TY - JOUR A1 - Hänel, Hilkje C. A1 - Haslanger, Sally A1 - Kroeger, Odin T1 - Analyzing social wrongs JF - Journal of social philosophy Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/josp.12505 SN - 0047-2786 SN - 1467-9833 VL - 53 IS - 4 SP - 448 EP - 453 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarzenthal, Miriam A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Moffitt, Ursula A1 - Schachner, Maja K. T1 - Critical consciousness socialization at school BT - classroom climate, perceived societal islamophobia, and critical action among adolescents JF - Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence N2 - Schools are key contexts for the development of adolescents' critical consciousness. We explored how three dimensions of the classroom cultural diversity climate (critical consciousness, color-evasion, and multiculturalism) related to adolescents' critical reflection (i.e., perceived societal Islamophobia) and intended critical action (i.e., political activism). Our sample included adolescents experiencing high (second generation, Muslim, N = 237) versus low (non-immigrant descent, non-Muslim, N = 478) stigmatization in Germany. Multilevel analyses revealed that for both groups a critical consciousness climate, but not a color-evasive or a multicultural climate, was positively associated with perceived societal Islamophobia and intended critical action. Thus, to promote adolescents' critical consciousness, schools should go beyond emphasizing a common humanity and celebrating cultural diversity and include explicit discussions of social inequity. KW - critical consciousness KW - classroom cultural diversity climate KW - Islamophobia KW - adolescents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12713 SN - 1050-8392 SN - 1532-7795 VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 1452 EP - 1469 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marienfeldt, Justine T1 - Does digital government hollow out the essence of street‐level bureaucracy? BT - a systematic literature review of how digital tools’ foster curtailment, enablement and continuation of street‐level decision‐making JF - Social policy & administration N2 - The growing use of digital tools in policy implementation has altered the work of street-level bureaucrats who are granted substantial discretionary power in decision-making. Digital tools can constrain discretionary power, like the curtailment thesis proposed, or serve as action resources, like the enablement thesis suggested. This article assesses empirical evidence of the impact of digital tools on street-level work and decision-making in service-oriented and regulation-oriented organisations based on a systematic literature review and thematic qualitative content analysis of 36 empirical studies published until 2021. The findings demonstrate different effects with regard to the role of digital tools and the core tasks of the public administration, depending on political and managerial goals and consequent system design. Leading or decisive digital tools mostly curtail discretion, especially in service-oriented organisations. In contrast, an enhanced information base or recommendations for actions enable decision-making, in particular in regulation-oriented organisations. By showing how street-level bureaucrats actively try to resist the curtailing effects caused by rigid design to address individual circumstances, for instance by establishing ways of coping like rule bending or rule breaking, using personal resources or prioritising among clients, this study demonstrates the importance of the continuation thesis and the persistently crucial role of human judgement in policy implementation. KW - continuation thesis KW - curtailment thesis KW - discretion KW - enablement thesis KW - street-level bureaucracy Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12991 SN - 0144-5596 SN - 1467-9515 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hänel, Hilkje C. T1 - Potentially disabled? JF - Inquiry N2 - Ten years ago, I was diagnosed with a rare illness called Myasthenia Gravis. Myasthenia Gravis is a long-term neuromuscular autoimmune disease where antibodies block or destroy specific receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle; hence, nerve impulses fail to trigger muscle contractions. The disease leads to varying degrees of muscle weakness. Currently, I have only minor symptoms, I am not seriously impaired, and I do not suffer from any social disadvantage because of my illness. Yet, my life and my body since my diagnosis feel different than before. In this paper I aim to make this feeling intelligible and propose that it is a state of what I call ‘latent impairment’. Latent impairment is a state of being ‘in between’, different from being actually impaired and also different from being abled-bodied. The theory takes its cues both from social constructionist theories of disability as well as theories of (chronic) illness and their focus on the importance of subjectivity. Furthermore, I suggest that a phenomenological understanding of latent impairment can show possible ways of becoming an ally to the DRM. KW - disability KW - chronic illness KW - latent impairment KW - social construction Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2022.2136753 SN - 0020-174X SN - 1502-3923 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Birgit T1 - Rendering visible the climate: Humboldt's 1817 climate zone map JF - MLN Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1353/mln.2022.0038 SN - 0026-7910 SN - 1080-6598 VL - 137 IS - 3 SP - 545 EP - 565 PB - Johns Hopkins Univ. Press CY - Baltimore, Md. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Arntz, Fabian A1 - Kriemler, Susi A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - An update on secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents from 1972 to 2015 BT - a systematic review JF - Sports medicine N2 - Background There is evidence that physical fitness of children and adolescents (particularly cardiorespiratory endurance) has declined globally over the past decades. Ever since the first reports on negative trends in physical fitness, efforts have been undertaken by for instance the World Health Organization (WHO) to promote physical activity and fitness in children and adolescents. Therefore, it is timely to re-analyze the literature to examine whether previous reports on secular declines in physical fitness are still detectable or whether they need to be updated. Objectives The objective of this systematic review is to provide an 'update' on secular trends in selected components of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed) in children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Data Sources A systematic computerized literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science to locate studies that explicitly reported secular trends in physical fitness of children and adolescents. Study Eligibility Criteria Studies were included in this systematic review if they examined secular trends between at least two time points across a minimum of 5 years. In addition, they had to document secular trends in any measure of cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power or speed in apparently healthy children and adolescents aged 6-18 years. Study Appraisal and Synthesis Methods The included studies were coded for the following criteria: nation, physical fitness component (cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed), chronological age, sex (boys vs. girls), and year of assessment. Scores were standardized (i.e., converted to z scores) with sample-weighted means and standard deviations, pooled across sex and year of assessment within cells defined by study, test, and children's age. Results The original search identified 524 hits. In the end, 22 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. The observation period was between 1972 and 2015. Fifteen of the 22 studies used tests for cardiorespiratory endurance, eight for relative muscle strength, eleven for proxies of muscle power, and eight for speed. Measures of cardiorespiratory endurance exhibited a large initial increase and an equally large subsequent decrease, but the decrease appears to have reached a floor for all children between 2010 and 2015. Measures of relative muscle strength showed a general trend towards a small increase. Measures of proxies of muscle power indicated an overall small negative quadratic trend. For measures of speed, a small-to-medium increase was observed in recent years. Limitations Biological maturity was not considered in the analysis because biological maturity was not reported in most included studies. Conclusions Negative secular trends were particularly found for cardiorespiratory endurance between 1986 and 2010-12, irrespective of sex. Relative muscle strength and speed showed small increases while proxies of muscle power declined. Although the negative trend in cardiorespiratory endurance appears to have reached a floor in recent years, because of its association with markers of health, we recommend further initiatives in PA and fitness promotion for children and adolescents. More specifically, public health efforts should focus on exercise that increases cardiorespiratory endurance to prevent adverse health effects (i.e.
, overweight and obesity) and muscle strength to lay a foundation for motor skill learning. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01373-x SN - 0112-1642 SN - 1179-2035 VL - 51 IS - 2 SP - 303 EP - 320 PB - Springer CY - Northcote ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giannetti, Daniela A1 - Umansky, Karen A1 - Sened, Itai T1 - The entry of the M5S and the reshaping of party politics in Italy (2008–2018) JF - Government & opposition N2 - This article examines how challenger parties enter the political arena and the effect of this entry by looking at the Italian 5 Star Movement (Movimento 5 Stelle – M5S). We explain the M5S's entry strategy in 2013 using the spatial approach to party competition and employing expert survey data collected for each national election between 2008 and 2018. These data allow us to analyse the changing spatial configuration of Italian politics due to the increasing salience of pro/anti-EU and pro/anti-immigration dimensions. We then apply the theoretical notion of the uncovered set (UCS) to trace how the M5S's entry reshaped the overall space of party competition, causing a realignment of existing parties. This work contributes to the ongoing debate on the electoral success of challenger parties and the emerging cleavages and polarization of party systems in Western European countries. KW - populist parties KW - issue salience KW - uncovered set KW - 5 star movement KW - Italy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2022.38 SN - 0017-257X SN - 1477-7053 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 464 EP - 481 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teich, Paula A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Physical fitness of primary school children differs depending on their timing of school enrollment JF - Scientific reports N2 - Previous research has shown that children who were enrolled to school according to the legal key date (i.e., keyage children, between eight and nine years in third grade) exhibited a linear physical fitness development in the ninth year of life. In contrast, children who were enrolled with a delay (i.e., older-than-keyage children [OTK], between nine and ten years in third grade) exhibited a lower physical fitness compared to what would be expected for their age. In these studies, cross-sectional age differences within third grade and timing of school enrollment were confounded. The present study investigated the longitudinal development of keyage and OTK children from third to fifth grade. This design also afforded a comparison of the two groups at the same average chronological age, that is a dissociation of the effects of timing of school enrollment and age. We tested six physical fitness components: cardiorespiratory endurance, coordination, speed, power of lower and upper limbs, and static balance. 1502 children (i.e., 1206 keyage and 296 OTK children) from 35 schools were tested in third, fourth, and fifth grade. Except for cardiorespiratory endurance, both groups developed from third to fourth and from fourth to fifth grade and keyage children outperformed OTK children at the average ages of 9.5 or 10.5 years. For cardiorespiratory endurance, there was no significant gain from fourth to fifth grade and keyage and OTK children did not differ significantly at 10.5 years of age. One reason for a delayed school enrollment could be that a child is (or is perceived as) biologically younger than their chronological age at the school entry examination, implying a negative correlation between chronological and biological age for OTK children. Indeed, a simple reflection of chronological age brought the developmental rate of the chronologically youngest OTK children in line with the developmental rate observed for keyage children, but did not eliminate all differences. The mapping of chronological and biological age of OTK children and other possible reasons for lower physical fitness of OTK children remain a task for future research. KW - Health care KW - Paediatrics KW - Physiology Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-35727-y SN - 2045-2322 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Büchner, Stefanie A1 - Dosdall, Henrik T1 - Organisation und digitale Technologien BT - Predictive Policing im organisationalen Kontext JF - Soziale Systeme N2 - Die Mehrheit aktueller Studien schätzt das Transformationspotenzial digitaler Technologien für Organisationen hoch ein. In Auseinandersetzung mit dieser Einschätzung entwickelt der Artikel eine konzeptionelle organisationssoziologische Perspektive auf das Verhältnis von Organisation und digitalen Technologien. Wir nutzen diese Perspektive, um den Fall des Predictive Policing in Deutschland zu betrachten und die Entscheidung zur Adaption der Technologie, ihre organisationale Situierung sowie die Rolle des Organisationstyps zu diskutieren. Unsere Perspektive führt zu einem zurückhaltenden Urteil über das Transformationspotenzial dieser digitalen Technologie, die wir daher als Reform unter anderen Reformen begreifen. Insgesamt argumentieren wir dafür, Digitalisierung stärker als bisher als heterogenen Prozess zu verstehen. N2 - Most current studies consider the transformation potential of digital technologies to be high. Taking issue with this evaluation, we develop a conceptual perspective rooted in the sociology of organizations on the relation between organizations and digital technologies. Subsequently, we use this perspective to analyze predictive policing in Germany. We examine the decision to adapt predictive policing, the organizational embedding of the technology and the role of police as a distinct organization. Our perspective leads us to judge the transformation potential of the particular digital technology predictive policing with some reservation. From our perspective, predictive policing represents a routine reform. Overall, we argue for an understanding of digitalization as a heterogenous process. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/sosys-2021-0008 SN - 0948-423X SN - 2366-0473 VL - 26 IS - 1-2 SP - 217 EP - 239 PB - De Gruyter Oldenbourg CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meischner-Al-Mousawi, Maja A1 - Heller, Luise A1 - Hartenstein, Sven A1 - Frost, Jonas A1 - Philipp, Aaron A1 - Hinz, Sylvette T1 - Suizide in deutschen Gefängnissen während der COVID-19-Pandemie T1 - Suicide in German prisons during the COVID-19 pandemic JF - Forensische Psychiatrie, Psychologie, Kriminologie N2 - Das Risiko, durch einen Suizid im Gefängnis zu versterben, ist erhöht. Während der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden zum Infektionsschutz zahlreiche Maßnahmen, die beispielsweise eine deutliche Minderung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote zur Folge hatten, eingeführt. Im Rahmen eines Kohortenvergleichs der Suizide und ausgewählter Merkmale der Suizident:innen in den Zeiträumen vom April 2017 bis zum Dezember 2019 sowie vom April 2020 bis zum Dezember 2022 wird untersucht, ob es eine Veränderung der Suizide während der Pandemie gab. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich eine Zunahme der Suizide während der Pandemie, insbesondere in den ersten 14 Tagen der Haft, und eine Zunahme der Suizide von Suizident:innen mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität. Keine Unterschiede wurden in den allgemeinen Risikomerkmalen für Suizide im Gefängnis festgestellt. Es ergeben sich Hinweise auf eine suizidpräventive Wirkung der Kontakt- und Behandlungsangebote. Daraus ergibt sich die Notwendigkeit, intensivere Präventionsangebote für Gefangene mit erhöhter Vulnerabilität bzw. geringerer Resilienz anzubieten. N2 - The risk of dying by suicide in prison is increased. During the COVID-19 pandemic numerous measures were introduced to protect against infection, which, for example, resulted in a significant reduction in contact and treatment options. As part of a cohort comparison of suicides and selected characteristics of the suicidal persons between April 2017 and December 2019 as well as between April 2020 and December 2022, it was investigated whether there was a change in suicides during the pandemic. The results show an increase in suicides in the cohort during the pandemic, especially in the first 14 days of detention and an increase in suicides by suicidal people with increased vulnerability. No differences were found in the overall risk characteristics for suicide in prison. There are indications of a suicide-preventing effect of the contact and treatment options. As a result there is a need to offer more intensive prevention services for prisoners with increased vulnerability or lower resilience. KW - Suizidrisiko KW - Risikofaktoren KW - Suizidprävention KW - Justizvollzug KW - suicid risk KW - risk factors KW - suicide prevention KW - prison Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11757-024-00827-6 SN - 1862-7072 SN - 1862-7080 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 106 EP - 116 PB - Steinkopff CY - Darmstadt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stieglitz, Stefan A1 - Mirbabaie, Milad A1 - Deubel, Annika A1 - Braun, Lea-Marie A1 - Kissmer, Tobias T1 - The potential of digital nudging to bridge the gap between environmental attitude and behavior in the usage of smart home applications JF - International Journal of Information Management N2 - Despite energy efficiency measures, global energy demand has gradually increased due to global economic growth and changes in consumer behavior. Even if people are aware of the problem and want to change their energy consumption, they have difficulty acting on their attitudes. This is called the attitude-behavior gap. To narrow this gap and reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions, behavioral interventions beyond technological advances must be considered. A promising intervention is nudging, which uses insights from behavioral economics to gently nudge individuals toward more sustainable choices. In this study, we investigate how modifying digital choice architectures with nudges can be used to influence consumer energy conservation behavior in smart home applications (SHAs). We conducted an online experiment with 391 participants to test the effectiveness of the following three digital nudges in an SHA: self-commitment, reminder, and social norm nudge. While the results of a structural equation model indicated no effect on bridging the gap between attitude and behavior, we found the potential to promote energy conservation with two nudge types. Thus, this paper makes substantial contribution to persuasive and information systems-enabled sustainability for a better world in the form of digital nudges for emerging technologies. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2023.102665 SN - 0268-4012 SN - 1873-4707 VL - 72 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bilo, Davide A1 - Bilo, Vittorio A1 - Lenzner, Pascal A1 - Molitor, Louise T1 - Topological influence and locality in swap schelling games JF - Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems N2 - Residential segregation is a wide-spread phenomenon that can be observed in almost every major city. In these urban areas residents with different racial or socioeconomic background tend to form homogeneous clusters. Schelling's famous agent-based model for residential segregation explains how such clusters can form even if all agents are tolerant, i.e., if they agree to live in mixed neighborhoods. For segregation to occur, all it needs is a slight bias towards agents preferring similar neighbors. Very recently, Schelling's model has been investigated from a game-theoretic point of view with selfish agents that strategically select their residential location. In these games, agents can improve on their current location by performing a location swap with another agent who is willing to swap. We significantly deepen these investigations by studying the influence of the underlying topology modeling the residential area on the existence of equilibria, the Price of Anarchy and on the dynamic properties of the resulting strategic multi-agent system. Moreover, as a new conceptual contribution, we also consider the influence of locality, i.e., if the location swaps are restricted to swaps of neighboring agents. We give improved almost tight bounds on the Price of Anarchy for arbitrary underlying graphs and we present (almost) tight bounds for regular graphs, paths and cycles. Moreover, we give almost tight bounds for grids, which are commonly used in empirical studies. For grids we also show that locality has a severe impact on the game dynamics. KW - residential segregation KW - Schelling's segregation model KW - non-cooperative games KW - price of anarchy KW - game dynamics Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10458-022-09573-7 SN - 1387-2532 SN - 1573-7454 VL - 36 IS - 2 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Margaryan, Shushanik A1 - Paul, Annemarie A1 - Siedler, Thomas T1 - Does education affect attitudes towards immigration? BT - Evidence from Germany JF - Journal of human resources N2 - Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and exploiting the staggered implementation of a compulsory schooling reform in West Germany, this article finds that an additional year of schooling lowers the probability of being very concerned about immigration to Germany by around six percentage points (20 percent). Furthermore, our findings imply significant spillovers from maternal education to immigration attitudes of her offspring. While we find no evidence for returns to education within a range of labor market outcomes, higher social trust appears to be an important mechanism behind our findings. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.56.2.0318-9372R1 SN - 0022-166X SN - 1548-8004 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 446 EP - 479 PB - University of Wisconsin Press CY - Madison ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tjaden, Jasper A1 - Heidland, Tobias T1 - Did Merkel’s 2015 decision attract more migration to Germany? JF - European journal of political research N2 - In 2015, German Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to allow over a million asylum seekers to cross the border into Germany. One key concern was that her decision would signal an open-door policy to aspiring migrants worldwide – thus further increasing migration to Germany and making the country permanently more attractive to irregular and humanitarian migrants. This ‘pull-effect’ hypothesis has been a mainstay of policy discussions ever since. With the continued global rise in forced displacement, not appearing welcoming to migrants has become a guiding principle for the asylum policy of many large receiving countries. In this article, we exploit the unique case study that Merkel's 2015 decision provides for answering the fundamental question of whether welcoming migration policies have sustained effects on migration towards destination countries. We analyze an extensive range of data on migration inflows, migration aspirations and online search interest between 2000 and 2020. The results reject the ‘pull effect’ hypothesis while reaffirming states’ capacity to adapt to changing contexts and regulate migration. KW - migration KW - policy KW - refugee KW - pull effect KW - Germany Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12669 SN - 0304-4130 SN - 1475-6765 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anger, Silke A1 - Christoph, Bernhard A1 - Galkiewicz, Agata A1 - Margaryan, Shushanik A1 - Peter, Frauke A1 - Sandner, Malte A1 - Siedler, Thomas T1 - War, international spillovers, and adolescents BT - evidence from Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022 JF - Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization N2 - Using novel longitudinal data, this paper studies the short- and medium-term effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022 on social trust of adolescents in Germany. Comparing adolescents who responded to our survey shortly before the start of the war with those who responded shortly after the conflict began and applying difference-in-differences (DiD) models over time, we find a significant decline in the outcome after the war started. These findings provide new evidence on how armed conflicts influence social trust and well-being among young people in a country not directly involved in the war. KW - war KW - trust KW - social capital KW - Russia’s invasion of Ukraine Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2024.03.009 SN - 0167-2681 SN - 1879-1751 VL - 224 SP - 181 EP - 193 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rodríguez Sánchez, Alejandra A1 - Wucherpfennig, Julian A1 - Rischke, Ramona A1 - Iacus, Stefano Maria T1 - Search-and-rescue in the Central Mediterranean Route does not induce migration BT - predictive modeling to answer causal queries in migration research JF - Scientific reports N2 - State- and private-led search-and-rescue are hypothesized to foster irregular migration (and thereby migrant fatalities) by altering the decision calculus associated with the journey. We here investigate this ‘pull factor’ claim by focusing on the Central Mediterranean route, the most frequented and deadly irregular migration route towards Europe during the past decade. Based on three intervention periods—(1) state-led Mare Nostrum, (2) private-led search-and-rescue, and (3) coordinated pushbacks by the Libyan Coast Guard—which correspond to substantial changes in laws, policies, and practices of search-and-rescue in the Mediterranean, we are able to test the ‘pull factor’ claim by employing an innovative machine learning method in combination with causal inference. We employ a Bayesian structural time-series model to estimate the effects of these three intervention periods on the migration flow as measured by crossing attempts (i.e., time-series aggregate counts of arrivals, pushbacks, and deaths), adjusting for various known drivers of irregular migration. We combine multiple sources of traditional and non-traditional data to build a synthetic, predicted counterfactual flow. Results show that our predictive modeling approach accurately captures the behavior of the target time-series during the various pre-intervention periods of interest. A comparison of the observed and predicted counterfactual time-series in the post-intervention periods suggest that pushback policies did affect the migration flow, but that the search-and-rescue periods did not yield a discernible difference between the observed and the predicted counterfactual number of crossing attempts. Hence we do not find support for search-and-rescue as a driver of irregular migration. In general, this modeling approach lends itself to forecasting migration flows with the goal of answering causal queries in migration research. KW - human behaviour KW - population dynamics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38119-4 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Liedl, Bernd A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Samper Mejia, Cristina A1 - Verwiebe, Roland T1 - Risk perceptions of individuals living in single-parent households during the COVID-19 crisis BT - examining the mediating and moderating role of income JF - Frontiers in sociology N2 - The COVID-19 crisis had severe social and economic impact on the life of most citizens around the globe. Individuals living in single-parent households were particularly at risk, revealing detrimental labour market outcomes and assessments of future perspectives marked by worries. As it has not been investigated yet, in this paper we study, how their perception about the future and their outlook on how the pandemic will affect them is related to their objective economic resources. Against this background, we examine the subjective risk perception of worsening living standards of individuals living in single-parent households compared to other household types, their objective economic situation based on the logarithmised equivalised disposable household incomes and analyse the relationship between those indicators. Using the German SOEP, including the SOEP-CoV survey from 2020, our findings based on regression modelling reveal that individuals living in single-parent households have been worse off during the pandemic, facing high economic insecurity. Path and interaction models support our assumption that the association between those indicators may not be that straightforward, as there are underlying mechanisms–such as mediation and moderation–of income affecting its direction and strength. With respect to our central hypotheses, our empirical findings point toward (1) a mediation effect, by demonstrating that the subjective risk perception of single-parent households can be partly explained by economic conditions. (2) The moderating effect suggests that the concrete position at the income distribution of households matters as well. While at the lower end of the income distribution, single-parent households reveal particularly worse risk perceptions during the pandemic, at the high end of the income spectrum, risk perceptions are similar for all household types. Thus, individuals living in single-parent households do not perceive higher risks of worsening living standards due to their household situation per se, but rather because they are worse off in terms of their economic situation compared to individuals living in other household types. KW - COVID-19 pandemic KW - Germany KW - household types KW - individuals living in single-parent households KW - objective labour market outcome KW - subjective risk perception Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2023.1265302 SN - 2297-7775 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Schmitz, Andreas T1 - Divided we stand, united we fall? BT - structure and struggles of contemporary German sociology JF - International review of sociology N2 - This contribution presents an analysis of the structure and conflictual dynamics of contemporary German sociology which has recently separated into two professional societies. Using geometric data analysis, we present an empirical construction of the power/knowledge structure of the field, its paradigmatic plurality, and the various forms of sociological practices involved. KW - German sociology KW - scientific fields KW - geometric data analysis KW - class-specific analysis KW - prosopography Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/03906701.2023.2244170 SN - 0390-6701 SN - 1469-9273 VL - 33 IS - 3 SP - 512 EP - 545 PB - Taylor & Francis CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khalil, Samir A1 - Lietz, Almuth A1 - Mayer, Sabrina J. T1 - Overeducation as moderator for the link between job change and job satisfaction among immigrants and natives in Germany JF - Current psychology N2 - Job satisfaction is a major driver of an individual’s subjective well-being and thus affects public health, societal prosperity, and organisations, as dissatisfied employees are less productive and more likely to change jobs. However, changing jobs does not necessarily lead to higher job satisfaction in the long run. Previous studies have shown, instead, that changing jobs only increases job satisfaction for a short period of time before it gradually falls back to similar levels as before. This phenomenon is known as the ’honeymoon–hangover’ pattern. In our study, we identify an important new moderator of the relation between job change and job satisfaction: the job–education match of job changes. Based on relative deprivation theory, we argue that job changes from being overeducated in a job lowers the likelihood of negative comparisons and thus increases the honeymoon period, lessens the hangover period, and increases long-term job satisfaction. We use data from the Socio-Economic Panel ranging from 1994–2018 and focus specifically on individual periods of employees before and after job changes (n = 134,404). Our results confirm that a change to a job that requires a matched education has a stronger and longer-lasting effect on job satisfaction, and that this effect is slightly lower for respondents born abroad. KW - job satisfaction KW - overeducation KW - job changes KW - honeymoon-hangover KW - immigration Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03695-7 SN - 1046-1310 SN - 1936-4733 VL - 42 IS - 30 SP - 26692 EP - 26708 PB - Springer CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Khalil, Samir A1 - Kohler, Ulrich A1 - Tjaden, Jasper Dag T1 - Is There a Rural Penalty in Language Acquisition? Evidence From Germany's Refugee Allocation Policy JF - Frontiers in Sociology N2 - Emerging evidence has highlighted the important role of local contexts for integration trajectories of asylum seekers and refugees. Germany's policy of randomly allocating asylum seekers across Germany may advantage some and disadvantage others in terms of opportunities for equal participation in society. This study explores the question whether asylum seekers that have been allocated to rural areas experience disadvantages in terms of language acquisition compared to those allocated to urban areas. We derive testable assumptions using a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) which are then tested using large-N survey data (IAB-BAMF-SOEP refugee survey). We find that living in a rural area has no negative total effect on language skills. Further the findings suggest that the “null effect” is the result of two processes which offset each other: while asylum seekers in rural areas have slightly lower access for formal, federally organized language courses, they have more regular exposure to German speakers. KW - refugees KW - allocation policies KW - rural KW - language acquisition KW - intergroup contacts KW - language courses KW - integration Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fsoc.2022.841775 SN - 2297-7775 VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Post, Julia C. A1 - Class, Fabian A1 - Kohler, Ulrich T1 - Unit nonresponse biases in estimates of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence JF - Survey research methods N2 - Since COVID-19 became a pandemic, many studies are being conducted to get a better understanding of the disease itself and its spread. One crucial indicator is the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Since this measure is an important foundation for political decisions, its estimate must be reliable and unbiased. This paper presents reasons for biases in prevalence estimates due to unit nonresponse in typical studies. Since it is difficult to avoid bias in situations with mostly unknown nonresponse mechanisms, we propose the maximum amount of bias as one measure to assess the uncertainty due to nonresponse. An interactive web application is presented that calculates the limits of such a conservative unit nonresponse confidence interval (CUNCI). KW - COVID-19 KW - prevalence KW - probability samples KW - unit nonresponse KW - conservative confidence limits KW - nonresponse bias Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2020.v14i2.7755 SN - 1864-3361 VL - 14 IS - 2 SP - 115 EP - 121 PB - European Survey Research Association CY - Duisburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmitz, Andreas A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Witte, Daniel A1 - Keil, Maria T1 - In welcher Gesellschaft forschen wir eigentlich? BT - Struktur und Dynamik des Feldes der deutschen Soziologie JF - Zeitschrift für theoretische Soziologie Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3262/ZTS1902245 SN - 2195-0695 SN - 2751-4552 VL - 8 IS - 2 SP - 245 EP - 281 PB - Beltz Juventa CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian T1 - French economists and the symbolic power of (post-)national scopes of capital BT - taking sides in discourses of crises, 2008–2021 JF - Serendipities : journal for the sociology and history of the social sciences N2 - The paper argues that economists’ position-taking in discourses of crises should be understood in the light of economists’ positions in the academic field of economics. This hypothesis is investigated by performing a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) on a prosopographical data set of 144 French economists who positioned themselves between 2008 and 2021 in controversies over the euro crisis, the French political economic model, and French economics. In these disciplinary controversies, different forms of (post-)national academic capital are used by economists to either initiate change or defend the status quo. These strategies are then interpreted as part of more general power struggles over the basic national or post-national constitution and legitimate governance of economy and society. KW - transnationalization KW - economic thought KW - economic crisis KW - field theory KW - history of the social sciences Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7146/serendipities.v8i1-2.133990 SN - 2521-0947 VL - 8 IS - 1-2 SP - 77 EP - 108 PB - Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz CY - Graz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt-Wellenburg, Christian A1 - Schmitz, Andreas T1 - Divorce à l’allemande T1 - Divorce à l’allemande T1 - Scheidung auf Deutsch T1 - Divorcio a la alemana BT - luttes symboliques et tensions institutionnelles dans la sociologie allemande contemporaine BT - luttes symboliques et tensions institutionnelles dans la sociologie allemande contemporaine BT - luchas simbólicas y tensiones institucionales en la sociología alemana contemporánea JF - Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales N2 - Avec la création de l’Académie de sociologie (AS), le champ sociologique allemand compte désormais une nouvelle association professionnelle qui s’ajoute à la Société allemande de sociologie (DGS), établie de longue date. Cet article passe en revue les principales positions discursives, les sujets de controverse majeurs ainsi que les grandes lignes de fracture qui ont conduit à ce schisme. Les conflits contemporains sont interprétés au travers d’une représentation empirique du champ de la sociologie allemande. De manière générale, la sociologie allemande contemporaine apparaît une fois de plus dominée par deux camps opposés, arbitrairement définis mais puissants, qui se partagent la domination d’une discipline, pourtant réellement pluraliste. N2 - The German sociological field is now divided along two professional associations, the recently created Academy of Sociology (Akademie für Soziologie, AS) and the long-established German Sociological Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie, DGS). This article examines the main discursive positions, controversies and fault-lines that have contributed to this schism, based on an empirical study of the field of sociology in Germany. It underscores that these professional associations reflect, yet again, a divide between two opposed, powerful, yet arbitrarily defined poles that dominate the discipline despite its effective pluralism. N2 - Mit der Gründung der Akademie für Soziologie (AS) entstand im deutschen soziologischen Feld eine neue berufsständische Vereinigung neben der seit langem etablierten Deutschen Gesellschaft für Soziologie. Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die wesentlichen diskursiven Positionen und Kontroversen sowie die Bruchlinien, die zu diesem Schisma geführt haben. Die zeitgenössischen Konflikte werden anhand einer empirischen Darstellung des deutschen soziologischen Feldes interpretiert. Grundsätzlich scheint die deutsche Soziologie gegenwärtig erneut in zwei gegnerische Lager gespalten zu sein, die nur vag definiert aber einflussreich sind, und die versuchen, die Disziplin unter sich aufteilen, obwohl diese in Wahrheit pluralistisch ist. N2 - A partir de la creación de la Academia de Sociología (AS), el campo de la sociología alemana cuenta con una nueva asociación profesional que se suma a la ya establecida Sociedad Alemana de Sociología (DGS). Este artículo repasa las principales posturas discursivas, controversias y líneas de fractura que condujeron a esta ruptura. Se trata de interpretar aquí los conflictos contemporáneos a través de una representación empírica del campo de la sociología alemana. En general, la sociología alemana contemporánea parece estar nuevamente dominada por dos campos opuestos, arbitrariamente definidos pero poderosos, que se reparten el dominio de una disciplina verdaderamente pluralista. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3917/arss.243.0110 SN - 0335-5322 SN - 1955-2564 VL - 48 IS - 3-4 (243-244) SP - 110 EP - 123 PB - Ed. du Seuil CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baur, Heiner A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Hirschmüller, Anja A1 - Huber, Georg A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Reactivity, stability, and strength performance capacity in motor sports JF - British journal of sports medicine : the journal of sport and exercise medicine N2 - Background: Racing drivers require multifaceted cognitive and physical abilities in a multitasking situation. A knowledge of their physical capacities may help to improve fitness and performance. Objective: To compare reaction time, stability performance capacity, and strength performance capacity of elite racing drivers with those of age-matched, physically active controls. Methods: Eight elite racing drivers and 10 physically active controls matched for age and weight were tested in a reaction and determination test requiring upper and lower extremity responses to visual and audio cues. Further tests comprised evaluation of one-leg postural stability on a two-dimensional moveable platform, measures of maximum strength performance capacity of the extensors of the leg on a leg press, and a test of force capacity of the arms in a sitting position at a steering wheel. An additional arm endurance test consisted of isometric work at the steering wheel at + 30 degrees and -30 degrees where an eccentric threshold load of 30 N.m was applied. Subjects had to hold the end positions above this threshold until exhaustion. Univariate one way analysis of variance (alpha = 0.05) including a Bonferroni adjustment was used to detect group differences between the drivers and controls. Results: The reaction time of the racing drivers was significantly faster than the controls ( p = 0.004). The following motor reaction time and reaction times in the multiple determination test did not differ between the groups. No significant differences (p> 0.05) were found for postural stability, leg extensor strength, or arm strength and endurance. Conclusions: Racing drivers have faster reaction times than age-matched physically active controls. Further development of motor sport-specific test protocols is suggested. According to the requirements of motor racing, strength and sensorimotor performance capacity can potentially be improved. Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.025783 SN - 0306-3674 VL - 40 SP - 906 EP - 910 PB - BMJ Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wolf, Hannah A1 - Mackert, Jürgen T1 - Introduction JF - Urban Change and Citizenship in Times of Crisis N2 - The processes of neo-liberalisation, coined as ‘actually existing neo-liberalism’ are by their very nature variegated and context-specific and can appear in multi-faceted and contradictory forms. Consequentially, sociological reflection has tried to conceptualise ongoing processes of transforming the city under the concept of urban neo-liberalism which is generally understood as the contextually specific and path-dependent realisation of neo-liberal restructuration projects, embedded in varying social, political, economic, and cultural ‘regulatory landscapes’. As much as neo-liberalism as ideology and political programme aims at erasing any democratic participation in society, its proponents have taken sides pushing ahead the re-conceptualisation of the city as a market with the right of the stronger ‘to do down the weaker’. The city has become a focal point for neo-liberalism’s war against democracy and citizens. Turning social relations into market transactions in order to restructure cities is not a new idea from the neo-liberals but one of the non-negotiable dogmas of their religion called science. Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-0-429-26228-9 SN - 978-0-367-20564-5 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Routledge CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tjaden, Jasper A1 - Seuthe, Miriam A1 - Weinert, Sebastian T1 - Recruiting refugees to reduce labour shortages in health care professions BT - experimental evidence on the potential of foreign-language outreach on social media JF - Human resources for health N2 - Background Many high-income countries are grappling with severe labour shortages in the healthcare sector. Refugees and recent migrants present a potential pool for staff recruitment due to their higher unemployment rates, younger age, and lower average educational attainment compared to the host society's labour force. Despite this, refugees and recent migrants, often possessing limited language skills in the destination country, are frequently excluded from traditional recruitment campaigns conducted solely in the host country’s language. Even those with intermediate language skills may feel excluded, as destination-country language advertisements are perceived as targeting only native speakers. This study experimentally assesses the effectiveness of a recruitment campaign for nursing positions in a German care facility, specifically targeting Arabic and Ukrainian speakers through Facebook advertisements. Methods We employ an experimental design (AB test) approximating a randomized controlled trial, utilizing Facebook as the delivery platform. We compare job advertisements for nursing positions in the native languages of Arabic and Ukrainian speakers (treatment) with the same advertisements displayed in German (control) for the same target group in the context of a real recruitment campaign for nursing jobs in Berlin, Germany. Our evaluation includes comparing link click rates, visits to the recruitment website, initiated applications, and completed applications, along with the unit cost of these indicators. We assess statistical significance in group differences using the Chi-squared test. Results We find that recruitment efforts in the origin language were 5.6 times (Arabic speakers) and 1.9 times (Ukrainian speakers) more effective in initiating nursing job applications compared to the standard model of German-only advertisements among recent migrants and refugees. Overall, targeting refugees and recent migrants was 2.4 (Ukrainians) and 10.8 (Arabic) times cheaper than targeting the reference group of German speakers indicating higher interest among these groups. Conclusions The results underscore the substantial benefits for employers in utilizing targeted recruitment via social media aimed at foreign-language communities within the country. This strategy, which is low-cost and low effort compared to recruiting abroad or investing in digitalization, has the potential for broad applicability in numerous high-income countries with sizable migrant communities. Increased employment rates among underemployed refugee and migrant communities, in turn, contribute to reducing poverty, social exclusion, public expenditure, and foster greater acceptance of newcomers within the receiving society. KW - social media KW - Facebook KW - nursing KW - refugee KW - migrant KW - recruitment Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-024-00933-w SN - 1478-4491 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Biomed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tjaden, Jasper A1 - Haarmann, Esther A1 - Savaskan, Nicolai T1 - Experimental evidence on improving COVID-19 vaccine outreach among migrant communities on social media JF - Scientific reports N2 - Studies from several countries suggest that COVID-19 vaccination rates are lower among migrants compared to the general population. Urgent calls have been made to improve vaccine outreach to migrants, however, there is limited evidence on effective approaches, especially using social media. We assessed a targeted, low-cost, Facebook campaign disseminating COVID-19 vaccine information among Arabic, Turkish and Russian speakers in Germany (N = 888,994). As part of the campaign, we conducted two randomized, online experiments to assess the impact of the advertisement (1) language and (2) depicted messenger (government authority, religious leader, doctor or family). Key outcomes included reach, click-through rates, conversion rates and cost-effectiveness. Within 29 days, the campaign reached 890 thousand Facebook users. On average, 2.3 individuals accessed the advertised COVID-19 vaccination appointment tool for every euro spent on the campaign. Migrants were 2.4 (Arabic), 1.8 (Russian) and 1.2 (Turkish) times more likely to click on advertisements translated to their native language compared to German-language advertisements. Furthermore, findings showed that government representatives can be more successful in engaging migrants online compared to other messengers, despite common claims of lower trust in government institutions among migrants. This study highlights the potential of tailored, and translated, vaccination campaigns on social media for reaching migrants who may be left out by traditional media campaigns. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20340-2 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 12 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jung, Jana T1 - Partnership trajectories and their consequences over the life course BT - evidence from the German LifE Study JF - Advances in life course research N2 - Objective: Following a life course perspective, this study examines the link between partnership trajectories and three dimensions of psychological well-being: psychological health, overall sense of self-worth and quality of life. Background: Assuming that life outcomes are the result of prior decisions, experiences and events, partnership histories can be seen as a resource for psychological well-being. Furthermore, advantages or disadvantages from living with or without a partner should accumulate over time. While previous cross-sectional research has mainly focused on the influence of partnership status or a status change on well-being, prior longitudinal studies could not control for reverse causality of well-being and partnership trajectories. This research addresses the question of how different patterns of partnership biographies are related to a person's well-being in middle adulthood. Selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being as well as current life conditions are also taken into account. Method: Using data from the German LifE Study, the partnership trajectories between ages of 16 and 45 are classified by sequence and cluster analysis. OLS regression is then used to examine the link between types of partnership trajectories and depression, self-esteem and overall life satisfaction at age 45. Results: For women, well-being declined when experiencing unstable non-cohabitational union trajectories or divorce followed by unpartnered post-marital trajectories. Men suffered most from being long-term single. The results could not be explained by selection effects of pre-trajectory well-being. Conclusion: While women seem to 'recover' from most of the negative effects of unstable partnership trajectories through a new partnership, for men it was shown that being mainly unpartnered has long-lasting effects on their psychological well-being. KW - Partnership trajectories KW - Well-being KW - Life course perspective KW - Cumulative advantages and disadvantages KW - Sequence analysis KW - German LifE KW - Study Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2022.100525 SN - 1569-4909 SN - 1879-6974 VL - 55 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kritikos, Alexander S. A1 - Maliranta, Mika A1 - Nippala, Veera A1 - Nurmi, Satu T1 - Does gender of firm ownership matter? BT - female entrepreneurs and the gender pay gap JF - Journal of population economics N2 - We examine how the gender of business owners is related to the wages paid to female relative to male employees working in their firms. Using Finnish register data and employing firm fixed effects, we find that the gender pay gap is—starting from a gender pay gap of 11 to 12%—two to three percentage points lower for hourly wages in female-owned firms than in male-owned firms. Results are robust to how the wage is measured, as well as to various further robustness checks. More importantly, we find substantial differences between industries. While, for instance, in the manufacturing sector, the gender of the owner plays no role in the gender pay gap, in several service sector industries, like ICT or business services, no or a negligible gender pay gap can be found, but only when firms are led by female business owners. Businesses with male ownership maintain a gender pay gap of around 10% also in the latter industries. With increasing firm size, the influence of the gender of the owner, however, fades. In large firms, it seems that others—firm managers—determine wages and no differences in the pay gap are observed between male- and female-owned firms. KW - entrepreneurship KW - gender pay gap KW - discrimination KW - linked employer-employee data Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-024-01030-x SN - 0933-1433 SN - 1432-1475 VL - 37 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 31 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frodermann, Corinna A1 - Hipp, Lena A1 - Bünning, Mareike T1 - Money matters! BT - evidence from a survey experiment on attitudes toward maternal employment across contexts in Germany JF - Gender & society N2 - This paper examines the context dependency of attitudes toward maternal employment. We test three sets of factors that may affect these attitudes—economic benefits, normative obligations, and child-related consequences—by analyzing data from a unique survey experimental design implemented in a large-scale household panel survey in Germany (17,388 observations from 3,494 respondents). Our results show that the economic benefits associated with maternal employment are the most important predictor of attitudes supporting maternal employment. Moreover, we find that attitudes toward maternal employment vary by individual, household, and contextual characteristics (in particular, childcare quality). We interpret this variation as an indication that negative attitudes toward maternal employment do not necessarily reflect gender essentialism; rather, gender role attitudes are contingent upon the frames individuals have in mind. KW - maternal employment KW - factorial survey design KW - gender role attitudes KW - survey experiments KW - work and family KW - gender norms Y1 - 2024 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/08912432241252601 SN - 0891-2432 SN - 1552-3977 VL - 38 IS - 3 SP - 436 EP - 465 PB - Sage CY - Thousand Oaks ER -