TY  - JOUR
A1  - Toalá, Jesús Alberto
A1  - Bowman, Dominic
A1  - Van Reeth, Timothy
A1  - Todt, Helge Tobias
A1  - Dsilva, Karan
A1  - Shenar, Tomer
A1  - Koenigsberger, Gloria Suzanne
A1  - Estrada-Dorado, Sandino
A1  - Oskinova, Lidia M.
A1  - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer
T1  - Multiple variability time-scales of the early nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet star WR 7
JF  - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
N2  - We present the analysis of the optical variability of the early, nitrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet (WR) star WR 7. The analysis of multisector Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) light curves and high-resolution spectroscopic observations confirm multiperiodic variability that is modulated on time-scales of years. We detect a dominant period of 2.6433 +/- 0.0005 d in the TESS sectors 33 and 34 light curves in addition to the previously reported high-frequency features from sector 7. We discuss the plausible mechanisms that may be responsible for such variability in WR 7, including pulsations, binarity, co-rotating interaction regions (CIRs), and clumpy winds. Given the lack of strong evidence for the presence of a stellar or compact companion, we suggest that WR 7 may pulsate in quasi-coherent modes in addition to wind variability likely caused by CIRs on top of stochastic low-frequency variability. WR 7 is certainly a worthy target for future monitoring in both spectroscopy and photometry to sample both the short (less than or similar to 1 d) and long (greater than or similar to 1000 d) variability time-scales.
KW  - stars: atmospheres
KW  - stars: evolution
KW  - stars: individual: WR 7
KW  - stars: winds
KW  - outflows
KW  - stars: Wolft-Rayet
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1455
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
VL  - 514
IS  - 2
SP  - 2269
EP  - 2277
PB  - Oxford University Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Oskinova, Lidia M.
A1  - Schaerer, Daniel
T1  - Ionization of He II in star-forming galaxies by X-rays from cluster winds and superbubbles
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - The nature of the sources powering nebular He II emission in star-forming galaxies remains debated, and various types of objects have been considered, including Wolf-Rayet stars, X-ray binaries, and Population III stars.
Modern X-ray observations show the ubiquitous presence of hot gas filling star-forming galaxies. We use a collisional ionization plasma code to compute the specific He II ionizing flux produced by hot gas and show that if its temperature is not too high (less than or similar to 2.5 MK), then the observed levels of soft diffuse X-ray radiation could explain He II ionization in galaxies.
To gain a physical understanding of this result, we propose a model that combines the hydrodynamics of cluster winds and hot superbubbles with observed populations of young massive clusters in galaxies. We find that in low-metallicity galaxies, the temperature of hot gas is lower and the production rate of He II ionizing photons is higher compared to high-metallicity galaxies. The reason is that the slower stellar winds of massive stars in lower-metallicity galaxies input less mechanical energy in the ambient medium. 
Furthermore, we show that ensembles of star clusters up to similar to 10-20 Myr old in galaxies can produce enough soft X-rays to induce nebular He II emission. We discuss observations of the template low-metallicity galaxy I Zw 18 and suggest that the He II nebula in this galaxy is powered by a hot superbubble. 
Finally, appreciating the complex nature of stellar feedback, we suggest that soft X-rays from hot superbubbles are among the dominant sources of He II ionizing flux in low-metallicity star-forming galaxies.
KW  - galaxies
KW  - ISM
KW  - high-redshift
KW  - bubbles
KW  - X-rays
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202142520
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 661
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  -