TY - JOUR A1 - Elsässer, Joshua Philipp A1 - Hickmann, Thomas A1 - Stehle, Fee T1 - The Role of Cities in South Africa’s Energy Gridlock JF - Case Studies in the Environment N2 - South Africa’s energy sector finds itself in a gridlock situation. The sector is controlled by the state-owned utility Eskom holding the monopoly on the generation and transmission of electricity, which is almost exclusively produced from domestically extracted coal. At the same time, the constitutional mandate enables municipalities to distribute and sell electricity generated by Eskom to local consumers, which constitutes a large part of the cities’ municipal income. This is a strong disincentive for city governments to promote reductions in energy consumption and substantially limits the scope for urban action on energy efficiency and renewable energies. In the present case study, we portray the current development in South Africa’s energy policy and trace how deadlocked legal, financial, and institutional barriers block the transition from a coal-based energy system toward a greener and more sustainable energy economy. We furthermore point to the efforts of major South African cities to introduce low-carbon strategies in their jurisdictions and highlight key challenges for the future development of the country’s energy sector. By engaging with this case study, readers will become familiar with a prime example of the wider phenomenon of national political–economic obstacles to the progress in sustainable urban development. Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1525/cse.2018.001297 SN - 2473-9510 VL - 2 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - University of California Press CY - Oakland ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheller, Henrik T1 - German Federalism: On the Way to a "Cooperative Centralism"? JF - Identities, trust, and cohesion in federal systems: public perspectives N2 - Germany has a long tradition of federalism extending far back in history (Ziblatt 2004; Broschek 2011). This tradition has always been characterized by a discrepancy between the attitudes of the public to its federalism and the reform ideas of the (political) elites. While the public has a strong desire for an equality of living conditions, solidarity, social cohesion, and cooperation between the orders of government, academic discourse is shaped by calls for wide-ranging federalism reforms, which are oriented toward the American model of "dual federalism." Against this background, this chapter contrasts public attitudes on key aspects of the federal system with long-lasting academic recommendations for reform. Light will be shed on the general perception of the federal system as a whole, the division of powers, and in particular the issue of joint decision-making (Politikverflechtung) between the orders of government-all issues that have been repeatedly interrogated in various surveys. A further aspect of these polls is the question of the extent to which solidarity or competition shall be realized between the federal and Land governments-a question that is highly controversial in politics and academia (especially in the fiscal equalization debate), though public perceptions are quite different. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-1-55339-535-5 SN - 978-1-55339-536-2 SP - 255 EP - 279 PB - McGill-Queens University Press CY - Montreal ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tran, C. T. A1 - Mai, N. T. A1 - Nguyen, V. T. A1 - Nguyen, H. X. A1 - Meharg, A. A1 - Carey, M. A1 - Dultz, S. A1 - Marone, F. A1 - Cichy, Sarah Bettina A1 - Nguyen, Minh N. T1 - Phytolith-associated potassium in fern BT - characterization, dissolution properties and implications for slash-and-burn agriculture JF - Soil use and Management N2 - In recent time, phytoliths (silicon deposition between plant cells) have been recognized as an important nutrient source for crops. The work presented here aims at highlighting the potential of phytolith-occluded K pool in ferns. Dicranopteris linearis (D.linearis) is a common fern in the humid subtropical and tropical regions. Burning of the fern D.linearis is, in slash-and-burn regions, a common practice to prepare the soil before planting. We characterised the phytolith-rich ash derived from the fern D.linearis and phytolith-associated potassium (K) (phytK), using X-ray tomographic microscopy in combination with kinetic batch experiments. D.linearis contains up to 3.9g K/kgd.wt, including K subcompartmented in phytoliths. X-ray tomographic microscopy visualized an interembedding structure between organic matter and silica, particularly in leaves. Corelease of K and Si observed in the batch experiments confirmed that the dissolution of ash phytoliths is one of major factors controlling K release. Under heat treatment, a part of the K is made available, while the remainder entrapped into phytoliths (ca. 2.0-3.3%) is unavailable until the phytoliths are dissolved. By enhanced removal of organic phases, or forming more stable silica phases, heat treatment changes dissolution properties of the phytoliths, affecting K release for crops and soils. The maximum releases of soluble K and Si were observed for the phytoliths treated at 500-800 degrees C. For quantitative approaches for the K provision of plants from the soil phytK pool in soils, factors regulating phytolith dissolution rate have to be considered. KW - Potassium KW - phytolith KW - fern KW - Dicranopteris linearis Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12409 SN - 0266-0032 SN - 1475-2743 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 36 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reiners, Nina T1 - Kontroversen um die Reform der UN-Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane T1 - Controversies Over Reform of UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies JF - Vereinte Nationen N2 - Das UN-Menschenrechtssystem steht unter gewaltigem Druck. In den aktuellen Diskussionen um die Reform der Menschenrechtsvertragsorgane offenbart sich eine Kluft zwischen Staaten in der Generalversammlung und Ausschussmitgliedern mit zivilgesellschaftlichen Akteuren. N2 - The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) initiated a development towards a legally binding human rights treaty system. Ratification of the nine human rights treaties is universal and continuing. Recently, the treaty-based system has come under a lot of pressure. States not only lack commitment to their reporting obligations under human rights law and their financial contributions to the system, but openly question the working methods of the treaty bodies and their cooperation with civil society actors. As a result, the current reform process, to be concluded in 2020, also presents an opportunity to reevaluate the role of civil society actors for the development of human rights law. KW - Hochkommissariat für Menschenrechte (OHCHR) KW - Menschen- rechtserklärungen/-übereinkommen KW - human rights KW - Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Y1 - 2018 SN - 0042-384X SN - 2366-6773 VL - 66 IS - 6 SP - 266 EP - 271 PB - BWV, Berliner Wiss.-Verl. CY - Berlin ER - TY - GEN A1 - Grum, Marcus A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Process modeling within augmented reality BT - the bidirectional interplay of two worlds T2 - Business Modeling and Software Design, BMSD 2018 N2 - The collaboration during the modeling process is uncomfortable and characterized by various limitations. Faced with the successful transfer of first process modeling languages to the augmented world, non-transparent processes can be visualized in a more comprehensive way. With the aim to rise comfortability, speed, accuracy and manifoldness of real world process augmentations, a framework for the bidirectional interplay of the common process modeling world and the augmented world has been designed as morphologic box. Its demonstration proves the working of drawn AR integrations. Identified dimensions were derived from (1) a designed knowledge construction axiom, (2) a designed meta-model, (3) designed use cases and (4) designed directional interplay modes. Through a workshop-based survey, the so far best AR modeling configuration is identified, which can serve for benchmarks and implementations. KW - Augmented reality KW - Process modeling KW - Simulation process building KW - Generalized knowledge constructin axiom KW - Meta-model KW - Use cases Morphologic box KW - Industry 4.0 KW - CPS KW - CPPS KW - Internet of things Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-94214-8 SN - 978-3-319-94213-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94214-8_7 SN - 1865-1348 VL - 319 SP - 99 EP - 115 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kersting, Norbert A1 - Kuhlmann, Sabine T1 - Sub-municipal Units in Germany BT - Municipal and Metropolitan Districts JF - Sub-municipal Units in Germany: Municipal and Metropolitan Districts N2 - Sub-municipal units (SMUs) in Germany differ in German Länder. In Berlin, Hamburg and München Metropole Districts fulfill a number of quasi-municipal self-government rights and functions. They have their own budget and strong councils, as well as mayors. In all other Länder, most sub-municipal councils were subordinated under the municipal council and directly elected mayor heading the administration. SMUs were introduced as a kind of compensation with different territorial reforms in the 1970s. Although directly elected, sub-municipal councilors are weak, and their advisory role competes with other newly established advisory boards. Here the focus remains on traffic and town planning. Some sub-municipal councils fulfill smaller administrative functions and become more relevant and important in recent decentralization strategies of neighborhood development. Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-64725-8 SN - 978-3-319-64724-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64725-8_5 SP - 93 EP - 118 PB - Palgrave CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bouckaert, Geert A1 - Kuhlmann, Sabine T1 - Foreword T2 - Sub-Municipal Governance in Europe: Decentralization Beyond the Municipal Tier Y1 - 2018 SN - 978-3-319-64725-8 SN - 978-3-319-64724-1 SP - V EP - VI PB - Palgrave CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhlmann, Sabine A1 - Bogumil, Jörg T1 - Performance measurement and benchmarking as “reflexive institutions” for local governments BT - Germany, Sweden and England compared JF - International journal of public sector management N2 - Purpose The purpose of this paper is to discuss different approaches of performance measurement and benchmarking as reflexive institutions for local governments in England, Germany and Sweden from a comparative perspective. Design/methodology/approach These three countries have been selected because they represent typical (most different) cases of European local government systems and reforms. The existing theories on institutional reflexivity point to the potential contribution of benchmarking to public sector innovation and organizational learning. Based on survey findings, in-depth case studies, interviews and document analyses in these three countries, the paper addresses the major research question as to what extent and why benchmarking regimes vary across countries. It derives hypotheses about the impacts of benchmarking on institutional learning and innovation. Findings The outcomes suggest that the combination of three key features of benchmarking, namely - obligation, sanctions and benchmarking authority - in conjunction with country-specific administrative context conditions and local actor constellations - influences the impact of benchmarking as a reflexive institution. Originality/value It is shown in the paper that compulsory benchmarking on its own does not lead to reflexivity and learning, but that there is a need for autonomy and leeway for local actors to cope with benchmarking results. These findings are relevant because policy makers must decide upon the specific governance mix of benchmarking exercises taking their national and local contexts into account if they want them to promote institutional learning and innovation. KW - Benchmarking KW - Administration KW - Local government reform Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-01-2017-0004 SN - 0951-3558 SN - 1758-6666 VL - 31 IS - 4 SP - 543 EP - 562 PB - Emerald Group Publishing Limited CY - Bingley ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weiß, Norman T1 - Origin and Further Development JF - The Council of Europe Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-0-19-967252-3 SP - 3 EP - 22 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dörfler, Thomas A1 - Holzinger, Katharina A1 - Biesenbender, Jan T1 - Constitutional Dynamics in the European Union BT - Success, Failure, and Stability of Institutional Treaty Revisions JF - International Journal of Public Administration N2 - Despite high institutional hurdles for constitutional change, one observes surprisingly many EU treaty revisions. This article takes up the questions of what determines whether a treaty provision is successfully changed and why provisions are renegotiated at subsequent Intergovernmental Conferences. The article presents an institutionalist theory explaining success and renegotiation and tests the theory using all core institutional provisions by means of Qualitative Comparative Analysis. The causal analysis shows that low conflict potential of an issue is sufficient for successfully changing the treaties. Furthermore, high conflict potential of an issue and its fundamental change are sufficient for it to be renegotiated. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01900692.2017.1295267 SN - 0190-0692 SN - 1532-4265 VL - 40 IS - 14 SP - 1237 EP - 1249 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhr, Harald A1 - Hickmann, Thomas A1 - Kern, Kristine T1 - The role of cities in multi-level climate governance BT - local climate policies and the 1.5 degrees C target JF - Current opinion in environmental sustainability N2 - The past two decades have witnessed widespread scholarly interest in the role of cities in climate policy-making. This research has considerably improved our understanding of the local level in the global response to climate change. The present article synthesizes the literature on local climate policies with respect to the 1.5 degrees C target. While most studies have focused on pioneering cities and networks, we contend that the broader impacts of local climate actions and their relationship to regional, national, and international policy frameworks have not been studied in enough detail. Against this backdrop, we introduce the concept of upscaling and contend that local climate initiatives must go hand in hand with higher-level policies and be better integrated into the multi-level governance system. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.10.006 SN - 1877-3435 SN - 1877-3443 VL - 30 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Daviter, Falk T1 - Coping, taming or solving BT - alternative approaches to the governance of wicked problems JF - Policy studies N2 - One of the truisms of policy analysis is that policy problems are rarely solved. As an ever-increasing number of policy issues are identified as an inherently ill-structured and intractable type of wicked problem, the question of what policy analysis sets out to accomplish has emerged as more central than ever. If solving wicked problems is beyond reach, research on wicked problems needs to provide a clearer understanding of the alternatives. The article identifies and explicates three distinguishable strategies of problem governance: coping, taming and solving. It shows that their intellectual premises and practical implications clearly contrast in core respects. The article argues that none of the identified strategies of problem governance is invariably more suitable for dealing with wicked problems. Rather than advocate for some universally applicable approach to the governance of wicked problems, the article asks under what conditions different ways of governing wicked problems are analytically reasonable and normatively justified. It concludes that a more systematic assessment of alternative approaches of problem governance requires a reorientation of the debate away from the conception of wicked problems as a singular type toward the more focused analysis of different dimensions of problem wickedness. KW - Wicked problems KW - complex problems KW - governance KW - problem-solving KW - policy analysis Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01442872.2017.1384543 SN - 0144-2872 SN - 1470-1006 VL - 38 IS - 6 SP - 571 EP - 588 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borgnäs, Kajsa T1 - Indicators as ‘circular argumentation constructs’? BT - an input–output analysis of the variable structure of five environmental sustainability country rankings JF - Environment, Development and Sustainability N2 - This paper is concerned with the normative underpinnings of popular sustainability indicators and country rankings. Attempts to quantify national sustainability in the form of composite indicators and rankings have increased rapidly over past decades. However, questions regarding validity and interpretability remain. This article combines theoretical and statistical tools to explore how input variables in five popular sustainability indicators can be related to different theoretical paradigms: weak and strong sustainability. It is shown that differences in theoretical interpretations affect input variable selection, which in turn affects indicator output. This points towards the risk of indicators becoming a sort of ‘circular argumentation construct’. The article argues that sustainability indicators and country rankings must be treated as theoretical just as much as statistical instruments. It is proposed that making underlying normative assumptions explicit, and making input variable selection more clear in a theoretical sense, can enhance indicator validity and usability for policy makers and researchers alike. KW - Sustainability indicators KW - Rankings KW - Weak and strong sustainability KW - Measurement theory KW - Circular argumentation Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9764-0 SN - 1387-585X SN - 1573-2975 VL - 19 SP - 769 EP - 790 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ganghof, Steffen A1 - Eppner, Sebastian T1 - Patterns of accountability and representation BT - Why the executive-parties dimension cannot explain democratic performance JF - Politics N2 - Arend Lijphart uses an average of five standardized variables – the executive-parties dimension (EPD) – to describe patterns of democracy and explain differences in democracies’ performance. The article suggests ways to improve the descriptive part of the project. It argues that the EPD maps different approaches to achieving accountability and representation, rather than differences in consensus. This re-conceptualization leads to a more coherent and valid measurement. It is also argued that more systematic adjustments are needed for differences in constitutional structures (presidentialism and bicameralism). The article presents data on a revised EPD and its components for 36 democracies in the period from 1981 to 2010. As to the explanatory part of the project, we contend that the EPD often hinders adequate causal analysis rather than facilitating it. We show this by re-analysing democracies’ performance with respect to turnout and capital punishment. KW - bicameralism KW - consensus democracy KW - death penalty KW - democratic performance KW - effective district magnitude KW - executive-parties dimension KW - turnout Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395717710566 SN - 0263-3957 SN - 1467-9256 VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 113 EP - 130 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kuhlmann, Sabine A1 - Seyfried, Markus A1 - Brajnik, Irena Baclija T1 - Mayors and administrative reforms JF - Political Leaders and Changing Local Democracy N2 - In recent decades, a wave of administrative reforms has changed local governance in many European countries. However, our knowledge about differences as well as similarities between the countries, driving forces, impacts, perceptions, and evaluation of these reforms is still limited. In the chapter, the authors give an overview about mayors’ perceptions and evaluations of two major reform trajectories: (a) re-organisation of local service delivery and (b) internal administrative/managerial reforms. Furthermore, differences between (groups of) countries as well as similarities among them are shown in these two fields of administrative reform. Finally, the authors tried to identify explanatory factors for specific perceptions of administrative reforms at the local level. KW - New public management KW - Local administrative systems KW - Administrative reform KW - Public-private partnerships Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-67410-0 SN - 978-3-319-67409-4 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67410-0_13 SP - 387 EP - 409 PB - Palgrave CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Esguerra, Alejandro A1 - Beck, Silke A1 - Lidskog, Rolf T1 - Stakeholder Engagement in the Making BT - IPBES Legitimization Politics JF - Global environmental politics N2 - A growing number of expert organizations aim to provide knowledge for global environmental policy-making. Recently, there have also been explicit calls for stakeholder engagement at the global level to make scientific knowledge relevant and usable on the ground. The newly established Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is one of the first international expert organizations to have systematically developed a strategy for stakeholder engagement in its own right. In this article, we analyze the emergence of this strategy. Employing the concept politics of legitimation, we examine how and for what reasons stakeholder engagement was introduced, justified, and finally endorsed, as well as its effects. The article explores the process of institutionalizing stakeholder engagement, as well as reconstructing the contestation of the operative norms (membership, tasks, and accountability) regulating the rules for this engagement. We conclude by discussing the broader importance of the findings for IPBES, as well as for international expert organizations in general. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/GLEP_a_00390 SN - 1526-3800 SN - 1536-0091 VL - 17 SP - 59 EP - 76 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - GEN A1 - Grossi, Giuseppe A1 - Reichard, Christoph A1 - Thomasson, Anna A1 - Vakkuri, Jarmo T1 - Editorial T2 - Public money & management : integrating theory and practice in public management Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09540962.2017.1344007 SN - 0954-0962 SN - 1467-9302 VL - 37 SP - 379 EP - 386 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - BOOK ED - Esguerra, Alejandro ED - Helmerich, Nicole ED - Risse, Thomas T1 - Sustainability Politics and Limited Statehood BT - Contesting the New Modes of Governance Y1 - 2017 SN - 978-3-319-39870-9 SN - 978-3-319-39871-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39871-6 PB - Springer CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Leib, Julia T1 - Shaping peace: an investigation of the mechanisms underlying post-conflict peacebuilding JF - Peace, conflict & development : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - What shapes peace, and how can peace be successfully built in those countries affected by armed conflict? This paper examines mpeacebuilding in the aftermath of civil wars in order to identify the conditions for post-conflict peace. The field of civil war research is characterised by case studies, comparative analyses and quantitative research, which relate relatively little to each other. Furthermore, the complex dynamics of peacebuilding have hardly been investigated so far. Thus, the question remains of how best to enhance the prospects of a stable peace in post-conflict societies. Therefore, it is necessary to capture the dynamics of post-conflict peace. This paper aims at helping to narrow these research gaps by 1) presenting the benefits of set theoretic methods for peace and conflict studies; 2) identifying remote conflict environment factors and proximate peacebuilding factors which have an influence on the peacebuilding process and 3) proposing a set-theoretic multi-method research approach in order to identify the causal structures and mechanisms underlying the complex realm of post-conflict peacebuilding. By implementing this transparent and systematic comparative approach, it will become possible to discover the dynamics of post-conflict peace. KW - civil war KW - peacebuilding KW - post-conflict peace KW - set theory KW - QCA Y1 - 2016 SN - 1742-0601 IS - 22 SP - 25 EP - 76 PB - Univ. CY - Bradford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Esguerra, Alejandro ED - Esguerra, Alejandro ED - Helmerich, Nicole ED - Risse, Thomas T1 - Conclusion T2 - Sustainability Politics and Limited Statehood: Contesting the New Modes of Governance N2 - This chapter revisits the role of the new modes of governance in areas of limited statehood. First, it states that there is no linear relationship between degrees of statehood and the overall effectiveness of new modes of sustainability governance. Second, the chapter states that, in most of the cases, national governments are hesitant or even actively hamper the development of new modes of governance. Third, it shows that the absence of the shadow of hierarchy can indeed lead to ineffective new modes of governance. However, the shadow of hierarchy does not necessarily need to be cast by states. Finally, the author reviews the complexities involved in participatory practices, stressing the importance of institutional structures and knowledgeable brokers. The chapter concludes by outlining fields for future research. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-39871-6 SN - 978-3-319-39870-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39871-6_9 SP - 211 EP - 224 PB - Cham CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - GEN A1 - Esguerra, Alejandro A1 - Helmerich, Nicole A1 - Risse, Thomas T1 - Introduction T2 - Sustainability Politics and Limited Statehood: Contesting the New Modes of Governance N2 - The Paris Agreement for Climate Change or the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) rely on new modes of governance for implementation. Indeed, new modes of governance such as market-based instruments, public-private partnerships or multi-stakeholder initiatives have been praised for playing a pivotal role in effective and legitimate sustainability governance. Yet, do they also deliver in areas of limited statehood? States such as Malaysia or the Dominican Republic partly lack the ability to implement and enforce rules; their statehood is limited. This introduction provides the analytical framework of this volume and critically examines the performance of new modes of governance in areas of limited statehood, drawing on the book’s in-depth case studies on issues of climate change, biodiversity, and health. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-39871-6 SN - 978-3-319-39870-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39871-6_1 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - Palgrave Macmillan, Cham CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - GEN A1 - Esguerra, Alejandro T1 - "A Comment That Might Help Us to Move Along" BT - Brokers in Negotiation Systems T2 - Sustainability Politics and Limited Statehood : Contesting the New Modes of Governance N2 - This chapter investigates the trajectory of establishing the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) in the early 1990s as the first private transnational certification organization with an antagonistic stakeholder body. Its main contribution is a micro-analysis of the founding assembly in 1993. By investigating the role of brokers within the negotiation as one institutional scope condition for ‘arguing’ having occurred, the chapter adopts a dramaturgical approach. It contends that the authority of brokers is not necessarily institutionally given, but needs to be gained: brokers have to prove situationally that their knowledge is relevant and that they are speaking impartially in the interest of progress rather than their own. The chapter stresses the importance of procedural knowledge which brokers provide in contrast to policy knowledge. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-3-319-39871-6 SN - 978-3-319-39870-9 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39871-6_2 SP - 25 EP - 46 PB - Cham CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busch, Per-Olof A1 - Liese, Andrea T1 - The authority of international public administrations JF - International Bureaucracy: Challenges and Lessons for Public Administration Research N2 - This chapter takes stock with the research on the authority of international organizations (IOs) and international public administrations (IPAs) in the fields of International Relations (IR) and Public Administration (PA). It combines arguments from conceptual and theoretical debates with empirical findings to explore under which conditions IPAs are likely to enjoy authority. Based on a review of the literature and on conceptual clarifications, we define authority as a social relationship between holders and granters of authority. We distinguish two types of authority, namely, political and expert authority, and two forms of recognition, namely, in practice (de facto) and by formal delegation (de jure). Given that the de facto expert authority of IPAs has received least attention in the literature, while the PA literature reminds us that knowledge lies at the heart of bureaucratic power, we develop propositions on how de facto expert authority could be measured and how the anticipated variation of expert authority among IPAs could be explained. We illustrate our argument with reference to empirical findings in the IR and PA literature. We conclude by highlighting the implications of our discussion for future research on the authority of national and IPAs. Y1 - 2016 SN - 978-1-349-94977-9 SN - 978-1-349-94976-2 SN - 978-1-349-95692-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-94977-9_5 SP - 97 EP - 122 PB - Palgrave Macmillan, London CY - Basingstoke ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Hosli, Madeleine O. A1 - Dörfler, Thomas ED - Lesage, Dries ED - Van de Graaf, Thijs T1 - The United Nations Security Council BT - the Challenge of Reform T2 - Rising powers and multilateral institutions (International Political Economy Series) N2 - The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the most important multilateral institutions having the ambition to shape global governance and the only organ of the global community that can adopt legally binding resolutions for the maintenance of international peace and security and, if necessary, authorize the use of force. Created in the aftermath of World War II by its victors, the UNSC’s constellation looks increasingly anachronistic, however, in light of the changing global distribution of power. Adapting the institutional structure and decision-making procedures of the UNSC has proven to be one of the most difficult challenges of the last decades, while it is the institution that has probably been faced with the most vociferous calls for reform. Although there have been changes to the informal ways in which outside actors are drawn into the UNSC’s work and activities, many of the major players in the current international system seem to be deprived from equal treatment in its core patterns of decision-making. Countries such as Brazil, Germany, India and Japan, alongside emerging African nations such as Nigeria and South Africa, are among the states eager to secure permanent representation on the Council. By comparison, selected BRICS countries, China and Russia - in contrast to their role in other multilateral institutions - are permanent members of the UNSC and with this, have been “insiders” for a long time. This renders the situation of the UNSC different from global institutions, in which traditionally, Western powers have dominated the agenda. KW - Security Council KW - Winning Coalition KW - Veto Player KW - Social Choice Theory KW - Decision Probability Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-1-349-48504-8 SN - 978-1-137-39760-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137397607_8 SP - 135 EP - 152 PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dörfler, Thomas A1 - Gehring, Thomas T1 - Wie internationale Organisationen durch die Strukturierung von Entscheidungsprozessen Autonomie gewinnen BT - der Weltsicherheitsrat und seine Sanktionsausschüsse als System funktionaler Ausdifferenzierung JF - Politische Vierteljahresschrift : PVS ; Zeitschrift der Deutschen Vereinigung für Politische Wissenschaft. Sonderheft: Internationale Organisationen: Autonomie, Politisierung, interorganisationale Beziehungen und Wandel Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8452-4851-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783845248516-59 IS - 49 SP - 54 EP - 80 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Edinger, Sebastian T1 - Von der Gouvernementalität (Foucault) zur planetarischen Biopolitik (Kondylis)? BT - Ein klassisch gewordenes Konzept und seine unbekannte Alternative JF - Die Stimme des Intellekts ist leise : Klassiker/innen des politischen Denkens abseits des Mainstreams Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8487-2054-5 SP - 325 EP - 350 PB - Nomos CY - Bade-Baden ER - TY - GEN A1 - Liese, Andrea Margit ED - Woyke, Wichard ED - Varwick, Johannes T1 - Transnationale Akteure/Nichtregierungsorganisationen T2 - Handwörterbuch Internationale Politik Y1 - 2015 SN - 978-3-8252-4518-4 SN - 978-3-8385-4518-9 SN - 978-3-8385-0702-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.36198/9783838545189 SP - 480 EP - 489 PB - Budrich CY - Opladen ET - 13. vollst. überarb. u. aktual. Aufl. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Beisheim, Marianne A1 - Liese, Andrea Margit T1 - Summing up : key findings and avenues for future research Y1 - 2014 SN - 978-1-137-35925-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dorsch, Christian A1 - Dörfler, Thomas T1 - Organized hypocrisy of the international community BT - an institutionalist explanation of the UN security council’s contradictory activity on darfur JF - Zeitschrift für Genozidforschung Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/1438-8332-2014-1-2-8 SN - 1438-8332 SN - 2589-1510 VL - 15 IS - 1-2 SP - 8 EP - 31 PB - Velbrück Wissenschaft CY - Weilerswist ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liese, Andrea Margit T1 - The power of human rights decade after: from euphoria to contestation? Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-1-10-760936-5 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Borgnäs, Kajsa ED - Kellermann, Christian ED - Meyer, Henning T1 - Jenseits des grünen Wachstumsparadigmas T2 - Die gute Gesellschaft : soziale und demokratische Politik im 21. Jahrhundert Y1 - 2013 SN - 978-3-518-12662-2 SP - 280 EP - 301 PB - Suhrkamp CY - Berlin ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Koss, Michael T1 - The politics of party funding BT - state funding to political parties and party competition in Western Europe T3 - Comparative politics N2 - 'The Politics of Party Funding' analyses an increasingly popular institutional choice - the introduction of state funding to political parties - and represents a first step towards a theory which explains differences and similarities in party funding regimes. Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-19-957275-5 SN - 978-0-19-159510-3 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleger, Heinz T1 - Moderne Bürgerreligion JF - Unerfüllte Moderne? neue Perspektiven auf das Werk von Charles Taylor Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-518-29618-9 SN - 978-3-518-75491-7 SP - 493 EP - 528 PB - Suhrkamp CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittberner, Jürgen T1 - Die Freien Wähler und die Krise der Parteiendemokratie JF - Bürgerland Brandenburg : Demokratie und Demokratiebewegungen zwischen Elbe und Oder Y1 - 2009 SN - 978-3-7338-0368-1 SP - 22 EP - 25 PB - Koehler & Amelang CY - Leipzig ER - TY - THES A1 - Feil, Hauke T1 - God, bad, or ugly: Does it really matter? BT - Unterstanding the linkage between the performance of development projects and the recipient country's policy and institutional environment N2 - Each year, donor countries spend billions of Euros on development cooperation. Not surprisingly, a large strand of research has emerged which examines the impact of development cooperation. A sub-discipline within this strand of the literature deals with the question of whether the impact or effectiveness of development cooperation depends on the quality of the recipient country's policy and institutional environment. Over hundreds of studies have assessed this question at the macro level. In so doing, most of these studies test whether a potential effect of aid on the growth of a recipient country’s gross domestic product (GDP) is conditional on the country's policy and institutional environment. However, even after decades of research and hundreds of studies, no conclusive result has been found. One of the main reasons for the inconclusive state of the literature is that most macro-level studies have to deal with a high risk of endogeneity, treat aid as nothing but a pure income transfer, and rely on low-quality GDP data. To solve these three methodical issues, some authors have started to change the analytical focus from the macro to the micro level. Thus, these authors assess the determinants for the performance of individual development projects instead of the determinants for an effect of aid on GDP. Yet, even though the number of studies focusing on the micro level has increased steadily over the last few years, the state of the literature on the determinants for the performance of development projects still contains multiple highly relevant research gaps. The present thesis seeks to address three of these research gaps. The first research gap addressed by this thesis is related to the specific type of development cooperation. So far, nearly all existing studies focus on projects by Multilateral Development Banks. Research on the determinants for the performance of bilateral development projects is still rare. Thus, even though donors pledge to implement effective development projects, there are hardly any micro-level studies on bilateral projects. So far, only three studies use a sample which includes bilateral projects. Yet, none of the three studies assess the determinants for the performance of bilateral technical development projects. The first paper in the present thesis (GIZ paper) seeks to address this research gap by assessing the determinants for the performance of projects by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), a bilateral state-owned aid agency active in the area of technical cooperation. The results of the paper indicate that some but not all of the existing theoretical arguments can be extended to bilateral technical projects as well.. For example, the level of market interventions in the recipient county only affects the performance of financial development projects, while the recipient country’s government capacity affects both technical and financial development projects. The paper also indicates that effects of determinants may vary among project sectors. The paper also highlights a dilemma of technical development cooperation. The countries with low government capacity are usually the ones most in need of technical cooperation projects. But, at the same time, they are also the countries in which these projects have the poorest performance The second research gap addressed by this thesis is related to one specific factor in the policy and institutional environment of recipient countries, namely corruption. This determinant is often cited as essential for project performance but has gained surprisingly little coverage in empirical studies. The few existing studies on the effect of corruption on project performance are inconclusive. Some find a statistically significant correlation, while others do not. Furthermore, so far, all existing studies use corruption perception indices as a measurement for corruption, despite the fact that these indices have well-known deficits when it comes to this research topic. One of these deficits is that such indices do not distinguish between different forms of corruption, even though it is likely that the effect of corruption will vary depending on the type of development project and form of corruption. The second paper in this thesis (Corruption paper) seeks to address this inconclusive state of the research while focusing on one specific form of corruption, namely bribery between private firms and public officials. The paper finds a small but statistically significant correlation between the corruption level and the performance of World Bank projects. The systematic effect of corruption on project performance confirms the need to consider the risk of corruption in the design and during the implementation of projects. Nonetheless, the relatively small effect of corruption and the low pseudo R-squareds advise not to overestimate the relevance of corruption for project performance. At least for the project level, the paper finds no indication that corruption is a primary obstacle to aid effectiveness. The third research gap addressed by this thesis is related to one specific sample, namely recipient countries of the International Development Association (IDA). The question of whether the policy and institutional environment affects project performance is of particular relevance for these countries, given that the World Bank's ratings on a country's policy and institutional environment decide how much IDA resources it receives. One core justification of such an allocation system is that it helps to steer more resources to places where they are most effective. However, so far, there is no conclusive empirical evidence for this statement. The only study specifically focusing on this topic, a study by the Independent Evaluation Group of the World Bank from 2010, has essential methodological limitations. The third paper of this thesis (CPR paper) seeks to address this research gap by testing whether a more refined analysis confirms the assumption of previous studies that the policy and institutional environment of IDA-recipient countries, measured by the Country Policy and Institutional Assessment ratings, has an effect on the performance of World Bank projects. Overall, neither the main regression models nor any of the robustness tests indicate a substantial correlation between the policy and institutional environment and project performance. Only for Investments Loans is the coefficient large enough to assume some effect. The overall results not only contradict the results of previous studies, but also raise strong doubts around one of the core justifications for the allocation system of the IDA. All three papers rely on a statistical large-N analysis of the performance ratings of individual development projects. These ratings are usually assigned based on the final evaluation of a project and indicate the merit or worth of an activity. The merit or worth of an activity itself is measured by criteria like relevance, effectiveness, and efficiency. In the case of the two papers on World Bank projects, the needed data stem from different databases of the World Bank. The relevant data for the GIZ paper are gathered from internal evaluation reports of the GIZ. Logistic regressions are applied as the main analytical tool. Overall, the three papers show that the policy and institutional environment of recipient countries matters for project performance, but only to a small degree and under certain circumstances. This result highlights that many researchers and practitioners tend to overestimate the role that the policy and institutional environment of recipient countries plays in project performance. Furthermore, the thesis shows that authors of future studies should consider possible interactions between project- and country-level determinants whenever possible, both in their theoretical arguments and statistical models. Otherwise, the debate on the determinants for project performance is at risk of degenerating into a statistics tournament without any connection to reality. KW - Development cooperation KW - development projects KW - aid effectiveness KW - GIZ KW - World Bank KW - corruption KW - aid allocation Y1 - 2019 CY - Potsdam ER -