TY - JOUR A1 - Wolff, Wanja A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Subjective stressors in school and their relation to neuroenhancement a behavioral perspective on students' everyday life "doping" JF - Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy N2 - Background: The use of psychoactive substances to neuroenhance cognitive performance is prevalent. Neuroenhancement (NE) in everyday life and doping in sport might rest on similar attitudinal representations, and both behaviors can be theoretically modeled by comparable means-to-end relations (substance-performance). A behavioral (not substance-based) definition of NE is proposed, with assumed functionality as its core component. It is empirically tested whether different NE variants (lifestyle drug, prescription drug, and illicit substance) can be regressed to school stressors. Findings: Participants were 519 students (25.8 +/- 8.4 years old, 73.1% female). Logistic regressions indicate that a modified doping attitude scale can predict all three NE variants. Multiple NE substance abuse was frequent. Overwhelming demands in school were associated with lifestyle and prescription drug NE. Conclusions: Researchers should be sensitive for probable structural similarities between enhancement in everyday life and sport and systematically explore where findings from one domain can be adapted for the other. Policy makers should be aware that students might misperceive NE as an acceptable means of coping with stress in school, and help to form societal sensitivity for the topic of NE among our younger ones in general. KW - Neuroenhancement KW - Stress KW - School KW - Doping Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/1747-597X-8-23 SN - 1747-597X VL - 8 PB - BioMed Central CY - London ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wochatz, Monique A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - König, Niklas A1 - Fröhlich, Katja A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Intra- and inter-observer variability of a retrospective analysis of achilles tendon ultrasound scans T2 - Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine Y1 - 2013 SN - 0195-9131 SN - 1530-0315 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 239 EP - 239 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Wernicke, Sarah A1 - Carlsohn, Anja A1 - Heydenreich, Juliane A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Does the copenhagen soccer test induce a repeated bout effect? - a pilot study T2 - Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine Y1 - 2013 SN - 0195-9131 SN - 1530-0315 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 169 EP - 169 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Springer, Anne A1 - Brandstädter, Simone A1 - Prinz, Wolfgang T1 - Dynamic Simulation and Static Matching for Action Prediction : evidence from Body Part Priming JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - Accurately predicting other people's actions may involve two processes: internal real-time simulation (dynamic updating) and matching recently perceived action images (static matching). Using a priming of body parts, this study aimed to differentiate the two processes. Specifically, participants played a motion-controlled video game with either their arms or legs. They then observed arm movements of a point-light actor, which were briefly occluded from view, followed by a static test pose. Participants judged whether this test pose depicted a coherent continuation of the previously seen action (i.e., action prediction task). Evidence of dynamic updating was obtained after compatible effector priming (i.e., arms), whereas incompatible effector priming (i.e., legs) indicated static matching. Together, the results support action prediction as engaging two distinct processes, dynamic simulation and static matching, and indicate that their relative contributions depend on contextual factors like compatibility of body parts involved in performed and observed action. KW - Action prediction KW - Internal simulation KW - Body part priming KW - Point-light action Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12044 SN - 0364-0213 VL - 37 IS - 5 SP - 936 EP - 952 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Serag, Rabe Al Sayed Al Sayed T1 - Motivationale und Volitionale Aspekte im Leistungssport im interkulturellen Vergleich zwischen Deutschland und Ägypten : eine explorative Analyse am Beispiel Ringen T1 - Motivational and Volitional aspects of competitive sports in cross-cultural comparison between Germany and Egypt : an exploratory analysis based on Sports Wrestling N2 - Kultur gibt den Menschen eine Orientierung. Sie machen darin ganz spezifische Erfahrungen. Hieraus entwickeln sich auch motivationale Orientierungen. Dadurch werden andere Erfahrungen gemacht, die Sportler können andere Motivation und Volition entwickeln. Dabei sind mehr kollektivistische Kulturen eher vermeidungs-motiviert und mehr individualistische Kulturen mehr erfolgsorientiert. Beim Kollektivismus erscheint die Leistungsmotivation eher unter einem sozialen Aspekt, nämlich die Auseinandersetzung mit einem Gütemaßstab, der eher von außen vorgegeben wird und weniger einem ausschließlich eigenen Maßstab. Ägypten erweist sich im Vergleich zu Deutschland als eine eher kollektivistisch geprägte Kultur. Daraus ergeben sich folgende Unterschiede: Einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen deutschen und ägyptischen Ringern gibt es in der Wettkampforientierung und bei der Sieg- bzw. Gewinn-Orientierung. Die ägyptischen Ringer habe eine höhere Ausprägung als die Deutschen. Sie weisen auch eine etwas höhere Zielorientierung auf als die Deutschen. Entgegen den Erwartungen zeigte sich, dass es keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den ägyptischen und deutschen Ringern gibt in der Variable: Sieg- bzw. Gewinn-Orientierung. Die Furcht vor Misserfolg sowie auch die Hoffnung auf Erfolg liegen höher bei den Ägyptern als bei den Deutschen. Bezogen auf die Modi der Handlungskontrolle verfügen die Deutschen Ringer über eine höher Ausprägung auf allen drei Komponenten. Sie haben eine höhere Handlungsorientierung nach Misserfolg, eine höhere Handlungsplanung sowie eine höhere Handlungstätigkeitsausführung. Diese kulturell kontrastive Studie über die psychologischen Aspekte, im Bereich der Leistungsmotivation und der Handlungskontrolle, kann für die Sportart Ringen sehr nützlich werden, da sie sehr wichtig ist beim Erkennen der sportlichen Überlegenheits- und Schwächemerkmale. Sie wiederspiegelt auch die Hochstimmung in den entwickelten Staaten oder die Misere in den anderen Staaten. Aus den interkulturellen Unterschieden in der Motivation und Volition können somit verschiedene Maßnahmen zu sportpsychologischen Interventionen entwickelt werden. Es sollte unbedingt darauf wert gelegt werden, dass die kulturell bedingten Unterschiede im Trainingsalltag beachtet werden, bei Teams, die aus Personen aus unterschiedlichen Kulturkreisen stammen. N2 - Culture gives people a guide. They make very specific experiences. So they develop motivational orientations. Because other experiences are made, the athlete can develop other motivation and volition. While more collectivist cultures have more avoidance motivation the individualistic cultures are more performance-oriented. In collectivism appears motivation rather from a social aspect, namely the examination of a quality standard that is more externally determined and less an exclusively own scale. Egypt proves to be compared to Germany as a more collectivist influenced culture. This has the following differences: There are significant differences between German and Egyptian wrestlers in the competition orientation and the victory or profit-orientation. The Egyptian wrestlers have higher levels than the Germans. They also have a slightly higher goal orientation than the Germans. Contrary to expectations, it was found that there were no significant differences between the Egyptian and German wrestlers in the variable: victory or profit-orientation. The fear of failure and the hope of success are higher among Egyptians than the Germans. Based on the modes of action control, the Germans have a higher expression of wrestlers on all three components. They have a higher action orientation after failure, a higher action planning and a higher activity of action execution. This culturally contrastive study of the psychological aspects in the field of achievement motivation and executive control, can be very useful for the sport of wrestling, as it is very important in recognizing the athletic superiority and weak features. It also reflects the high spirits in the developed countries or the misery in the other states. From the intercultural differences in the motivation and volition thus several measures to sport psychological interventions are developed. Care should be made not worth that culturally specific differences were observed in the daily training, in teams that come from people from different cultures. KW - Motivationale und Volitionale Aspekte KW - Leistungssport im interkulturellen Vergleich KW - Deutschland und Ägypten Kulturvergleich KW - Sportringen KW - Motivational and Volitional aspects of competitive sports KW - an intercultural comparison KW - Germany and Egypt culture comparison KW - Sports Wrestling Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-64199 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schweizer, Geoffrey A1 - Plessner, Henning A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Establishing standards for Basketball Elite Referees' decisions JF - Journal of applied sport psychology N2 - Basketball referees' decisions in ambiguous situations are supposed to adhere to common standards. We propose that standards can be established by video training-programs. Thirty-three German elite basketball referees participated in an online experiment. Feedback during a learning phase influenced decisions (foul vs. no call) in a subsequent test phase. These results provide a starting point for further investigations into establishing standards for referees. They suggest that establishing standards for referees' decisions in ambiguous situations may be a worthwhile approach for improving the quality of referees' decisions. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2012.741090 SN - 1041-3200 VL - 25 IS - 3 SP - 370 EP - 375 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Reschke, Antje A1 - Müller, Juliane A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Three-dimensional spine kinematics during perturbed treadmill walking - a pilot study T2 - Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine Y1 - 2013 SN - 0195-9131 SN - 1530-0315 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 172 EP - 172 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Müller, Steffen A1 - Krüger, Tom A1 - Kibele, Armin A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effects of surface instability on neuromuscular performance during drop jumps and landings JF - European journal of applied physiology N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of surface instability on measures of performance and activity of leg and trunk muscles during drop jumps and landings. Drop jumps and landings were assessed on a force plate under stable and unstable (balance pad on top of the force plate) conditions. Performance measures (contact time, jump height, peak ground reaction force) and electromyographic (EMG) activity of leg and trunk muscles were tested in 27 subjects (age 23 +/- A 3 years) during different time intervals (preactivation phase, braking phase, push-off phase). The performance of drop jumps under unstable compared to stable conditions produced a decrease in jump height (9 %, p < 0.001, f = 0.92) and an increase in peak ground reaction force (5 %, p = 0.022, f = 0.72), and time for braking phase (12 %, p < 0.001, f = 1.25). When performing drop jumps on unstable compared to stable surfaces, muscle activity was reduced in the lower extremities during the preactivation, braking and push-off phases (11-25 %, p < 0.05, 0.48 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 1.23). Additionally, when landing on unstable compared to stable conditions, reduced lower limb muscle activities were observed during the preactivation phase (7-60 %, p < 0.05, 0.50 a parts per thousand currency sign f a parts per thousand currency sign 3.62). Trunk muscle activity did not significantly differ between the test conditions for both jumping and landing tasks. The present findings indicate that modified feedforward mechanisms in terms of lower leg muscle activities during the preactivation phase and/or possible alterations in leg muscle activity shortly after ground contact (i.e., braking phase) are responsible for performance decrements during jumping on unstable surfaces. KW - Stretch-shortening cycle KW - Trunk muscle strength KW - Jump height KW - Electromyography Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2724-6 SN - 1439-6319 SN - 1439-6327 VL - 113 IS - 12 SP - 2943 EP - 2951 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Kühnen, Matthias A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Inline skating for balance and strength promotion in children during physical education JF - Perceptual & motor skills N2 - Deficiencies in balance and strength are common in children and they may lead to injuries. This study investigated the effects of inline skating exercise on balance and strength performance in healthy children. Twenty 11-12-year-old children (8 girls, 12 boys) were assigned to an intervention (n = 10) or a control (n = 10) group. Participants in the intervention group underwent a 4-week inline skating program (2 times/week, 90 min. each) integrated in their physical education lessons. Balance and strength were measured using the Star Excursion Balance test and the countermovement jump test. As compared to the control group, the intervention group significantly improved balance (17-48%, Cohen's d = 0.00-1.49) and jump height (8%, Cohen's d = 0.48). In children, inline skating is a safe, feasible (90% adherence rate), and effective program that can be integrated in physical education lessons to promote balance and strength. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2466/30.06.PMS.117x29z9 SN - 0031-5125 VL - 117 IS - 3 SP - 665 EP - 681 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Missoula ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Intziegianni, Konstantina A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - König, Niklas A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Reliability of variables defining mechanical and material properties of the achilles tendon T2 - Medicine and science in sports and exercise : official journal of the American College of Sports Medicine Y1 - 2013 SN - 0195-9131 SN - 1530-0315 VL - 45 IS - 5 SP - 238 EP - 239 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER -