSPEX-beamline in BASSYII electron storage ring. With this new technique we measured wavelength dependent demagnetization dynamics. We estimated that the demagnetization time is in a correlation with photon energy of the excitation pulse. Higher photon energy leads to the faster demagnetization in our material. We associate this result with the existence of the energy-gap for minority electrons and explained it with Elliot-Yaffet-scattering events. Additionally we applied new probe-method for magnetization state in this work and verified their effectivity. It is about the well-known XMCD (X-ray magnetic circular dichroism) which we adopted for the measurements in reflection geometry. Static experiments confirmed that the pure electronic dynamics can be separated from the magnetic one. We used photon energy fixed on the L3 of the corresponding elements with circular polarization. Appropriate incidence angel was estimated from static measurements. Using this probe method in dynamic measurements we explored electronic and magnetic dynamics in this alloy. KW - magnetizationdynamic KW - XMCD KW - Heusler-alloy KW - Magnetisierungsdynamik KW - XMCD KW - Heusler-Legierung Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427860 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, Bowen A1 - Sandberg, Oskar A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - Shoaee, Safa T1 - Wave optics of differential absorption spectroscopy in thick-junction organic solar cells BT - optical artifacts and correction strategies JF - Physical review applied / The American Physical Society N2 - Differential absorption spectroscopy techniques serve as powerful techniques to study the excited species in organic solar cells. However, it has always been challenging to employ these techniques for characterizing thick-junction organic solar cells, especially when a reflective top contact is involved. In this work, we present a detailed and systematic study on how a combination of the presence of the interference effect and a nonuniform charge-distribution profile, severely manipulates experimental spectra and the decay dynamics. Furthermore, we provide a practical methodology to correct these optical artifacts in differential absorption spectroscopies. The results and the proposed correction method generally apply to all kinds of differential absorption spectroscopy techniques and various thin-film systems, such as organics, perovskites, kesterites, and two-dimensional materials. Notably, it is found that the shape of differential absorption spectra can be strongly distorted, starting from 150-nm active-layer thickness; this matches the thickness range of thick-junction organic solar cells and most perovskite solar cells and needs to be carefully considered in experiments. In addition, the decay dynamics of differential absorption spectra is found to be disturbed by optical artifacts under certain conditions. With the help of the proposed correction formalism, differential spectra and the decay dynamics can be characterized on the full device of thin-film solar cells in transmission mode and yield accurate and reliable results to provide design rules for further progress. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.17.054016 SN - 2331-7019 VL - 17 IS - 5 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steigert, Alexander A1 - Kojda, Sandrino Danny A1 - Ibaceta-Jaña, Josefa Fernanda A1 - Abou-Ras, Daniel A1 - Gunder, René A1 - Alktash, Nivin A1 - Habicht, Klaus A1 - Wagner, Markus Raphael A1 - Klenk, Reiner A1 - Raoux, Simone A1 - Szyszka, Bernd A1 - Lauermann, Iver A1 - Muydinov, Ruslan T1 - Water-assisted crystallization of amorphous indium zinc oxide films JF - Materials today. Communications N2 - Transparent conductive materials based on indium oxide remain yet irreplaceable in various optoelectronic applications. Amorphous oxides appear especially attractive for technology as they are isotropic, demonstrate relatively high electron mobility and can be processed at low temperatures. Among them is indium zinc oxide (IZO) with a large zinc content that is crucial for keeping the amorphous state but redundant for the doping. In this work we investigated water-free and water containing IZO films obtained by radio frequency sputtering. The correlation between temperature driven changes of the chemical state, the optical and electrical properties as well as the progression of crystallization was in focus. Such characterization methods as: scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, temperature dependent Hall-effect measurements and others were applied. Temperature dependent electrical properties of amorphous IZO and IZO:H2O films were found to evolve similarly. Based on our experience in In2O3:H2O (In2O3:H or IOH) we proposed an explanation for the changes observed. Water admixture was found to decrease crystallization temperature of IZO significantly from similar to 550 degrees C to similar to 280 degrees C. Herewith, the presence and concentration of water and/or hydroxyls was found to determine Zn distribution in the film. In particular, Zn enrichment was detected at the film's surface respective to the high water and/or hydroxyl amount. Raman spectra revealed a two-dimensional crystallization of w-ZnO which precedes regardless water presence an extensive In2O3 crystallization. An abrupt loss of electron mobility as a result of crystallization was attributed to the formation of ZnO interlayer on grain boundaries. KW - IZO KW - Thin films KW - TCOs KW - Crystallization KW - Water-assisted crystallization Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103213 SN - 2352-4928 VL - 31 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Crovetto, Andrea A1 - Hempel, Hannes A1 - Rusu, Marin A1 - Choubrac, Leo A1 - Kojda, Sandrino Danny A1 - Habicht, Klaus A1 - Unold, Thomas T1 - Water adsorption enhances electrical conductivity in transparent p-type CuI JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - CuI has been recently rediscovered as a p-type transparent conductor with a high figure of merit. Even though many metal iodides are hygroscopic, the effect of moisture on the electrical properties of CuI has not been clarified. In this work, we observe a 2-fold increase in the conductivity of CuI after exposure to ambient humidity for 5 h, followed by slight long-term degradation. Simultaneously, the work function of CuI decreases by almost 1 eV, which can explain the large spread in the previously reported work function values. The conductivity increase is partially reversible and is maximized at intermediate humidity levels. On the basis of the large intragrain mobility measured by THz spectroscopy, we suggest that hydration of grain boundaries may be beneficial for the overall hole mobility. KW - transparent conductors KW - CuI KW - copper iodide KW - conductivity KW - humidity KW - p-type KW - work function Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c11040 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 12 IS - 43 SP - 48741 EP - 48747 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Le Corre, Vincent M. A1 - Feuerstein, Markus A1 - Caprioglio, Pietro A1 - Koster, Lambert Jan Anton A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Voltage-Dependent Photoluminescence and How It Correlates with the Fill Factor and Open-Circuit Voltage in Perovskite Solar Cells JF - Acs energy letters N2 - Optimizing the photoluminescence (PL) yield of a solar cell has long been recognized as a key principle to maximize the power conversion efficiency. While PL measurements are routinely applied to perovskite films and solar cells under open circuit conditions (V-OC), it remains unclear how the emission depends on the applied voltage. Here, we performed PL(V) measurements on perovskite cells with different hole transport layer thicknesses and doping concentrations, resulting in remarkably different fill factors (FFs). The results reveal that PL(V) mirrors the current-voltage (JV) characteristics in the power-generating regime, which highlights an interesting correlation between radiative and nonradiative recombination losses. In particular, high FF devices show a rapid quenching of PL(V) from open-circuit to the maximum power point. We conclude that, while the PL has to be maximized at V-OC at lower biases < V-OC the PL must be rapidly quenched as charges need to be extracted prior to recombination. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02262 SN - 2380-8195 VL - 4 IS - 12 SP - 2887 EP - 2892 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Wolff, Christian Michael A1 - Marquez, Jose A. A1 - Zhang, Shanshan A1 - Hages, Charles J. A1 - Rothhardt, Daniel A1 - Albrecht, Steve A1 - Burn, Paul L. A1 - Meredith, Paul A1 - Unold, Thomas A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Visualization and suppression of interfacial recombination for high-efficiency large-area pin perovskite solar cells JF - Nature Energy N2 - The performance of perovskite solar cells is predominantly limited by non-radiative recombination, either through trap-assisted recombination in the absorber layer or via minority carrier recombination at the perovskite/transport layer interfaces. Here, we use transient and absolute photoluminescence imaging to visualize all non-radiative recombination pathways in planar pintype perovskite solar cells with undoped organic charge transport layers. We find significant quasi-Fermi-level splitting losses (135 meV) in the perovskite bulk, whereas interfacial recombination results in an additional free energy loss of 80 meV at each individual interface, which limits the open-circuit voltage (V-oc) of the complete cell to similar to 1.12 V. Inserting ultrathin interlayers between the perovskite and transport layers leads to a substantial reduction of these interfacial losses at both the p and n contacts. Using this knowledge and approach, we demonstrate reproducible dopant-free 1 cm(2) perovskite solar cells surpassing 20% efficiency (19.83% certified) with stabilized power output, a high V-oc (1.17 V) and record fill factor (>81%). KW - Energy science and technology KW - Solar cells Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0219-8 SN - 2058-7546 VL - 3 IS - 10 SP - 847 EP - 854 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gandhimathi, V. M. A1 - Rajasekar, S. A1 - Kurths, Jürgen T1 - Vibrational and stochastic resonances in two coupled overdamped anharmonic oscillators JF - Modern physics letters : A, Particles and fields, gravitation, cosmology, nuclear physics N2 - We study the overdamped version of two coupled anharmonic oscillators under the influence of both low- and high-frequency forces respectively and a Gaussian noise term added to one of the two state variables of the system. The dynamics of the system is first studied in the presence of both forces separately without noise. In the presence of only one of the forces, no resonance behaviour is observed, however, hysteresis happens there. Then the influence of the high-frequency force in the presence of a low-frequency, i.e. biharmonic forcing, is studied. Vibrational resonance is found to occur when the amplitude of the high-frequency force is varied. The resonance curve resembles a stochastic resonance-like curve. It is maximum at the value of g at which the orbit lies in one well during one half of the drive cycle of the low-frequency force and in the other for the remaining half cycle. Vibrational resonance is characterized using the response amplitude and mean residence time. We show the occurrence of stochastic resonance behaviour in the overdamped system by replacing the high-frequency force by Gaussian noise. Similarities and differences between both types of resonance are presented. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - vibrational resonance KW - low-frequency force KW - high-frequency force KW - stochastic resonance KW - noise KW - mean residence time Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2006.08.051 SN - 0375-9601 VL - 360 IS - 2 SP - 279 EP - 286 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdalla, Hassan E. A1 - Adam, Remi A1 - Aharonian, Felix A. A1 - Benkhali, Faical Ait A1 - Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan A1 - Arakawa, Masanori A1 - Arcaro, C A1 - Armand, Catherine A1 - Armstrong, T. A1 - Egberts, Kathrin T1 - Very high energy γ-ray emission from two blazars of unknown redshift and upper limits on their distance JF - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - We report on the detection of very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac objects KUV 00311-1938 and PKS 1440-389 with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observations were accompanied or preceded by multiwavelength observations with Fermi/LAT, XRT and UVOT onboard the Swift satellite, and ATOM. Based on an extrapolation of the Fermi/LAT spectrum towards the VHE gamma-ray regime, we deduce a 95 per cent confidence level upper limit on the unknown redshift of KUV 00311-1938 of z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 of z < 0.53. When combined with previous spectroscopy results, the redshift of KUV 00311-1938 is constrained to 0.51 <= z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 to 0.14 (sic) z < 0.53. KW - BL Lacertae objects: individual KW - galaxies: high-redshift KW - gamma-rays: general KW - Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength Y1 - 2020 VL - 494 IS - 4 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Abdalla, Hassan E. A1 - Adam, Remi A1 - Aharonian, Felix A. A1 - Benkhali, Faical Ait A1 - Angüner, Ekrem Oǧuzhan A1 - Arakawa, Masanori A1 - Arcaro, C A1 - Armand, Catherine A1 - Armstrong, T. A1 - Egberts, Kathrin T1 - Very high energy γ-ray emission from two blazars of unknown redshift and upper limits on their distance T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - We report on the detection of very high energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray emission from the BL Lac objects KUV 00311-1938 and PKS 1440-389 with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). H.E.S.S. observations were accompanied or preceded by multiwavelength observations with Fermi/LAT, XRT and UVOT onboard the Swift satellite, and ATOM. Based on an extrapolation of the Fermi/LAT spectrum towards the VHE gamma-ray regime, we deduce a 95 per cent confidence level upper limit on the unknown redshift of KUV 00311-1938 of z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 of z < 0.53. When combined with previous spectroscopy results, the redshift of KUV 00311-1938 is constrained to 0.51 <= z < 0.98 and of PKS 1440-389 to 0.14 (sic) z < 0.53. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1202 KW - BL Lacertae objects: individual KW - galaxies: high-redshift KW - gamma-rays: general KW - Resolved and unresolved sources as a function of wavelength Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-526000 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayser, Markus A1 - Maturilli, Marion A1 - Graham, Robert M. A1 - Hudson, Stephen R. A1 - Rinke, Annette A1 - Cohen, Lana A1 - Kim, Joo-Hong A1 - Park, Sang-Jong A1 - Moon, Woosok A1 - Granskog, Mats A. T1 - Vertical thermodynamic structure of the troposphere during the Norwegian young sea ICE expedition (N-ICE2015) JF - Journal of geophysical research-atmosheres N2 - The Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition was designed to investigate the atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean interactions in the young and thin sea ice regime north of Svalbard. Radiosondes were launched twice daily during the expedition from January to June 2015. Here we use these upper air measurements to study the multiple cyclonic events observed during N-ICE2015 with respect to changes in the vertical thermodynamic structure, moisture content, and boundary layer characteristics. We provide statistics of temperature inversion characteristics, static stability, and boundary layer extent. During winter, when radiative cooling is most effective, we find the strongest impact of synoptic cyclones. Changes to thermodynamic characteristics of the boundary layer are associated with transitions between the radiatively "clear" and "opaque" atmospheric states. In spring, radiative fluxes warm the surface leading to lifted temperature inversions and a statically unstable boundary layer. Further, we compare the N-ICE2015 static stability distributions to corresponding profiles from ERA-Interim reanalysis, from the closest land station in the Arctic North Atlantic sector, Ny-Alesund, and to soundings from the SHEBA expedition (1997/1998). We find similar stability characteristics for N-ICE2015 and SHEBA throughout the troposphere, despite differences in location, sea ice thickness, and snow cover. For Ny-Alesund, we observe similar characteristics above 1000 m, while the topography and ice-free fjord surrounding Ny-Alesund generate great differences below. The long-term radiosonde record (1993-2014) from Ny-Alesund indicates that during the N-ICE2015 spring period, temperatures were close to the climatological mean, while the lowest 3000 m were 1-3 degrees C warmer than the climatology during winter. Plain Language Summary The Norwegian young sea ICE (N-ICE2015) expedition was designed to investigate the atmosphere-snow-ice-ocean interactions in the young and thin sea ice regime north of Svalbard. Radiosondes were launched twice daily during the expedition from January to June 2015. Here we use these upper air measurements to study the multiple cyclonic events observed during N-ICE2015 with respect to changes in the vertical thermodynamic structure, moisture content, and the atmospheric boundary layer characteristics. During winter, we find the strongest impact of synoptic cyclones, which transport warm and moist air into the cold and dry Arctic atmosphere. In spring, incoming solar radiation warms the surface. This leads to very different thermodynamic conditions and higher moisture content, which reduces the contrast between stormy and calm periods. Further, we compare the N-ICE2015 measurements to corresponding profiles from ERA-Interim reanalysis, from the closest land station in the Arctic North Atlantic sector, Ny-Alesund, and to soundings from the SHEBA expedition (1997/1998). We find similar stability characteristics for N-ICE2015 and SHEBA throughout the troposphere, despite differences in location, sea ice thickness, and snow cover. The comparisons highlight the value of the N-ICE2015 observation and show the importance of winter time observations in the Arctic North Atlantic sector. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026089 SN - 2169-897X SN - 2169-8996 VL - 122 IS - 20 SP - 10855 EP - 10872 PB - American Geophysical Union CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schick, Daniel A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Pontius, Niko A1 - Mitzner, Rolf A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Holldack, Karsten A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi T1 - Versatile soft X-ray-optical cross-correlator for ultrafast applications T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - We present an X-ray-optical cross-correlator for the soft (> 150 eV) up to the hard X-ray regime based on a molybdenum-silicon superlattice. The cross-correlation is done by probing intensity and position changes of superlattice Bragg peaks caused by photoexcitation of coherent phonons. This approach is applicable for a wide range of X-ray photon energies as well as for a broad range of excitation wavelengths and requires no external fields or changes of temperature. Moreover, the cross-correlator can be employed on a 10 ps or 100 fs time scale featuring up to 50% total X-ray reflectivity and transient signal changes of more than 20%. (C) 2016 Author(s). T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1331 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-436962 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1331 SP - 054304-1 EP - 054304-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schick, Daniel A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Pontius, Niko A1 - Mitzner, Rolf A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Holldack, Karsten A1 - Sorgenfrei, Nomi T1 - Versatile soft X-ray-optical cross-correlator for ultrafast applications JF - Structural dynamics N2 - We present an X-ray-optical cross-correlator for the soft (> 150 eV) up to the hard X-ray regime based on a molybdenum-silicon superlattice. The cross-correlation is done by probing intensity and position changes of superlattice Bragg peaks caused by photoexcitation of coherent phonons. This approach is applicable for a wide range of X-ray photon energies as well as for a broad range of excitation wavelengths and requires no external fields or changes of temperature. Moreover, the cross-correlator can be employed on a 10 ps or 100 fs time scale featuring up to 50% total X-ray reflectivity and transient signal changes of more than 20%. (C) 2016 Author(s). Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4964296 SN - 2329-7778 VL - 3 SP - 054304-1 EP - 054304-8 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abeysekara, A. U. A1 - Archer, A. A1 - Benbow, Wystan A1 - Bird, Ralph A1 - Brill, A. A1 - Brose, Robert A1 - Buckley, J. H. A1 - Christiansen, Jessie L. A1 - Chromey, A. J. A1 - Daniel, M. K. A1 - Falcone, A. A1 - Feng, Qi A1 - Finley, John P. A1 - Fortson, L. A1 - Furniss, Amy A1 - Gillanders, Gerard H. A1 - Gueta, O. A1 - Hanna, David A1 - Hervet, O. A1 - Holder, J. A1 - Hughes, G. A1 - Humensky, T. B. A1 - Johnson, Caitlin A. A1 - Kaaret, Philip A1 - Kar, P. A1 - Kelley-Hoskins, N. A1 - Kertzman, M. A1 - Kieda, David A1 - Krause, Maria A1 - Krennrich, F. A1 - Lang, M. J. A1 - Moriarty, P. A1 - Mukherjee, Reshmi A1 - Ong, R. A. A1 - Otte, A. N. A1 - Park, N. A1 - Petrashyk, A. A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Pueschel, Elisa A1 - Quinn, J. A1 - Ragan, K. A1 - Reynolds, P. T. A1 - Richards, Gregory T. A1 - Roache, E. A1 - Rulten, C. A1 - Sadeh, I. A1 - Santander, Marcos A1 - Scott, S. S. A1 - Sembroski, G. H. A1 - Shahinyan, Karlen A1 - Tyler, J. A1 - Wakely, S. P. A1 - Weinstein, A. A1 - Wells, R. M. A1 - Wilcox, P. A1 - Wilhelm, Alina A1 - Williams, D. A. A1 - Williamson, T. J. A1 - Zitzer, B. A1 - Kaur, A. T1 - VERITAS Observations of the BL Lac Object TXS 0506+056 JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics ; Part 2, Letters N2 - On 2017 September 22, the IceCube Neutrino Observatory reported the detection of the high-energy neutrino event IC 170922A, of potential astrophysical origin. It was soon determined that the neutrino direction was consistent with the location of the gamma-ray blazar TXS 0506+056. (3FGL J0509.4+ 0541), which was in an elevated gamma-ray emission state as measured by the Fermi satellite. Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System (VERITAS) observations of the neutrino/blazar region started on 2017 September 23 in response to the neutrino alert and continued through 2018 February 6. While no significant very-high-energy (VHE; E > 100 GeV) emission was observed from the blazar by VERITAS in the two-week period immediately following the IceCube alert, TXS 0506+ 056 was detected by VERITAS with a significance of 5.8 standard deviations (sigma) in the full 35 hr data set. The average photon flux of the source during this period was (8.9 +/- 1.6). x. 10(-12) cm(-2) s(-1), or 1.6% of the Crab Nebula flux, above an energy threshold of 110 GeV, with a soft spectral index of 4.8. +/-. 1.3. KW - astroparticle physics KW - BL Lacertae objects: individual (TXS 0506+056, VER J0509+057) KW - gamma rays: galaxies KW - quasars: general KW - neutrinos Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad053 SN - 2041-8205 SN - 2041-8213 VL - 861 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abeysekara, A. U. A1 - Archer, A. A1 - Benbow, Wystan A1 - Bird, Ralph A1 - Brose, Robert A1 - Buchovecky, M. A1 - Buckley, J. H. A1 - Bugaev, V. A1 - Chromey, A. J. A1 - Connolly, M. P. A1 - Cui, Wei A1 - Daniel, M. K. A1 - Falcone, A. A1 - Feng, Qi A1 - Finley, John P. A1 - Fortson, L. A1 - Furniss, Amy A1 - Huetten, M. A1 - Hanna, David A1 - Hervet, O. A1 - Holder, J. A1 - Hughes, G. A1 - Humensky, T. B. A1 - Johnson, Caitlin A. A1 - Kaaret, Philip A1 - Kar, P. A1 - Kertzman, M. A1 - Kieda, David A1 - Krause, M. A1 - Krennrich, F. A1 - Kumar, S. A1 - Lang, M. J. A1 - Lin, T. T. Y. A1 - McArthur, S. A1 - Moriarty, P. A1 - Mukherjee, Reshmi A1 - Ong, R. A. A1 - Otte, Adam Nepomuk A1 - Park, Nahee A1 - Petrashyk, A. A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Pueschel, Elisa A1 - Quinn, J. A1 - Ragan, K. A1 - Reynolds, P. T. A1 - Richards, Gregory T. A1 - Roache, E. A1 - Rulten, C. A1 - Sadeh, I. A1 - Santander, Marcos A1 - Sembroski, G. H. A1 - Shahinyan, Karlen A1 - Sushch, I. A1 - Tyler, J. A1 - Wakely, S. P. A1 - Weinstein, A. A1 - Wells, R. M. A1 - Wilcox, P. A1 - Wilhelm, Alina A1 - Williams, D. A. A1 - Williamson, T. J. A1 - Zitzer, B. A1 - Abdollahi, S. A1 - Ajello, Marco A1 - Baldini, Luca A1 - Barbiellini, G. A1 - Bastieri, Denis A1 - Bellazzini, Ronaldo A1 - Berenji, B. A1 - Bissaldi, Elisabetta A1 - Blandford, R. D. A1 - Bonino, R. A1 - Bottacini, E. A1 - Brandt, Terri J. A1 - Bruel, P. A1 - Buehler, R. A1 - Cameron, R. A. A1 - Caputo, R. A1 - Caraveo, P. A. A1 - Castro, D. A1 - Cavazzuti, E. A1 - Charles, Eric A1 - Chiaro, G. A1 - Ciprini, S. A1 - Cohen-Tanugi, Johann A1 - Costantin, D. A1 - Cutini, S. A1 - de Palma, F. A1 - Di Lalla, N. A1 - Di Mauro, M. A1 - Di Venere, L. A1 - Dominguez, A. A1 - Favuzzi, C. A1 - Fegan, S. J. A1 - Franckowiak, Anna A1 - Fukazawa, Yasushi A1 - Funk, Stefan A1 - Fusco, Piergiorgio A1 - Gargano, Fabio A1 - Gasparrini, Dario A1 - Giglietto, Nicola A1 - Giordano, F. A1 - Giroletti, Marcello A1 - Green, D. A1 - Grenier, I. A. A1 - Guillemot, L. A1 - Guiriec, Sylvain A1 - Hays, Elizabeth A1 - Hewitt, John W. A1 - Horan, D. A1 - Johannesson, G. A1 - Kensei, S. A1 - Kuss, M. A1 - Larsson, Stefan A1 - Latronico, L. A1 - Lemoine-Goumard, Marianne A1 - Li, J. A1 - Longo, Francesco A1 - Loparco, Francesco A1 - Lovellette, M. N. A1 - Lubrano, Pasquale A1 - Magill, Jeffrey D. A1 - Maldera, Simone A1 - Mazziotta, Mario Nicola A1 - McEnery, J. E. A1 - Michelson, P. F. A1 - Mitthumsiri, W. A1 - Mizuno, Tsunefumi A1 - Monzani, Maria Elena A1 - Morselli, Aldo A1 - Moskalenko, Igor V. A1 - Negro, M. A1 - Nuss, E. A1 - Ojha, R. A1 - Omodei, Nicola A1 - Orienti, M. A1 - Orlando, E. A1 - Palatiello, M. A1 - Paliya, Vaidehi S. A1 - Paneque, D. A1 - Perkins, Jeremy S. A1 - Persic, M. A1 - Pesce-Rollins, Melissa A1 - Petrosian, Vahe' A1 - Piron, F. A1 - Porter, Troy A. A1 - Principe, G. A1 - Raino, S. A1 - Rando, Riccardo A1 - Rani, B. A1 - Razzano, Massimilano A1 - Razzaque, Soebur A1 - Reimer, A. A1 - Reimer, Olaf A1 - Reposeur, T. A1 - Sgro, C. A1 - Siskind, E. J. A1 - Spandre, Gloria A1 - Spinelli, P. A1 - Suson, D. J. A1 - Tajima, Hiroyasu A1 - Thayer, J. B. A1 - Thompson, David J. A1 - Torres, Diego F. A1 - Tosti, Gino A1 - Troja, Eleonora A1 - Valverde, J. A1 - Vianello, Giacomo A1 - Vogel, M. A1 - Wood, K. A1 - Yassine, M. A1 - Alfaro, R. A1 - Alvarez, C. A1 - Alvarez, J. D. A1 - Arceo, R. A1 - Arteaga-Velazquez, J. C. A1 - Rojas, D. Avila A1 - Ayala Solares, H. A. A1 - Becerril, A. A1 - Belmont-Moreno, E. A1 - BenZvi, S. Y. A1 - Bernal, A. A1 - Braun, J. A1 - Brisbois, C. A1 - Caballero-Mora, K. S. A1 - Capistran, T. A1 - Carraminana, A. A1 - Casanova, Sabrina A1 - Castillo, M. A1 - Cotti, U. A1 - Cotzomi, J. A1 - Coutino de Leon, S. A1 - De Leon, C. A1 - De la Fuente, E. A1 - Dichiara, S. A1 - Dingus, B. L. A1 - DuVernois, M. A. A1 - Diaz-Velez, J. C. A1 - Engel, K. A1 - Enriquez-Rivera, O. A1 - Fiorino, D. W. A1 - Fleischhack, H. A1 - Fraija, N. A1 - Garcia-Gonzalez, J. A. A1 - Garfias, F. A1 - Gonzalez Munoz, A. A1 - Gonzalez, M. M. A1 - Goodman, J. A. A1 - Hampel-Arias, Z. A1 - Harding, J. P. A1 - Hernandez, S. A1 - Hernandez-Almada, A. A1 - Hona, B. A1 - Hueyotl-Zahuantitla, F. A1 - Hui, C. M. A1 - Huntemeyer, P. A1 - Iriarte, A. A1 - Jardin-Blicq, A. A1 - Joshi, V. A1 - Kaufmann, S. A1 - Lara, A. A1 - Lauer, R. J. A1 - Lee, W. H. A1 - Lennarz, D. A1 - Leon Vargas, H. A1 - Linnemann, J. T. A1 - Longinotti, A. L. A1 - Luis-Raya, G. A1 - Luna-Garcia, R. A1 - Lopez-Coto, R. A1 - Malone, K. A1 - Marinelli, S. S. A1 - Martinez, O. A1 - Martinez-Castellanos, I. A1 - Martinez-Castro, J. A1 - Martinez-Huerta, H. A1 - Matthews, J. A. A1 - Miranda-Romagnoli, P. A1 - Moreno, E. A1 - Mostafa, M. A1 - Nayerhoda, A. A1 - Nellen, L. A1 - Newbold, M. A1 - Nisa, M. U. A1 - Noriega-Papaqui, R. A1 - Pelayo, R. A1 - Pretz, J. A1 - Perez-Perez, E. G. A1 - Ren, Z. A1 - Rho, C. D. A1 - Riviere, C. A1 - Rosa-Gonzalez, D. A1 - Rosenberg, M. A1 - Ruiz-Velasco, E. A1 - Salazar, H. A1 - Greus, F. Salesa A1 - Sandoval, A. A1 - Schneider, M. A1 - Arroyo, M. Seglar A1 - Sinnis, G. A1 - Smith, A. J. A1 - Springer, R. W. A1 - Surajbali, P. A1 - Taboada, Ignacio A1 - Tibolla, O. A1 - Tollefson, K. A1 - Torres, I. A1 - Ukwatta, Tilan N. A1 - Villasenor, L. A1 - Weisgarber, T. A1 - Westerhoff, Stefan A1 - Wisher, I. G. A1 - Wood, J. A1 - Yapici, Tolga A1 - Yodh, G. A1 - Zepeda, A. A1 - Zhou, H. T1 - VERITAS and Fermi-LAT Observations of TeV Gamma-Ray Sources Discovered by HAWC in the 2HWC Catalog JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) collaboration recently published their 2HWC catalog, listing 39 very high energy (VHE; >100 GeV) gamma-ray sources based on 507 days of observation. Among these, 19 sources are not associated with previously known teraelectronvolt (TeV) gamma-ray sources. We have studied 14 of these sources without known counterparts with VERITAS and Fermi-LAT. VERITAS detected weak gamma-ray emission in the 1 TeV-30 TeV band in the region of DA 495, a pulsar wind nebula coinciding with 2HWC J1953+294, confirming the discovery of the source by HAWC. We did not find any counterpart for the selected 14 new HAWC sources from our analysis of Fermi-LAT data for energies higher than 10 GeV. During the search, we detected gigaelectronvolt (GeV) gamma-ray emission coincident with a known TeV pulsar wind nebula, SNR G54.1+0.3 (VER J1930+188), and a 2HWC source, 2HWC J1930+188. The fluxes for isolated, steady sources in the 2HWC catalog are generally in good agreement with those measured by imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. However, the VERITAS fluxes for SNR G54.1+0.3, DA 495, and TeV J2032+4130 are lower than those measured by HAWC, and several new HAWC sources are not detected by VERITAS. This is likely due to a change in spectral shape, source extension, or the influence of diffuse emission in the source region. KW - gamma rays: general Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aade4e SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 866 IS - 1 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - THES A1 - Tegtmeier, Susann T1 - Variationen der stratosphärischen Residualzirkulation und ihr Einfluss auf die Ozonverteilung T1 - Variations of the residual circulation and its impact on ozone N2 - Die Residualzirkulation entspricht der mittleren Massenzirkulation und beschreibt die im zonalen Mittel stattfindenden meridionalen Transportprozesse. Die Variationen der Residualzirkulation bestimmen gemeinsam mit dem anthropogen verursachten Ozonabbau die jährlichen Schwankungen der Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Geschwindigkeit des arktischen Astes der Residualzirkulation aus atmosphärischen Daten gewonnen. Zu diesem Zweck wird das diabatische Absinken im Polarwirbel mit Hilfe von Trajektorienrechnungen bestimmt. Die vertikalen Bewegungen der Luftpakete können mit vertikalen Windfeldern oder entsprechend einem neuen Ansatz mit diabatischen Heizraten angetrieben werden. Die Eingabedaten stammen aus dem 45 Jahre langen Reanalyse-Datensatz des "European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast" (ECMWF). Außerdem kann für die Jahre ab 1984 die operationelle ECMWF-Analyse verwendet werden. Die Qualität und Robustheit der Heizraten- und Trajektorienrechnungen werden durch Sensitivitätsstudien und Vergleiche mit anderen Modellen untermauert. Anschließend werden umfangreiche Trajektorienensemble statistisch ausgewertet, um ein detailliertes, zeit- und höhenaufgelöstes Bild des diabatischen Absinkens zu ermitteln. In diesem Zusammenhang werden zwei Methoden entwickelt, um das Absinken gemittelt im Polarwirbel oder als Funktion der äquivalenten Breite zu bestimmen. Es wird gezeigt, dass es notwendig ist den Lagrangeschen auf Trajektorienrechnungen basierenden Ansatz zu verfolgen, da die einfachen Eulerschen Mittel Abweichungen zu den Lagrangeschen Vertikalgeschwindigkeiten aufweisen. Das wirbelgemittelte Absinken wird für einzelne Winter mit dem beobachteten Absinken langlebiger Spurengase und anderen Modellstudien verglichen. Der Vergleich zeigt, dass das Absinken basierend auf den vertikalen Windfeldern der ECMWF-Datensätze den Nettoluftmassentransport durch die Residualzirkulation sehr stark überschätzt. Der neue Ansatz basierend auf den Heizraten ergibt hingegen realistische Ergebnisse und wird aus diesem Grund für alle Rechnungen verwendet. Es wird erstmalig eine Klimatologie des diabatischen Absinkens über einen fast fünf Jahrzehnte umfassenden Zeitraum erstellt. Die Klimatologie beinhaltet das vertikal und zeitlich aufgelöste diabatische Absinken gemittelt über den gesamten Polarwirbel und Informationen über die räumliche Struktur des vertikalen Absinkens. Die natürliche Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität des diabatischen Absinkens ist sehr stark ausgeprägt. Es wird gezeigt, dass zwischen der ECMWF-Zeitreihe des diabatischen Absinkens und der Zeitreihe aus einem unabhängig analysierten Temperaturdatensatz hohe Korrelationen bestehen. Erstmals wird der Einfluss von Transportprozessen auf die Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling direkt quantifiziert. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Jahr-zu-Jahr Variabilität der Ozongesamtsäule im arktischen Frühling zu gleichen Anteilen durch die Variabilität der dynamischen Komponente und durch die Variabilität der chemischen Komponente beeinflusst wird. Die gefundenen Variabilitäten von diabatischem Absinken und Ozoneintrag in hohen Breiten werden mit der vertikalen Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen aus der Troposphäre in die Stratosphäre in Beziehung gesetzt. N2 - Due to the variability of tropospheric wave activity, the strength of the residual circulation has a distinct seasonal cycle and significant year-to-year variability. The variability of the residual circulation causes interannual variations of the polar ozone layer in late winter and spring. A reverse domain filling trajectory model based on atmospheric data sets is used to calculate the strength and spatial structure of the polar branch of the residual circulation. The atmospheric data sets (ERA-40 and ECMWF Analysis) emerge from a combined analysis of Reanalysis data and a weather forecast model and are available for a time period of 47 years starting from September 1957. Two different approaches are used in the trajectory routine to calculate the vertical movement of air. The first approach is based on the vertical velocity given by "European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecast" (ECMWF), a quantity that is derived from the divergence of the horizontal winds and that tends to be noisy. In the second approach a radiation transfer model is used to calculate the diabatic heating rates from the divergence of the net radiation flux. The derived descent from both methods is compared with measured tracer distributions from satellite data and Arctic field campaigns. The comparison shows that the second approach results in a much more realistic vertical transport. The method based on the diabatic heating rates is used to compile a climatology of the diabatic descent, averaged within the polar vortex for the Arctic winters 1957/58-2003/04. Furthermore, the climatology contains information regarding the spatial structure of the diabatic descent. The influence of the diabatic descent in the Arctic polar vortex on the total ozone column is calculated for the recent winters since 1990. It is shown that the interannual variability of the Arctic total ozone column is in equal shares caused by dynamical transport processes and by chemical ozone depletion. KW - Allgemeine atmosphärische Zirkulation KW - Ozon KW - Strahlungstransportmodell KW - Trajektorienmodell KW - Polarwirbel KW - Residual circulation KW - Polar ozone KW - Radiation transfer model KW - Trajectory model KW - Polar vortex Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-12118 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pulkkinen, Otto A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Variance-corrected Michaelis-Menten equation predicts transient rates of single-enzyme reactions and response times in bacterial gene-regulation JF - Scientific reports N2 - Many chemical reactions in biological cells occur at very low concentrations of constituent molecules. Thus, transcriptional gene-regulation is often controlled by poorly expressed transcription-factors, such as E.coli lac repressor with few tens of copies. Here we study the effects of inherent concentration fluctuations of substrate-molecules on the seminal Michaelis-Menten scheme of biochemical reactions. We present a universal correction to the Michaelis-Menten equation for the reaction-rates. The relevance and validity of this correction for enzymatic reactions and intracellular gene-regulation is demonstrated. Our analytical theory and simulation results confirm that the proposed variance-corrected Michaelis-Menten equation predicts the rate of reactions with remarkable accuracy even in the presence of large non-equilibrium concentration fluctuations. The major advantage of our approach is that it involves only the mean and variance of the substrate-molecule concentration. Our theory is therefore accessible to experiments and not specific to the exact source of the concentration fluctuations. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17820 SN - 2045-2322 IS - 5 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kontro, Inkeri A1 - Buschhüter, David T1 - Validity of Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey for a high-achieving, Finnish population JF - Physical review. Physics education research N2 - The Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey (CLASS) is an instrument which is widely used in physics education to characterize students' attitudes toward physics and learning physics and compare them with those of experts. While CLASS has been extensively validated for use in the context of higher education institutions in the United States, there has been less information about its use with European students. We have studied the structural, content, and substantive aspects of validity of CLASS by first doing a confirmatory factor analysis of N = 642 sets of student answers from the University of Helsinki, Finland. The students represented a culturally and demographically different subset of university physics students than in previous studies. The confirmatory factor analysis used a 3-factor, 15-item factor structure as a starting point and the resulting factor structure was similar to the original. Just minor modifications were needed for fit parameters to be in the acceptable range. We explored the differences by student interviews and consultation of experts. With the exception of one item, they supported the new 14-item, 3-factor structure. The results show that the interpretations made from CLASS results are mostly transferable, and CLASS remains a useful instrument for a wide variety of populations. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.020104 SN - 2469-9896 VL - 16 IS - 2 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, MD ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulff, Peter A1 - Mientus, Lukas A1 - Nowak, Anna A1 - Borowski, Andreas T1 - Utilizing a pretrained language model (BERT) to classify preservice physics teachers' written reflections JF - International journal of artificial intelligence in education N2 - Computer-based analysis of preservice teachers' written reflections could enable educational scholars to design personalized and scalable intervention measures to support reflective writing. Algorithms and technologies in the domain of research related to artificial intelligence have been found to be useful in many tasks related to reflective writing analytics such as classification of text segments. However, mostly shallow learning algorithms have been employed so far. This study explores to what extent deep learning approaches can improve classification performance for segments of written reflections. To do so, a pretrained language model (BERT) was utilized to classify segments of preservice physics teachers' written reflections according to elements in a reflection-supporting model. Since BERT has been found to advance performance in many tasks, it was hypothesized to enhance classification performance for written reflections as well. We also compared the performance of BERT with other deep learning architectures and examined conditions for best performance. We found that BERT outperformed the other deep learning architectures and previously reported performances with shallow learning algorithms for classification of segments of reflective writing. BERT starts to outperform the other models when trained on about 20 to 30% of the training data. Furthermore, attribution analyses for inputs yielded insights into important features for BERT's classification decisions. Our study indicates that pretrained language models such as BERT can boost performance for language-related tasks in educational contexts such as classification. KW - Reflective writing KW - NLP KW - Deep learning KW - Science education Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-022-00290-6 SN - 1560-4292 SN - 1560-4306 IS - 33 SP - 439 EP - 466 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laquai, Rene A1 - Müller, Bernd R. A1 - Schneider, Judith Ann A1 - Kupsch, Andreas A1 - Bruno, Giovanni T1 - Using SXRR to probe the nature of discontinuities in SLM additive manufactured inconel 718 specimens JF - Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A N2 - The utilization of additive manufacturing (AM) to fabricate robust structural components relies on understanding the nature of internal anomalies or discontinuities, which can compromise the structural integrity. While some discontinuities in AM microstructures stem from similar mechanisms as observed in more traditional processes such as casting, others are unique to the AM process. Discontinuities in AM are challenging to detect, due to their submicron size and orientation dependency. Toward the goal of improving structural integrity, minimizing discontinuities in an AM build requires an understanding of the mechanisms of formation to mitigate their occurrence. This study utilizes various techniques to evaluate the shape, size, nature and distribution of discontinuities in AM Inconel 718, in a non-hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) as-built, non-HIPed and direct age, and HIPed with two step age samples. Non-destructive synchrotron radiation refraction and transmission radiography (SXRR) provides additional information beyond that obtained with destructive optical microscopy. SXRR was able to distinguish between voids, cracks and lack of melt in, due to its sensitivity to the orientation of the discontinuity. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-020-05847-5 SN - 1073-5623 SN - 1543-1940 VL - 51 IS - 8 SP - 4146 EP - 4157 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teichmann, Erik T1 - Using phase dynamics to study partial synchrony BT - three examples JF - European physical journal special topics N2 - Partial synchronous states appear between full synchrony and asynchrony and exhibit many interesting properties. Most frequently, these states are studied within the framework of phase approximation. The latter is used ubiquitously to analyze coupled oscillatory systems. Typically, the phase dynamics description is obtained in the weak coupling limit, i.e., in the first-order in the coupling strength. The extension beyond the first-order represents an unsolved problem and is an active area of research. In this paper, three partially synchronous states are investigated and presented in order of increasing complexity. First, the usage of the phase response curve for the description of macroscopic oscillators is analyzed. To achieve this, the response of the mean-field oscillations in a model of all-to-all coupled limit-cycle oscillators to pulse stimulation is measured. The next part treats a two-group Kuramoto model, where the interaction of one attractive and one repulsive group results in an interesting solitary state, situated between full synchrony and self-consistent partial synchrony. In the last part, the phase dynamics of a relatively simple system of three Stuart-Landau oscillators are extended beyond the weak coupling limit. The resulting model contains triplet terms in the high-order phase approximation, though the structural connections are only pairwise. Finally, the scaling of the new terms with the coupling is analyzed. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1140/epjs/s11734-021-00156-3 SN - 1951-6355 SN - 1951-6401 VL - 230 IS - 14-15 SP - 2833 EP - 2842 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - THES A1 - Svirejeva-Hopkins, Anastasia T1 - Urbanised territories as a specific component of the global carbon cycle N2 - Wir betrachten folgende Teile: die zusätzlichen Kohlenstoff(C)-emissionen, welche aus der Umwandlung von natürlichem Umland durch Stadtwachstum resultieren, und die Änderung des C-Flusses durch 'urbanisierte' Ökosysteme, soweit atmosphärisches C durch diese in umliegende natürliche Ökosysteme entlang der Kette “Atmosphäre -> Vegetation -> abgestorbene organische Substanzen” gepumpt wird: d.h. C-Export; für den Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2050. Als Szenario nutzen wir Prognosen der regionalen Stadtbevölkerung, welche durch ein 'Hybridmodell' generiert werden für acht Regionen. Alle Schätzungen der C-Flüsse basieren auf zwei Modellen: das Regression Modell und das sogenannte G-Modell. Die Siedlungsfläche, welche mit dem Wachstum der Stadtbevölkerung zunimmt, wird in 'Grünflächen' (Parks, usw.), Gebäudeflächen und informell städtisch genutzte Flächen (Slums, illegale Lagerplätze, usw.) unterteilt. Es werden jährlich die regionale und globale Dynamik der C-Emissionen und des C-Exports sowie die C-Gesamtbilanz berechnet. Dabei liefern beide Modelle qualitativ ähnliche Ergebnisse, jedoch gibt es einige quantitative Unterschiede. Im ersten Modell erreicht die globale Jahresemission für die Dekade 2020-2030 resultierend aus der Landnutzungsänderung ein Maximum von 205 Mt/a. Die maximalen Beiträge zur globalen Emission werden durch China, die asiatische und die pazifische Region erbracht. Im zweiten Modell erhöht sich die jährliche globale Emission von 1.12 GtC/a für 1980 auf 1.25 GtC/a für 2005 (1Gt = 109 t). Danach beginnt eine Reduzierung. Vergleichen wir das Emissionmaximum mit der Emission durch Abholzung im Jahre 1980 (1.36 GtC/a), können wir konstatieren, daß die Urbanisierung damit in vergleichbarer Grösse zur Emission beiträgt. Bezogen auf die globale Dynamik des jährlichen C-Exports durch Urbanisierung beobachten wir ein monotones Wachstum bis zum nahezu dreifachen Wert von 24 MtC/a für 1980 auf 66 MtC/a für 2050 im ersten Modell, bzw. im zweiten Modell von 249 MtC/a für 1980 auf 505 MtC/a für 2050. Damit ist im zweiten Fall die Transportleistung der Siedlungsgebiete mit dem C-Transport durch Flüsse in die Ozeane (196 .. 537 MtC/a) vergleichbar. Bei der Abschätzung der Gesamtbilanz finden wir, daß die Urbanisierung die Bilanz in Richtung zu einer 'Senke' verschiebt. Entsprechend dem zweiten Modell beginnt sich die C-Gesamtbilanz (nach annähernder Konstanz) ab dem Jahre 2000 mit einer fast konstanten Rate zu verringern. Wenn das Maximum im Jahre 2000 bei 905MtC/a liegt, fällt dieser Wert anschliessend bis zum Jahre 2050 auf 118 MtC/a. Bei Extrapolation dieser Dynamik in die Zukunft können wir annehmen, daß am Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts die “urbane” C-Gesamtbilanz Null bzw. negative Werte erreicht. N2 - We calculate the additional carbon emissions as a result of the conversion of natural land in a process of urbanisation; and the change of carbon flows by “urbanised” ecosystems, when the atmospheric carbon is exported to the neighboring territories, from 1980 till 2050 for the eight regions of the world. As a scenario we use combined UN and demographic model′s prognoses for regional total and urban population growth. The calculations of urban areas dynamics are based on two models: the regression model and the Gamma-model. The urbanised area is sub-divided on built-up, „green“ (parks, etc.) and informal settlements (favelas) areas. The next step is to calculate the regional and world dynamics of carbon emission and export, and the annual total carbon balance. Both models give similar results with some quantitative differences. In the first model, the world annual emissions attain a maximum of 205 MtC/year between 2020-2030. Emissions will then slowly decrease. The maximum contributions are given by China and the Asia and Pacific regions. In the second model, world annual emissions increase to 1.25 GtC in 2005, beginning to decrease afterwards. If we compare the emission maximum with the annual emission caused by deforestation, 1.36GtC per year, then we can say that the role of urbanised territories (UT) is of a comparable magnitude. Regarding the world annual export of carbon by UT, we observe its monotonous growth by three times, from 24 MtC to 66 MtC in the first model, and from 249 MtC to 505 MtC in the second one. The latter, is therefore comparable to the amount of carbon transported by rivers into the ocean (196-537 MtC). By estimating the total balance we find that urbanisation shifts the total balance towards a “sink” state. The urbanisation is inhibited in the interval 2020-2030, and by 2050 the growth of urbanised areas would almost stop. Hence, the total emission of natural carbon at that stage will stabilise at the level of the 1980s (80 MtC per year). As estimated by the second model, the total balance, being almost constant until 2000, then starts to decrease at an almost constant rate. We can say that by the end of the XXI century, the total carbon balance will be equal to zero, when the exchange flows are fully balanced, and may even be negative, when the system begins to take up carbon from the atmosphere, i.e., becomes a “sink”. T2 - Urbanised territories as a specific component of the global carbon cycle KW - Urbanisierung KW - C-Senke KW - Bilanz KW - Kohlenstoffzyklus KW - Städte KW - C-Fluss KW - Slums KW - Vegetation KW - Verteilung KW - urban KW - land conversion KW - carbon KW - sink KW - cities KW - urbanisation KW - emissions KW - favela KW - regional KW - population KW - density KW - distribution KW - flux KW - vegetation Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001512 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Abdalla, Hassan E. A1 - Aharonian, Felix A. A1 - Benkhali, F. Ait A1 - Anguener, E. O. A1 - Arakawa, M. A1 - Arcaro, C. A1 - Armand, C. A1 - Ashkar, H. A1 - Backes, M. A1 - Martins, V. Barbosa A1 - Barnard, M. A1 - Becherini, Y. A1 - Berge, D. A1 - Bernloehr, K. A1 - Blackwell, R. A1 - Boettcher, M. A1 - Boisson, C. A1 - Bolmont, J. A1 - Bonnefoy, S. A1 - Bregeon, J. A1 - Breuhaus, M. A1 - Brun, F. A1 - Brun, P. A1 - Bryan, M. A1 - Buechele, M. A1 - Bulik, T. A1 - Bylund, T. A1 - Capasso, M. A1 - Caroff, S. A1 - Carosi, A. A1 - Casanova, Sabrina A1 - Cerruti, M. A1 - Chakraborty, N. A1 - Chand, T. A1 - Chandra, S. A1 - Chaves, R. C. G. A1 - Chen, A. A1 - Colafrancesco, S. A1 - Curylo, M. A1 - Davids, I. D. A1 - Deil, C. A1 - Devin, J. A1 - de Wilt, P. A1 - Dirson, L. A1 - Djannati-Atai, A. A1 - Dmytriiev, A. A1 - Donath, A. A1 - Doroshenko, V A1 - Dyks, J. A1 - Egberts, Kathrin A1 - Emery, G. A1 - Ernenwein, J-p A1 - Eschbach, S. A1 - Feijen, K. A1 - Fegan, S. A1 - Fiasson, A. A1 - Fontaine, G. A1 - Funk, S. A1 - Fuessling, M. A1 - Gabici, S. A1 - Gallant, Y. A. A1 - Gate, F. A1 - Giavitto, G. A1 - Glawion, D. A1 - Glicenstein, J. F. A1 - Gottschall, D. A1 - Grondin, M-H A1 - Hahn, J. A1 - Haupt, M. A1 - Heinzelmann, G. A1 - Henri, G. A1 - Hermann, G. A1 - Hinton, James Anthony A1 - Hofmann, W. A1 - Hoischen, Clemens A1 - Holch, Tim Lukas A1 - Holler, M. A1 - Horns, D. A1 - Huber, D. A1 - Iwasaki, H. A1 - Jamrozy, M. A1 - Jankowsky, D. A1 - Jankowsky, F. A1 - Jung-Richardt, I A1 - Kastendieck, M. A. A1 - Katarzynski, K. A1 - Katsuragawa, M. A1 - Katz, U. A1 - Khangulyan, D. A1 - Khelifi, B. A1 - King, J. A1 - Klepser, S. A1 - Kluzniak, W. A1 - Komin, Nu A1 - Kosack, K. A1 - Kostunin, D. A1 - Kraus, M. A1 - Lamanna, G. A1 - Lau, J. A1 - Lemiere, A. A1 - Lemoine-Goumard, M. A1 - Lenain, J-P A1 - Leser, Eva A1 - Levy, C. A1 - Lohse, T. A1 - Lopez-Coto, R. A1 - Lypova, I A1 - Mackey, J. A1 - Majumdar, J. A1 - Malyshev, D. A1 - Marandon, V A1 - Marcowith, Alexandre A1 - Mares, A. A1 - Mariaud, C. A1 - Marti-Devesa, G. A1 - Marx, R. A1 - Maurin, G. A1 - Meintjes, P. J. A1 - Mitchell, A. M. W. A1 - Moderski, R. A1 - Mohamed, M. A1 - Mohrmann, L. A1 - Muller, J. A1 - Moore, C. A1 - Moulin, Emmanuel A1 - Murach, T. A1 - Nakashima, S. A1 - de Naurois, M. A1 - Ndiyavala, H. A1 - Niederwanger, F. A1 - Niemiec, J. A1 - Oakes, L. A1 - Odaka, H. A1 - Ohm, S. A1 - Wilhelmi, E. de Ona A1 - Ostrowski, M. A1 - Oya, I A1 - Panter, M. A1 - Parsons, R. D. A1 - Perennes, C. A1 - Petrucci, P-O A1 - Peyaud, B. A1 - Piel, Q. A1 - Pita, S. A1 - Poireau, V A1 - Noel, A. Priyana A1 - Prokhorov, D. A. A1 - Prokoph, H. A1 - Puehlhofer, G. A1 - Punch, M. A1 - Quirrenbach, A. A1 - Raab, S. A1 - Rauth, R. A1 - Reimer, A. A1 - Reimer, O. A1 - Remy, Q. A1 - Renaud, M. A1 - Rieger, F. A1 - Rinchiuso, L. A1 - Romoli, C. A1 - Rowell, G. A1 - Rudak, B. A1 - Ruiz-Velasco, E. A1 - Sahakian, V A1 - Saito, S. A1 - Sanchez, David M. A1 - Santangelo, Andrea A1 - Sasaki, M. A1 - Schlickeiser, R. A1 - Schussler, F. A1 - Schulz, A. A1 - Schutte, H. A1 - Schwanke, U. A1 - Schwemmer, S. A1 - Seglar-Arroyo, M. A1 - Senniappan, M. A1 - Seyffert, A. S. A1 - Shafi, N. A1 - Shiningayamwe, K. A1 - Simoni, R. A1 - Sinha, A. A1 - Sol, H. A1 - Specovius, A. A1 - Spir-Jacob, M. A1 - Stawarz, L. A1 - Steenkamp, R. A1 - Stegmann, Christian A1 - Steppa, Constantin Beverly A1 - Takahashi, T. A1 - Tavernier, T. A1 - Taylor, A. M. A1 - Terrier, R. A1 - Tiziani, D. A1 - Tluczykont, M. A1 - Trichard, C. A1 - Tsirou, M. A1 - Tsuji, N. A1 - Tuffs, R. A1 - Uchiyama, Y. A1 - van der Walt, D. J. A1 - van Eldik, C. A1 - van Rensburg, C. A1 - van Soelen, B. A1 - Vasileiadis, G. A1 - Veh, J. A1 - Venter, C. A1 - Vincent, P. A1 - Vink, J. A1 - Voisin, F. A1 - Voelk, H. J. A1 - Vuillaume, T. A1 - Wadiasingh, Z. A1 - Wagner, S. J. A1 - White, R. A1 - Wierzcholska, A. A1 - Yang, R. A1 - Yoneda, H. A1 - Zacharias, M. A1 - Zanin, R. A1 - Zdziarski, A. A. A1 - Zech, Alraune A1 - Ziegler, A. A1 - Zorn, J. A1 - Zywucka, N. A1 - Maxted, N. T1 - Upper limits on very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from core-collapse supernovae observed with H.E.S.S. JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Young core-collapse supernovae with dense-wind progenitors may be able to accelerate cosmic-ray hadrons beyond the knee of the cosmic-ray spectrum, and this may result in measurable gamma-ray emission. We searched for gamma-ray emission from ten super- novae observed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) within a year of the supernova event. Nine supernovae were observed serendipitously in the H.E.S.S. data collected between December 2003 and December 2014, with exposure times ranging from 1.4 to 53 h. In addition we observed SN 2016adj as a target of opportunity in February 2016 for 13 h. No significant gamma-ray emission has been detected for any of the objects, and upper limits on the >1 TeV gamma-ray flux of the order of similar to 10(-13) cm(-)(2)s(-1) are established, corresponding to upper limits on the luminosities in the range similar to 2 x 10(39) to similar to 1 x 10(42) erg s(-1). These values are used to place model-dependent constraints on the mass-loss rates of the progenitor stars, implying upper limits between similar to 2 x 10(-5) and similar to 2 x 10(-3) M-circle dot yr(-1) under reasonable assumptions on the particle acceleration parameters. KW - gamma rays: general KW - supernovae: general KW - cosmic rays Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935242 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 626 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Diez, Isabel A1 - Tauer, Klaus A1 - Schulz, Burkhard T1 - Unusual polymer dispersions-polypyrrole suspensions made of rings, frames, and platelets JF - Colloid and polymer science : official journal of the Kolloid-Gesellschaft N2 - Experimental results show that the polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of beta-naphthalenesulfonic acid and different fluorosurfactants like perfluorooctanesulfonic acid, perfluorooctyldiethanolamide, and ammonium perfluorooctanoate leads to polypyrrole with special morphologies, such as rings or disks and rectangular frames or plates. The formation of these unusually shaped particles of polymer dispersions is explained by the chemical and colloidal peculiarities of the oxidative pyrrole polymerization with ammonium peroxodisulfate in aqueous medium. KW - polypyrrole KW - chemical oxidative polymerization KW - particle morphology Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00396-006-1521-8 SN - 0303-402X VL - 284 SP - 1431 EP - 1442 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Kleppek, Sabine T1 - Untersuchungen zur dynamischen Kopplung der Troposphäre und der Stratosphäre T1 - Analyses of the dynamical coupling of the troposphere and the stratosphere N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein besseres Verständnis der Kopplung der Troposphäre und der Stratosphäre in den mittleren und polaren Breiten der Nordhemisphäre (NH) auf Monatszeitskalen erzielt, die auf die Ausbreitung von quasi-stationären Wellen zurückzuführen ist. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf den dynamisch aktiven Wintermonaten, welche die grösste Variabilität aufweisen. Die troposphärische Variabilität wird zum Grossteil durch bevorzugte Zirkulationsstrukturen, den Telekonnexionsmustern, bestimmt. Mittels einer rotierten EOF-Analyse der geopotenziellen Höhe in 500 hPa wurden die wichtigsten regionalen troposphärischen Telekonnexionsmuster der Nordhemisphäre berechnet. Diese lassen sich drei grossen geografischen Regionen zuordnen; dem nordatlantisch-europäischen Raum, Eurasien und dem pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Raum. Da es sich um die stärksten troposphärischen Variabilitätsmuster handelt, wurden sie als grundlegende troposphärische Grössen herangezogen, um dynamische Zusammenhänge zwischen der troposphärischen und der stratosphärischen Zirkulation zu untersuchen. Dabei wurde anhand von instantanen und zeitverzögerten Korrelationsanalysen der troposphärischen Muster mit stratosphärischen Variablen erstmalig gezeigt, dass unterschiedliche regionale troposphärische Telekonnexionsmuster unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf die stratosphärische Zirkulation haben. Es ergaben sich für die pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Muster signifikante instantane Korrelationen mit quasi-barotropen Musterstrukturen und für die nordatlantisch-europäischen Muster zonalsymmetrische Ringstrukturen ab 1978 mit signifikanten Korrelationswerten über tropischen und subtropischen Breiten und inversen Korrelationswerten über polaren Gebieten. Bei einer Untersuchung des Einflusses der stratosphärischen Variabilität wurde gezeigt, dass sich die stärkste Kopplung von nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation bei einem in Richtung Europa verschobenen Polarwirbel ergibt, wodurch die signifikanten Korrelationen ab 1978 erklärt werden können. Eine zonal gemittelte und vor allem lokale Untersuchung der Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen während dieser stratosphärischen Situation zeigt, dass es zu schwächeren Windgeschwindigkeiten in der Stratosphäre im Bereich von Nordamerika und des westlichen Nordatlantiks kommt und sich dadurch die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen in diesem geografischen Bereich für planetare Wellen verbessern. Durch die stärkere Wellenausbreitung kommt es zu einer stärkeren Wechselwirkung mit dem Polarjet, wobei dieser abgebremst wird. Diese Abbremsung führt zu einer Verstärkung der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. D. h., wenn es zu einer verstärkten Wellenanregung im Nordatlantik und über Europa kommt, ist die Reaktion der Residualzirkulation bei einem nach Europa verschobenem Polarwirbel besonders stark. Die quasi-barotropen Korrelationsstrukturen, die sich bei den pazifisch-nordamerikanischen Mustern zeigen, weisen aufgrund von abnehmenden Störungsamplituden mit zunehmender Höhe, keiner Westwärtsneigung und einem negativen Brechungsindex im Pazifik auf verschwindende Wellen hin, die als Lösung der Wellengleichung bei negativem Brechungsindex auftreten. Dies wird durch den Polarjet, der im Bereich des Pazifiks stets sehr weit in Richtung Norden verlagert ist, verursacht. Abschliessend wurde in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob die gefundenen Zusammenhänge von nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmustern mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation auch von einem Atmosphärenmodell wiedergegeben werden können. Dazu wurde ein transienter 40-Jahre-Klimalauf des ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/CHEM Modells mit möglichst realistischen Antrieben erstmalig auf die Kopplung der Troposphäre und der Stratosphäre analysiert. Dabei konnten sowohl die troposphärischen, als auch die stratosphärischen Variabilitätsmuster vom Modell simuliert werden. Allerdings zeigen sich in den stratosphärischen Mustern Phasenverschiebungen in den Wellenzahl-1-Strukturen und ihre Zeitreihen weisen keinen signifikanten Trend ab 1978 auf. Die Kopplung der nordatlantisch-europäischen Telekonnexionsmuster mit der stratosphärischen Zirkulation zeigt eine wesentlich schwächere Reaktion der meridionalen Residualzirkulation. Somit stellte sich heraus, dass insbesondere die stratosphärische Zirkulation im Modell starke Diskrepanzen zu den Beobachtungen zeigt, die wiederum Einfluss auf die Wellenausbreitungsbedingungen haben. Es wird damit deutlich, dass für eine richtige Wiedergabe der Wellenausbreitung und somit der Kopplung der Troposphäre und Stratosphäre die stratosphärische Zirkulation eine wichtige Rolle spielt. N2 - Within the scope of this study a better understanding of the coupling of the troposphere and the stratosphere in the middle and polar latitudes (NH) on monthly timescales, caused by the propagation of quasi-stationary waves is improved. The approach was focused on the dynamical active winter months, including the largest variablity. The tropospheric variability is strongly affected by preferred circulation patterns, the so called teleconnection patterns. The most important, regional, tropospheric teleconnection patterns in the Northern Hemisphere are determined by means of a rotated EOF-Analyses of the geopotential height at the 500 hPa level. They can be attributed to three geographical regions; North Atlantic/Europe, Eurasia and Pacific/North America. These strongest tropospheric variability patterns are taken as the basic tropospheric quantities to analyse the connections between the tropospheric and stratospheric circulation. By means of instantaneous and time-lagged correlation analyses, it has been shown for the first time that different regional, tropospheric teleconnection patterns have different effects on the stratospheric circulation. The Pacific/North American patterns reveal significant correlation values with quasi-barotropic structures and the North Atlantic/European patterns show significant correlations over tropical and subtropical latitudes and invers correlation values over the polar region. The investigation of the stratospheric variability influence reveals that the strongest coupling of the North Atlantic/European teleconnection patterns with the stratospheric circulation appears during periods with a shift of the polar vortex towards Europe. The zonal averaged and particularly the local analyses of the wave propagation conditions show that weaker wind speed in the stratosphere over North America and the western part of the North Atlantic leads to improved wave propagation conditions in this geographical region. The stronger wave propagation produces a stronger interaction of the waves with the polar jet which results in enhanced wave breaking and an amplification of the residual circulation. In the case of a stronger wave forcing in the North Atlantic and over Europe these will be a stronger reaction of the residual circulation. The quasi-barotropic correlation structures, induced by the Pacific/North American patterns, are an indicator for evanescent waves because of the decreasing perturbations with increasing height, none westward declination and a negative refractive index in the Pacific. This is generated by the polar jet in the Pacific which is always shifted very far to the north. Concluding, it was studied, whether Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs) can reproduce the detected connections of the North Atlantic/European teleconnection patterns with the stratospheric circulation. Therefore the transient model run of the interactively coupled chemistry-climate model ECHAM4.L39(DLR)/ CHEM is used for analysing the troposphere-stratosphere coupling, covering the period from 1960 to 1999. Both, the tropospheric and the stratospheric variability patterns have been simulated by the model. However the stratospheric patterns show a phase shift in the wave number 1 patterns and the time series of the wave number 1 structures do not offer a significant trend since 1978. The coupling of the North Atlantic/European teleconnection patterns with the stratospheric circulation shows a significantly weaker annular-like correlation structure. It turned out, that the stratospheric circulation particularly shows strong discrepancies to the observations which can influence the wave propagation conditions again. Therefore, the stratospheric circulation plays an important role for an accurate reproduction of the wave propagation and consequently for the coupling of the troposphere and the stratosphere. KW - Wellenausbreitung KW - dynamische Klimatologie KW - Dynamik der Atmosphäre KW - Ausbreitung planetarer Wellen KW - Telekonnexionsmuster KW - Stratosphärendynamik KW - dynamic of the atmosphere KW - planetary wave propagation KW - teleconnection patterns KW - stratospheric circulation Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-6421 ER - TY - THES A1 - Müller, Jirka T1 - Untersuchungen zum flow-Erleben bei Experimenten als physikalische Lerngelegenheit N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, in wie weit physikalische Experimente ein flow-Erleben bei Lernenden hervorrufen. Flow-Erleben wird als Motivationsursache gesehen und soll den Weg zu Freude und Glück darstellen. Insbesondere wegen dem oft zitierten Fachkräftemangel in naturwissenschaftlichen und technischen Berufen ist eine Motivationssteigerung in naturwissenschaftlichen Unterrichtsfächern wichtig. Denn trotz Leistungssteigerungen in internationalen Vergleichstests möchten in Deutschland deutlich weniger Schüler*innen einen solchen Beruf ergreifen als in anderen Industriestaaten. Daher gilt es, möglichst früh Schüler*innen für naturwissenschaftlich-technische Fächer zu begeistern und insbesondere im regelrecht verhassten Physikunterricht flow-Erleben zu erzeugen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird das flow-Erleben von Studierenden in klassischen Laborexperimenten und FELS (Forschend-Entdeckendes Lernen mit dem Smartphone) als Lernumgebung untersucht. FELS ist eine an die Lebenswelt der Schüler*innen angepasste Lernumgebung, in der sie mit Smartphones ihre eigene Lebenswelt experimentell untersuchen. Es zeigt sich, dass sowohl klassische Laborexperimente als auch in der Lebenswelt durchgeführte, smartphonebasierte Experimente flow-Erleben erzeugen. Allerdings verursachen die smartphonebasierten Experimente kaum Stressgefühle. Die in dieser Arbeit herausgefundenen Ergebnisse liefern einen ersten Ansatz, der durch Folgestudien erweitert werden sollte. N2 - The present work examines to what extent physical experiments induce a flow-experience in students. Experiencing flow is seen as a source of motivation and should represent the path to joy and happiness. In particular, because of the often-cited shortage of employees in the natural sciences and technical professions, increasing motivation in natural sciences subjects is important. Because despite performance increases in international comparative tests, significantly fewer students in Germany want to take up such a profession than in other industrialized countries. It is therefore important to get students enthusiastic about scientific and technical subjects as early as possible and, in particular, to create a flow experience in the downright hated physics class. In the context of this work, the flow-experience of students is examined as a learning environment in classic laboratory experiments and FELS (inquiry-based learning with the smartphone, based on the German term: Forschend-Entdeckendes Lernen mit dem Smartphone). FELS is a learning environment adapted to the students' living environment, in which they use smartphones to experimentally examine their own living environment. It turns out that both classic laboratory experiments and smartphone-based experiments create flow-experiences. However, the smartphone-based experiments hardly cause any feelings of stress. The results found in this work provide a first approach, which should be expanded through follow-up studies. T2 - Examining the flow-experience in experiments as a physical learning opportunity KW - Flow KW - Smartphone KW - Experimente KW - Physikdidaktik KW - FELS KW - Lernumgebung KW - blended learning KW - Forschend Entdeckendes Lernen KW - inquiry based learning KW - physics education KW - learning environment KW - experiment Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-482879 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schulz, Alexander T1 - Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung synoptisch-skaliger mit orographisch bedingten Prozessen in der arktischen Grenzschicht über Spitzbergen N2 - In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die planetare Grenzschicht in Ny-Ålesund, Spitzbergen, sowohl bezüglich kleinskaliger („mikrometeorologischer“) Effekte als auch in ihrer Kopplung mit der Synoptik untersucht. Dazu werden verschiedene Beobachtungsdaten aus der Säule und in Bodennähe zusammengezogen und bewertet. Die so gewonnenen Datensätze werden dann zur Validierung eines nicht-hydrostatischen, regionalen Klimamodells genutzt. Weiterhin werden orographisch bedingte Einflüsse, die Untergrundbeschaffenheit und die lokale Heterogenität der Unterlage untersucht. Hierzu werden meteorologische Größen, wie die Variabilität der Temperatur und insbesondere die jährliche Windverteilung in Bodennähe untersucht und es erfolgt ein Vergleich von in-situ gemessenen turbulenten Flüssen von den Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplexen bei Ny-Ålesund und im Bayelva-Tal unter demselben Aspekt. Es zeigt sich, dass der Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplex im Bayelva-Tal sehr stark durch eine orographisch bedingte Kanalisierung der Strömung beeinflusst ist und sich nicht für Vergleiche mit regionalen Klimamodellen mit horizontalen Auflösungen von <1km eignet. Die hohe Bodenfeuchte im Bayelva-Tal führt zudem zu einem deutlich kleineren Bowen-Verhältnis, als es für diese Region zu erwarten ist. Der Eddy-Kovarianz-Messkomplex bei Ny-Ålesund erweist sich hingegen als geeigneter für solche Modellvergleiche, aufgrund der typischen, küstennahen Windverteilung und des repräsentativen Footprints. Letzteres wird durch die Bestimmung der Footprint-Klimatologie des Jahres 2013 mit einem aktuellen Footprint-Modell erarbeitet. Weiterhin wird die Auswirkung von (Anti-) Zyklonen über den Archipel auf die zeitliche Variabilität der lokalen Grenzschichteigenschaften untersucht und bewertet. Dazu wird ein Zyklonen-Detektions-Algorithmus auf ERA-Interim-Reanalysedatensätze angewendet, wodurch die Häufigkeit von nahezu ideal konzentrischen Hoch- und die Tiefdruckgebieten für drei Jahre bestimmt wird. Aus dieser Verteilung werden insgesamt drei interessante Zeiträume zu verschiedenen Jahreszeiten ausgewählt und im Rahmen von Prozessstudien die lokalen bodennahen meteorologischen Messungen, der turbulente Austausch an der Oberfläche und die Grenzschichtdynamik in der Säule untersucht. Die zeitliche Variabilität der dynamischen Grenzschichtstabilität in der Säule wird anhand von zeitlich hoch aufgelösten vertikalen Profilen der Bulk-Richardson-Zahl aus Kompositprofilen aus Fernerkundungsinstrumenten (Radiometer, Wind-LIDAR) sowie Mastdaten (BSRN-Mast) untersucht und die Grenzschichthöhe ermittelt. Aus diesen Analysen ergibt sich eine deutliche Abhängigkeit der thermischen Stabilität beim Durchzug von Fronten, eine damit einhergehende erhebliche Abhängigkeit der Grenzschichtdynamik und der Grenzschichthöhe sowie des turbulenten Austauschs von der zeitlichen Variabilität der Windgeschwindigkeit in der Säule. Auf Grundlage der Standortanalysen und Prozessstudien erfolgt ein Vergleich der bodennahen Messungen und den Beobachtungen aus der Säule, sowohl von den genannten Fernerkundungsinstrumenten als auch von In-situ-Messungen (Radiosonden) für den Zeitraum einer Radiosondierungskampagne mit dem nicht-hydrostatischen, regionalen Klimamodel WRF (ARW). Auf Grundlage der Fragestellung, inwieweit aktuelle Schemata die Grenzschichtcharakteristika in orographisch stark gegliedertem Gelände in der Arktis reproduzieren können, werden zwei Grenzschichtparametrisierungsschemata mit verschiedenen Ordnungen der Schließung validiert. Hierzu wird die zeitliche Variabilität der Temperatur, der Feuchte und des Windfeldes in der Säule bis 2000m in den Simulationen mit den Beobachtungsdaten vergleichen. Es wird gezeigt, dass durch Modifikation der Initialwertfelder eine sehr gute Übereinstimmung zwischen den Simulationen und den Beobachtungen bereits bei einer horizontalen Auflösung von 1km erreicht werden kann und die Wahl des Grenzschichtschemas nur untergeordneten Einfluss hat. Hieraus werden Ansätze der Weiterentwicklung der Parametrisierungen, aber auch Empfehlungen bezüglich der Initialwertfelder, wie der Landmaske und der Orographie, vorgeschlagen. N2 - In this work, the planetary boundary layer in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard is investigated both in terms of small scale (“micrometeorological”) effects and its connection to synoptic scale processes. Therefore several observational data from the lower troposphere and near the surface are added together and evaluated. These datasets are used to validate a non-hydrostatic, regional climate model. Furthermore orographically induced influences and the character of the surface and its local heterogeneity are investigated. To this, meteorological quantities like the temperature variability and the annual wind distribution near the surface are analysed and a comparison of in-situ measurements of the turbulent fluxes from the eddy covariance measuring complexes near Ny-Ålesund and in the Bayelva valley are conducted accordingly. It is shown that the eddy-covariance measuring complex in the Bayelva valley is influenced considerably by local channelling of the flow. Therefore this station is not suitable for comparisons with a regional climate model with horizontal resolutions ≥1km. In addition, higher soil moisture results in lower Bowen-ratio than expected for this site. It turned out that the eddy-covariance measuring complex near Ny-Ålesund is more appropriate for such model studies due to typical coastal wind distribution and a representative footprint. The latter is calculated by determining the footprint climatology of the year 2013 with a current footprint model. Furthermore the impact of (anti-) cyclones over the archipelago on the temporal variability of boundary layer characteristics is investigated and evaluated. For this purpose, a cyclone detection algorithm is applied to ERA-Interim reanalysis data which determines the frequency of nearly ideal concentric high and low pressure systems for three years. From this distribution, three interesting time periods are selected at different seasons and the local near surface meteorological measurements, the turbulent fluxes at the surface and the boundary layer dynamics in the column are examined in case studies. The temporal variability of the dynamic stability of the planetary boundary layer in the column is examined by temporally high resolved vertical profiles of the bulk Richardson number from composite profiles compiled from remote sensing data (radiometer, wind LIDAR) as well as data from the BSRN mast. From these analyses, a clear dependence of the thermal stability during the passage of fronts, a corresponding dependence of the boundary layer dynamics and the boundary layer height as well as the turbulent exchange from the temporal variability of the wind speed in the column results. On the basis of the site analyses and the case studies, a comparison of near surface measurements and observations from the column is made, both from the above-mentioned remote sensing instruments and in-situ measurements (radio soundings) for the period of an intense radio sounding campaign with the non-hydrostatic regional climate model WRF (ARW). On the basis of the question as to how far current schemes can reproduce the boundary layer characteristics in complex terrain in the Arctic, two boundary layer parameterization schemes with different orders of closure are validated. For this purpose, the temporal variability of the temperature, humidity and wind field in the column up to 2000m height in the simulations is compared with observational data. It is shown that by modifying fields of initial value, a very good agreement between the simulations and the observations can already be achieved with a horizontal resolution of 1km. The choice of the boundary layer scheme has only a minor influence. From this, approaches to the further development of the parameterizations as well as recommendations concerning the initial value fields, such as the land mask and the orography, are proposed. KW - atmosphärische Grenzschicht KW - atmospheric boundary layer KW - Mikrometeorologie KW - micrometeorology KW - regionale Klimamodellierung KW - regional climate modelling KW - Turbulenzmessung KW - turbulence measurement KW - arktische Atmosphäre KW - Arctic atmosphere Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400058 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nowak, Anna T1 - Untersuchung der Qualität von Selbstreflexionstexten zum Physikunterricht BT - Entwicklung des Reflexionsmodells REIZ JF - Studien zum Physik- und Chemielernen N2 - Reflexion wird als notwendig für die professionelle Entwicklung von Lehrer:innen und die Verbesserung von Unterricht angesehen, wenngleich aus theoretischer Sicht große Uneinigkeit über den Begriff selbst, den Reflexionsprozess und die damit verbundenen Kompetenzen herrscht. Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung, Untersuchung und Weiterentwicklung eines Reflexionsmodells mit einem theoriebasierten, klaren Konzept des Reflexionsprozesses und einem passenden Anspruch an die Reflexionsleistung der Reflektierenden. Grundlage für die empirische Untersuchung waren N = 132 Selbstreflexionstexte von N = 22 Studierenden aus dem Praxissemester Physik. Zur Codierung der Texte wurden vier mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse entwickelte Manuale angewandt. Mit quantitativen Methoden wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen strukturellen Elementen, Begründungen, Inhalten und dem Qualitätsmerkmal Reflexionstiefe überprüft. Es zeigte sich ein "Überhang an Negativität": negative Bewertungen, negative Reflexionsauslöser und negative Inhalte hängen signifikant positiv mit größerer Reflexionstiefe zusammen. Auf Grundlage der empirischen Ergebnisse wurde das Reflexionsmodell mit externaler und internaler Zielorientierung (REIZ) entwickelt. Zudem wurde darauf aufbauend eine Definition für Reflexionstiefe in vier Argumentationsclustern formuliert. Für die Lehrkräftebildung wird der in REIZ dargestellte differenzierte Ansatz der Zielorientierung von Reflexion empfohlen. KW - Reflexion KW - Reflexionsmodell KW - Reflexionstiefe KW - Reflexionsqualität Y1 - 2023 SN - 978-3-8325-5739-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.30819/5739 SN - 1614-8967 VL - 371 PB - Logos CY - Berlin ER - TY - THES A1 - Orgis, Thomas T1 - Unstetige Galerkin-Diskretisierung niedriger Ordnung in einem atmosphärischen Multiskalenmodell T1 - Low-order discontinuous Galerkin discretization in an atmospheric multi-scale model N2 - Die Dynamik der Atmosphäre der Erde umfasst einen Bereich von mikrophysikalischer Turbulenz über konvektive Prozesse und Wolkenbildung bis zu planetaren Wellenmustern. Für Wettervorhersage und zur Betrachtung des Klimas über Jahrzehnte und Jahrhunderte ist diese Gegenstand der Modellierung mit numerischen Verfahren. Mit voranschreitender Entwicklung der Rechentechnik sind Neuentwicklungen der dynamischen Kerne von Klimamodellen, die mit der feiner werdenden Auflösung auch entsprechende Prozesse auflösen können, notwendig. Der dynamische Kern eines Modells besteht in der Umsetzung (Diskretisierung) der grundlegenden dynamischen Gleichungen für die Entwicklung von Masse, Energie und Impuls, so dass sie mit Computern numerisch gelöst werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht die Eignung eines unstetigen Galerkin-Verfahrens niedriger Ordnung für atmosphärische Anwendungen. Diese Eignung für Gleichungen mit Wirkungen von externen Kräften wie Erdanziehungskraft und Corioliskraft ist aus der Theorie nicht selbstverständlich. Es werden nötige Anpassungen beschrieben, die das Verfahren stabilisieren, ohne sogenannte „slope limiter” einzusetzen. Für das unmodifizierte Verfahren wird belegt, dass es nicht geeignet ist, atmosphärische Gleichgewichte stabil darzustellen. Das entwickelte stabilisierte Modell reproduziert eine Reihe von Standard-Testfällen der atmosphärischen Dynamik mit Euler- und Flachwassergleichungen in einem weiten Bereich von räumlichen und zeitlichen Skalen. Die Lösung der thermischen Windgleichung entlang der mit den Isobaren identischen charakteristischen Kurven liefert atmosphärische Gleichgewichtszustände mit durch vorgegebenem Grundstrom einstellbarer Neigung zu(barotropen und baroklinen)Instabilitäten, die für die Entwicklung von Zyklonen wesentlich sind. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Arbeiten sind diese Zustände direkt im z-System(Höhe in Metern)definiert und müssen nicht aus Druckkoordinaten übertragen werden.Mit diesen Zuständen, sowohl als Referenzzustand, von dem lediglich die Abweichungen numerisch betrachtet werden, und insbesondere auch als Startzustand, der einer kleinen Störung unterliegt, werden verschiedene Studien der Simulation von barotroper und barokliner Instabilität durchgeführt. Hervorzuheben ist dabei die durch die Formulierung von Grundströmen mit einstellbarer Baroklinität ermöglichte simulationsgestützte Studie des Grades der baroklinen Instabilität verschiedener Wellenlängen in Abhängigkeit von statischer Stabilität und vertikalem Windgradient als Entsprechung zu Stabilitätskarten aus theoretischen Betrachtungen in der Literatur. N2 - The dynamics of the Earth’s atmosphere encompass a range from microphysical turbulence over convective processes and cloud formation up to planetary wave patterns. For weather forecasting and the investigation of climate over decades and centuries, these are subject to modelling with numerical methods. With progressing development of computer technology, re-development of the dynamical cores of climate models is in order to properly handle processes covered by the increasing resolution. The dynamical core of a model consists of the adaptation(discretization)of the basic equations for the dynamics of mass, energy and momentum for solving them numerically employing computers. The presented work investigates the applicability of a low-order Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method for atmospheric applications. With equations that include external forces like gravitation and the Coriolis force, that is not given by theory. Necessary changes for stabilizing the method without resorting to slope limiters are presented. For the unmodified method, the basic inability to properly keep atmospheric balances is demonstrated. The developed stabilized model reproduces a set of standard test cases in a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. The solution of the termal wind equation along its characteristics curves, those being identical to the isobars, produces balanced atmospheric states with tunable (barotropic and baroclinic) instability via a prescribed zonal wind field. The constructed instability directly relates to the generation of cyclones. In contrast to earlier works, these balanced states are directly given in the z system (height in meters), without need for elaborate conversion from pressure coordinates. With these constructed states, both as reference state, the deviations from which being considered numerically, and as especially as initial condition subject to a small perturbation, several studies of barotropic and baroclinic instability are conducted via simulations. Particularily, the construction of steady states with configurable zonal flows of certain baroclinity facilitates a simulation-based study of baroclinic instability of differing wavelengths, depending on static stability and vertical wind gradient, in correspondence with stability maps from theoretical considerations in the literature. KW - Atmosphärenmodellierung KW - Unstetiges Galerkin-Verfahren KW - Multiskale KW - Barokline Instabilität KW - thermische Windgleichung KW - atmospheric modelling KW - discontinuous Galerkin method KW - multi-scale KW - baroclinic instability KW - thermal wind equation Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70687 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Agarwal, Ankit A1 - Shukla, Roopam A1 - Marwan, Norbert A1 - Maheswaran, Rathinasamy A1 - Caesar, Levke A1 - Krishnan, Raghavan A1 - Merz, Bruno T1 - Unravelling the spatial diversity of Indian precipitation teleconnections via a non-linear multi-scale approach JF - Nonlinear processes in geophysics N2 - A better understanding of precipitation dynamics in the Indian subcontinent is required since India's society depends heavily on reliable monsoon forecasts. We introduce a non-linear, multiscale approach, based on wavelets and event synchronization, for unravelling teleconnection influences on precipitation. We consider those climate patterns with the highest relevance for Indian precipitation. Our results suggest significant influences which are not well captured by only the wavelet coherence analysis, the state-of-the-art method in understanding linkages at multiple timescales. We find substantial variation across India and across timescales. In particular, El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) mainly influence precipitation in the south-east at interannual and decadal scales, respectively, whereas the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) has a strong connection to precipitation, particularly in the northern regions. The effect of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) stretches across the whole country, whereas the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) influences precipitation particularly in the central arid and semi-arid regions. The proposed method provides a powerful approach for capturing the dynamics of precipitation and, hence, helps improve precipitation forecasting. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-26-251-2019 SN - 1023-5809 SN - 1607-7946 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 251 EP - 266 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - GEN A1 - Vilk, Ohad A1 - Aghion, Erez A1 - Avgar, Tal A1 - Beta, Carsten A1 - Nagel, Oliver A1 - Sabri, Adal A1 - Sarfati, Raphael A1 - Schwartz, Daniel K. A1 - Weiß, Matthias A1 - Krapf, Diego A1 - Nathan, Ran A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Assaf, Michael T1 - Unravelling the origins of anomalous diffusion BT - from molecules to migrating storks T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Anomalous diffusion or, more generally, anomalous transport, with nonlinear dependence of the mean-squared displacement on the measurement time, is ubiquitous in nature. It has been observed in processes ranging from microscopic movement of molecules to macroscopic, large-scale paths of migrating birds. Using data from multiple empirical systems, spanning 12 orders of magnitude in length and 8 orders of magnitude in time, we employ a method to detect the individual underlying origins of anomalous diffusion and transport in the data. This method decomposes anomalous transport into three primary effects: long-range correlations (“Joseph effect”), fat-tailed probability density of increments (“Noah effect”), and nonstationarity (“Moses effect”). We show that such a decomposition of real-life data allows us to infer nontrivial behavioral predictions and to resolve open questions in the fields of single-particle tracking in living cells and movement ecology. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1303 Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-577643 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1303 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vilk, Ohad A1 - Aghion, Erez A1 - Avgar, Tal A1 - Beta, Carsten A1 - Nagel, Oliver A1 - Sabri, Adal A1 - Sarfati, Raphael A1 - Schwartz, Daniel K. A1 - Weiß, Matthias A1 - Krapf, Diego A1 - Nathan, Ran A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Assaf, Michael T1 - Unravelling the origins of anomalous diffusion BT - from molecules to migrating storks JF - Physical review research / American Physical Society N2 - Anomalous diffusion or, more generally, anomalous transport, with nonlinear dependence of the mean-squared displacement on the measurement time, is ubiquitous in nature. It has been observed in processes ranging from microscopic movement of molecules to macroscopic, large-scale paths of migrating birds. Using data from multiple empirical systems, spanning 12 orders of magnitude in length and 8 orders of magnitude in time, we employ a method to detect the individual underlying origins of anomalous diffusion and transport in the data. This method decomposes anomalous transport into three primary effects: long-range correlations (“Joseph effect”), fat-tailed probability density of increments (“Noah effect”), and nonstationarity (“Moses effect”). We show that such a decomposition of real-life data allows us to infer nontrivial behavioral predictions and to resolve open questions in the fields of single-particle tracking in living cells and movement ecology. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033055 SN - 2643-1564 VL - 4 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, MD ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zu, Fengshuo A1 - Wolff, Christian Michael A1 - Ralaiarisoa, Maryline A1 - Amsalem, Patrick A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Koch, Norbert T1 - Unraveling the Electronic Properties of Lead Halide Perovskites with Surface Photovoltage in Photoemission Studies JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - The tremendous success of metal-halide perovskites, especially in the field of photovoltaics, has triggered a substantial number of studies in understanding their optoelectronic properties. However, consensus regarding the electronic properties of these perovskites is lacking due to a huge scatter in the reported key parameters, such as work function (Φ) and valence band maximum (VBM) values. Here, we demonstrate that the surface photovoltage (SPV) is a key phenomenon occurring at the perovskite surfaces that feature a non-negligible density of surface states, which is more the rule than an exception for most materials under study. With ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) and Kelvin probe, we evidence that even minute UV photon fluxes (500 times lower than that used in typical UPS experiments) are sufficient to induce SPV and shift the perovskite Φ and VBM by several 100 meV compared to dark. By combining UV and visible light, we establish flat band conditions (i.e., compensate the surface-state-induced surface band bending) at the surface of four important perovskites, and find that all are p-type in the bulk, despite a pronounced n-type surface character in the dark. The present findings highlight that SPV effects must be considered in all surface studies to fully understand perovskites’ photophysical properties. KW - lead halide perovskite films KW - ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Kelvin probe KW - surface band bending KW - surface photovoltage KW - surface states Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b05293 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 11 IS - 24 SP - 21578 EP - 21583 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ritschel, Stefan A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Universality of delay-time averages for financial time series BT - analytical results, computer simulations, and analysis of historical stock-market prices JF - Journal of physics. Complexity N2 - We analyze historical data of stock-market prices for multiple financial indices using the concept of delay-time averaging for the financial time series (FTS). The region of validity of our recent theoretical predictions [Cherstvy A G et al 2017 New J. Phys. 19 063045] for the standard and delayed time-averaged mean-squared 'displacements' (TAMSDs) of the historical FTS is extended to all lag times. As the first novel element, we perform extensive computer simulations of the stochastic differential equation describing geometric Brownian motion (GBM) which demonstrate a quantitative agreement with the analytical long-term price-evolution predictions in terms of the delayed TAMSD (for all stock-market indices in crisis-free times). Secondly, we present a robust procedure of determination of the model parameters of GBM via fitting the features of the price-evolution dynamics in the FTS for stocks and cryptocurrencies. The employed concept of single-trajectory-based time averaging can serve as a predictive tool (proxy) for a mathematically based assessment and rationalization of probabilistic trends in the evolution of stock-market prices. KW - econophysics KW - geometric Brownian motion KW - time-series analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-072X/ac2220 SN - 2632-072X VL - 2 IS - 4 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sposini, Vittoria A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb A1 - Seno, Flavio T1 - Universal spectral features of different classes of random-diffusivity processes JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - Stochastic models based on random diffusivities, such as the diffusing-diffusivity approach, are popular concepts for the description of non-Gaussian diffusion in heterogeneous media. Studies of these models typically focus on the moments and the displacement probability density function. Here we develop the complementary power spectral description for a broad class of random-diffusivity processes. In our approach we cater for typical single particle tracking data in which a small number of trajectories with finite duration are garnered. Apart from the diffusing-diffusivity model we study a range of previously unconsidered random-diffusivity processes, for which we obtain exact forms of the probability density function. These new processes are different versions of jump processes as well as functionals of Brownian motion. The resulting behaviour subtly depends on the specific model details. Thus, the central part of the probability density function may be Gaussian or non-Gaussian, and the tails may assume Gaussian, exponential, log-normal, or even power-law forms. For all these models we derive analytically the moment-generating function for the single-trajectory power spectral density. We establish the generic 1/f²-scaling of the power spectral density as function of frequency in all cases. Moreover, we establish the probability density for the amplitudes of the random power spectral density of individual trajectories. The latter functions reflect the very specific properties of the different random-diffusivity models considered here. Our exact results are in excellent agreement with extensive numerical simulations. KW - diffusion KW - power spectrum KW - random diffusivity KW - single trajectories Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ab9200 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 22 IS - 6 PB - Dt. Physikalische Ges. CY - Bad Honnef ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sposini, Vittoria A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb A1 - Seno, Flavio T1 - Universal spectral features of different classes of random-diffusivity processes T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Stochastic models based on random diffusivities, such as the diffusing-diffusivity approach, are popular concepts for the description of non-Gaussian diffusion in heterogeneous media. Studies of these models typically focus on the moments and the displacement probability density function. Here we develop the complementary power spectral description for a broad class of random-diffusivity processes. In our approach we cater for typical single particle tracking data in which a small number of trajectories with finite duration are garnered. Apart from the diffusing-diffusivity model we study a range of previously unconsidered random-diffusivity processes, for which we obtain exact forms of the probability density function. These new processes are different versions of jump processes as well as functionals of Brownian motion. The resulting behaviour subtly depends on the specific model details. Thus, the central part of the probability density function may be Gaussian or non-Gaussian, and the tails may assume Gaussian, exponential, log-normal, or even power-law forms. For all these models we derive analytically the moment-generating function for the single-trajectory power spectral density. We establish the generic 1/f²-scaling of the power spectral density as function of frequency in all cases. Moreover, we establish the probability density for the amplitudes of the random power spectral density of individual trajectories. The latter functions reflect the very specific properties of the different random-diffusivity models considered here. Our exact results are in excellent agreement with extensive numerical simulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 999 KW - diffusion KW - power spectrum KW - random diffusivity KW - single trajectories Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476960 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 999 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Uola, Roope A1 - Lever, Fabiano A1 - Gühne, Otfried A1 - Pellonpaa, Juha-Pekka T1 - Unified picture for spatial, temporal, and channel steering JF - Physical review : A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics N2 - Quantum steering describes how local actions on a quantum system can affect another, spacelike separated, quantum state. Lately, quantum steering has been formulated also for timelike scenarios and for quantum channels. We approach all the three scenarios as one using tools from Stinespring dilations of quantum channels. By applying our technique we link all three steering problems one-to-one with the incompatibility of quantum measurements, a result formerly known only for spatial steering. We exploit this connection by showing how measurement uncertainty relations can be used as tight steering inequalities for all three scenarios. Moreover, we show that certain notions of temporal and spatial steering are fully equivalent and prove a hierarchy between temporal steering and macrorealistic hidden variable models. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.97.032301 SN - 2469-9926 SN - 2469-9934 VL - 97 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Wei A1 - Seno, Flavio A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Unexpected crossovers in correlated random-diffusivity processes JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - The passive and active motion of micron-sized tracer particles in crowded liquids and inside living biological cells is ubiquitously characterised by 'viscoelastic' anomalous diffusion, in which the increments of the motion feature long-ranged negative and positive correlations. While viscoelastic anomalous diffusion is typically modelled by a Gaussian process with correlated increments, so-called fractional Gaussian noise, an increasing number of systems are reported, in which viscoelastic anomalous diffusion is paired with non-Gaussian displacement distributions. Following recent advances in Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion we here introduce and discuss several possible versions of random-diffusivity models with long-ranged correlations. While all these models show a crossover from non-Gaussian to Gaussian distributions beyond some correlation time, their mean squared displacements exhibit strikingly different behaviours: depending on the model crossovers from anomalous to normal diffusion are observed, as well as a priori unexpected dependencies of the effective diffusion coefficient on the correlation exponent. Our observations of the non-universality of random-diffusivity viscoelastic anomalous diffusion are important for the analysis of experiments and a better understanding of the physical origins of 'viscoelastic yet non-Gaussian' diffusion. KW - diffusion KW - anomalous diffusion KW - non-Gaussianity KW - fractional Brownian motion Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aba390 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 22 PB - Dt. Physikalische Ges. CY - Bad Honnef ER - TY - GEN A1 - Wang, Wei A1 - Seno, Flavio A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Unexpected crossovers in correlated random-diffusivity processes N2 - The passive and active motion of micron-sized tracer particles in crowded liquids and inside living biological cells is ubiquitously characterised by 'viscoelastic' anomalous diffusion, in which the increments of the motion feature long-ranged negative and positive correlations. While viscoelastic anomalous diffusion is typically modelled by a Gaussian process with correlated increments, so-called fractional Gaussian noise, an increasing number of systems are reported, in which viscoelastic anomalous diffusion is paired with non-Gaussian displacement distributions. Following recent advances in Brownian yet non-Gaussian diffusion we here introduce and discuss several possible versions of random-diffusivity models with long-ranged correlations. While all these models show a crossover from non-Gaussian to Gaussian distributions beyond some correlation time, their mean squared displacements exhibit strikingly different behaviours: depending on the model crossovers from anomalous to normal diffusion are observed, as well as a priori unexpected dependencies of the effective diffusion coefficient on the correlation exponent. Our observations of the non-universality of random-diffusivity viscoelastic anomalous diffusion are important for the analysis of experiments and a better understanding of the physical origins of 'viscoelastic yet non-Gaussian' diffusion. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1006 KW - diffusion KW - anomalous diffusion KW - non-Gaussianity KW - fractional Brownian motion Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-480049 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Jingwen A1 - Rychkov, Dmitry A1 - Nguyen, Quyet Doan A1 - Gerhard, Reimund T1 - Unexpected bipolar space-charge polarization across transcrystalline interfaces in polypropylene electret films JF - Journal of applied physics N2 - A double-layer transcrystalline polypropylene (PP) film with a flat central interface layer between its two transcrystalline layers is obtained by recrystallization from the melt between two polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surfaces on both sides of the PP film. Its electret properties are studied and compared with those of a single-layer transcrystalline PP film re-crystallized in contact with only one PTFE surface. Within experimental uncertainty, the two types of transcrystalline films exhibit the same thermal properties and crystallinities. After thermal poling, however, two hetero-charge layers of opposite polarity are found on the internal interfaces of the double-layer transcrystalline films and may together be considered as micrometer-sized dipoles. The unexpected phenomenon does not occur in single-layer transcrystalline samples without a central interface layer, suggesting that the interfaces between the transcrystalline layers and the micrometer-thick central interface layer may be the origin of deeper traps rather than the crystalline structures in the transcrystallites or the spherulites. The origin of the interfacial charges was also studied by means of an injection-blocking charging method, which revealed that intrinsic charge carriers introduced during recrystallization are most likely responsible for the interfacial charges. It is fascinating that a material as familiar as PP can exhibit such intriguing properties with a special bipolar space-charge polarization across the central interface layer after quasi-epitaxial surface moulding into a double-layer transcrystalline form. In addition to applications in electret (micro-)devices for electro-mechanical transduction, the highly ordered structures may also be employed as a new paradigm for studying charge storage and transport in polymer electrets and in dielectrics for DC electrical insulation. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0022071 SN - 0021-8979 SN - 1089-7550 VL - 128 IS - 13 PB - American Institute of Physics, AIP CY - Melville, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena A1 - Le Quang Phuong, A1 - Eller, Fabian A1 - Freychet, Guillaume A1 - Saglamkaya, Elifnaz A1 - Khan, Jafar A1 - Wei, Qingya A1 - Zeiske, Stefan A1 - Kroh, Daniel A1 - Wedler, Stefan A1 - Koehler, Anna A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - Laquai, Frederic A1 - Herzig, Eva M. A1 - Zou, Yingping A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Understanding the role of order in Y-series non-fullerene solar cells to realize high open-circuit voltages JF - Advanced energy materials N2 - Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) as used in state-of-the-art organic solar cells feature highly crystalline layers that go along with low energetic disorder. Here, the crucial role of energetic disorder in blends of the donor polymer PM6 with two Y-series NFAs, Y6, and N4 is studied. By performing temperature-dependent charge transport and recombination studies, a consistent picture of the shape of the density of state distributions for free charges in the two blends is developed, allowing an analytical description of the dependence of the open-circuit voltage V-OC on temperature and illumination intensity. Disorder is found to influence the value of the V-OC at room temperature, but also its progression with temperature. Here, the PM6:Y6 blend benefits substantially from its narrower state distributions. The analysis also shows that the energy of the equilibrated free charge population is well below the energy of the NFA singlet excitons for both blends and possibly below the energy of the populated charge transfer manifold, indicating a down-hill driving force for free charge formation. It is concluded that energetic disorder of charge-separated states has to be considered in the analysis of the photovoltaic properties, even for the more ordered PM6:Y6 blend. KW - energetic disorder KW - non-fullerene acceptors KW - open-circuit voltage KW - organic solar cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103422 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schröder, Jakob A1 - Evans, Alexander A1 - Polatidis, Efthymios A1 - Mohr, Gunther A1 - Serrano-Munoz, Itziar A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Čapek, Jan T1 - Understanding the impact of texture on the micromechanical anisotropy of laser powder bed fused Inconel 718 JF - Journal of materials science N2 - The manufacturability of metallic alloys using laser-based additive manufacturing methods such as laser powder bed fusion has substantially improved within the last decade. However, local melting and solidification cause hierarchically structured and crystallographically textured microstructures possessing large residual stress. Such microstructures are not only the origin of mechanical anisotropy but also pose metrological challenges for the diffraction-based residual stress determination. Here we demonstrate the influence of the build orientation and the texture on the microstructure and consequently the mechanical anisotropy of as-built Inconel 718. For this purpose, we manufactured specimens with [001]/[011]-, [001]- and [011]/[11 (1) over bar]-type textures along their loading direction. In addition to changes in the Young's moduli, the differences in the crystallographic textures result in variations of the yield and ultimate tensile strengths. With this in mind, we studied the anisotropy on the micromechanical scale by subjecting the specimens to tensile loads along the different texture directions during in situ neutron diffraction experiments. In this context, the response of multiple lattice planes up to a tensile strain of 10% displayed differences in the load partitioning and the residual strain accumulation for the specimen with [011]/[(1) over bar 11]-type texture. However, the relative behavior of the specimens possessing an [001] /[011]- and [001]-type texture remained qualitatively similar. The consequences on the metrology of residual stress determination methods are discussed. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-022-07499-9 SN - 0022-2461 SN - 1573-4803 VL - 57 IS - 31 SP - 15036 EP - 15058 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Smirnov, Artem T1 - Understanding the dynamics of the near-earth space environment utilizing long-term satellite observations T1 - Verständnis der Dynamik der erdnahen Weltraumumgebung mit Hilfe von Langzeit-Satellitenbeobachtungen N2 - The near-Earth space environment is a highly complex system comprised of several regions and particle populations hazardous to satellite operations. The trapped particles in the radiation belts and ring current can cause significant damage to satellites during space weather events, due to deep dielectric and surface charging. Closer to Earth is another important region, the ionosphere, which delays the propagation of radio signals and can adversely affect navigation and positioning. In response to fluctuations in solar and geomagnetic activity, both the inner-magnetospheric and ionospheric populations can undergo drastic and sudden changes within minutes to hours, which creates a challenge for predicting their behavior. Given the increasing reliance of our society on satellite technology, improving our understanding and modeling of these populations is a matter of paramount importance. In recent years, numerous spacecraft have been launched to study the dynamics of particle populations in the near-Earth space, transforming it into a data-rich environment. To extract valuable insights from the abundance of available observations, it is crucial to employ advanced modeling techniques, and machine learning methods are among the most powerful approaches available. This dissertation employs long-term satellite observations to analyze the processes that drive particle dynamics, and builds interdisciplinary links between space physics and machine learning by developing new state-of-the-art models of the inner-magnetospheric and ionospheric particle dynamics. The first aim of this thesis is to investigate the behavior of electrons in Earth's radiation belts and ring current. Using ~18 years of electron flux observations from the Global Positioning System (GPS), we developed the first machine learning model of hundreds-of-keV electron flux at Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) that is driven solely by solar wind and geomagnetic indices and does not require auxiliary flux measurements as inputs. We then proceeded to analyze the directional distributions of electrons, and for the first time, used Fourier sine series to fit electron pitch angle distributions (PADs) in Earth's inner magnetosphere. We performed a superposed epoch analysis of 129 geomagnetic storms during the Van Allen Probes era and demonstrated that electron PADs have a strong energy-dependent response to geomagnetic activity. Additionally, we showed that the solar wind dynamic pressure could be used as a good predictor of the PAD dynamics. Using the observed dependencies, we created the first PAD model with a continuous dependence on L, magnetic local time (MLT) and activity, and developed two techniques to reconstruct near-equatorial electron flux observations from low-PA data using this model. The second objective of this thesis is to develop a novel model of the topside ionosphere. To achieve this goal, we collected observations from five of the most widely used ionospheric missions and intercalibrated these data sets. This allowed us to use these data jointly for model development, validation, and comparison with other existing empirical models. We demonstrated, for the first time, that ion density observations by Swarm Langmuir Probes exhibit overestimation (up to ~40-50%) at low and mid-latitudes on the night side, and suggested that the influence of light ions could be a potential cause of this overestimation. To develop the topside model, we used 19 years of radio occultation (RO) electron density profiles, which were fitted with a Chapman function with a linear dependence of scale height on altitude. This approximation yields 4 parameters, namely the peak density and height of the F2-layer and the slope and intercept of the linear scale height trend, which were modeled using feedforward neural networks (NNs). The model was extensively validated against both RO and in-situ observations and was found to outperform the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model by up to an order of magnitude. Our analysis showed that the most substantial deviations of the IRI model from the data occur at altitudes of 100-200 km above the F2-layer peak. The developed NN-based ionospheric model reproduces the effects of various physical mechanisms observed in the topside ionosphere and provides highly accurate electron density predictions. This dissertation provides an extensive study of geospace dynamics, and the main results of this work contribute to the improvement of models of plasma populations in the near-Earth space environment. N2 - Die erdnahe Weltraumumgebung ist ein hochkomplexes System, das aus mehreren Regionen und Partikelpopulationen besteht, die für den Satellitenbetrieb gefährlich sind. Die in den Strahlungsgürteln und dem Ringstrom gefangenen Teilchen können bei Weltraumwetterereignissen aufgrund der tiefen dielektrischen und oberflächlichen Aufladung erhebliche Schäden an Satelliten verursachen. Näher an der Erde liegt eine weitere wichtige Region, die Ionosphäre, die die Ausbreitung von Funksignalen verzögert und die Navigation und Positionsbestimmung beeinträchtigen kann. Als Reaktion auf Fluktuationen der solaren und geomagnetischen Aktivität können sowohl die Populationen der inneren Magnetosphäre als auch der Ionosphäre innerhalb von Minuten bis Stunden drastische und plötzliche Veränderungen erfahren, was eine Herausforderung für die Vorhersage ihres Verhaltens darstellt. Angesichts der zunehmenden Abhängigkeit unserer Gesellschaft von der Satellitentechnologie ist ein besseres Verständnis und eine bessere Modellierung dieser Populationen von größter Bedeutung. In den letzten Jahren wurden zahlreiche Raumsonden gestartet, um die Dynamik von Partikelpopulationen im erdnahen Weltraum zu untersuchen, was diesen in eine datenreiche Umgebung verwandelt hat. Um aus der Fülle der verfügbaren Beobachtungen wertvolle Erkenntnisse zu gewinnen, ist der Einsatz fortschrittlicher Modellierungstechniken unabdingbar, und Methoden des maschinellen Lernens gehören zu den leistungsfähigsten verfügbaren Ansätzen. Diese Dissertation nutzt langfristige Satellitenbeobachtungen, um die Prozesse zu analysieren, die die Teilchendynamik antreiben, und schafft interdisziplinäre Verbindungen zwischen Weltraumphysik und maschinellem Lernen, indem sie neue hochmoderne Modelle der innermagnetosphärischen und ionosphärischen Teilchendynamik entwickelt. Das erste Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, das Verhalten von Elektronen im Strahlungsgürtel und Ringstrom der Erde zu untersuchen. Unter Verwendung von ~18 Jahren Elektronenflussbeobachtungen des Global Positioning System (GPS) haben wir das erste maschinelle Lernmodell des Elektronenflusses im mittleren Erdorbit (MEO) entwickelt, das ausschließlich durch Sonnenwind und geomagnetische Indizes gesteuert wird und keine zusätzlichen Flussmessungen als Eingaben benötigt. Anschließend analysierten wir die Richtungsverteilungen der Elektronen und verwendeten zum ersten Mal Fourier-Sinus-Reihen, um die Elektronen-Stellwinkelverteilungen (PADs) in der inneren Magnetosphäre der Erde zu bestimmen. Wir führten eine epochenübergreifende Analyse von 129 geomagnetischen Stürmen während der Van-Allen-Sonden-Ära durch und zeigten, dass die Elektronen-PADs eine starke energieabhängige Reaktion auf die geomagnetische Aktivität haben. Außerdem konnten wir zeigen, dass der dynamische Druck des Sonnenwindes als guter Prädiktor für die PAD-Dynamik verwendet werden kann. Anhand der beobachteten Abhängigkeiten haben wir das erste PAD-Modell mit einer kontinuierlichen Abhängigkeit von L, der magnetischen Ortszeit (MLT) und der Aktivität erstellt und zwei Techniken entwickelt, um die Beobachtungen des äquatornahen Elektronenflusses aus Daten mit niedrigem Luftdruck mit Hilfe dieses Modells zu rekonstruieren. Das zweite Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung eines neuen Modells der Topside-Ionosphäre. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, haben wir Beobachtungen von fünf der meistgenutzten Ionosphärenmissionen gesammelt und diese Datensätze interkalibriert. So konnten wir diese Daten gemeinsam für die Modellentwicklung, die Validierung und den Vergleich mit anderen bestehenden empirischen Modellen nutzen. Wir haben zum ersten Mal gezeigt, dass die Ionendichtebeobachtungen von Swarm-Langmuir-Sonden in niedrigen und mittleren Breiten auf der Nachtseite eine Überschätzung (bis zu ~40-50%) aufweisen, und haben vorgeschlagen, dass der Einfluss leichter Ionen eine mögliche Ursache für diese Überschätzung sein könnte. Zur Entwicklung des Oberseitenmodells wurden 19 Jahre lang Elektronendichteprofile aus der Radio-Okkultation (RO) verwendet, die mit einer Chapman-Funktion mit einer linearen Abhängigkeit der Skalenhöhe von der Höhe angepasst wurden. Aus dieser Näherung ergeben sich 4 Parameter, nämlich die Spitzendichte und die Höhe der F2-Schicht sowie die Steigung und der Achsenabschnitt des linearen Trends der Skalenhöhe, die mit Hilfe von neuronalen Feedforward-Netzwerken (NN) modelliert wurden. Das Modell wurde sowohl anhand von RO- als auch von In-situ-Beobachtungen umfassend validiert und übertrifft das Modell der Internationalen Referenz-Ionosphäre (IRI). Unsere Analyse zeigte, dass die größten Abweichungen des IRI-Modells von den Daten in Höhen von 100-200 km über der F2-Schichtspitze auftreten. Das entwickelte NN-basierte Ionosphärenmodell reproduziert die Auswirkungen verschiedener physikalischer Mechanismen, die in der Topside-Ionosphäre beobachtet werden, und liefert sehr genaue Vorhersagen der Elektronendichte. Diese Dissertation bietet eine umfassende Untersuchung der Dynamik in der Geosphäre, und die wichtigsten Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit tragen zur Verbesserung der Modelle von Plasmapopulationen in der erdnahen Weltraumumgebung bei. KW - Ionosphere KW - radiation belts KW - ring current KW - space physics KW - empirical modeling KW - machine learning KW - gradient boosting KW - neural networks KW - Ionosphäre KW - empirische Modellierung KW - Gradient Boosting KW - maschinelles Lernen KW - neuronale Netze KW - Strahlungsgürtel KW - Ringstrom KW - Weltraumphysik Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-613711 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warby, Jonathan A1 - Zu, Fengshuo A1 - Zeiske, Stefan A1 - Gutierrez-Partida, Emilio A1 - Frohloff, Lennart A1 - Kahmann, Simon A1 - Frohna, Kyle A1 - Mosconi, Edoardo A1 - Radicchi, Eros A1 - Lang, Felix A1 - Shah, Sahil A1 - Pena-Camargo, Francisco A1 - Hempel, Hannes A1 - Unold, Thomas A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - De Angelis, Filippo A1 - Stranks, Samuel D. A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin T1 - Understanding performance limiting interfacial recombination in pin Perovskite solar cells JF - Advanced energy materials N2 - Perovskite semiconductors are an attractive option to overcome the limitations of established silicon based photovoltaic (PV) technologies due to their exceptional opto-electronic properties and their successful integration into multijunction cells. However, the performance of single- and multijunction cells is largely limited by significant nonradiative recombination at the perovskite/organic electron transport layer junctions. In this work, the cause of interfacial recombination at the perovskite/C-60 interface is revealed via a combination of photoluminescence, photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principle numerical simulations. It is found that the most significant contribution to the total C-60-induced recombination loss occurs within the first monolayer of C-60, rather than in the bulk of C-60 or at the perovskite surface. The experiments show that the C-60 molecules act as deep trap states when in direct contact with the perovskite. It is further demonstrated that by reducing the surface coverage of C-60, the radiative efficiency of the bare perovskite layer can be retained. The findings of this work pave the way toward overcoming one of the most critical remaining performance losses in perovskite solar cells. KW - C60 KW - defects KW - interface recombination KW - loss mechanisms KW - perovskites KW - solar cells Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202103567 SN - 1614-6832 SN - 1614-6840 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Büchner, Robby T1 - Understanding local electronic structure variations in bio-inspired aromatic molecules T1 - Erkenntnisse über lokale Variationen der elektronischen Struktur in biologisch inspirierten aromatischen Molekülen N2 - In this thesis, the dependencies of charge localization and itinerance in two classes of aromatic molecules are accessed: pyridones and porphyrins. The focus lies on the effects of isomerism, complexation, solvation, and optical excitation, which are concomitant with different crucial biological applications of specific members of these groups of compounds. Several porphyrins play key roles in the metabolism of plants and animals. The nucleobases, which store the genetic information in the DNA and RNA are pyridone derivatives. Additionally, a number of vitamins are based on these two groups of substances. This thesis aims to answer the question of how the electronic structure of these classes of molecules is modified, enabling the versatile natural functionality. The resulting insights into the effect of constitutional and external factors are expected to facilitate the design of new processes for medicine, light-harvesting, catalysis, and environmental remediation. The common denominator of pyridones and porphyrins is their aromatic character. As aromaticity was an early-on topic in chemical physics, the overview of relevant theoretical models in this work also mirrors the development of this scientific field in the 20th century. The spectroscopic investigation of these compounds has long been centered on their global, optical transition between frontier orbitals. The utilization and advancement of X-ray spectroscopic methods characterizing the local electronic structure of molecular samples form the core of this thesis. The element selectivity of the near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is employed to probe the unoccupied density of states at the nitrogen site, which is key for the chemical reactivity of pyridones and porphyrins. The results contribute to the growing database of NEXAFS features and their interpretation, e.g., by advancing the debate on the porphyrin N K-edge through systematic experimental and theoretical arguments. Further, a state-of-the-art laser pump – NEXAFS probe scheme is used to characterize the relaxation pathway of a photoexcited porphyrin on the atomic level. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) provides complementary results by accessing the highest occupied valence levels including symmetry information. It is shown that RIXS is an effective experimental tool to gain detailed information on charge densities of individual species in tautomeric mixtures. Additionally, the hRIXS and METRIXS high-resolution RIXS spectrometers, which have been in part commissioned in the course of this thesis, will gain access to the ultra-fast and thermal chemistry of pyridones, porphyrins, and many other compounds. With respect to both classes of bio-inspired aromatic molecules, this thesis establishes that even though pyridones and porphyrins differ largely by their optical absorption bands and hydrogen bonding abilities, they all share a global stabilization of local constitutional changes and relevant external perturbation. It is because of this wide-ranging response that pyridones and porphyrins can be applied in a manifold of biological and technical processes. N2 - In dieser Arbeit werden die Abhängigkeiten von Ladungslokalisierung und -wanderung in zwei Klassen von aromatischen Molekülen untersucht: Pyridone und Porphyrine. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Auswirkungen von Isomerie, Komplexierung, Lösung (in Wasser) und optischer Anregung, die mit verschiedenen entscheidenden biologischen Anwendungen spezifischer Mitglieder dieser Gruppen von Verbindungen einhergehen. Mehrere Porphyrine spielen eine Schlüsselrolle im Stoffwechsel von Pflanzen und Tieren. Die Nukleobasen, die die genetische Information in der DNA und RNA speichern, sind Pyridonderivate. Auch mehrere Vitamine basieren auf diesen beiden Stoffgruppen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, die Frage zu beantworten, wie die elektronische Struktur dieser Molekülklassen modifiziert wird, sodass die vielfältigen Funktionen in der Natur ermöglicht werden. Die sich daraus ergebenden Erkenntnisse über die Wirkung konstitutioneller und externer Einflussfaktoren ermöglichen die Entwicklung neuer Verfahren in der Medizin, Katalyse, Solar- und Umwelttechnik. Die Gemeinsamkeit von Pyridonen und Porphyrinen ist ihr aromatischer Charakter. Da Aromatizität von Beginn der chemischen Physik an thematisiert wurde, spiegelt der Überblick relevanter theoretischer Modelle in dieser Arbeit auch die Entwicklung dieses Wissenschaftsgebiets im 20. Jahrhundert wieder. Die spektroskopische Untersuchung dieser Verbindungen konzentrierte sich lange Zeit auf die globalen, optischen Übergänge zwischen den Grenzorbitalen. Die Anwendung und Weiterentwicklung röntgenspektroskopischer Methoden zur Charakterisierung der lokalen elektronischen Struktur von molekularen Proben bilden den Kern dieser Arbeit. Die Elementselektivität der Röntgen-Nahkanten-Absorptions-Spektroskopie (NEXAFS) wird genutzt, um die unbesetzte Zustandsdichte an den Stickstoffatomen zu untersuchen, welche für die chemische Reaktivität von Pyridonen und Porphyrinen verantwortlich sind. Die Ergebnisse tragen zum wachsenden Bestand von NEXAFS-Spektren und ihrer Interpretation bei, z.B. indem sie die Debatte über die N K-Kante von Porphyrinen durch systematische experimentelle und theoretische Argumente voranbringen. Zudem wird ein modernes Laser-Pump – NEXAFS-Probe System verwendet, um den Relaxationsprozess eines photoangeregten Porphyrins auf atomarer Ebene zu charakterisieren. Die resonante inelastische Röntgenstreuung (RIXS) liefert komplementäre Ergebnisse, indem sie die höchsten besetzten Valenzniveaus einschließlich Symmetrieinformationen zugänglich macht. Es wird gezeigt, dass RIXS eine effektive experimentelle Methode ist, um detaillierte Informationen über die Ladungsdichten einzelner Tautomere in einem Gemisch zu erhalten. Zudem werden es die hochauflösenden RIXS-Spektrometer hRIXS und METRIXS, die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit mit in Betrieb genommen wurden, erlauben, Informationen zur ultraschnellen und thermischen Chemie von Pyridonen, Porphyrinen und vielen anderen Verbindungen zu gewinnen. Im Hinblick auf beide Klassen biologisch inspirierter, aromatischer Moleküle wird in dieser Arbeit gezeigt, dass sich Pyridone und Porphyrine zwar durch ihre optischen Absorptionsbanden und ihre Fähigkeit zu Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen unterscheiden, aber alle Verbindungen eine globale Stabilisierung lokaler Konstitutionsänderungen und relevanter äußerer Einflüsse aufweisen. Aufgrund dieser weitreichenden Anpassung können Pyridone und Porphyrine in einer Vielzahl von biologischen und technischen Prozessen eingesetzt werden. KW - NEXAFS KW - RIXS KW - X-ray spectroscopy KW - Aromaticity KW - Porphyrins KW - Pyridones KW - Röntgenspektroskopie KW - Aromatizität KW - Porphyrine KW - Pyridone KW - NEXAFS KW - RIXS Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-553192 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bodrova, Anna S. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Safdari, Hadiseh A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Underdamped scaled Brownian motion BT - (non-)existence of the overdamped limit in anomalous diffusion N2 - It is quite generally assumed that the overdamped Langevin equation provides a quantitative description of the dynamics of a classical Brownian particle in the long time limit. We establish and investigate a paradigm anomalous diffusion process governed by an underdamped Langevin equation with an explicit time dependence of the system temperature and thus the diffusion and damping coefficients. We show that for this underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM) the overdamped limit fails to describe the long time behaviour of the system and may practically even not exist at all for a certain range of the parameter values. Thus persistent inertial effects play a non-negligible role even at significantly long times. From this study a general questions on the applicability of the overdamped limit to describe the long time motion of an anomalously diffusing particle arises, with profound consequences for the relevance of overdamped anomalous diffusion models. We elucidate our results in view of analytical and simulations results for the anomalous diffusion of particles in free cooling granular gases. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 267 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97158 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bodrova, Anna S. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Safdari, Hadiseh A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Underdamped scaled Brownian motion BT - (non-)existence of the overdamped limit in anomalous diffusion JF - Scientific reports N2 - It is quite generally assumed that the overdamped Langevin equation provides a quantitative description of the dynamics of a classical Brownian particle in the long time limit. We establish and investigate a paradigm anomalous diffusion process governed by an underdamped Langevin equation with an explicit time dependence of the system temperature and thus the diffusion and damping coefficients. We show that for this underdamped scaled Brownian motion (UDSBM) the overdamped limit fails to describe the long time behaviour of the system and may practically even not exist at all for a certain range of the parameter values. Thus persistent inertial effects play a non-negligible role even at significantly long times. From this study a general questions on the applicability of the overdamped limit to describe the long time motion of an anomalously diffusing particle arises, with profound consequences for the relevance of overdamped anomalous diffusion models. We elucidate our results in view of analytical and simulations results for the anomalous diffusion of particles in free cooling granular gases. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30520 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 6 PB - Nature Publishing Group CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Goswami, Bedartha T1 - Uncertainties in climate data analysis T1 - Unsicherheiten in der Analyse von Klimadaten BT - Perspectives on working with measurement errors and other unknowns BT - Über Möglichkeiten der Arbeit mit Meßfehlern und anderen Unbekannten N2 - Scientific inquiry requires that we formulate not only what we know, but also what we do not know and by how much. In climate data analysis, this involves an accurate specification of measured quantities and a consequent analysis that consciously propagates the measurement errors at each step. The dissertation presents a thorough analytical method to quantify errors of measurement inherent in paleoclimate data. An additional focus are the uncertainties in assessing the coupling between different factors that influence the global mean temperature (GMT). Paleoclimate studies critically rely on `proxy variables' that record climatic signals in natural archives. However, such proxy records inherently involve uncertainties in determining the age of the signal. We present a generic Bayesian approach to analytically determine the proxy record along with its associated uncertainty, resulting in a time-ordered sequence of correlated probability distributions rather than a precise time series. We further develop a recurrence based method to detect dynamical events from the proxy probability distributions. The methods are validated with synthetic examples and demonstrated with real-world proxy records. The proxy estimation step reveals the interrelations between proxy variability and uncertainty. The recurrence analysis of the East Asian Summer Monsoon during the last 9000 years confirms the well-known `dry' events at 8200 and 4400 BP, plus an additional significantly dry event at 6900 BP. We also analyze the network of dependencies surrounding GMT. We find an intricate, directed network with multiple links between the different factors at multiple time delays. We further uncover a significant feedback from the GMT to the El Niño Southern Oscillation at quasi-biennial timescales. The analysis highlights the need of a more nuanced formulation of influences between different climatic factors, as well as the limitations in trying to estimate such dependencies. N2 - Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen setzen nicht nur eine Formulierung des gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstandes mitsamt ihrer Unsicherheiten voraus, sondern ebenso eine Eingrenzung des Unbekannten. Bezogen auf die Analyse von Klimadaten beinhaltet dies eine präzise Spezifikation gemessener Größen sowie eine durchgängige Berücksichtigung ihrer Messunsicherheiten in allen Schritten der Analyse. Diese Dissertation präsentiert eine analytische Methode zur Quantifizierung der in Paläoklimadaten inhärenten Messunsicherheiten. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Untersuchung von Unsicherheiten in der Kopplungsstruktur zwischen Klimafaktoren die bekanntermaßen die globale Durchschnittstemperatur (GMT global mean temperature) beeinflussen. Die Paläoklimaforschung beruht in kritischem Maße auf der Analyse von Proxydaten welche die Klimaentwicklung dokumentieren. Allerdings sind Proxydaten mit inhärenten Datierungsunsicherheiten behaftet. Basierend auf einem generischen Bayes’schen Ansatz wird in dieser Dissertation eine analytische Methode vorgestellt um aus den zeitlich unsicheren Proxydaten zeitlich präzise Folgen korrelierter Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen zu erhalten. Von diesen Verteilungen werden Proxyzeitreihen zusammen mit ihren Unsicherheiten berechnet. Weiterhin wird eine rekurrenzbasierte Methode zur Analyse von Proxydaten entwickelt welche anhand dieser Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilungen plötzliche Änderungen in der Dynamik des Systems ermittelt. Beide Methoden werden mit Hilfe synthetischer Beispieldaten validiert und mit realen Proxydaten demonstriert. Diese statistische Analyse von Proxydaten deckt unteranderem die Beziehungen zwischen der Variabilität der Daten und zugehöriger Unsicherheiten der Proxyzeitreihen auf. Die Re- kurrenzanalyse des Ostasiatischen Sommermonsuns bestätigt die bekannten Trockenzeiten der letzten 9.000 Jahre um 8.200 bzw. 4.400 Jahre vor unserer Zeit und deckt eine zusätzliche Trockenzeit um etwa 6.900 Jahre vor unserer Zeit auf. Die Kopplungsstruktur zwischen Klimafaktoren die bekanntermaßen die GMT beeinflussen lässt sich als ein verworrenes, gerichtetes Netzwerk mit multiplen Links, welche zu verschiedenen Zeitskalen gehören, darstellen. Speziell ergibt sich eine signifikante Wechselwirkung zwischen der GMT und dem ENSO-Phänomen (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) auf einer quasi-zweijährigen Zeitskala. Einerseits beleuchtet diese Analyse die Notwendigkeit Einflüsse verschiedener Klimafaktoren auf die GMT nuancierter zu formulieren, andererseits werden die Grenzen der Quantifizierung dieser Einflüsse aufgezeigt. KW - data analysis KW - Bayesian estimation KW - Bayessche Schätzer KW - Datenanalyse Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78312 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cheng, Xin A1 - Kliem, Bernhard A1 - Ding, Mingde T1 - Unambiguous evidence of filament splitting-induced partial eruptions JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics N2 - Coronal mass ejections are often considered to result from the full eruption of a magnetic flux rope (MFR). However, it is recognized that, in some events, the MFR may release only part of its flux, with the details of the implied splitting not completely established due to limitations in observations. Here, we investigate two partial eruption events including a confined and a successful one. Both partial eruptions are a consequence of the vertical splitting of a filament-hosting MFR involving internal reconnection. A loss of equilibrium in the rising part of the magnetic flux is suggested by the impulsive onset of both events and by the delayed onset of reconnection in the confined event. The remaining part of the flux might be line-tied to the photosphere in a bald patch (BP) separatrix surface, and we confirm the existence of extended BP sections for the successful eruption. The internal reconnection is signified by brightenings in the body of one filament and between the rising and remaining parts of both filaments. It evolves quickly into the standard current sheet reconnection in the wake of the eruption. As a result, regardless of being confined or successful, both eruptions produce hard X-ray sources and flare loops below the erupting but above the surviving flux, as well as a pair of flare ribbons enclosing the latter. KW - Sun: magnetic fields KW - Sun: corona KW - Sun: coronal mass ejections (CMEs) KW - Sun: flares Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab08d SN - 0004-637X SN - 1538-4357 VL - 856 IS - 1 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Bodrova, Anna S. T1 - Ultraslow scaled Brownian motion JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form . For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations. KW - anomalous diffusion KW - stochastic processes KW - ageing Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/6/063038 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 17 IS - 063038 PB - Dt. Physikalische Ges., IOP CY - Bad Honnef, London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Chechkin, Aleksei V. A1 - Bodrova, Anna S. T1 - Ultraslow scaled Brownian motion T2 - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - We define and study in detail utraslow scaled Brownian motion (USBM) characterized by a time dependent diffusion coefficient of the form . For unconfined motion the mean squared displacement (MSD) of USBM exhibits an ultraslow, logarithmic growth as function of time, in contrast to the conventional scaled Brownian motion. In a harmonic potential the MSD of USBM does not saturate but asymptotically decays inverse-proportionally to time, reflecting the highly non-stationary character of the process. We show that the process is weakly non-ergodic in the sense that the time averaged MSD does not converge to the regular MSD even at long times, and for unconfined motion combines a linear lag time dependence with a logarithmic term. The weakly non-ergodic behaviour is quantified in terms of the ergodicity breaking parameter. The USBM process is also shown to be ageing: observables of the system depend on the time gap between initiation of the test particle and start of the measurement of its motion. Our analytical results are shown to agree excellently with extensive computer simulations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 188 KW - anomalous diffusion KW - stochastic processes KW - ageing Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78618 ER - TY - THES A1 - Koç, Azize T1 - Ultrafast x-ray studies on the non-equilibrium of the magnetic and phononic system in heavy rare-earths T1 - Ultraschnelle Röntgenuntersuchungen des Nichtgleichgewichts der magnetischen und phononischen Systeme in schweren Seltenen Erden N2 - In this dissertation the lattice and the magnetic recovery dynamics of the two heavy rare-earth metals Dy and Gd after femtosecond photoexcitation are described. For the investigations, thin films of Dy and Gd were measured at low temperatures in the antiferromagnetic phase of Dy and close to room temperature in the ferromagnetic phase of Gd. Two different optical pump-x-ray probe techniques were employed: Ultrafast x-ray diffraction with hard x-rays (UXRD) yields the structural response of heavy rare-earth metals and resonant soft (elastic) x-ray diffraction (RSXD), which allows measuring directly changes in the helical antiferromagnetic order of Dy. The combination of both techniques enables to study the complex interaction between the magnetic and the phononic subsystems. N2 - In dieser Dissertation wird die Relaxationsdynamik des Gitters und der magnetischen Ordnung der zwei schweren, seltenen Erden Dy und Gd nach der Anregung mit femtosekunden Laserpulsen beschrieben. Für diese Untersuchungen wurden dünne Schichten von Dy und Gd bei niedrigen Temperaturen in der antiferromagnetischen Phase von Dy und nahe der Raumtemperatur in der ferromagnetischen Phase von Gd gemessen. Es wurden zwei verschiedene Experimente mittels optischem Anrege- Röntgen Abfrageverfahren durchgeführt, die ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung mit harten Röntgenstrahlen (UXRD) und die resonante weiche (elastische) Röntgenbeugung (RSXD). Letzteres Verfahren erlaubt es, direkt die Änderungen der helikalen, antiferromagnetischen Ordnung zu messen. Die Kombination beider Techniken ermöglicht es, die komplexe Wechselwirkung zwischen dem magnetischen und dem phononischen Subsystem zu untersuchen. KW - magnetostriction KW - time-resolved x-ray diffraction KW - resonant soft x-ray diffraction KW - magnetism KW - critical exponent KW - heat transport KW - dysprosium KW - gadolinium KW - rare-earth metals KW - non-equilibrium KW - dynamics KW - magnetic and phononic system KW - Magnetostriktion KW - zeitaufgelöste Röntgenbeugung KW - resonante weiche Röntgenbeugung KW - Magnetismus KW - kritischer Exponent KW - Wärmetransport KW - Dysprosium KW - Gadolinium KW - Metalle der seltenen Erden KW - Nichtgleichgewicht KW - Dynamik KW - magnetisches und phononisches System Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423282 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clark, Oliver J. A1 - Wadgaonkar, Indrajit A1 - Freyse, Friedrich A1 - Springholz, Gunther A1 - Battiato, Marco A1 - Sanchez-Barriga, Jaime T1 - Ultrafast thermalization pathways of excited bulk and surface states in the ferroelectric rashba semiconductor GeTe JF - Advanced materials N2 - A large Rashba effect is essential for future applications in spintronics. Particularly attractive is understanding and controlling nonequilibrium properties of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors. Here, time- and angle-resolved photoemission is utilized to access the ultrafast dynamics of bulk and surface transient Rashba states after femtosecond optical excitation of GeTe. A complex thermalization pathway is observed, wherein three different timescales can be clearly distinguished: intraband thermalization, interband equilibration, and electronic cooling. These dynamics exhibit an unconventional temperature dependence: while the cooling phase speeds up with increasing sample temperature, the opposite happens for interband thermalization. It is demonstrated how, due to the Rashba effect, an interdependence of these timescales on the relative strength of both electron-electron and electron-phonon interactions is responsible for the counterintuitive temperature dependence, with spin-selection constrained interband electron-electron scatterings found both to dominate dynamics away from the Fermi level, and to weaken with increasing temperature. These findings are supported by theoretical calculations within the Boltzmann approach explicitly showing the opposite behavior of all relevant electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering channels with temperature, thus confirming the microscopic mechanism of the experimental findings. The present results are important for future applications of ferroelectric Rashba semiconductors and their excitations in ultrafast spintronics. KW - ferroelectric semiconductors KW - Rashba effect KW - spin- and angle-resolved photoemission KW - spin-orbit coupling KW - time-resolved photoemission KW - ultrafast dynamics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202200323 SN - 0935-9648 SN - 1521-4095 VL - 34 IS - 24 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - THES A1 - Sander, Mathias T1 - Ultrafast tailored strain fields in nanostructures T1 - Ultraschnelle massgeschneiderte Dehnungsfelder in Nanostrukturen N2 - This publication based thesis, which consists of seven published articles, summarizes my contributions to the research field of laser excited ultrafast structural dynamics. The coherent and incoherent lattice dynamics on microscopic length scales are detected by ultrashort optical and X-ray pulses. The understanding of the complex physical processes is essential for future improvements of technological applications. For this purpose, tabletop soruces and large scale facilities, e.g. synchrotrons, are employed to study structural dynamics of longitudinal acoustic strain waves and heat transport. The investigated effects cover timescales from hundreds of femtoseconds up to several microseconds. The main part of this thesis is dedicated to the investigation of tailored phonon wave packets propagating in perovskite nanostructures. Tailoring is achieved either by laser excitation of nanostructured bilayer samples or by a temporal series of laser pulses. Due to the propagation of longitudinal acoustic phonons, the out-of-plane lattice spacing of a thin film insulator-metal bilayer sample is modulated on an ultrafast timescale. This leads to an ultrafast modulation of the X-ray diffraction efficiency which is employed as a phonon Bragg switch to shorten hard X-ray pulses emitted from a 3rd generation synchrotron. In addition, we have observed nonlinear mixing of high amplitude phonon wave packets which originates from an anharmonic interatomic potential. A chirped optical pulse sequence excites a narrow band phonon wave packet with specific momentum and energy. The second harmonic generation of these phonon wave packets is followed by ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Phonon upconversion takes place because the high amplitude phonon wave packet modulates the acoustic properties of the crystal which leads to self steepening and to the successive generation of higher harmonics of the phonon wave packet. Furthermore, we have demonstrated ultrafast strain in direction parallel to the sample surface. Two consecutive so-called transient grating excitations displaced in space and time are used to coherently control thermal gradients and surface acoustic modes. The amplitude of the coherent and incoherent surface excursion is disentangled by time resolved X-ray reflectivity measurements. We calibrate the absolute amplitude of thermal and acoustic surface excursion with measurements of longitudinal phonon propagation. In addition, we develop a diffraction model which allows for measuring the surface excursion on an absolute length scale with sub-Äangström precision. Finally, I demonstrate full coherent control of an excited surface deformation by amplifying and suppressing thermal and coherent excitations at the surface of a laser-excited Yttrium-manganite sample. N2 - Diese publikations basierte Dissertation enthält sieben veröffentlichte Artikel und ist ein Beitrag zum Forschungsfeld der laserangeregten ultraschnellen Strukturdynamik. Dabei wird die kohärente und inkohärente Gitterdynamik mit Hilfe von ultrakurzen optischen Pulsen sowie Röntgenpulsen auf mikroskopischer Längenskala untersucht. Das Verständnis dieser komplexen physikalischen Prozesse ist essenziell für die Verbesserung von zukünftigen technologischen Anwendungen. Hierfür wurde die Strukturdynamik von longitudinal akustischen Schallwellen und Wärmetransport mit Hilfe von verschieden Messinstrumenten, basierend auf Labor und Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen, untersucht. Die untersuchten Effekte umfassen Zeitskalen von einigen hundert Femtosekunden bis hin zu mehreren Mikrosekunden. Der Hauptteil meiner Dissertation beruht auf der Untersuchungen von definiert angeregten Phonon-Wellenpakten, die sich in Perowskit Nanostrukturen ausbreiten. Die Kontrolle wird entweder durch Laseranregung einer nanostruktieren Doppelschichtprobe oder durch eine zeitlich versetzte Laserpulsfolge erreicht. Dabei wird die Einheitszelle senkrecht zu den Gitterebenen auf ultraschnellen Zeiten modifiziert. Daraus folgt eine ultraschnelle Modulation der Röntgenbeugungs Effizienz, die als Phonon Braggschalter verwendet wird, um harte Röntgenpulse von Synchrotrons der dritten Generation zu verkürzen. Zudem haben wir die nichtlineare Mischung von Phonon-Wellenpaketen mit hoher Amplitude beobachtet, die der Anharmonizität des interatomaren Potential herrührt. Durch eine gechirpte optische Laserpulsfolge wird ein schmalbandiges Phonon-Wellenpaket mit definiertem Impuls und definierter Energie angeregt. Dabei wird die Erzeugung der zweiten Harmonischen mittels ultraschneller Röntgenbeugung untersucht. Die Phononkonversion findet hierbei durch die hohe Phononamplitude statt, die die akustischen Eigenschaften des Kristalls verändert. Dieser Prozess führt zum Aufsteilen der Wellenfront und folglich zur Erzeugung der höheren Harmonischen des Phonon-Wellenpakets. Außerdem habe ich ultraschnelle Schallpulse parallel zur Richtung der Probenoberfläche demonstriert. Dabei werden zwei sogenannte transiente Gitteranregungen verwendet, die räumlich und zeitlich zueinander versetzt sind, um thermische Gradienten und akustische Oberflächenmoden kohärent zu kontrollieren. Die Amplitude der kohärenten und inkohärenten Oberflächenausdehnung kann mit Hilfe von Röntgenreflektivität getrennt betrachtet werden. Zusätzlich haben wir ein Beugungsmodel entwickelt, mit dem wir die Oberflächenausdehnung auf einer absoluten Längenskale mit sub-Ängström Präzision kalibrieren. Schließlich zeige ich volle kohärente Kontrolle von der angeregten Oberflächenausdehnung durch Verstärkung und Unterdrückung von thermischen und kohärenten Anregungen auf der Oberfläche einer dünnen, laserangeregten Yttriummanganat Schicht. KW - Ultrafast X-ray diffraction KW - strain KW - acoustic waves KW - Ultraschnelle Röntgenbeugung KW - akustische Wellen KW - Dehnung Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-417863 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gühr, Markus T1 - Ultrafast Soft X-ray Probing of Gas Phase Molecular Dynamics N2 - The molecular ability to selectively and efficiently convert sunlight into other forms of energy like heat, bond change, or charge separation is truly remarkable. The decisive steps in these transformations often happen on a femtosecond timescale and require transitions among different electronic states that violate the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA). Non-BOA transitions pose challenges to both theory and experiment. From a theoretical point of view, excited state dynamics and nonadiabatic transitions both are difficult problems (see Figure 1(a)). However, the theory on non-BOA dynamics has advanced significantly over the last two decades. Full dynamical simulations for molecules of the size of nucleobases have been possible for a couple of years and allow predictions of experimental observables like photoelectron energy or ion yield. The availability of these calculations for isolated molecules has spurred new experimental efforts to develop methods that are sufficiently different from all optical techniques. For determination of transient molecular structure, femtosecond X-ray diffraction and electron diffraction have been implemented on optically excited molecules. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 268 Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-97215 ER - TY - THES A1 - Trabant, Christoph T1 - Ultrafast photoinduced phase transitions in complex materials probed by time-resolved resonant soft x-ray diffraction T1 - Ultraschnelle lichtinduzierte Phasenübergänge in komplexen Materialien untersucht mit zeitaufgelöster resonanter Weichröntgenbeugung N2 - In processing and data storage mainly ferromagnetic (FM) materials are being used. Approaching physical limits, new concepts have to be found for faster, smaller switches, for higher data densities and more energy efficiency. Some of the discussed new concepts involve the material classes of correlated oxides and materials with antiferromagnetic coupling. Their applicability depends critically on their switching behavior, i.e., how fast and how energy efficient material properties can be manipulated. This thesis presents investigations of ultrafast non-equilibrium phase transitions on such new materials. In transition metal oxides (TMOs) the coupling of different degrees of freedom and resulting low energy excitation spectrum often result in spectacular changes of macroscopic properties (colossal magneto resistance, superconductivity, metal-to-insulator transitions) often accompanied by nanoscale order of spins, charges, orbital occupation and by lattice distortions, which make these material attractive. Magnetite served as a prototype for functional TMOs showing a metal-to-insulator-transition (MIT) at T = 123 K. By probing the charge and orbital order as well as the structure after an optical excitation we found that the electronic order and the structural distortion, characteristics of the insulating phase in thermal equilibrium, are destroyed within the experimental resolution of 300 fs. The MIT itself occurs on a 1.5 ps timescale. It shows that MITs in functional materials are several thousand times faster than switching processes in semiconductors. Recently ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials have become interesting. It was shown in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo, that the transfer of angular momentum between two opposed FM subsystems with different time constants leads to a switching of the magnetization after laser pulse excitation. In addition it was theoretically predicted that demagnetization dynamics in AFM should occur faster than in FM materials as no net angular momentum has to be transferred out of the spin system. We investigated two different AFM materials in order to learn more about their ultrafast dynamics. In Ho, a metallic AFM below T ≈ 130 K, we found that the AFM Ho can not only be faster but also ten times more energy efficiently destroyed as order in FM comparable metals. In EuTe, an AFM semiconductor below T ≈ 10 K, we compared the loss of magnetization and laser-induced structural distortion in one and the same experiment. Our experiment shows that they are effectively disentangled. An exception is an ultrafast release of lattice dynamics, which we assign to the release of magnetostriction. The results presented here were obtained with time-resolved resonant soft x-ray diffraction at the Femtoslicing source of the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin and at the free-electron laser in Stanford (LCLS). In addition the development and setup of a new UHV-diffractometer for these experiments will be reported. N2 - In der Datenspeichertechnologie werden bisher hauptsächlich ferromagnetische Materialien eingesetzt. Da mit diesen aber physikalische Grenzen erreicht werden, werden neue Konzepte gesucht, um schnellere und kleinere Schalter, größere Datendichten und eine höherere Energieeffizienz zu erzeugen. Unter den diskutierten Materialklassen finden sich komplexen Übergangsmetalloxide und Materialien mit antiferromagnetischer Kopplung. Die Anwendbarkeit solcher Materialien hängt stark davon ab, wie schnell sich deren Eigenschaften verändern lassen und wieviel Energie dafür eingesetzt werden muss. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit ultraschnellen, Nicht-Gleichgewicht-Phasenübergängen genau in solchen Materialien. In Übergangsmetalloxiden führt die enge Kopplung zwischen den unterschiedlichen Freiheitsgraden zu einem effektiven niederenergetischen Anregungsspektrum. Diese Anregungen sind oft verknüpft mit spektakulären makroskopischen Eigenschaften, wie z.B. dem kolossalen Magnetowiderstand, Hochtemperatur-Supraleitung, Metall- Isolator-Übergang, die oft von nanoskaliger Ordnung von Spins, Ladungen, orbitaler Besetzung sowie Gitterverzerrungen begleitet sind. Dadurch werden diese Materialien interessant für Anwendbarkeit. Magnetit, ein Prototyp eines solchen funktionalen Materials zeigt einen Metall-Isolator-Übergang bei T = 123 K. Untersucht man die Ladungs- und orbitale Ordnung sowie die Struktur nach einer optischen Anregung, so findet man, dass die elektronische Struktur und Gitterverzerrung, die kennzeichnend für die Tieftemperaturphase sind, innerhalb der Zeitauflösung des Experiments von 300 fs zerstört wird. Der eigentliche Metall-Isolator-Übergang zeigt sich erst nach 1.5 ps. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass MITs in funktionalen Materialien bis zu tausend Mal schneller geschaltet werden können als in vorhandenen Halbleiter-Schaltern. Seit kurzem rücken auch ferrimagnetische und antiferromagnetische Materialen in den Fokus des Interesses. Es wurde im Ferrimagnet GdFeCo gezeigt, dass der Transfer von Drehimpuls zwischen zwei entgegengesetzten Subsystemen mit unterschiedlichen Zeitkonstanten zu einem Umschalten der Magnetisierung führt. Zudem wurde vorhergesagt, dass Demagnetisierungsdynamiken in antiferromagnetischen Materialien schneller ablaufen soll als in ferromagnetischen, da kein Drehimpuls aus dem Spinsystem abgeführt werden muss. Damit wir mehr über antiferromagnetische Dynamik erfahren haben wir zwei unterschiedliche Antiferromagneten untersucht, um sie mit den bekannten FM zu vergleichen. Im metallischen AFM Holmium fanden wir, dass die magnetische Ordnung schneller und zehnmal energieeffizienter zerstört werden kann als in vergleichbaren FM Metallen. In Europium-Tellurid, einem antiferromagnetischem Halbleiter, haben wir den Zerfall der magnetischen Ordnung im Hinblick auf Wechselwirkungen mit der Struktur untersucht. Wir fanden auf kurzen Zeitskalen eine eher entkoppelte Dynamik. Eine Ausnahme ist ein schneller Beitrag zur Gitterdynamik, den wir mit dem Wegfall von Magnetostriktion erklären. Die hier gezeigten Ergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe zeitaufgelöster resonanter weicher Röntgenbeugung an der Femtoslicing Strahlungsquelle des Helmholtz-Zentrums Berlin und am freien Elektronenlaser LCLS gemessen. Zusätzlich wird über die Entwicklung und den Bau eines UHV-Diffraktometers für diese Experimente berichtet. KW - Ultraschnell KW - Weichröntgenbeugung KW - nichtgleichgewichts Dynamik KW - Phasenübergänge KW - Antiferromagnetisch KW - Ultrafast KW - soft x-ray diffraction KW - photoinduced dynamics KW - phase transitions KW - antiferromagnetic Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71377 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Reppert, Alexander von A1 - Schick, D. A1 - Zamponi, F. A1 - Rössle, Matthias A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - Zabel, Hartmut A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - Ultrafast negative thermal expansion driven by spin disorder JF - Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics N2 - We measure the transient strain profile in a nanoscale multilayer system composed of yttrium, holmium, and niobium after laser excitation using ultrafast x-ray diffraction. The strain propagation through each layer is determined by transient changes in the material-specific Bragg angles. We experimentally derive the exponentially decreasing stress profile driving the strain wave and show that it closely matches the optical penetration depth. Below the Neel temperature of Ho, the optical excitation triggers negative thermal expansion, which is induced by a quasi-instantaneous contractive stress and a second contractive stress contribution increasing on a 12-ps timescale. These two timescales were recently measured for the spin disordering in Ho [Rettig et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 257202 (2016)]. As a consequence, we observe an unconventional bipolar strain pulse with an inverted sign traveling through the heterostructure. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.99.094304 SN - 2469-9950 SN - 2469-9969 VL - 99 IS - 9 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - THES A1 - Willig, Lisa T1 - Ultrafast magneto-optical studies of remagnetisation dynamics in transition metals T1 - Ultraschnelle Magneto-Optische Studien der Remagnetisierungsdynamik von Übergangsmetallen N2 - Ultrafast magnetisation dynamics have been investigated intensely for two decades. The recovery process after demagnetisation, however, was rarely studied experimentally and discussed in detail. The focus of this work lies on the investigation of the magnetisation on long timescales after laser excitation. It combines two ultrafast time resolved methods to study the relaxation of the magnetic and lattice system after excitation with a high fluence ultrashort laser pulse. The magnetic system is investigated by time resolved measurements of the magneto-optical Kerr effect. The experimental setup has been implemented in the scope of this work. The lattice dynamics were obtained with ultrafast X-ray diffraction. The combination of both techniques leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in magnetisation recovery from a non-equilibrium condition. Three different groups of samples are investigated in this work: Thin Nickel layers capped with nonmagnetic materials, a continuous sample of the ordered L10 phase of Iron Platinum and a sample consisting of Iron Platinum nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix. The study of the remagnetisation reveals a general trend for all of the samples: The remagnetisation process can be described by two time dependences. A first exponential recovery that slows down with an increasing amount of energy absorbed in the system until an approximately linear time dependence is observed. This is followed by a second exponential recovery. In case of low fluence excitation, the first recovery is faster than the second. With increasing fluence the first recovery is slowed down and can be described as a linear function. If the pump-induced temperature increase in the sample is sufficiently high, a phase transition to a paramagnetic state is observed. In the remagnetisation process, the transition into the ferromagnetic state is characterised by a distinct transition between the linear and exponential recovery. From the combination of the transient lattice temperature Tp(t) obtained from ultrafast X-ray measurements and magnetisation M(t) gained from magneto-optical measurements we construct the transient magnetisation versus temperature relations M(Tp). If the lattice temperature remains below the Curie temperature the remagnetisation curve M(Tp) is linear and stays below the M(T) curve in equilibrium in the continuous transition metal layers. When the sample is heated above phase transition, the remagnetisation converges towards the static temperature dependence. For the granular Iron Platinum sample the M(Tp) curves for different fluences coincide, i.e. the remagnetisation follows a similar path irrespective of the initial laser-induced temperature jump. N2 - Ultraschnelle Magnetisierungsdynamiken wurden in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten intensiv untersucht. Hingegen der Wiederherstellungsprozess der Magnetisierung nach einer ultraschnellen Demagnetisierung wird selten experimentell untersucht und im Detail diskutiert. Der Fokus dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Untersuchung der Magnetisierung auf langen Zeitskalen nach der Anregung durch einen Laserpuls. Dazu werden zwei ultraschnelle zeitaufgelöste Techniken verwendet, um die Relaxierung von dem magnetischen System und dem System des Gitters nach Anregung mit einem hochenergetischen ultrakurzen Laserpuls zu untersuchen. Das magnetische System wurde untersucht mithilfe von Messungen des zeitaufgelösten magneto-optischen Kerr Effekts. Der experimentelle Aufbau wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit entwickelt. Die Gitterdynamik wurde mittels ultraschneller Röntgendiffraktometrie aufgenommen. Die Kombination beider Techniken liefert ein besseres Verständnis von den Prozessen involviert in Magnetisierungsrelaxation aus einem Nicht-Gleichgewichtszustand. Drei unterschiedliche Probensysteme wurden im Rahmen dieser Arbeit untersucht: Dünne Nickel Schichten umgeben von nicht-magnetischen Schichten, eine kontinuierliche Schicht aus einer Eisen Platin Legierung und eine Probe bestehend aus Eisen Platin Nanopartikeln eingebettet in einer Kohlenstoffmatrix. Die Studie der Remagnetisierung zeigt einen generellen Trend für alle diese Systeme auf: Der Remagnetisierungsprozess kann mit zwei Zeitabhängikeiten beschrieben werden. Eine erste exponentielle Zeitabhängigkeit, die mit zunehmender Menge an absorbierter Energie verlangsamt wird bis ein lineares Verhalten beobachtet wird. Darauf folgend gibt es eine zweite exponentielle funktionale Abhängigkeit in der Zeit. Im Falle einer geringen Energieabsorption ist die erste Remagnetisierung schneller als die zweite. Mit steigender Fluenz wird die Remagnetisierung in der ersten Zeitabhängigkeit verlangsamt und kann als lineare Funktion beschrieben werden. Wenn der durch den Pump Puls induzierte Temperatursprung in der Probe ausreichend groß ist, wird ein Phasenübergang in die paramagnetische Phase beobachtet. In dem Remagnetisierungsprozess wird dieser Übergang durch einen deutlich sichtbaren Wechsel zwischen linearem und exponentiellen Verhalten sichtbar. Mithilfe der Kombination aus der von Rötngendaten gewonnener Gittertemperatur Tp(t) und der Magnetisierung M(t) erhalten wir die zeitliche Abhängigkeit der Magnetisierung von der Gittertemperatur M(Tp). Falls die Gittertemperatur unter der Curietemperatur bleibt, ist die Remagnetisierungskurve M(Tp) linear und bleibt unterhalb der statischen Gleichgewichtskurve M(T) für die kontinuierlichen Übergangsmetalle. Wenn die Probe über den Phasenübergang geheizt wird, nähert sich die Remagnetisierung der statischen Kurve an. Die transiente Remagnetisierungskurven M(Tp) der granularen Eisen Platin Probe folgen immer einem der statischen Magnetisierungskurve ähnlichen Verlauf, unabhängig von dem laser-induzierten Temperatursprung. KW - ultrafast dynamics KW - remagnetization KW - magnetization dynamics KW - transition metals KW - condensed matter KW - ultraschnelle Dynamik KW - magneto-optics KW - Magneto-Optik KW - Remagnetisierung KW - Magnetisierungsdynamik KW - Übergangsmetalle KW - kondensierte Materie Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-441942 ER - TY - THES A1 - Schick, Daniel T1 - Ultrafast lattice dynamics in photoexcited nanostructures : femtosecond X-ray diffraction with optimized evaluation schemes T1 - Ultraschnelle Gitterdynamik in optisch angeregten Nanostrukturen : Femtosekunden-Röntgendiffraktion mit optimierten Auswerteroutinen N2 - Within the course of this thesis, I have investigated the complex interplay between electron and lattice dynamics in nanostructures of perovskite oxides. Femtosecond hard X-ray pulses were utilized to probe the evolution of atomic rearrangement directly, which is driven by ultrafast optical excitation of electrons. The physics of complex materials with a large number of degrees of freedom can be interpreted once the exact fingerprint of ultrafast lattice dynamics in time-resolved X-ray diffraction experiments for a simple model system is well known. The motion of atoms in a crystal can be probed directly and in real-time by femtosecond pulses of hard X-ray radiation in a pump-probe scheme. In order to provide such ultrashort X-ray pulses, I have built up a laser-driven plasma X-ray source. The setup was extended by a stable goniometer, a two-dimensional X-ray detector and a cryogen-free cryostat. The data acquisition routines of the diffractometer for these ultrafast X-ray diffraction experiments were further improved in terms of signal-to-noise ratio and angular resolution. The implementation of a high-speed reciprocal-space mapping technique allowed for a two-dimensional structural analysis with femtosecond temporal resolution. I have studied the ultrafast lattice dynamics, namely the excitation and propagation of coherent phonons, in photoexcited thin films and superlattice structures of the metallic perovskite SrRuO3. Due to the quasi-instantaneous coupling of the lattice to the optically excited electrons in this material a spatially and temporally well-defined thermal stress profile is generated in SrRuO3. This enables understanding the effect of the resulting coherent lattice dynamics in time-resolved X-ray diffraction data in great detail, e.g. the appearance of a transient Bragg peak splitting in both thin films and superlattice structures of SrRuO3. In addition, a comprehensive simulation toolbox to calculate the ultrafast lattice dynamics and the resulting X-ray diffraction response in photoexcited one-dimensional crystalline structures was developed in this thesis work. With the powerful experimental and theoretical framework at hand, I have studied the excitation and propagation of coherent phonons in more complex material systems. In particular, I have revealed strongly localized charge carriers after above-bandgap femtosecond photoexcitation of the prototypical multiferroic BiFeO3, which are the origin of a quasi-instantaneous and spatially inhomogeneous stress that drives coherent phonons in a thin film of the multiferroic. In a structurally imperfect thin film of the ferroelectric Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3, the ultrafast reciprocal-space mapping technique was applied to follow a purely strain-induced change of mosaicity on a picosecond time scale. These results point to a strong coupling of in- and out-of-plane atomic motion exclusively mediated by structural defects. N2 - Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit habe ich mich mit den komplexen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Elektronen- und Gitterdynamik in oxidischen Perowskit-Nanostrukturen beschäftigt. Dazu wurden verschiedene Proben mit intensiven, ultrakurzen Laserpulsen angeregt. Um die zeitliche Entwicklung der induzierten atomaren Umordnung zu untersuchen, wurden Femtosekunden-Pulse harter Röntgenstrahlung genutzt. Zunächst wurde die ultraschnelle Gitterdynamik in einfachen Modellsystemen mit zeitaufgelösten Röntgendiffraktionsexperimenten untersucht, um im Anschluss ähnliche Experimente an komplexeren Materialien mit mehreren Freiheitsgraden interpretieren zu können. Die Bewegung der Atome in einem Kristall kann über Anrege-Abtast-Verfahren direkt mit gepulster, harter Röntgenstrahlung gemessen werden. Die Dauer der Röntgenpulse muss dafür einige hundert Femtosekunden kurz sein. Um diese ultrakurzen Röntgenpulse zu erzeugen, habe ich eine lasergetriebene Plasma-Röntgenquelle aufgebaut. Der Aufbau wurde um ein stabiles Goniometer, einen zweidimensionalen Röntgendetektor und einen kryogenfreien Kryostat erweitert und in Bezug auf das Signal-zu-Rausch-Verhältnis und die Winkelauflösung optimiert. Durch die Entwicklung einer schnellen Methode zur Vermessung des reziproken Raums konnte erstmals an solch einer Quelle eine zweidimensionale Strukturanalyse mit Femtosekunden-Zeitauflösung realisiert werden. Die Anregung und Ausbreitung von kohärenten Phononen habe ich in optisch angeregten Dünnfilm- und Übergitterstrukturen untersucht. Eine entscheidende Rolle spielen dabei metallische SrRuO3 Schichten. Durch die quasi-instantane Kopplung des Gitters an die optisch angeregten Elektronen in SrRuO3 wird ein räumlich und zeitlich wohldefiniertes Druckprofil erzeugt. Dadurch kann der Einfluss der resultierenden kohärenten Gitterdynamik auf die zeitaufgelösten Röntgendiffraktionsdaten im Detail verstanden werden. Beobachtet wurde z.B. das Auftreten einer transienten Aufspaltung eines Bragg-Reflexes bei Dünnfilm- und Übergitterstrukturen aus SrRuO3. Außerdem wurde eine umfangreiche Simulationsumgebung entwickelt, mit deren Hilfe die ultraschnelle Dynamik und die dazugehörigen Röntgendiffraktionssignale in optisch angeregten eindimensionalen Kristallstrukturen berechnet werden können. Der von mir entwickelte experimentelle Aufbau sowie das Simulationspaket zur Datenanalyse und -interpretation wurden anschließend für die Untersuchung kohärenter Phononen in komplexeren Materialsystemen eingesetzt. Im Speziellen konnte ich in multiferroischem BiFeO3 eine stark lokalisierte Ladungsträgerverteilung nach einer optischen Femtosekunden-Anregung nachweisen. Sie ist die Ursache für einen quasi-instantanen und räumlich inhomogenen Druck, der die kohärenten Phononen in einem dünnen Film dieses Multiferroikums erzeugt. Außerdem habe ich die ultraschnelle Vermessung des reziproken Raums angewendet, um eine verzerrungsinduzierte Veränderung der Mosaizität in einem strukturell unvollkommenen Film aus ferroelektrischem Pb(Zr0.2Ti0.8)O3 zu verfolgen. Die Ergebnisse deuten auf eine ausschließlich durch strukturelle Defekte vermittelte Kopplung der atomaren Bewegungen parallel und senkrecht zur Flächennormalen des Filmes hin. KW - ultraschnelle Röntgendiffraktion KW - Gitterdynamik KW - Nanostruktur KW - optische Anregung KW - Perowskit KW - ultrafast X-ray diffraction KW - lattice dynamics KW - nanostructure KW - photoexcitation KW - perovskite Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68827 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reppert, Alexander von A1 - Willig, Lisa A1 - Pudell, Jan-Etienne A1 - Roessle, M. A1 - Leitenberger, Wolfram A1 - Herzog, Marc A1 - Ganss, F. A1 - Hellwig, O. A1 - Bargheer, Matias T1 - Ultrafast laser generated strain in granular and continuous FePt thin films JF - Applied physics letters N2 - We employ ultrafast X-ray diffraction to compare the lattice dynamics of laser-excited continuous and granular FePt films on MgO (100) substrates. Contrary to recent results on free-standing granular films, we observe in both cases a pronounced and long-lasting out-of-plane expansion. We attribute this discrepancy to the in-plane expansion, which is suppressed by symmetry in continuous films. Granular films on substrates are less constrained and already show a reduced out-of-plane contraction. Via the Poisson effect, out-of-plane contractions drive in-plane expansion and vice versa. Consistently, the granular film exhibits a short-lived out-of-plane contraction driven by ultrafast demagnetization which is followed by a reduced and delayed expansion. From the acoustic reflections of the observed strain waves at the film-substrate interface, we extract a 13% reduction of the elastic constants in thin 10 nm FePt films compared to bulk-like samples. (C) 2018 Author(s). Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5050234 SN - 0003-6951 SN - 1077-3118 VL - 113 IS - 12 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - THES A1 - Schröder, Henning T1 - Ultrafast electron dynamics in Fe(CO)5 and Cr(CO)6 T1 - Ultraschnelle Elektronendynamik in Fe(CO)5 und Cr(CO)6 N2 - In this thesis, the two prototype catalysts Fe(CO)₅ and Cr(CO)₆ are investigated with time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy at a high harmonic setup. In both of these metal carbonyls, a UV photon can induce the dissociation of one or more ligands of the complex. The mechanism of the dissociation has been debated over the last decades. The electronic dynamics of the first dissociation occur on the femtosecond timescale. For the experiment, an existing high harmonic setup was moved to a new location, was extended, and characterized. The modified setup can induce dynamics in gas phase samples with photon energies of 1.55eV, 3.10eV, and 4.65eV. The valence electronic structure of the samples can be probed with photon energies between 20eV and 40eV. The temporal resolution is 111fs to 262fs, depending on the combination of the two photon energies. The electronically excited intermediates of the two complexes, as well as of the reaction product Fe(CO)₄, could be observed with photoelectron spectroscopy in the gas phase for the first time. However, photoelectron spectroscopy gives access only to the final ionic states. Corresponding calculations to simulate these spectra are still in development. The peak energies and their evolution in time with respect to the initiation pump pulse have been determined, these peaks have been assigned based on literature data. The spectra of the two complexes show clear differences. The dynamics have been interpreted with the assumption that the motion of peaks in the spectra relates to the movement of the wave packet in the multidimensional energy landscape. The results largely confirm existing models for the reaction pathways. In both metal carbonyls, this pathway involves a direct excitation of the wave packet to a metal-to-ligand charge transfer state and the subsequent crossing to a dissociative ligand field state. The coupling of the electronic dynamics to the nuclear dynamics could explain the slower dissociation in Fe(CO)₅ as compared to Cr(CO)₆. N2 - Diese Dissertation handelt von der Untersuchung der zwei Modell-Katalysatoren Fe(CO)₅ und Cr(CO)₆ mittels zeitaufgelöster Photoelektronen Spektroskopie an einem High Harmonic Setup. In beiden Metallcarbonyl kann die Dissoziation von einem, oder mehreren Liganden durch ein UV Photon ausgelöst werden. Der Dissoziation-Mechanismus wurde in den letzten Jahrzehnten diskutiert. Die Abspaltung des ersten Liganden und die damit verbundenen elektronischen Dynamiken finden auf Zeitskalen von Femtosekunden statt. Für die Durchführung dieses Experiments wurde ein bestehender High Harmonic Setup in ein neues Labor verlegt. Der Aufbau wurde erweitert und charakterisiert. Mit dem modifizierten Aufbau können nun Reaktionen in Gas-Phasen-Proben mit Photonenenergien von 1.55eV, 3.10eV und 4.65eV ausgelöst werden. Dabei kann die Valenz-Elektronen-Struktur mit Photonenenergien zwischen 20eV und 40eV untersucht werden. Die Zeitauflösung liegt im Bereich von 111fs bis 262fs und hängt von der Kombination der zwei Photonenenergien ab. Die beiden Komplexe sowie Fe(CO)₄ konnten in der Gas-Phase zum ersten Mal in elektronisch angeregten Zuständen mittels zeitaufgelöster Photoelektronenspektroskopie beobachtet werden. Im Allgemeinen kann jedoch mit der Photoelektronenspektroskopie nur der ionische Endzustand untersucht werden. Modellrechnungen zu den Spektren und die Entwicklung der dazugehörigen Theorie befinden derzeit noch in der Entwicklungsphase. Die Peaks in den Spektren konnten anhand von Literatur zugeordnet werden. Die Spektren der beiden Komplexe unterscheiden sich deutlich. Zu deren Interpretation wurde die Näherung verwendet, dass die Dynamik der Peaks in den Spektren die Bewegung des Wellenpakets in der multidimensionalen Energielandschaft darstellt. Die neuen Daten bestätigen weitestgehend bestehende Modelle für die Reaktionsmechanismen. Der Reaktionsmechanismus verläuft für beide Metallcarbonyle über eine direkte Anregung des Wellenpakets in einen metal-to-ligand charge transfer Zustand. Von dem angeregten Zustand aus kann das Wellenpaket in den dissoziativen ligand field Zustand wechseln. Dass die Reaktion in Fe(CO)₅ langsamer als in Cr(CO)₆ abläuft, kann durch die Kopplung der Dynamiken von Elektronen und Kernen erklärt werden. KW - dissertation KW - Dissertation KW - photo electron spectroscopy KW - physical chemistry KW - molecular dynamics KW - high harmonic generation KW - iron pentacarbonyl KW - chromium hexacarbonyl KW - metal carbonyls KW - ultrafast KW - dynamics KW - Photoelektronen KW - Spektroskopie KW - Moleküldynamik KW - high harmonic KW - Eisenpentacarbonyl KW - Chromhexacarbonyl KW - Photodissoziation KW - photodissociation KW - ligand KW - bond Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-94589 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fraschetti, Federico A1 - Pohl, Martin T1 - Two-zone model for the broadband crab nebula spectrum BT - microscopic interpretation T2 - The European physical journal : Web of Conferences : proceedings N2 - We develop a simple two-zone interpretation of the broadband baseline Crab nebula spectrum between 10(-5) eV and similar to 100 TeV by using two distinct log-parabola energetic electrons distributions. We determine analytically the very-high energy photon spectrum as originated by inverse-Compton scattering of the far-infrared soft ambient photons within the nebula off a first population of electrons energized at the nebula termination shock. The broad and flat 200 GeV peak jointly observed by Fermi/LAT and MAGIC is naturally reproduced. The synchrotron radiation from a second energetic electron population explains the spectrum from the radio range up to similar to 10 keV. We infer from observations the energy dependence of the microscopic probability of remaining in proximity of the shock of the accelerating electrons. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201713602009 SN - 2100-014X VL - 136 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Betke, Alexander A1 - Lokstein, Heiko T1 - Two-photon excitation spectroscopy of photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes and pigments JF - Faraday discussions N2 - In addition to (bacterio)chlorophylls, (B)Chls, light-harvesting complexes (LHCs) bind carotenoids, and/or their oxygen derivatives, xanthophylls. Xanthophylls/carotenoids have pivotal functions in LHCs: in stabilization of the structure, as accessory light-harvesting pigments and, probably most importantly, in photoprotection. Xanthophylls are assumed to be involved in the not yet fully understood mechanism of energy-dependent (qE) non-photochemical quenching of Chl fluorescence (NPQ) in higher plants and algae. The so called "xanthophyll cycle" appears to be crucial in this regard. The molecular mechanism(s) of xanthophyll involvement in qE/NPQ have not been established, yet. Moreover, excitation energy transfer (EET) processes involving carotenoids are also difficult to study, due to the fact that transitions between the ground state (S-0, 1(1)A(g)(-)) and the lowest excited singlet state (S-1, 2(1)A(g)(-)) of carotenoids are optically one-photon forbidden ("dark"). Two-photon excitation spectroscopic techniques have been used for more than two decades to study one-photon forbidden states of carotenoids. In the current study, two-photon excitation profiles of LHCII samples containing different xanthophyll complements were measured in the presumed 1(1)A(g)(-) -> 2(1)A(g)(-) (S-0 -> S-1) transition spectral region of the xanthophylls, as well as for isolated chlorophylls a and b in solution. The results indicate that direct two-photon excitation of Chls in this spectral region is dominant over that by xanthophylls. Implications of the results for proposed mechanism(s) of qE/NPQ will be discussed. Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fd00198g SN - 1359-6640 SN - 1364-5498 VL - 216 SP - 494 EP - 506 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tyulkina, Irina V. A1 - Goldobin, Denis S. A1 - Klimenko, Lyudmila S. A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Two-Bunch Solutions for the Dynamics of Ott–Antonsen Phase Ensembles JF - Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics N2 - We have developed a method for deriving systems of closed equations for the dynamics of order parameters in the ensembles of phase oscillators. The Ott-Antonsen equation for the complex order parameter is a particular case of such equations. The simplest nontrivial extension of the Ott-Antonsen equation corresponds to two-bunch states of the ensemble. Based on the equations obtained, we study the dynamics of multi-bunch chimera states in coupled Kuramoto-Sakaguchi ensembles. We show an increase in the dimensionality of the system dynamics for two-bunch chimeras in the case of identical phase elements and a transition to one-bunch "Abrams chimeras" for imperfect identity (in the latter case, the one-bunch chimeras become attractive). Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11141-019-09924-7 SN - 0033-8443 SN - 1573-9120 VL - 61 IS - 8-9 SP - 640 EP - 649 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kumar, Mohit A1 - Rosenblum, Michael T1 - Two mechanisms of remote synchronization in a chain of Stuart-Landau oscillators JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - Remote synchronization implies that oscillators interacting not directly but via an additional unit (hub) adjust their frequencies and exhibit frequency locking while the hub remains asynchronous. In this paper, we analyze the mechanisms of remote synchrony in a small network of three coupled Stuart-Landau oscillators using recent results on higher-order phase reduction. We analytically demonstrate the role of two factors promoting remote synchrony. These factors are the nonisochronicity of oscillators and the coupling terms appearing in the secondorder phase approximation. We show a good correspondence between our theory and numerical results for small and moderate coupling strengths. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.054202 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 104 IS - 5 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bolotov, Dmitry A1 - Bolotov, Maxim I. A1 - Smirnov, Lev A. A1 - Osipov, Grigory V. A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Twisted States in a System of Nonlinearly Coupled Phase Oscillators JF - Regular and chaotic dynamics : international scientific journal N2 - We study the dynamics of the ring of identical phase oscillators with nonlinear nonlocal coupling. Using the Ott - Antonsen approach, the problem is formulated as a system of partial derivative equations for the local complex order parameter. In this framework, we investigate the existence and stability of twisted states. Both fully coherent and partially coherent stable twisted states were found (the latter ones for the first time for identical oscillators). We show that twisted states can be stable starting from a certain critical value of the medium length, or on a length segment. The analytical results are confirmed with direct numerical simulations in finite ensembles. KW - twisted state KW - phase oscillators KW - nonlocal coupling KW - Ott - Antonsen reduction KW - stability analysis Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1134/S1560354719060091 SN - 1560-3547 SN - 1468-4845 VL - 24 IS - 6 SP - 717 EP - 724 PB - Pleiades publishing inc CY - Moscow ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Manassen, Yishay A1 - Jbara, Moamen A1 - Averbukh, Michael A1 - Hazan, Zion A1 - Henkel, Carsten A1 - Horovitz, Baruch T1 - Tunnel current noise spectra of spins in individual dimers of molecular radicals JF - Physical review : B, Condensed matter and materials physics N2 - We report the detection of electron spin resonance (ESR) in individual dimers of the stable free radical 2,2,6,6tetramethyl-piperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). ESR is measured by the current fluctuations in a scanning tunneling microscope (ESR-STM method). The multipeak power spectra, distinct from macroscopic data, are assigned to dimers having exchange and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions in the presence of spin-orbit coupling. These interactions are generated in our model by interfering electronic tunneling pathways from tip to sample via the dimer???s two molecules. This is the first demonstration that tunneling via two spins is a valid mechanism of the ESR-STM method. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.105.235438 SN - 2469-9950 SN - 2469-9969 VL - 105 IS - 23 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raman Venkatesan, Thulasinath A1 - Smykalla, David A1 - Ploss, Bernd A1 - Wübbenhorst, Michael A1 - Gerhard, Reimund T1 - Tuning the relaxor-ferroelectric properties of Poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) Terpolymer films by means of thermally induced micro- and nanostructures JF - Macromolecules : a publication of the American Chemical Society N2 - The effects of thermal processing on the micro- and nanostructural features and thus also on the relaxor-ferroelectric properties of a P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) terpolymer were investigated in detail by means of dielectric experiments, such as dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), dielectric hysteresis loops, and thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDCs). The results were correlated with those obtained from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results from DRS and DSC show that annealing reduces the Curie transition temperature of the terpolymer, whereas the results from WAXD scans and FTIR spectra help to understand the shift in the Curie transition temperatures as a result of reducing the ferroelectric phase fraction, which by default exists even in terpolymers with relatively high CFE contents. In addition, the TSDC traces reveal that annealing has a similar effect on the midtemperature transition by altering the fraction of constrained amorphous phase at the interphase between the crystalline and the amorphous regions. Changes in the transition temperatures are in turn related to the behavior of the hysteresis curves on differently heat-treated samples. During heating, evolution of the hysteresis curves from ferroelectric to relaxor-ferroelectric, first exhibiting single hysteresis loops and then double hysteresis loops near the Curie transition of the sample, is observed. When comparing the dielectric-hysteresis loops obtained at various temperatures, we find that annealed terpolymer films show higher electric-displacement values and lower coercive fields than the nonannealed sample, irrespective of the measurement temperature, and also exhibit ideal relaxor- ferroelectric behavior at ambient temperatures, which makes them excellent candidates for applications at or near room temperature. By tailoring the annealing conditions, it has been shown that the application temperature could be increased by fine tuning the induced micro- and nanostructures. KW - Annealing (metallurgy) KW - Hysteresis KW - Insulators KW - Phase transitions KW - Polarization Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00302 SN - 0024-9297 SN - 1520-5835 VL - 55 IS - 13 SP - 5621 EP - 5635 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schubert, Marcel A1 - Frisch, Johannes A1 - Allard, Sybille A1 - Preis, Eduard A1 - Scherf, Ullrich A1 - Koch, Norbert A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Tuning side chain and main chain order in a prototypical donor-acceptor copolymer BT - implications for optical, electronic, and photovoltaic characteristics JF - Elementary Processes in Organic Photovoltaics N2 - The recent development of donor–acceptor copolymers has led to an enormous improvement in the performance of organic solar cells and organic field-effect transistors. Here we describe the synthesis, detailed characterisation, and application of a series of structurally modified copolymers to investigate fundamental structure–property relationships in this class of conjugated polymers. The interplay between chemical structure and optoelectronic properties is investigated. These are further correlated to the charge transport and solar cell performance, which allows us to link their chemical structure to the observed physical properties. KW - Aggregate states KW - All-polymer heterojunctions KW - Alternating copolymers KW - Ambipolar charge transport KW - Ambipolar materials KW - Backbone modifications KW - Bilayer solar cells KW - Charge separation KW - Conformational disorder KW - Crystalline phases KW - Donor-acceptor copolymers KW - Electron traps KW - Energetic disorder KW - Energy-level alignment KW - Fermi-level alignment KW - Fermi-level pinning KW - Interface dipole KW - Interlayer KW - Intrachain order KW - Intragap states KW - Microscopic morphology KW - Mobility imbalance KW - Mobility relaxation KW - Monte Carlo simulation KW - Multiple trapping model KW - Nonradiative recombination KW - OFET KW - Open-circuit voltage KW - Optoelectronic properties KW - Partially alternating copolymers KW - Photo-CELIV KW - Photocurrent KW - Photovoltaic gap KW - Polymer intermixing KW - Recombination losses KW - Spectral diffusion KW - Statistical copolymers KW - Stille-type cross-coupling KW - Structure-property relationships KW - Time-dependent mobility KW - Time-of-flight (TOF) KW - Transient photocurrent KW - Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy KW - Vacuum-level alignment KW - X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-28338-8 SN - 978-3-319-28336-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28338-8_10 SN - 0065-3195 VL - 272 SP - 243 EP - 265 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petreska, Irina A1 - Pejov, Ljupco A1 - Sandev, Trifce A1 - Kocarev, Ljupčo A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Tuning of the dielectric relaxation and complex susceptibility in a system of polar molecules: a generalised model based on rotational diffusion with resetting JF - Fractal and fractional N2 - The application of the fractional calculus in the mathematical modelling of relaxation processes in complex heterogeneous media has attracted a considerable amount of interest lately. The reason for this is the successful implementation of fractional stochastic and kinetic equations in the studies of non-Debye relaxation. In this work, we consider the rotational diffusion equation with a generalised memory kernel in the context of dielectric relaxation processes in a medium composed of polar molecules. We give an overview of existing models on non-exponential relaxation and introduce an exponential resetting dynamic in the corresponding process. The autocorrelation function and complex susceptibility are analysed in detail. We show that stochastic resetting leads to a saturation of the autocorrelation function to a constant value, in contrast to the case without resetting, for which it decays to zero. The behaviour of the autocorrelation function, as well as the complex susceptibility in the presence of resetting, confirms that the dielectric relaxation dynamics can be tuned by an appropriate choice of the resetting rate. The presented results are general and flexible, and they will be of interest for the theoretical description of non-trivial relaxation dynamics in heterogeneous systems composed of polar molecules. KW - rotational diffusion KW - memory kernel KW - Fokker-Planck equation KW - non-exponential relaxation KW - autocorrelation function KW - complex KW - susceptibility Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/fractalfract6020088 SN - 2504-3110 VL - 6 IS - 2 PB - MDPI AG, Fractal Fract Editorial Office CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Canil, Laura T1 - Tuning Interfacial Properties in Perovskite Solar Cells through Defined Molecular Assemblies T1 - Anpassung von Grenzflächeneigenschaften von Perowskit-Solarzellen durch den Einsatz von molekularen Schichten N2 - In the frame of a world fighting a dramatic global warming caused by human-related activities, research towards the development of renewable energies plays a crucial role. Solar energy is one of the most important clean energy sources and its role in the satisfaction of the global energy demand is set to increase. In this context, a particular class of materials captured the attention of the scientific community for its attractive properties: halide perovskites. Devices with perovskite as light-absorber saw an impressive development within the last decade, reaching nowadays efficiencies comparable to mature photovoltaic technologies like silicon solar cells. Yet, there are still several roadblocks to overcome before a wide-spread commercialization of this kind of devices is enabled. One of the critical points lies at the interfaces: perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are made of several layers with different chemical and physical features. In order for the device to function properly, these properties have to be well-matched. This dissertation deals with some of the challenges related to interfaces in PSCs, with a focus on the interface between the perovskite material itself and the subsequent charge transport layer. In particular, molecular assemblies with specific properties are deposited on the perovskite surface to functionalize it. The functionalization results in energy level alignment adjustment, interfacial losses reduction, and stability improvement. First, a strategy to tune the perovskite’s energy levels is introduced: self-assembled monolayers of dipolar molecules are used to functionalize the surface, obtaining simultaneously a shift in the vacuum level position and a saturation of the dangling bonds at the surface. A shift in the vacuum level corresponds to an equal change in work function, ionization energy, and electron affinity. The direction of the shift depends on the direction of the collective interfacial dipole. The magnitude of the shift can be tailored by controlling the deposition parameters, such as the concentration of the solution used for the deposition. The shift for different molecules is characterized by several non-invasive techniques, including in particular Kelvin probe. Overall, it is shown that it is possible to shift the perovskite energy levels in both directions by several hundreds of meV. Moreover, interesting insights on the molecules deposition dynamics are revealed. Secondly, the application of this strategy in perovskite solar cells is explored. Devices with different perovskite compositions (“triple cation perovskite” and MAPbBr3) are prepared. The two resulting model systems present different energetic offsets at the perovskite/hole-transport layer interface. Upon tailored perovskite surface functionalization, the devices show a stabilized open circuit voltage (Voc) enhancement of approximately 60 meV on average for devices with MAPbBr3, while the impact is limited on triple-cation solar cells. This suggests that the proposed energy level tuning method is valid, but its effectiveness depends on factors such as the significance of the energetic offset compared to the other losses in the devices. Finally, the above presented method is further developed by incorporating the ability to interact with the perovskite surface directly into a novel hole-transport material (HTM), named PFI. The HTM can anchor to the perovskite halide ions via halogen bonding (XB). Its behaviour is compared to that of another HTM (PF) with same chemical structure and properties, except for the ability of forming XB. The interaction of perovskite with PFI and PF is characterized through UV-Vis, atomic force microscopy and Kelvin probe measurements combined with simulations. Compared to PF, PFI exhibits enhanced resilience against solvent exposure and improved energy level alignment with the perovskite layer. As a consequence, devices comprising PFI show enhanced Voc and operational stability during maximum-power-point tracking, in addition to hysteresis reduction. XB promotes the formation of a high-quality interface by anchoring to the halide ions and forming a stable and ordered interfacial layer, showing to be a particularly interesting candidate for the development of tailored charge transport materials in PSCs. Overall, the results exposed in this dissertation introduce and discuss a versatile tool to functionalize the perovskite surface and tune its energy levels. The application of this method in devices is explored and insights on its challenges and advantages are given. Within this frame, the results shed light on XB as ideal interaction for enhancing stability and efficiency in perovskite-based devices. N2 - Im Kampf gegen den menschengemachten Klimawandel spielt die Forschung und Entwicklung von erneuerbaren Energien eine tragende Rolle. Solarenergie ist eine der wichtigsten grünen Energiequellen und von steigender Bedeutung für die Deckung des globalen Energiebedarfs. In diesem Kontext hat eine bestimme Materialklasse aufgrund ihrer attraktiven Eigenschaften die Aufmerksamkeit der Wissenschaft erregt: Halogenid-Perowskit. Perowskit-Solarzellen haben im letzten Jahrzehnt eine beeindruckende Entwicklung durchgemacht und erreichen heutzutage Effizienzen, die mit weit entwickelten Photovoltaik-Technologien wie Silizium-Solarzellen vergleichbar sind. Jedoch existieren immer noch mehrere Hürden, die einer marktweiten Kommerzialisierung dieser jungen Technologie im Wege stehen. Eines der kritischen Probleme befindet sich an den Grenzflächen. Perowskit-Solarzellen bestehen aus mehreren Schichten mit unterschiedlichen chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften. Damit die Solarzelle bestmöglich funktioniert, müssen diese Eigenschaften aufeinander abgestimmt sein. Diese Dissertation beschäftigt sich mit einigen Herausforderungen im Zusammenhang mit Grenzflächen in Perowskit-Solarzellen, dabei liegt der Fokus auf der Grenzfläche zwischen Perowskit-Absorber und der angrenzenden Ladungstransportschicht. Insbesondere werden organische Moleküle mit spezifischen Eigenschaften verwendet um die Oberfläche des Perowskiten zu funktionalisieren. Dadurch wird eine Bandanpassung erreicht, Grenzflächenverluste reduziert und die Stabilität der Solarzellen erhöht. Zunächst wird eine Strategie zum Anpassen der Bandenergien vorgestellt: Selbst-organisierende Monoschichten dipolarer Moleküle werden auf die Perowskit-Oberfläche abgeschieden, um diese zu funktionalisieren. Dadurch wird eine Anpassung des Energie-Levels im Perowskiten und die Sättigung von ungebundenen Elektronenbindungen (engl. dangling bonds) an der Oberfläche erreicht. Die Richtung der Energielevel-Verschiebung hängt von der Richtung des kollektiven Grenzflächen-Dipols ab. Der Betrag der Energielevel-Verschiebung kann über die Depositionsparameter während der Schichtherstellung eingestellt werden. Die Energielevel-Verschiebung bei der Verwendung verschiedener Moleküle wird mit Hilfe verschiedener non-invasiver Charakterisierungsmethoden untersucht, insbesondere mit der Hilfe von Kelvin-Sonde Messungen. Diese Messungen ermöglichen interessante Erkenntnisse über die Dynamik der Deposition der Moleküle. Es ist möglich die Energielevel in beide Richtungen um mehrere hundert meV zu verschieben. Als Zweites wird die Anwendung dieser Stategie in Perowskit-Solarzellen erforscht. Solarzellen mit Perowskit-Absorbern unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung (“Dreifach-Kationen-Perowskit” und MAPbBr3) werden präpariert; die beiden Modellsysteme besitzen dann unterschiedliche energetische Offsets an der Perowskit-Lochleiter Grenzfläche. Mit einer maßgeschneiderter Funktionalisierung der Perowskit-Oberfläche zeigen die MAPbBr3 Solarzellen eine permanente Verbesserung der offene-Klemmen-Spannung (engl. open circuit voltage, Voc) um durchschnittlich 60 meV, während der Einfluss auf die Solarzellen mit Dreifach-Kationen-Perowskit gering ist. Dies zeigt, dass die vorgestellte Methode zur Bandanpassung funktioniert, aber ihre Effektivität zudem von weiteren Faktoren abhängt: Die Relevanz des energetischen Offsets im Vergleich zu anderen Verlustmechanismen beeinflusst unter anderem die Effektivität der Funktionalisierung. Abschließend wird beschrieben, wie die präsentierte Methode zur Bandanpassung weiterentwickelt wird, indem das Vermögen, mit der Perowskit-Oberfläche zu interagieren, direkt in einen neuartigen Lochleiter („PFI“) integriert wird. Der Lochleiter kann sich über Halogenbindungen an den Perowskiten anlagern. Das Verhalten von PFI wird verglichen mit dem eines anderen Lochleiters („PF“), welcher die fast gleiche chemische Struktur und sehr ähnliche Eigenschaften aufweist, ausgenommen der Fähigkeit eine Halogenbindung zu formen. Die PFI-Perowskit und PF-Perowskit Interaktion wird durch UV-Vis Spektroskopie, Rasterkraftmikroskopie und Kelvin-Sonde Messungen, kombiniert mit Simulationen, charakterisiert. Beim direkten Vergleich von PFI und PF zeigt sich die Bildung der Halogenbindung in einer bei PFI verbesserten Widerstandskraft gegen Lösungsmittel und Bandanpassung zum Perowskiten. Beim Folgerichtig zeigen Solarzellen mit PFI zusätzlich zu einer verringerten Hysterese einen höheren Voc und eine erhöhte Stabilität während des Betriebs unter Maximum-Power-Point Tracking Zusammenfassend stellt diese Dissertation somit ein vielseitiges Werkzeug zur Funktionalisierung von Perowskit-Oberflächen und der dadurch erreichten Bandanpassung vor. Die Anwendung dieses Werkzeugs an Solarzellen wird erprobt und Einsichten in seine Vorteile und Nachteile erlangt. Die Halogenbindung wird als spezifische Interaktion identifiziert, die sich ideal zur Steigerung von Effizienz und Stabilität von Perowskit-basierten optoelektronischen Bauteilen erweisen könnte. KW - photovoltaic KW - perovskite solar cells KW - interfaces KW - energy levels KW - halogen bonding KW - Grenzflächen KW - Perowskit Solarzellen KW - Photovoltaik KW - Bandenenergien KW - Halogenbindung Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546333 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Deb, Marwan A1 - Molho, Pierre A1 - Barbara, Bernard T1 - Tunable exchange-bias-like effect in bi-substituted Gadolinium iron garnet film JF - Physical review applied N2 - Using magneto-optical Faraday and Kerr measurements, we investigate the magnetic and magnetooptical properties of a thick Bi-substituted gadolinium iron garnet film over a broad range of wavelengths (250-850 nm) and temperatures (150-300 K), including the magnetization compensation point, TM. We observe an exchange-bias-like effect in the vicinity of TM. By slightly changing the sample temperature, we can precisely tune the bias field, which reaches a magnitude 6 times higher than the coercive field. We explain this phenomenon by considering the short-range superexchange interaction and a change in the magnetic behavior when moving from the surface to the bulk of the film. This finding may lead to the development of single-film magneto-optical devices based on the exchange-bias effect. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.054064 SN - 2331-7019 VL - 15 IS - 5 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - GEN A1 - Omel'chenko, Oleh T1 - Travelling chimera states in systems of phase oscillators with asymmetric nonlocal coupling T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - We study travelling chimera states in a ring of nonlocally coupled heterogeneous (with Lorentzian distribution of natural frequencies) phase oscillators. These states are coherence-incoherence patterns moving in the lateral direction because of the broken reflection symmetry of the coupling topology. To explain the results of direct numerical simulations we consider the continuum limit of the system. In this case travelling chimera states correspond to smooth travelling wave solutions of some integro-differential equation, called the Ott–Antonsen equation, which describes the long time coarse-grained dynamics of the oscillators. Using the Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction technique we suggest a numerical approach for the continuation of these travelling waves. Moreover, we perform their linear stability analysis and show that travelling chimera states can lose their stability via fold and Hopf bifurcations. Some of the Hopf bifurcations turn out to be supercritical resulting in the observation of modulated travelling chimera states. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1169 KW - chimera states KW - nonlocally coupled phase oscillators KW - Ott–Antonsen equation KW - forced symmetry breaking KW - travelling waves KW - continuation KW - stability Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-518141 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 2 SP - 611 EP - 642 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grebenkov, Denis S. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb A1 - Dagdug, Leonardo A1 - Berezhkovskii, Alexander M. A1 - Skvortsov, Alexei T. T1 - Trapping of diffusing particles by periodic absorbing rings on a cylindrical tube JF - The journal of chemical physics : bridges a gap between journals of physics and journals of chemistr Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5098390 SN - 0021-9606 SN - 1089-7690 VL - 150 IS - 20 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - THES A1 - Lazar, Paul T1 - Transport mechanisms and wetting dynamics in molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interface : relation to the solid-liquid phase transition T1 - Transport Mechanismen und Benetzungsdynamik in molekular dünnen Schichten langketiger Alkane an Fest/Gas Grenzfächen : Beziehung zum Fest-Flüssig Phasenübergang N2 - Wetting and phase transitions play a very important role our daily life. Molecularly thin films of long-chain alkanes at solid/vapour interfaces (e.g. C30H62 on silicon wafers) are very good model systems for studying the relation between wetting behaviour and (bulk) phase transitions. Immediately above the bulk melting temperature the alkanes wet partially the surface (drops). In this temperature range the substrate surface is covered with a molecularly thin ordered, solid-like alkane film ("surface freezing"). Thus, the alkane melt wets its own solid only partially which is a quite rare phenomenon in nature. The thesis treats about how the alkane melt wets its own solid surface above and below the bulk melting temperature and about the corresponding melting and solidification processes. Liquid alkane drops can be undercooled to few degrees below the bulk melting temperature without immediate solidification. This undercooling behaviour is quite frequent and theoretical quite well understood. In some cases, slightly undercooled drops start to build two-dimensional solid terraces without bulk solidification. The terraces grow radially from the liquid drops on the substrate surface. They consist of few molecular layers with the thickness multiple of all-trans length of the molecule. By analyzing the terrace growth process one can find that, both below and above the melting point, the entire substrate surface is covered with a thin film of mobile alkane molecules. The presence of this film explains how the solid terrace growth is feeded: the alkane molecules flow through it from the undercooled drops to the periphery of the terrace. The study shows for the first time the coexistence of a molecularly thin film ("precursor") with partially wetting bulk phase. The formation and growth of the terraces is observed only in a small temperature interval in which the 2D nucleation of terraces is more likely than the bulk solidification. The nucleation mechanisms for 2D solidification are also analyzed in this work. More surprising is the terrace behaviour above bulk the melting temperature. The terraces can be slightly overheated before they melt. The melting does not occur all over the surface as a single event; instead small drops form at the terrace edge. Subsequently these drops move on the surface "eating" the solid terraces on their way. By this they grow in size leaving behind paths from were the material was collected. Both overheating and droplet movement can be explained by the fact that the alkane melt wets only partially its own solid. For the first time, these results explicitly confirm the supposed connection between the absence of overheating in solid and "surface melting": the solids usually start to melt without an energetic barrier from the surface at temperatures below the bulk melting point. Accordingly, the surface freezing of alkanes give rise of an energetic barrier which leads to overheating. N2 - Sowohl Benetzung als auch Phasenübergänge spielen eine sehr wichtige Rolle im täglichen Leben. Molekular dünne Filme langkettiger Alkane an Festkörper/Gas-Grenzflächen (z. B. C30H62 an Silizium-Waferoberflächen) sind sehr gute Modellsysteme um die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Benetzungsverhalten und (Volumen-)Phasenübergängen zu untersuchen. In einem Temperaturbereich knapp oberhalb der Volumenschmelztemperatur benetzt die Alkanschmelze die Substratoberfläche nur partiell (Alkantropfen). In diesem Temperaturbereich ist die Substratoberfläche mit einer molekular dünnen, festkörperartig geordneten Alkanschicht bedeckt ("Oberflächengefrieren" ). Die Alkanschmelze benetzt also die eigene Festkörperoberfläche nur partiell, ein in der Natur ziemlich seltenes Phänomen. Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich damit wie die Alkanschmelze ihre eigene Festkörperoberfläche über und unter dem Volumenschmelzpunkt benetzt und mit den entsprechenden Vorgängen beim Schmelzen bzw. Erstarren. Flüssige Alkantropfen lassen sich einige Grad unter ihren Schmelzpunkt unterkühlen ohne sich sofort zu verfestigen. Dieses "Unterkühlungsverhalten" ist üblich und es ist theoretisch qualitativ gut verstanden. Allerdings beobachtet man bei den Alkanen bei leichter Unterkühlung statt einer eventuellen Volumenverfestigung oft die Ausbildung von zweidimensionalen Terrassen aus erstarrtem Alkanen. Die Terrassen wachsen auf der Substratoberfläche radial aus den flüssigen Tropfen. Sie bestehen aus wenigen Alkanlagen mit jeweils der Dicke einer Moleküllänge. Die Analyse der Terrassen-Wachstumsprozesse zeigt, dass die gesamte Substratoberfläche einschliesslich der Terrassen sowohl oberhalb als auch unterhalb der Volumenschmelztemperatur mit einer dünnen Schicht mobiler Alkanmoleküle bedeckt ist. Durch diese Schicht fliessen bei Unterkühlung die Alkane vom unterkühlten Tropfen zur Terrassenkante und liefern den Nachschub für deren Wachstum. Die Untersuchungen zeigen damit erstmalig die Koexistenz eines molekular dünnen Films ("Precursor") mit einer partiell benetzenden Volumenphase. Die Entstehung und das Wachstum der Terrassen wird nur in einem engen Temperaturfenster beobachtet in dem die Keimbildung zweidimensionaler Terrassen wahrscheinlicher ist als die dreidimensionale Volumenverfestigung. Auch dieses Keimbildungsverhalten wird in der Dissertation genauer analysiert. Noch erstaunlicher als das Terrassenwachstum, d. h. das Verfestigungsverhalten ist das Schmelzverhalten der Terrassen. Sie lassen sich bis zu einer gewissen Temperatur überhitzen bevor sie schmelzen! Weiterhin findet bei genügender Überhitzung das Schmelzen nicht gleichzeitig überall statt sondern es entstehen zuerst kleine Alkantropfen an den Terrassenrändern. Diese bewegen sich dann über die Substratoberfläche und "fressen" sich durch die festen Terrassen. Dabei wachsen sie weil sie das geschmolzene Material aufnehmen und hinterlassen eine alkanfreie Spur. Sowohl die Überhitzung als auch die Tropfenbewegung lassen sich damit erklären dass die flüssige Alkanschmelze ihren eigenen Festkörper nur partiell benetzt. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen erstmals explizit den seit vielen Jahrzehnten vermuteten Zusammenhang zwischen der üblicherweise nicht beobachtbaren Überhitzung von Festkörpern und Oberflächenschmelzen: Festkörper beginnen normalerweise ohne Energiebarriere von der Oberfläche an zu schmelzen. Entsprechend bildet das Oberflächengefrieren der Alkane eine Energiebarriere und erlaubt damit deren Überhitzen. KW - Benetzung KW - Phasenübergang KW - Keimbildung KW - Alkane KW - Unterkühlung KW - Überhitzung KW - 2D Transport KW - wetting KW - phase transitions KW - long-chain alkane KW - 2D transport KW - nucleation KW - undercooling KW - overheating Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5275 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teomy, Eial A1 - Metzler, Ralf T1 - Transport in exclusion processes with one-step memory: density dependence and optimal acceleration JF - Journal of physics : A, Mathematical and theoretical N2 - We study a lattice gas of persistent walkers, in which each site is occupied by at most one particle and the direction each particle attempts to move to depends on its last step. We analyse the mean squared displacement (MSD) of the particles as a function of the particle density and their persistence (the tendency to continue moving in the same direction). For positive persistence the MSD behaves as expected: it increases with the persistence and decreases with the density. However, for strong anti-persistence we find two different regimes, in which the dependence of the MSD on the density is non-monotonic. For very strong anti-persistence there is an optimal density at which the MSD reaches a maximum. In an intermediate regime, the MSD as a function of the density exhibits both a minimum and a maximum, a phenomenon which has not been observed before. We derive a mean-field theory which qualitatively explains this behaviour. KW - exclusion process KW - persistence KW - lattice gas Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1751-8121/ab37e4 SN - 1751-8113 SN - 1751-8121 VL - 52 IS - 38 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - THES A1 - Peter, Franziska T1 - Transition to synchrony in finite Kuramoto ensembles T1 - Synchronisationsübergang in endlichen Kuramoto-Ensembles N2 - Synchronisation – die Annäherung der Rhythmen gekoppelter selbst oszillierender Systeme – ist ein faszinierendes dynamisches Phänomen, das in vielen biologischen, sozialen und technischen Systemen auftritt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit Synchronisation in endlichen Ensembles schwach gekoppelter selbst-erhaltender Oszillatoren mit unterschiedlichen natürlichen Frequenzen. Das Standardmodell für dieses kollektive Phänomen ist das Kuramoto-Modell – unter anderem aufgrund seiner Lösbarkeit im thermodynamischen Limes unendlich vieler Oszillatoren. Ähnlich einem thermodynamischen Phasenübergang zeigt im Fall unendlich vieler Oszillatoren ein Ordnungsparameter den Übergang von Inkohärenz zu einem partiell synchronen Zustand an, in dem ein Teil der Oszillatoren mit einer gemeinsamen Frequenz rotiert. Im endlichen Fall treten Fluktuationen auf. In dieser Arbeit betrachten wir den bisher wenig beachteten Fall von bis zu wenigen hundert Oszillatoren, unter denen vergleichbar starke Fluktuationen auftreten, bei denen aber ein Vergleich zu Frequenzverteilungen im unendlichen Fall möglich ist. Zunächst definieren wir einen alternativen Ordnungsparameter zur Feststellung einer kollektiven Mode im endlichen Kuramoto-Modell. Dann prüfen wir die Abhängigkeit des Synchronisationsgrades und der mittleren Rotationsfrequenz der kollektiven Mode von Eigenschaften der natürlichen Frequenzverteilung für verschiedene Kopplungsstärken. Wir stellen dabei zunächst numerisch fest, dass der Synchronisationsgrad stark von der Form der Verteilung (gemessen durch die Kurtosis) und die Rotationsfrequenz der kollektiven Mode stark von der Asymmetrie der Verteilung (gemessen durch die Schiefe) der natürlichen Frequenzen abhängt. Beides können wir im thermodynamischen Limes analytisch verifizieren. Mit diesen Ergebnissen können wir Erkenntnisse anderer Autoren besser verstehen und verallgemeinern. Etwas abseits des roten Fadens dieser Arbeit finden wir außerdem einen analytischen Ausdruck für die Volumenkontraktion im Phasenraum. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit konzentriert sich auf den ordnenden Effekt von Fluktuationen, die durch die Endlichkeit des Systems zustande kommen. Im unendlichen Modell sind die Oszillatoren eindeutig in kohärent und inkohärent und damit in geordnet und ungeordnet getrennt. Im endlichen Fall können die auftretenden Fluktuationen zusätzliche Ordnung unter den asynchronen Oszillatoren erzeugen. Das grundlegende Prinzip, die rauschinduzierte Synchronisation, ist aus einer Reihe von Publikationen bekannt. Unter den gekoppelten Oszillatoren nähern sich die Phasen aufgrund der Fluktuationen des Ordnungsparameters an, wie wir einerseits direkt numerisch zeigen und andererseits mit einem Synchronisationsmaß aus der gerichteten Statistik zwischen Paaren passiver Oszillatoren nachweisen. Wir bestimmen die Abhängigkeit dieses Synchronisationsmaßes vom Verhältnis von paarweiser natürlicher Frequenzdifferenz zur Varianz der Fluktuationen. Dabei finden wir eine gute Übereinstimmung mit einem einfachen analytischen Modell, in welchem wir die deterministischen Fluktuationen des Ordnungsparameters durch weißes Rauschen ersetzen. N2 - Synchronization – the adjustment of rhythms among coupled self-oscillatory systems – is a fascinating dynamical phenomenon found in many biological, social, and technical systems. The present thesis deals with synchronization in finite ensembles of weakly coupled self-sustained oscillators with distributed frequencies. The standard model for the description of this collective phenomenon is the Kuramoto model – partly due to its analytical tractability in the thermodynamic limit of infinitely many oscillators. Similar to a phase transition in the thermodynamic limit, an order parameter indicates the transition from incoherence to a partially synchronized state. In the latter, a part of the oscillators rotates at a common frequency. In the finite case, fluctuations occur, originating from the quenched noise of the finite natural frequency sample. We study intermediate ensembles of a few hundred oscillators in which fluctuations are comparably strong but which also allow for a comparison to frequency distributions in the infinite limit. First, we define an alternative order parameter for the indication of a collective mode in the finite case. Then we test the dependence of the degree of synchronization and the mean rotation frequency of the collective mode on different characteristics for different coupling strengths. We find, first numerically, that the degree of synchronization depends strongly on the form (quantified by kurtosis) of the natural frequency sample and the rotation frequency of the collective mode depends on the asymmetry (quantified by skewness) of the sample. Both findings are verified in the infinite limit. With these findings, we better understand and generalize observations of other authors. A bit aside of the general line of thoughts, we find an analytical expression for the volume contraction in phase space. The second part of this thesis concentrates on an ordering effect of the finite-size fluctuations. In the infinite limit, the oscillators are separated into coherent and incoherent thus ordered and disordered oscillators. In finite ensembles, finite-size fluctuations can generate additional order among the asynchronous oscillators. The basic principle – noise-induced synchronization – is known from several recent papers. Among coupled oscillators, phases are pushed together by the order parameter fluctuations, as we on the one hand show directly and on the other hand quantify with a synchronization measure from directed statistics between pairs of passive oscillators. We determine the dependence of this synchronization measure from the ratio of pairwise natural frequency difference and variance of the order parameter fluctuations. We find a good agreement with a simple analytical model, in which we replace the deterministic fluctuations of the order parameter by white noise. KW - synchronization KW - Kuramoto model KW - finite size KW - phase transition KW - dynamical systems KW - networks KW - Synchronisation KW - Kuramoto-Modell KW - endliche Ensembles KW - Phasenübergang KW - dynamische Systeme KW - Netzwerke Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429168 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Transition to synchrony in chiral active particles JF - Journal of physics. Complexity N2 - I study deterministic dynamics of chiral active particles in two dimensions. Particles are considered as discs interacting with elastic repulsive forces. An ensemble of particles, started from random initial conditions, demonstrates chaotic collisions resulting in their normal diffusion. This chaos is transient, as rather abruptly a synchronous collisionless state establishes. The life time of chaos grows exponentially with the number of particles. External forcing (periodic or chaotic) is shown to facilitate the synchronization transition. KW - active particles KW - chirality KW - synchronization KW - chaos KW - transient chaos Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/2632-072X/abdadb SN - 2632-072X VL - 2 IS - 2 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zheng, Chunming A1 - Toenjes, Ralf A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Transition to synchrony in a three-dimensional swarming model with helical trajectories JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - We investigate the transition from incoherence to global collective motion in a three-dimensional swarming model of agents with helical trajectories, subject to noise and global coupling. Without noise this model was recently proposed as a generalization of the Kuramoto model and it was found that alignment of the velocities occurs discontinuously for arbitrarily small attractive coupling. Adding noise to the system resolves this singular limit and leads to a continuous transition, either to a directed collective motion or to center-of-mass rotations. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.104.014216 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 104 IS - 1 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Peter, Franziska A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij T1 - Transition to collective oscillations in finite Kuramoto ensembles JF - Physical review : E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics N2 - We present an alternative approach to finite-size effects around the synchronization transition in the standard Kuramoto model. Our main focus lies on the conditions under which a collective oscillatory mode is well defined. For this purpose, the minimal value of the amplitude of the complex Kuramoto order parameter appears as a proper indicator. The dependence of this minimum on coupling strength varies due to sampling variations and correlates with the sample kurtosis of the natural frequency distribution. The skewness of the frequency sample determines the frequency of the resulting collective mode. The effects of kurtosis and skewness hold in the thermodynamic limit of infinite ensembles. We prove this by integrating a self-consistency equation for the complex Kuramoto order parameter for two families of distributions with controlled kurtosis and skewness, respectively. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.97.032310 SN - 2470-0045 SN - 2470-0053 VL - 97 IS - 3 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER -