TY - JOUR A1 - Grimshwa, Jane T1 - Last resorts and grammaticality JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - A “last resort” is argued to be nothing more than a winning, i.e. grammatical form, once it is understood in terms of competition between alternative candidates. It is a theorem of OT that we find last resort effects, since it follows from the nature of competition and constraint interaction. KW - Economy KW - Optimality Theory KW - Competition Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32302 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 25 SP - 33 EP - 41 ER - TY - THES A1 - Grishina, Yulia T1 - Assessing the applicability of annotation projection methods for coreference relations T1 - Analyse der Qualität von Annotationsprojektionsmethoden für Koreferenzrelationen N2 - The main goal of this thesis is to explore the feasibility of using cross-lingual annotation projection as a method of alleviating the task of manual coreference annotation. To reach our goal, we build a first trilingual parallel coreference corpus that encompasses multiple genres. For the annotation of the corpus, we develop common coreference annotation guidelines that are applicable to three languages (English, German, Russian) and include a novel domain-independent typology of bridging relations as well as state-of-the-art near-identity categories. Thereafter, we design and perform several annotation projection experiments. In the first experiment, we implement a direct projection method with only one source language. Our results indicate that, already in a knowledge-lean scenario, our projection approach is superior to the most closely related work of Postolache et al. (2006). Since the quality of the resulting annotations is to a high degree dependent on the word alignment, we demonstrate how using limited syntactic information helps to further improve mention extraction on the target side. As a next step, in our second experiment, we show how exploiting two source languages helps to improve the quality of target annotations for both language pairs by concatenating annotations projected from two source languages. Finally, we assess the projection quality in a fully automatic scenario (using automatically produced source annotations), and propose a pilot experiment on manual projection of bridging pairs. For each of the experiments, we carry out an in-depth error analysis, and we conclude that noisy word alignments, translation divergences and morphological and syntactic differences between languages are responsible for projection errors. We systematically compare and evaluate our projection methods, and we investigate the errors both qualitatively and quantitatively in order to identify problematic cases. Finally, we discuss the applicability of our method to coreference annotations and propose several avenues of future research. N2 - Ziel dieser Dissertation ist, die Durchführbarkeit von crosslingualer Annotationsprojektion als Methode zur Erleichterung der manuellen Koreferenzannotation zu erproben. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wird das erste dreisprachige parallele Koreferenzkorpus gebaut, das mehrere Textsorten umfasst. Für die Korpusannotation werden gemeinsame Annotationsrichtlinien entwickelt, die auf drei Sprachen anwendbar sind (Englisch, Deutsch, Russisch) und eine neue domänenunabhängige Typologie von indirekten Wiederaufnahmen und sogenannten Near-Identity-Kategorien enthalten. Danach werden mehrere Projektionsexperimente entworfen und durchgeführt. Im ersten Experiment wird eine direkte Projektionsmethode mit nur einer Ausgangs\-sprache implementiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bereits in einem wissensarmen Szenario der vorgeschlagene Projektionsansatz die Resultate der verwandten Arbeit von Postolache et al. (2006) übertrifft. Da die Qualität der resultierenden Annotationen in hohem Maße von der Wortalignierung abhängig ist, zeigen wir, wie die Verwendung begrenzter syntaktischer Informationen weiterhilft, die Extraktion von referierenden Ausdrücken auf der Zielseite zu verbessern. Im nächsten Schritt, dem zweiten Experiment, demonstrieren wir, wie die Nutzung von zwei Ausgangssprachen zur weiteren Verbesserung der Qualität der Zielannotationen für beide Sprachpaare beiträgt, indem die Annotationen aus zwei Quellsprachen kombiniert werden. Schließlich wird die Projektionsqualität noch in einem vollautomatischen Szenario ausgewertet (mit automatisch erstellten Quellannotationen), und ein Pilotversuch zur manuellen Projektion von Paaren indirekter Wiederaufnahmen vorgestellt. Für jedes Experiment wird eine detaillierte Fehleranalyse durchgeführt. Daraus schließen wir, dass fehlerhafte Wortalignierungen, Übersetzungsdivergenzen und morphologische sowie syntaktische Unterschiede zwischen den Sprachen für die Projektionsfehler verantwortlich sind. Hierzu werden die Projektionsmethoden systematisch verglichen und ausgewertet, und die Fehler sowohl qualitativ als auch quantitativ untersucht, um problematische Fälle zu identifizieren. Zum Schluss wird die Anwendbarkeit unserer Methode für Koreferenzannotationen diskutiert, und es werden Ansatzpunkte für weitere Forschung vorgeschlagen. KW - annotation KW - annotation projection KW - bridging KW - near-identity KW - coreference resolution KW - multilingual coreference KW - coreference corpus KW - Annotation KW - Annotationsprojektion KW - Koreferenz KW - indirekte Wiederaufnahmen KW - Near-identity KW - Koreferenzauflösung KW - multilinguale Koreferenz KW - Koreferenzkorpus Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425378 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grove, Kyle Wade A1 - Putnam, Mike T1 - Deriving pairedness in vP structure BT - minimalist yet optimal JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - Minimalist accounts lack a natural theory of markedness, whereas Optimality-Theoretical accounts fundamentally encode markedness. We think the duality of interfaces assumed in Minimalism is a step towards explaining pairedness behavior, where a given language exhibits a marked/ unmarked pair of items occupying the same niche. We argue that while Minimalism articulates the derivational aspect of language, and underlies grammaticality, an Optimality Theoretic articulation of PF and LF is conceptually natural and explains pairedness behavior. We adopt this ‘hybrid’ account, first, to explain the existence of marked (often termed ‘reflexive’) and unmarked anticausatives in German, recently studied in depth by Sch¨afer [2007]. Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32284 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 28 SP - 187 EP - 210 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grubic, Mira T1 - Ngizim fieldnotes JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632 N2 - This chapter presents field notes of the West Chadic language Ngizim, spoken in North-East Nigeria. In Ngizim, subject focus is indicated by subject inversion, whereas the word order of sentences with focused non-subjects can remain unchanged. The goal of the field work was to find out more about focus marking in Ngizim. KW - information structure KW - Ngizim Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-49738 SN - 1614-4708 SN - 1866-4725 IS - 13 SP - 1 EP - 76 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Grubic, Mira A1 - Genzel, Susanne A1 - Kügler, Frank T1 - Linguistic Fieldnotes I: Information Structure in different African Languages N2 - This is the 13th issue of the working paper series Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) of the Sonderforschungsbereich (SFB) 632. It is the first part of a series of Linguistic Fieldnote issues which present data collected by members of different projects of the SFB during fieldwork on various languages or dialects spoken worldwide. This part of the Fieldnote Series is dedicated to data from African languages. It contains contributions by Mira Grubic (A5) on Ngizim, and Susanne Genzel & Frank Kügler (D5) on Akan. The papers allow insights into various aspects of the elicitation of formal correlates of focus and related phenomena in different African languages investigated by the SFB in the second funding phase, especially in the period between 2007 and 2010. T3 - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS ; working papers of the SFB 632 - 13 KW - Ngizim KW - Akan KW - information structure KW - syntax Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-49684 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grubic, Mira A1 - Wierzba, Marta T1 - The German additive particle noch BT - testing the role of topic situations JF - Glossa : a journal of general linguistics N2 - The particle noch (‘still’) can have an additive reading similar to auch (‘also’). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction. KW - additive particles KW - noch KW - auch KW - German KW - topic situation KW - semantics KW - experiments Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1275 SN - 2397-1835 VL - 6 IS - 1 PB - Ubiquity Press CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Grubic, Mira A1 - Wierzba, Marta T1 - The German additive particle noch BT - testing the role of topic situations T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The particle noch (‘still’) can have an additive reading similar to auch (‘also’). We argue that both particles indicate that a previously partially answered QUD is re-opened to add a further answer. The particles differ in that the QUD, in the case of auch, can be re-opened with respect to the same topic situation, whereas noch indicates that the QUD is re-opened with respect to a new topic situation. This account predicts a difference in the accommodation behavior of the two particles. We present an experiment whose results are in line with this prediction. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 709 KW - additive particles KW - noch KW - auch KW - German KW - topic situation KW - semantics KW - experiments Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510049 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 709 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grum, Urska A1 - Legutke, Michael K. T1 - Sampling JF - Forschungsmethoden in der Fremdsprachendidaktik : Ein Handbuch Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-8233-8432-8 SN - 978-3-8233-9432-7 SN - 978-3-8233-0349-7 SP - 85 EP - 96 PB - Narr Francke Attempto CY - Tübingen ET - 2., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gumbsch, Christian A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Butz, Martin V. T1 - Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference JF - Cognitive science N2 - From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants. KW - Infancy KW - Goal-anticipatory gaze KW - Computational model KW - Event cognition KW - Active inference Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13016 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 45 IS - 8 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gussenhoven, Carlos T1 - Notions and subnotions in information structure N2 - Three dimensions can be distinguished in a cross-linguistic account of information structure. First, there is the definition of the focus constituent, the part of the linguistic expression which is subject to some focus meaning. Second and third, there are the focus meanings and the array of structural devices that encode them. In a given language, the expression of focus is facilitated as well as constrained by the grammar within which the focus devices operate. The prevalence of focus ambiguity, the structural inability to make focus distinctions, will thus vary across languages, and within a language, across focus meanings. KW - corrective focus KW - contrastive focus KW - informational focus KW - focus ambiguity KW - focus type KW - focus meaning Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19704 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gwozdz, Patricia Aneta ED - Adamzik, Kirsten ED - Kessanlis, Mikaela T1 - Feld und Stil BT - Textsoziologische Anmerkungen zum Stilwechsel im Subfeld erweiterter akademischer Wissensproduktion der Populär/Wissenschaft am Beispiel der Life Sciences JF - Stilwechsel und ihre Funktionen in Textsorten der Fach- und Wissenschaftskommunikation KW - Pierre Bourdieu KW - Feldtheorie KW - Textpragmatik KW - Fachsprachen KW - Wissenschaftslinguistik KW - Stilforschung Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-8233-8223-2 SP - 111 EP - 145 PB - Narr Verlag CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gwozdz, Patricia Aneta ED - Schikowski, Michael ED - Schneider, Ute T1 - Die Tierflüsterer. Konrad Lorenz, Niko Tinbergen und die "poetische Lizenz" des ethologischen Genres seit den 1960er Jahren JF - Animal Print : Das populäre Tiersachbuch (Non-Fiktion. Arsenal der anderen Gattung) KW - Tiersachbuch KW - Nature Writing KW - Konrad Lorenz KW - Niko Tinbergen Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-86525-823-6 SN - 1862-9563 VL - 15 IS - 1/2 SP - 103 EP - 122 PB - Wehrhahn Verlag CY - Hannover ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gwozdz, Patricia Aneta ED - Heller, Jakob ED - Schönbeck, Sebastian ED - Martik, Erik T1 - Figura Tropicana BT - Szenographien des Insularen bei Bernardin de Saint-PIerre und Chateaubriand JF - Ding und Bild in der Europäischen Romantik KW - Erich Auerbach KW - Französische Romantik KW - Chateaubriand KW - Bernardin de Saint-Pierre KW - Ikonotextualität KW - Literaturtheorie Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-11-068598-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110686197-007 SP - 135 EP - 156 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göldner, Angie A1 - Ostermann, Anja A1 - Heide, Judith T1 - Die Strategie der semantischen Merkmalsanalyse zur Verbesserung der Wortfindung in der Aphasietherapie JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik N2 - 1 Einleitung 2 Fragestellung 3 Methode 4 Ergebnisse und Evaluation 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Literatur KW - Patholinguistik KW - Sprachtherapie KW - Hörstörungen KW - Cochlea-Implantat KW - Hören KW - patholinguistics KW - speech/language therapy KW - hearing loss KW - cochlear implant KW - hearing Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-71564 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 7 SP - 191 EP - 198 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Götze, Michael A1 - Weskott, Thomas A1 - Endriss, Cornelia A1 - Fiedler, Ines A1 - Hinterwimmer, Stefan A1 - Petrova, Svetlana A1 - Schwarz, Anne A1 - Skopeteas, Stavros A1 - Stoel, Ruben T1 - Information structure JF - Interdisciplinary studies on information structure : ISIS N2 - The guidelines for Information Structure include instructions for the annotation of Information Status (or ‘givenness’), Topic, and Focus, building upon a basic syntactic annotation of nominal phrases and sentences. A procedure for the annotation of these features is proposed. Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-22277 SN - 1614-4708 SN - 1866-4725 IS - 7 SP - 147 EP - 187 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Günther, Thomas A1 - Nieslony, Julia T1 - Steigerung der Effektivität von Therapie bei Kindern mit Aussprachestörungen JF - Spektrum Patholinguistik Band 9. Schwerpunktthema: Lauter Laute: Phonologische Verarbeitung und Lautwahrnehmung in der Sprachtherapie N2 - 1. Einleitung, 2. Tim (7 Jahre), 3. Beste externe Evidenz, 4. Individuelle Expertise des Therapeuten, 4.1 Kontingenzmanagement, 4.2 Zielsetzungstheorie, 5. Patientenperspektive, 6. Fazit, 7. Literatur Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-98991 SN - 1866-9085 SN - 1866-9433 IS - 9 SP - 27 EP - 55 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hacken, Pius ten T1 - The nature, use and origin of explanatory adequacy JF - Linguistics in Potsdam N2 - If we want to compare the explanatory and descriptive adequacy of the MP and OT, the original definitions by Chomsky (1964) are or little direct use. However, a relativized version of both notions can be defined, which can be used to express a number of parallels between the study of individual I-languages and the language faculty. In any version of explanatory and descriptive adequacy, the two notions derive from the research programme and can only be achieved together. They can therefore not be used to characterize the difference in orientation between OT and the MP. Even if ‘OT’ is restricted to a particular theory in Chomskyan linguistics (to the exclusion of, for instance, its use in LFG), it cannot be said to be stronger in descriptive adequacy than in explanatory adequacy in the technical sense of these terms. KW - Levels of adequacy KW - Chomskyan linguistics KW - research programme KW - Minimalist Program KW - Optimality Theory Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-32297 SN - 1616-7392 SN - 1864-1857 IS - 25 SP - 9 EP - 32 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haendler, Yair A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Children’s poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children’s performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children’s language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases. KW - child language KW - relative clauses KW - discourse KW - pronouns KW - intervention locality KW - visual-world paradigm Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00860 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 860 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Haendler, Yair A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Adani, Flavia T1 - Discourse accessibility constraints in children´s processing of object relative clauses N2 - Children’s poor performance on object relative clauses has been explained in terms of intervention locality. This approach predicts that object relatives with a full DP head and an embedded pronominal subject are easier than object relatives in which both the head noun and the embedded subject are full DPs. This prediction is shared by other accounts formulated to explain processing mechanisms. We conducted a visual-world study designed to test the off-line comprehension and on-line processing of object relatives in German-speaking 5-year-olds. Children were tested on three types of object relatives, all having a full DP head noun and differing with respect to the type of nominal phrase that appeared in the embedded subject position: another full DP, a 1st- or a 3rd-person pronoun. Grammatical skills and memory capacity were also assessed in order to see whether and how they affect children’s performance. Most accurately processed were object relatives with 1st-person pronoun, independently of children’s language and memory skills. Performance on object relatives with two full DPs was overall more accurate than on object relatives with 3rd-person pronoun. In the former condition, children with stronger grammatical skills accurately processed the structure and their memory abilities determined how fast they were; in the latter condition, children only processed accurately the structure if they were strong both in their grammatical skills and in their memory capacity. The results are discussed in the light of accounts that predict different pronoun effects like the ones we find, which depend on the referential properties of the pronouns. We then discuss which role language and memory abilities might have in processing object relatives with various embedded nominal phrases. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 279 KW - child language KW - relative clauses KW - discourse KW - pronouns KW - intervention locality KW - visual-world paradigm Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-78694 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Haller, Hermann W. T1 - Varieties, use, and attitudes of Italian in the U.S. BT - The dynamics of an immigrant language through time JF - Mobilisierte Kulturen Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-53658 SN - 2192-3019 SN - 2192-3027 IS - 2 SP - 57 EP - 70 ER -