TY - JOUR A1 - Zühlke, Martin A1 - Meiling, Till Thomas A1 - Roder, Phillip A1 - Riebe, Daniel A1 - Beitz, Toralf A1 - Bald, Ilko A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Janßen, Traute A1 - Erhard, Marcel A1 - Repp, Alexander T1 - Photodynamic inactivation of E. coli bacteria via carbon nanodots JF - ACS omega / American Chemical Society N2 - The increasing development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been a major problem for years, both in human and veterinary medicine. Prophylactic measures, such as the use of vaccines, are of great importance in reducing the use of antibiotics in livestock. These vaccines are mainly produced based on formaldehyde inactivation. However, the latter damages the recognition elements of the bacterial proteins and thus could reduce the immune response in the animal. An alternative inactivation method developed in this work is based on gentle photodynamic inactivation using carbon nanodots (CNDs) at excitation wavelengths λex > 290 nm. The photodynamic inactivation was characterized on the nonvirulent laboratory strain Escherichia coli K12 using synthesized CNDs. For a gentle inactivation, the CNDs must be absorbed into the cytoplasm of the E. coli cell. Thus, the inactivation through photoinduced formation of reactive oxygen species only takes place inside the bacterium, which means that the outer membrane is neither damaged nor altered. The loading of the CNDs into E. coli was examined using fluorescence microscopy. Complete loading of the bacterial cells could be achieved in less than 10 min. These studies revealed a reversible uptake process allowing the recovery and reuse of the CNDs after irradiation and before the administration of the vaccine. The success of photodynamic inactivation was verified by viability assays on agar. In a homemade flow photoreactor, the fastest successful irradiation of the bacteria could be carried out in 34 s. Therefore, the photodynamic inactivation based on CNDs is very effective. The membrane integrity of the bacteria after irradiation was verified by slide agglutination and atomic force microscopy. The method developed for the laboratory strain E. coli K12 could then be successfully applied to the important avian pathogens Bordetella avium and Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale to aid the development of novel vaccines. KW - Bacteria KW - Genetics KW - Fluorescence KW - Photodynamics KW - Irradiation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c01700 SN - 2470-1343 VL - 6 IS - 37 SP - 23742 EP - 23749 PB - ACS Publications CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zurell, Damaris A1 - König, Christian A1 - Malchow, Anne-Kathleen A1 - Kapitza, Simon A1 - Bocedi, Greta A1 - Travis, Justin M. J. A1 - Fandos, Guillermo T1 - Spatially explicit models for decision-making in animal conservation and restoration JF - Ecography : pattern and diversity in ecology / Nordic Ecologic Society Oikos N2 - Models are useful tools for understanding and predicting ecological patterns and processes. Under ongoing climate and biodiversity change, they can greatly facilitate decision-making in conservation and restoration and help designing adequate management strategies for an uncertain future. Here, we review the use of spatially explicit models for decision support and to identify key gaps in current modelling in conservation and restoration. Of 650 reviewed publications, 217 publications had a clear management application and were included in our quantitative analyses. Overall, modelling studies were biased towards static models (79%), towards the species and population level (80%) and towards conservation (rather than restoration) applications (71%). Correlative niche models were the most widely used model type. Dynamic models as well as the gene-to-individual level and the community-to-ecosystem level were underrepresented, and explicit cost optimisation approaches were only used in 10% of the studies. We present a new model typology for selecting models for animal conservation and restoration, characterising model types according to organisational levels, biological processes of interest and desired management applications. This typology will help to more closely link models to management goals. Additionally, future efforts need to overcome important challenges related to data integration, model integration and decision-making. We conclude with five key recommendations, suggesting that wider usage of spatially explicit models for decision support can be achieved by 1) developing a toolbox with multiple, easier-to-use methods, 2) improving calibration and validation of dynamic modelling approaches and 3) developing best-practise guidelines for applying these models. Further, more robust decision-making can be achieved by 4) combining multiple modelling approaches to assess uncertainty, and 5) placing models at the core of adaptive management. These efforts must be accompanied by long-term funding for modelling and monitoring, and improved communication between research and practise to ensure optimal conservation and restoration outcomes. KW - adaptive management KW - biodiversity conservation KW - cost optimisation KW - ecosystem restoration KW - global change KW - predictive models Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05787 SN - 1600-0587 IS - 4 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziegler, Joceline A1 - Pfitzner, Bjarne A1 - Schulz, Heinrich A1 - Saalbach, Axel A1 - Arnrich, Bert T1 - Defending against Reconstruction Attacks through Differentially Private Federated Learning for Classification of Heterogeneous Chest X-ray Data JF - Sensors N2 - Privacy regulations and the physical distribution of heterogeneous data are often primary concerns for the development of deep learning models in a medical context. This paper evaluates the feasibility of differentially private federated learning for chest X-ray classification as a defense against data privacy attacks. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to directly compare the impact of differentially private training on two different neural network architectures, DenseNet121 and ResNet50. Extending the federated learning environments previously analyzed in terms of privacy, we simulated a heterogeneous and imbalanced federated setting by distributing images from the public CheXpert and Mendeley chest X-ray datasets unevenly among 36 clients. Both non-private baseline models achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.940.94 on the binary classification task of detecting the presence of a medical finding. We demonstrate that both model architectures are vulnerable to privacy violation by applying image reconstruction attacks to local model updates from individual clients. The attack was particularly successful during later training stages. To mitigate the risk of a privacy breach, we integrated Rényi differential privacy with a Gaussian noise mechanism into local model training. We evaluate model performance and attack vulnerability for privacy budgets ε∈{1,3,6,10}�∈{1,3,6,10}. The DenseNet121 achieved the best utility-privacy trade-off with an AUC of 0.940.94 for ε=6�=6. Model performance deteriorated slightly for individual clients compared to the non-private baseline. The ResNet50 only reached an AUC of 0.760.76 in the same privacy setting. Its performance was inferior to that of the DenseNet121 for all considered privacy constraints, suggesting that the DenseNet121 architecture is more robust to differentially private training. KW - federated learning KW - privacy and security KW - privacy attack KW - X-ray Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/s22145195 SN - 1424-8220 VL - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 14 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zhou, Shuo T1 - Biological evaluation and sulfation of polymer networks from glycerol glycidyl ether N2 - Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death worldwide, and their prevalence is expected to rise in the coming years. Polymer-based artificial replacements have been widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Coagulation and thrombus formation on the interfaces between the materials and the human physiological environment are key issues leading to the failure of the medical device in clinical implantation. The surface properties of the materials have a strong influence on the protein adsorption and can direct the blood cell adhesion behavior on the interfaces. Furthermore, implant-associated infections will be induced by bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation at the implantation site. Thus, it is important to improve the hemocompatibility of an implant by altering the surface properties. One of the effective strategies is surface passivation to achieve protein/cell repelling ability to reduce the risk of thrombosis. This thesis consists of synthesis, functionalization, sterilization, and biological evaluation of bulk poly(glycerol glycidyl ether) (polyGGE), which is a highly crosslinked polyether-based polymer synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization. PolyGGE is hypothesized to be able to resist plasma protein adsorption and bacterial adhesion due to analogous chemical structure as polyethylene glycol and hyperbranched polyglycerol. Hydroxyl end groups of polyGGE provide possibilities to be functionalized with sulfates to mimic the anti-thrombogenic function of the endothelial glycocalyx. PolyGGE was synthesized by polymerization of the commercially available monomer glycerol glycidyl ether, which was characterized as a mixture of mono-, di- and tri-glycidyl ether. Cationic ring opening-polymerization of this monomer was carried out by ultraviolet (UV) initiation of the photo-initiator diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate. With the increased UV curing time, more epoxides in the side chains of the monomers participated in chemical crosslinking, resulting in an increase of Young’s modulus, while the value of elongation at break of polyGGE first increased due to the propagation of the polymer chains then decreased with the increase of crosslinking density. Eventually, the chain propagation can be effectively terminated by potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. PolyGGE exhibited different tensile properties in hydrated conditions at body temperature compared to the values in the dry state at room temperature. Both Young’s modulus and values of elongation at break were remarkably reduced when tested in water at 37 °C, which was above the glass transition temperature of polyGGE. At physiological conditions, entanglements of the ployGGE networks unfolded and the free volume of networks were replaced by water molecules as softener, which increased the mobility of the polymer chains, resulting in a lower Young’s modulus. Protein adsorption analysis was performed on polyGGE films with 30 min UV curing using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PolyGGE could effectively prevent the adsorption of human plasma fibrinogen, albumin, and fibronectin at the interface of human plasma and polyGGE films. The protein resistance of polyGGE was comparable to the negative controls: the hemocompatible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), showing its potential as a coating material for cardiovascular implants. Moreover, antimicrobial tests of bacterial activity using isothermal microcalorimetry and the microscopic image of direct bacteria culturing demonstrated that polyGGE could directly interfere biofilm formation and growth of both Gram-negative and antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, indicating the potential application of polyGGE for combating the risk of hospital-acquired infections and preventing drug-resistant superbug spreading. To investigate its cell compatibility, polyGGE films were extracted by different solvents (ethanol, chloroform, acetone) and cell culture medium. Indirect cytotoxicity tests showed extracted polyGGE films still had toxic effects on L929 fibroblast cells. High-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the occurrence of organochlorine-containing compounds released during the polymer-cell culture medium interaction. A constant level of those organochlorine-containing compounds was confirmed from GGE monomer by a specific peak of C-Cl stretching in infrared spectra of GGE. This is assumed to be the main reason causing the increased cell membrane permeability and decreased metabolic activity, leading to cell death. Attempts as changing solvents were made to remove toxic substances, however, the release of these small molecules seems to be sluggish. The densely crosslinked polyGGE networks can possibly contribute to the trapping of organochlorine-containing compounds. These results provide valuable information for exploring the potentially toxic substances, leaching from polyGGE networks, and propose a feasible strategy for minimizing the cytotoxicity via reducing their crosslinking density. Sulfamic acid/ N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) were selected as the reagents for the sulfation of polyGGE surfaces. Fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) was used to monitor the functionalization kinetics and the results confirmed the successful sulfate grafting on the surface of polyGGE with the covalent bond -C-O-S-. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to determine the element composition on the surface and the cross-section of the functionalized polyGGE and sulfation within 15 min guarantees the sulfation only takes place on the surface while not occurring in the bulk of the polymer. The concentration of grafted sulfates increased with the increasing reaction time. The hydrophilicity of the surface of polyGGE was highly increased due to the increase of negatively charged end groups. Three sterilization techniques including autoclaving, gamma irradiation, and ethylene oxide (EtO) sterilization were used for polyGGE sulfates. Results from ATR-FT-IR and Toluidine Blue O quantitative assay demonstrated the total loss of the sulfates after autoclave sterilization, which was also confirmed by the increased water contact angle. Little influence on the concentration of sulfates was found for gamma-irradiated and autoclaving sterilized polyGGE sulfates. To investigate the thermal influence on polyGGE sulfates, one strategy was to use poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate) sulfates (PHEAS) for modeling. The thermogravimetric analysis profile of PHEAS demonstrated that sulfates are not thermally stable independent of the substrate materials and decomposition of sulfates occurs at around 100 °C. Although gamma irradiation also showed little negative effect on the sulfate content, the color change in the polyGGE sulfates indicates chemical or physical change might occur in the polymer. EtO sterilization was validated as the most suitable sterilization technique to maintain the chemical structure of polyGGE sulfates. In conclusion, the conducted work proved that bulk polyGGE can be used as an antifouling coating material and shows its antimicrobial potential. Sulfates functionalization can be effectively realized using sulfamic acid/NMP. EtO sterilization is the most suitable sterilization technique for grafted sulfates. Besides, this thesis also offers a good strategy for the analysis of toxic leachable substances using suitable physicochemical characterization techniques. Future work will focus on minimizing/eliminating the release of toxic substances via reducing the crosslinking density. Another interesting aspect is to study whether grafted sulfates can meet the need for anti-thrombogenicity. N2 - Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen sind weltweit die Haupttodesursache, und es wird erwartet, dass ihre Prävalenz in den kommenden Jahren zunehmen wird. Künstlicher Ersatz auf Polymerbasis wird in großem Umfang für die Behandlung von Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen eingesetzt. Gerinnung und Thrombenbildung an den Grenzflächen zwischen den Materialien und der menschlichen physiologischen Umgebung sind ein Hauptproblem, das zum Versagen des Medizinprodukts bei der klinischen Implantation führt. Die Oberflächeneigenschaften der Materialien haben einen starken Einfluss auf die Proteinadsorption und können das Adhäsionsverhalten von Blutzellen an den Grenzflächen steuern. Darüber hinaus werden Implantat-assoziierte Infektionen durch bakterielle Adhäsion und anschließende Biofilmbildung an der Implantationsstelle ausgelöst. Daher ist es wichtig, die Hämokompatibilität eines Implantats durch Veränderung der Oberflächeneigenschaften zu verbessern. Eine der wirksamen Strategien ist die Oberflächenpassivierung, um die Fähigkeit zur Protein-/Zellabweisung zu erreichen und so das Thromboserisiko zu verringern. Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Synthese, Funktionalisierung, Sterilisation und biologischen Bewertung von Poly(glycerin glycidyl ether) (polyGGE), einem stark vernetzten Polymer auf Polyetherbasis, das durch kationische Ringöffnungspolymerisation hergestellt wird. Es wird angenommen, dass PolyGGE aufgrund seiner ähnlichen chemischen Struktur wie Polyethylenglykol und hyperverzweigtes Polyglycerin der Adsorption von Plasmaproteinen und der Anhaftung von Bakterien widerstehen kann. Die Hydroxyl-Endgruppen von PolyGGE können mit Sulfaten funktionalisiert werden, um die antithrombogene Funktion der endothelialen Glykokalyx zu imitieren. PolyGGE wurde durch Polymerisation des kommerziell erhältlichen Monomers Glycerin Glycidyl ether synthetisiert, das als Mischung aus Mono-, Di- und Triglycidylether charakterisiert wurde. Die kationische Ringöffnungspolymerisation dieses Monomers wurde mit Hilfe des Photoinitiators Diphenyliodoniumhexafluorophosphat durch Ultraviolett (UV) ausgelöst. Mit zunehmender UV-Härtungszeit nahmen mehr Epoxide in den Seitenketten der Monomere an der chemischen Vernetzung teil, was zu einem Anstieg des Elastizitätsmoduls führte, während der Wert der Bruchdehnung von polyGGE zunächst aufgrund der Ausbreitung der Polymerketten anstieg und dann mit zunehmender Vernetzungsdichte abnahm. Schließlich kann die Kettenausbreitung durch wässrige Kaliumhydroxidlösung wirksam gestoppt werden. PolyGGE wies im hydratisierten Zustand bei Körpertemperatur andere Zugeigenschaften auf als im trockenen Zustand bei Raumtemperatur. Sowohl der Elastizitätsmodul als auch die Werte der Bruchdehnung waren deutlich reduziert, wenn sie in Wasser bei 37 °C getestet wurden, was oberhalb der Glasübergangstemperatur von PolyGGE lag. Unter physiologischen Bedingungen entfalteten sich die Verflechtungen der PolyGGE-Netzwerke und das freie Volumen der Netzwerke wurde durch Wassermoleküle als Weichmacher ersetzt, was die Mobilität der Polymerketten erhöhte und zu einem niedrigeren Elastizitätsmodul führte. Die Proteinadsorptionsanalyse wurde an PolyGGE-Filmen mit 30-minütiger UV-Härtung unter Verwendung eines Enzymimmunoassays durchgeführt. PolyGGE konnte die Adsorption von Fibrinogen, Albumin und Fibronektin aus menschlichem Plasma an der Grenzfläche zwischen menschlichem Plasma und PolyGGE-Filmen wirksam verhindern. Die Proteinresistenz von PolyGGE war vergleichbar mit den Negativkontrollen: dem hämokompatiblen Polydimethylsiloxan, was sein Potenzial als Beschichtungsmaterial für kardiovaskuläre Implantate zeigt. Darüber hinaus zeigten antimikrobielle Tests der bakteriellen Aktivität mittels isothermischer Mikrokalorimetrie und das mikroskopische Bild der direkten Bakterienkultur, dass PolyGGE die Biofilmbildung und das Wachstum sowohl von gramnegativen als auch von antibiotikaresistenten grampositiven Bakterien direkt stören kann, was auf die potenzielle Anwendung von PolyGGE zur Bekämpfung des Risikos von Krankenhausinfektionen und zur Verhinderung der Ausbreitung arzneimittelresistenter Superbugs hinweist. Um die Zellkompatibilität zu untersuchen, wurden polyGGE-Folien mit verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln (Ethanol, Chloroform, Aceton) und Zellkulturmedium extrahiert. Indirekte Zytotoxizitätstests zeigten, dass die extrahierten polyGGE-Filme immer noch eine toxische Wirkung auf L929-Fibroblastenzellen hatten. Die Hochleistungsflüssigkeitschromatographie/Elektrospray-Ionisations-Massenspektrometrie zeigte das Auftreten von chlororganischen Derivaten, die während der Interaktion zwischen Polymer und Zellkulturmedium freigesetzt wurden. Ein konstantes Niveau dieser chlororganischen Derivate wurde vom GGE-Monomer durch einen spezifischen C-Cl-Streckungspeak im Infrarotspektrum von GGE bestätigt. Es wird angenommen, dass dies der Hauptgrund für die erhöhte Permeabilität der Zellmembran und die verringerte Stoffwechselaktivität ist, was zum Zelltod führt. Es wurden Versuche unternommen, die Lösungsmittel zu wechseln, um die toxischen Substanzen zu entfernen, aber die Freisetzung dieser kleinen Moleküle scheint nur langsam zu erfolgen. Die dicht vernetzten polyGGE-Netzwerke können möglicherweise zum Einschluss chloridhaltiger Verbindungen beitragen. Diese Ergebnisse liefern wertvolle Informationen für die Erforschung potenzieller toxischer Substanzen, die aus PolyGGE-Netzwerken ausgewaschen werden, und schlagen eine praktikable Strategie zur Minimierung der Zytotoxizität durch Verringerung der Vernetzungsdichte vor. Als Reagenzien für die Sulfatierung von PolyGGE-Oberflächen wurden Sulfaminsäure und N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidon (NMP) gewählt. Die Fourier-Transformations-Infrarotspektroskopie mit abgeschwächter Totalreflexion (ATR-FT-IR) wurde zur Überwachung der Funktionalisierungskinetik eingesetzt, und die Ergebnisse bestätigten die erfolgreiche Sulfatpfropfung auf der Oberfläche von PolyGGE mit der kovalenten Bindung -C-O-S-. Mit Hilfe der Röntgen-Photoelektronenspektroskopie wurde die Elementzusammensetzung auf der Oberfläche und der Querschnitt des funktionalisierten PolyGGE bestimmt, und die Sulfatierung innerhalb von 15 Minuten garantiert, dass die Sulfatierung nur auf der Oberfläche stattfindet, während sie in der Masse des Polymers nicht vorkommt. Die Konzentration der gepfropften Sulfate nahm mit zunehmender Reaktionszeit zu. Die Hydrophilie der Oberfläche von polyGGE wurde durch die Zunahme negativ geladener Endgruppen stark erhöht. Für die PolyGGE-Sulfate wurden drei Sterilisationstechniken verwendet: Autoklavieren, Gammastrahlenbestrahlung und Ethylenoxid (EtO)-Sterilisation. Die Ergebnisse der quantitativen ATR-FT-IR und Toluidinblau O-Untersuchung zeigten den vollständigen Verlust der Sulfate nach der Sterilisation im Autoklaven, was auch durch den erhöhten Wasserkontaktwinkel bestätigt wurde. Bei den mit Gammastrahlen und im Autoklaven sterilisierten PolyGGE-Sulfaten wurde nur ein geringer Einfluss auf die Sulfatkonzentration festgestellt. Um den thermischen Einfluss auf PolyGGE-Sulfate zu untersuchen, bestand eine Strategie darin, ein Poly(hydroxyethylacrylat)-Sulfat (PHEAS) für die Modellierung zu verwenden. Das Profil der thermogravimetrischen Analyse von PHEAS zeigte, dass Sulfate unabhängig von den Substratmaterialien thermisch nicht stabil sind und die Zersetzung der Sulfate bei etwa 100 °C stattfindet. Obwohl die Gammasterilisation ebenfalls kaum negative Auswirkungen auf den Sulfatgehalt hat, deutet die Farbveränderung der PolyGGE-Sulfate darauf hin, dass chemische oder physikalische Veränderungen im Polymer auftreten könnten. Die EtO-Sterilisation erwies sich als die am besten geeignete Sterilisationstechnik, um die chemische Struktur der PolyGGE-Sulfate zu erhalten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die durchgeführte Arbeit bewiesen hat, dass PolyGGE als Antifouling-Beschichtungsmaterial verwendet werden kann und sein antimikrobielles Potenzial zeigt. Die Funktionalisierung der Sulfate kann mit Sulfaminsäure/NMP effektiv durchgeführt werden. Die EtO-Sterilisation ist die am besten geeignete Sterilisationstechnik für gepfropfte Sulfate. Darüber hinaus bietet diese Arbeit auch eine gute Strategie für die Analyse toxischer auslaugbarer Substanzen mit Hilfe geeigneter physikalisch-chemischer Charakterisierungstechniken. Zukünftige Arbeiten werden sich darauf konzentrieren, die Freisetzung toxischer Substanzen durch Verringerung der Vernetzungsdichte zu minimieren bzw. zu eliminieren. Ein weiterer interessanter Aspekt ist die Untersuchung, ob gepfropfte Sulfate den Anforderungen an die Anti-Thrombogenität gerecht werden können. KW - Sulfation KW - Antifouling KW - antimicrobial KW - Polyether Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zhang, Shuhao T1 - Synthesis and self-assembly of protein-polymer conjugates for the preparation of biocatalytically active membranes T1 - Synthese und Selbstassemblierung von Protein/Polymer-Konjugaten für die Herstellung einer biokatalytisch aktiven Membran N2 - This thesis covers the synthesis of conjugates of 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) with suitable polymers and the subsequent immobilization of these conjugates in thin films via two different approaches. 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphate aldolase (DERA) is a biocatalyst that is capable of converting acetaldehyde and a second aldehyde as acceptor into enantiomerically pure mono- and diyhydroxyaldehydes, which are important structural motifs in a number of pharmaceutically active compounds. Conjugation and immobilization renders the enzyme applicable for utilization in a continuously run biocatalytic process which avoids the common problem of product inhibition. Within this thesis, conjugates of DERA and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) for immobilization via a self-assembly approach were synthesized and isolated, as well as conjugates with poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) for a simplified and scalable spray-coating approach. For the DERA/PNIPAm-conjugates different synthesis routes were tested, including grafting-from and grafting-to, both being common methods for the conjugation. Furthermore, both lysines and cysteines were addressed for the conjugation in order to find optimum conjugation conditions. It turned out that conjugation via lysine causes severe activity loss as one lysine plays a key role in the catalyzing mechanism. The conjugation via the cysteines by a grafting-to approach using pyridyl disulfide (PDS) end-group functionalized polymers led to high conjugation efficiencies in the presence of polymer solubilizing NaSCN. The resulting conjugates maintained enzymatic activity and also gained high acetaldehyde tolerance which is necessary for their use later on in an industrial relevant process after their immobilization. The resulting DERA/PNIPAm conjugates exhibited enhanced interfacial activity at the air/water interface compared to the single components, which is an important pre-requisite for the immobilization via the self-assembly approach. Conjugates with longer polymer chains formed homogeneous films on silicon wafers and glass slides while the ones with short chains could only form isolated aggregates. On top of that, long chain conjugates showed better activity maintenance upon the immobilization. The crosslinking of conjugates, as well as their fixation on the support materials, are important for the mechanical stability of the films obtained from the self-assembly process. Therefore, in a second step, we introduced the UV-crosslinkable monomer DMMIBA to the PNIPAm polymers to be used for conjugation. The introduction of DMMIBA reduced the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the polymer and thus the water solubility at ambient conditions, resulting in lower conjugation efficiencies and in turn slightly poorer acetaldehyde tolerance of the resulting conjugates. Unlike the DERA/PNIPAm, the conjugates from the copolymer P(NIPAM-co-DMMIBA) formed continuous, homogenous films only after the crosslinking step via UV-treatment. For a firm binding of the crosslinked films, a functionalization protocol for the model support material cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) and the final target support, PAN based membranes, was developed that introduces analogue UV-reactive groups to the support surface. The conjugates immobilized on the modified COC films maintained enzymatic activity and showed good mechanical stability after several cycles of activity assessment. Conjugates with longer polymer chains, however, showed a higher degree of crosslinking after the UV-treatment leading to a pronounced loss of activity. A porous PAN membrane onto which the conjugates were immobilized as well, was finally transferred to a dead end filtration membrane module to catalyze the aldol reaction of the industrially relevant mixture of acetaldehyde and hexanal in a continuous mode. Mono aldol product was detectable, but yields were comparably low and the operational stability needs to be further improved Another approach towards immobilization of DERA conjugates that was followed, was to generate the conjugates in situ by simply mixing enzyme and polymer and spray coat the mixture onto the membrane support. Compared to the previous approach, the focus was more put on simplicity and a possible scalability of the immobilization. Conjugates were thus only generated in-situ and not further isolated and characterized. For the conjugation, PDMAA equipped with N-2-thiolactone acrylamide (TlaAm) side chains was used, an amine-reactive comonomer that can react with the lysine residues of DERA, as well as with amino groups introduced to a desired support surface. Furthermore disulfide formation after hydrolysis of the Tla groups causes a crosslinking effect. The synthesized copolymer poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide-co-N-2-thiolactone acrylamide) (P(DMAA-co-TlaAm)) thus serves a multiple purpose including protein binding, crosslinking and binding to support materials. The mixture of DERA and polymer could be immobilized on the PAN support by spray-coating under partial maintenance of enzymatic activity. To improve the acetaldehyde tolerance, the polymer in used was further equipped with cysteine reactive PDS end-groups that had been used for the conjugation as described in the first part of the thesis. The generated conjugates indeed showed good acetaldehyde tolerance and were thus used to be coated onto PAN membrane supports. Post treatment with a basic aqueous solution of H2O2 was supposed to further crosslink the spray-coated film hydrolysis and oxidation of the thiolactone groups. However, a washing off of the material was observed. Optimization is thus still necessary. N2 - Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Synthese von Konjugaten aus 2-Deoxy-D-ribose-5-phosphat aldolase (DERA) und geeigneten Polymeren sowie deren nachfolgende Immobilisierung in dünnen Filmen mittels zwei verschiedener Herangehensweisen. DERA ist ein Biokatalysator, der in der Lage ist, Acetaldehyd mit einem weiteren Aldehyd zu enantiomerenreinen Mono- und Dihydroxyaldehyden zu verknüpfen. Diese Verbindungen sind wichtige Strukturmotive für eine Reihe von pharmazeutisch aktiven Verbindungen. Konjugation und Immobilisierung machen das Enzym nutzbar für den Einsatz in einem kontinuierlich betriebenen, biokatalytischen Prozess, welcher das bekannte Problem der Produktinhibierung umgeht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden einerseits Konjugate aus DERA und Poly(N-isopropylacrylamid) (PNIPAm) für die Immobilisierung mittels eines Selbstassemblierungsverfahrens synthetisiert und isoliert, sowie andererseits entsprechende Konjugate mit Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamid) (PDMAA) für ein vereinfachtes und skalierbares Immobilisierungsverfahren mittels Sprühauftrag hergestellt. Für die DERA/PNIPAm-Konjugate wurden verschiedene Syntheserouten getestet, einschließlich grafting-from und grafting-to. Beide Methoden werden standardmäßig für entsprechende Konjugationen eingesetzt. Weiterhin wurden sowohl die Lysine als auch die Cysteine des Enzyms für die Konjugation herangezogen, um optimale Konjugationsbedingungen zu finden. Konjugation über die Lysine verursachte deutliche Aktivitätsverluste, da ein Lysin auch die Schlüsselrolle im katalytischen Mechanismus des Enzyms spielt. Die Konjugation über die Cysteine sowie einen grafting-to-Ansatz unter Nutzung eines entsprechenden Polymers mit cysteinreaktiver Pyridyldisulfid-Endgruppe (PDS) führte zu einer hohen Konjugationseffizienz, sofern polymersolubilisierendes NaSCN eingesetzt wurde. Die resultierenden Konjugate behielten ihre enzymatische Aktivität bei deutlich gesteigerter Toleranz gegenüber Acetaldehyd. Beide Aspekte sind wichtig für den Einsatz des Enzyms in einem industriell relevanten Prozess nach dem Immobilisierungsschritt. Die DERA/PNIPAm-Konjugate zeigten eine erhöhte Oberflächenaktivität im Vergleich zu den Einzelkomponenten, was eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Immobilisierung über eine Selbstassemblierung darstellt. Konjugate mit relativ langen Polymerketten bildeten nach dem Selbstassemblierungsschritt homogene Filme auf Silizium-Wafern und Glass-Objektträgern während Konjugate mit kurzen Ketten nur isolierte Aggregate bildeten. Darüber hinaus zeigten die Konjugate mit längeren Ketten einen besseren Erhalt der Enzymaktivität im Zuge der Immobilisierung. Die nachträgliche Vernetzung der Konjugate, sowie ihre feste Anbindung an die Trägermaterialien sind wichtige Voraussetzungen für die mechanische Stabilität des aus dem Selbstassemblierungsschritt erhaltenen Films. Aus diesem Grund wurde in einem zweiten Schritt das UV-vernetzbare Monomer DMMIBA in das für die Konjugation vorgesehene, PNIPAm-basierte Polymer eingeführt. Die Einbindung von DMMIBA setzte die untere kritische Lösungstemperatur (LCST) und damit die Löslichkeit des Polymers in Wasser bei Raumtemperatur herab. Dies führte zu niedrigeren Konjugationseffizienzen und damit zu einer etwas schlechteren Acetaldehydtoleranz der resultierenden Konjugate. Anders als im Fall von DERA/PNIPAm, bildeten die mit P(NIPAM-co-DMMIBA) synthetisierten Konjugate einen homogenen Film nur nach Vernetzung mittels UV-Behandlung aus. Für eine feste Anbindung des vernetzten Films wurde ein Funktionalisierungsprotokoll für das Modell-Trägermaterial aus cycloolefinischem Copolymer (COC) und das letztliche Zielmaterial, PAN-basierte Membranen, entwickelt, welches analoge UV-reaktive Gruppen auf der Trägeroberfläche erzeugt. Die auf COC immobilisierten Konjugate bewahrten ihre Enzymaktivität und zeigten eine gute mechanische Stabilität nach mehreren Aktivitäts-Messzyklen. Der Einsatz von Konjugaten mit längeren Polymerketten führte jedoch zu Filmen mit zu hohem Vernetzungsgrad was einen deutlichen Aktivitätsverlust bedingte. Eine poröse, PAN-basierte Membran, auf welcher die Konjugate ebenso immobilisiert wurden, wurde schlussendlich in ein Dead-End-Filtrationsmodul überführt, um die Aldolreaktion eines industriell relevanten Gemisches aus Acetaldehyd und Hexanal in einem kontinuierlich betriebenen Verfahren durchzuführen. Es konnte Monoaldolprodukt detektiert werden, jedoch waren die Ausbeuten vergleichsweise niedrig, während sich die operative Stabilität als verbesserungswürdig erwies. Ein weiterer Immobilisierungsansatz für DERA-Konjugate, beinhaltete die in-situ-Generierung der Konjugate durch einfaches Vermischen von Enzym und Polymer gefolgt von unmittelbaren Auftrag des Materials auf ein Membranträgermaterial mittels Sprühen. Im Vergleich zum ersten Ansatz lag der Fokus hier mehr auf der Einfachheit und prinzipiellen Skalierbarkeit der Immobilisierung. Daher wurden die Konjugate hier nur in-situ erzeugt und nicht weiter isoliert sowie charakterisiert. Für die Konjugation wurde PDMAA herangezogen, welches mit Thiolactongruppen entlang der Seitenkette ausgerüstet ist. Die Thiolactongruppen sind reaktiv gegenüber Aminen und können daher sowohl mit den Lysineinheiten der DERA reagieren als auch mit Aminogruppen, die im Vorfeld auf dem Trägermaterial erzeugt wurden. Darüber hinaus können durch Hydrolyse der Thiolactoneinheiten sowie anschließender Ausbildung von Disulfidbrücken Vernetzungspunkte erzeugt werden. Das hergestellte Copolymer poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide-co-N-2-thiolactone acrylamide) (P(DMAA-co-TlaAm) übernimmt daher mehrere Aufgaben einschließlich Proteinbindung, Vernetzung und Anbindung an das Trägermaterial. Mischungen aus DERA und Polymer konnten durch Sprühauftrag auf funktionalisierten PAN-Trägermaterialien unter teilweisem Erhalt der Enzymaktivität immobilisiert werden. Um auch hier die Acetaldehydtoleranz zu verbessern, wurde das Polymer in einem zweiten Schritt wieder mit PDS-Endgruppen ausgerüstet, die schon zuvor im ersten Teil der Arbeit für die Konjugatsynthese mittels grafting-to herangezogen wurden. Die hergestellten Konjugate zeigten eine gute Acetaldehydtoleranz und wurden daher verwendet, um PAN-Membranen zu beschichten. Eine Nachbehandlung mittels einer basischen Wasserstoffperoxidlösung sollte den aufgesprühten Film vernetzen. Im Ergebnis wurde jedoch ein großer Teil des aufgebrachten Materials im Zuge dieses Schritts heruntergewaschen. Eine weitere Optimierung dieses Schritts ist daher noch notwendig. KW - 2-deoxy-D-ribose-5-phoshphate aldolase KW - enzyme immobilization KW - enzymatically active membrane KW - enzyme/polymer conjugate KW - self-assembly Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - THES A1 - Zeppenfeld, Stefan T1 - Vom Gast zum Gastwirt? BT - Türkische Arbeitswelten in West-Berlin T2 - Geschichte der Gegenwart N2 - Die Arbeitsmigration zählt zu den prägenden gesellschaftlichen Wandlungsprozessen der deutschen Nachkriegsgeschichte. 14 Millionen »Gastarbeiter« kamen zwischen 1955 und 1973 in die Bundesrepublik, etwa 3 Millionen von ihnen kehrten nicht in ihre Heimatländer zurück. Vor allem Türkeistämmige blieben nach dem Anwerbestopp häufiger in Deutschland als die Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Ländern. Wie keine andere Stadt steht Berlin bis heute für die Einwanderung aus der Türkei. Stefan Zeppenfeld untersucht den Wandel der türkischen Arbeitswelten von ihren Anfängen in den 1960er Jahren bis zur Wiedervereinigung. Ausgehend von der »Gastarbeit« im industriellen Großbetrieb spürt er in seiner Studie am Beispiel West-Berlins dem Übergang in andere Branchen nach. Er zeigt, wie der öffentliche Dienst auch für Migrantinnen und Migranten attraktive Aufstiegsmöglichkeiten eröffnete, zeichnet den schwierigen Weg in die gewerbliche Selbstständigkeit nach und legt illegale Beschäftigungsformen als alternative Verdienstmöglichkeit offen. Damit bettet der Autor die Geschichte der türkischen Arbeitsmigration in die deutsche Zeitgeschichte ein. Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-8353-5022-9 IS - 26 PB - Wallstein-Verlag CY - Göttingen ER - TY - THES A1 - Yishai, Oren T1 - Engineering the reductive glycine pathway in Escherichia coli Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ye, Fangyuan A1 - Zhang, Shuo A1 - Warby, Jonathan A1 - Wu, Jiawei A1 - Gutierrez-Partida, Emilio A1 - Lang, Felix A1 - Shah, Sahil A1 - Saglamkaya, Elifnaz A1 - Sun, Bowen A1 - Zu, Fengshuo A1 - Shoai, Safa A1 - Wang, Haifeng A1 - Stiller, Burkhard A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Zhu, Wei-Hong A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Wu, Yongzhen T1 - Overcoming C₆₀-induced interfacial recombination in inverted perovskite solar cells by electron-transporting carborane JF - Nature Communications N2 - Inverted perovskite solar cells still suffer from significant non-radiative recombination losses at the perovskite surface and across the perovskite/C₆₀ interface, limiting the future development of perovskite-based single- and multi-junction photovoltaics. Therefore, more effective inter- or transport layers are urgently required. To tackle these recombination losses, we introduce ortho-carborane as an interlayer material that has a spherical molecular structure and a three-dimensional aromaticity. Based on a variety of experimental techniques, we show that ortho-carborane decorated with phenylamino groups effectively passivates the perovskite surface and essentially eliminates the non-radiative recombination loss across the perovskite/C₆₀ interface with high thermal stability. We further demonstrate the potential of carborane as an electron transport material, facilitating electron extraction while blocking holes from the interface. The resulting inverted perovskite solar cells deliver a power conversion efficiency of over 23% with a low non-radiative voltage loss of 110 mV, and retain >97% of the initial efficiency after 400 h of maximum power point tracking. Overall, the designed carborane based interlayer simultaneously enables passivation, electron-transport and hole-blocking and paves the way toward more efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-34203-x SN - 2041-1723 VL - 13 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yang, Jingdan A1 - Kim, Jae-Hyun A1 - Tuomainen, Outi A1 - Rattanasone, Nan Xu T1 - Bilingual Mandarin-English preschoolers’ spoken narrative skills and contributing factors BT - A remote online story-retell study JF - Frontiers in Psyhology N2 - This study examined the spoken narrative skills of a group of bilingual Mandarin–English speaking 3–6-year-olds (N = 25) in Australia, using a remote online story-retell task. Bilingual preschoolers are an understudied population, especially those who are speaking typologically distinct languages such as Mandarin and English which have fewer structural overlaps compared to language pairs that are typologically closer, reducing cross-linguistic positive transfer. We examined these preschoolers’ spoken narrative skills as measured by macrostructures (the global organization of a story) and microstructures (linguistic structures, e.g., total number of utterances, nouns, verbs, phrases, and modifiers) across and within each language, and how various factors such as age and language experiences contribute to individual variability. The results indicate that our bilingual preschoolers acquired spoken narrative skills similarly across their two languages, i.e., showing similar patterns of productivity for macrostructure and microstructure elements in both of their two languages. While chronological age was positively correlated with macrostructures in both languages (showing developmental effects), there were no significant correlations between measures of language experiences and the measures of spoken narrative skills (no effects for language input/output). The findings suggest that although these preschoolers acquire two typologically diverse languages in different learning environments, Mandarin at home with highly educated parents, and English at preschool, they displayed similar levels of oral narrative skills as far as these macro−/micro-structure measures are concerned. This study provides further evidence for the feasibility of remote online assessment of preschoolers’ narrative skills. KW - narrative skills KW - Mandarin-English bilinguals KW - preschoolers KW - macrostructure KW - microstructure Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.797602 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media SA CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xu, Pengbo A1 - Zhou, Tian A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Deng, Weihua T1 - Stochastic harmonic trapping of a Lévy walk BT - transport and first-passage dynamics under soft resetting strategies JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics / Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft ; IOP, Institute of Physics N2 - We introduce and study a Lévy walk (LW) model of particle spreading with a finite propagation speed combined with soft resets, stochastically occurring periods in which an harmonic external potential is switched on and forces the particle towards a specific position. Soft resets avoid instantaneous relocation of particles that in certain physical settings may be considered unphysical. Moreover, soft resets do not have a specific resetting point but lead the particle towards a resetting point by a restoring Hookean force. Depending on the exact choice for the LW waiting time density and the probability density of the periods when the harmonic potential is switched on, we demonstrate a rich emerging response behaviour including ballistic motion and superdiffusion. When the confinement periods of the soft-reset events are dominant, we observe a particle localisation with an associated non-equilibrium steady state. In this case the stationary particle probability density function turns out to acquire multimodal states. Our derivations are based on Markov chain ideas and LWs with multiple internal states, an approach that may be useful and flexible for the investigation of other generalised random walks with soft and hard resets. The spreading efficiency of soft-rest LWs is characterised by the first-passage time statistic. KW - diffusion KW - anomalous diffusion KW - stochastic resetting KW - Levy walks Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac5282 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 28 PB - Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft CY - Bad Honnef ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wutzler, Bianca A1 - Hudson, Paul A1 - Thieken, Annegret T1 - Adaptation strategies of flood-damaged businesses in Germany JF - Frontiers in Water N2 - Flood risk management in Germany follows an integrative approach in which both private households and businesses can make an important contribution to reducing flood damage by implementing property-level adaptation measures. While the flood adaptation behavior of private households has already been widely researched, comparatively less attention has been paid to the adaptation strategies of businesses. However, their ability to cope with flood risk plays an important role in the social and economic development of a flood-prone region. Therefore, using quantitative survey data, this study aims to identify different strategies and adaptation drivers of 557 businesses damaged by a riverine flood in 2013 and 104 businesses damaged by pluvial or flash floods between 2014 and 2017. Our results indicate that a low perceived self-efficacy may be an important factor that can reduce the motivation of businesses to adapt to flood risk. Furthermore, property-owners tended to act more proactively than tenants. In addition, high experience with previous flood events and low perceived response costs could strengthen proactive adaptation behavior. These findings should be considered in business-tailored risk communication. KW - risk management KW - climate change adaptation KW - floods KW - disaster risk reduction KW - Germany KW - precaution KW - emergency management Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2022.932061 SN - 2624-9375 PB - Frontiers Media SA CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Huang, Zheng T1 - Adolescents’ Popularity-Motivated Aggression and Prosocial Behaviors: The Roles of Callous-Unemotional Traits and Social Status Insecurity JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - As competition over peer status becomes intense during adolescence, some adolescents develop insecure feelings regarding their social standing among their peers (i.e., social status insecurity). These adolescents sometimes use aggression to defend or promote their status. The aim of this study was to examine the relationships among social status insecurity, callous-unemotional (CU) traits, and popularity-motivated aggression and prosocial behaviors among adolescents, while controlling for gender. Another purpose was to examine the potential moderating role of CU traits in these relationships. Participants were 1,047 (49.2% girls; Mage = 12.44 years; age range from 11 to 14 years) in the 7th or 8th grades from a large Midwestern city. They completed questionnaires on social status insecurity, CU traits, and popularity-motivated relational aggression, physical aggression, cyberaggression, and prosocial behaviors. A structural regression model was conducted, with gender as a covariate. The model had adequate fit. Social status insecurity was associated positively with callousness, unemotional, and popularity-motivated aggression and related negatively to popularity-motivated prosocial behaviors. High social status insecurity was related to greater popularity-motivated aggression when adolescents had high callousness traits. The findings have implications for understanding the individual characteristics associated with social status insecurity. KW - social status insecurity KW - callousness KW - unemotional KW - uncaring KW - callous-unemotional traits KW - aggression KW - cyberaggression KW - prosocial Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.606865 SN - 1664-1078 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wochatz, Monique A1 - Schraplau, Anne A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Zecher, Mahli Megan A1 - Sharon, Hadar A1 - Alt, Yasmin A1 - Mayer, Frank A1 - Kalron, Alon T1 - Application of eccentric training in various clinical populations BT - Protocol for a multi-centered pilot and feasibility study in people with low back pain and people with multiple sclerosis JF - PLoS ONE N2 - Physical activity and exercise are effective approaches in prevention and therapy of multiple diseases. Although the specific characteristics of lengthening contractions have the potential to be beneficial in many clinical conditions, eccentric training is not commonly used in clinical populations with metabolic, orthopaedic, or neurologic conditions. The purpose of this pilot study is to investigate the feasibility, functional benefits, and systemic responses of an eccentric exercise program focused on the trunk and lower extremities in people with low back pain (LBP) and multiple sclerosis (MS). A six-week eccentric training program with three weekly sessions is performed by people with LBP and MS. The program consists of ten exercises addressing strength of the trunk and lower extremities. The study follows a four-group design (N = 12 per group) in two study centers (Israel and Germany): three groups perform the eccentric training program: A) control group (healthy, asymptomatic); B) people with LBP; C) people with MS; group D (people with MS) receives standard care physiotherapy. Baseline measurements are conducted before first training, post-measurement takes place after the last session both comprise blood sampling, self-reported questionnaires, mobility, balance, and strength testing. The feasibility of the eccentric training program will be evaluated using quantitative and qualitative measures related to the study process, compliance and adherence, safety, and overall program assessment. For preliminary assessment of potential intervention effects, surrogate parameters related to mobility, postural control, muscle strength and systemic effects are assessed. The presented study will add knowledge regarding safety, feasibility, and initial effects of eccentric training in people with orthopaedic and neurological conditions. The simple exercises, that are easily modifiable in complexity and intensity, are likely beneficial to other populations. Thus, multiple applications and implementation pathways for the herein presented training program are conceivable. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0270875 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 17 IS - 12 PB - Public Library of Science CY - San Francisco, California, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Niederer, Daniel A1 - Drießlein, David A1 - Beck, Heidrun A1 - Banzer, Winfried Eberhard A1 - Schneider, Christian A1 - Schiltenwolf, Marcus A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Psychosocial Moderators and Mediators of Sensorimotor Exercise in Low Back Pain: A Randomized Multicenter Controlled Trial JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry N2 - The effects of exercise interventions on unspecific chronic low back pain (CLBP) have been investigated in many studies, but the results are inconclusive regarding exercise types, efficiency, and sustainability. This may be because the influence of psychosocial factors on exercise induced adaptation regarding CLBP is neglected. Therefore, this study assessed psychosocial characteristics, which moderate and mediate the effects of sensorimotor exercise on LBP. A single-blind 3-arm multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted for 12-weeks. Three exercise groups, sensorimotor exercise (SMT), sensorimotor and behavioral training (SMT-BT), and regular routines (CG) were randomly assigned to 662 volunteers. Primary outcomes (pain intensity and disability) and psychosocial characteristics were assessed at baseline (M1) and follow-up (3/6/12/24 weeks, M2-M5). Multiple regression models were used to analyze whether psychosocial characteristics are moderators of the relationship between exercise and pain, meaning that psychosocial factors and exercise interact. Causal mediation analysis were conducted to analyze, whether psychosocial characteristics mediate the exercise effect on pain. A total of 453 participants with intermittent pain (mean age = 39.5 ± 12.2 years, f = 62%) completed the training. It was shown, that depressive symptomatology (at M4, M5), vital exhaustion (at M4), and perceived social support (at M5) are significant moderators of the relationship between exercise and the reduction of pain intensity. Further depressive mood (at M4), social-satisfaction (at M4), and anxiety (at M5 SMT) significantly moderate the exercise effect on pain disability. The amount of moderation was of clinical relevance. In contrast, there were no psychosocial variables which mediated exercise effects on pain. In conclusion it was shown, that psychosocial variables can be moderators in the relationship between sensorimotor exercise induced adaptation on CLBP which may explain conflicting results in the past regarding the merit of exercise interventions in CLBP. Results suggest further an early identification of psychosocial risk factors by diagnostic tools, which may essential support the planning of personalized exercise therapy. Level of Evidence: Level I. Clinical Trial Registration: DRKS00004977, LOE: I, MiSpEx: grant-number: 080102A/11-14. https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00004977. KW - low-back-pain KW - motor-control-exercise KW - multidisciplinary-therapy KW - MiSpEx-network KW - yellow flags Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.629474 SN - 1664-0640 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilbert, Jürgen A1 - Börnert-Ringleb, Moritz A1 - Lüke, Timo T1 - Statistical Power of Piecewise Regression Analyses of Single-Case Experimental Studies Addressing Behavior Problems JF - Frontiers in Education N2 - In intervention research, single-case experimental designs are an important way to gain insights into the causes of individual changes that yield high internal validity. They are commonly applied to examine the effectiveness of classroom-based interventions to reduce problem behavior in schools. At the same time, there is no consensus on good design characteristics of single-case experimental designs when dealing with behavioral problems in schools. Moreover, specific challenges arise concerning appropriate approaches to analyzing behavioral data. Our study addresses the interplay between the test power of piecewise regression analysis and important design specifications of single-case research designs. Here, we focus on the influence of the following specifications of single-case research designs: number of measurement times, the initial frequency of the behavior, intervention effect, and data trend. We conducted a Monte-Carlo study. First, simulated datasets were created with specific design conditions based on reviews of published single-case intervention studies. Following, data were analyzed using piecewise Poisson-regression models, and the influence of specific design specifications on the test power was investigated. Our results indicate that piecewise regressions have a high potential of adequately identifying the effects of interventions for single-case studies. At the same time, test power is strongly related to the specific design specifications of the single-case study: Few measurement times, especially in phase A, and low initial frequencies of the behavior make it impossible to detect even large intervention effects. Research designs with a high number of measurement times show robust power. The insights gained are highly relevant for researchers in the field, as decisions during the early stage of conceptualizing and planning single-case experimental design studies may impact the chance to identify an existing intervention effect during the research process correctly. KW - single-case design KW - single case analysis KW - Monte-Carlo simulation KW - behavior problems KW - special education KW - research design KW - single-case experimental design Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.917944 SN - 2504-284X VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiepke, Axel P. A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex T1 - Imaginary Worlds and Their Borders: An Opinion Article JF - Frontiers Media SA KW - imaginary world KW - fiction KW - narrative KW - embodied cognition KW - virtual reality KW - feeling of presence KW - mental simulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.793764 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Westphal, Andrea A1 - Kalinowski, Eva A1 - Hoferichter, Clara Josepha A1 - Vock, Miriam T1 - K−12 teachers' stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - We present the first systematic literature review on stress and burnout in K−12 teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a systematic literature search, we identified 17 studies that included 9,874 K−12 teachers from around the world. These studies showed some indication that burnout did increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. There were, however, almost no differences in the levels of stress and burnout experienced by K−12 teachers compared to individuals employed in other occupational fields. School principals' leadership styles emerged as an organizational characteristic that is highly relevant for K−12 teachers' levels of stress and burnout. Individual teacher characteristics associated with burnout were K−12 teachers' personality, self-efficacy in online teaching, and perceived vulnerability to COVID-19. In order to reduce stress, there was an indication that stress-management training in combination with training in technology use for teaching may be superior to stress-management training alone. Future research needs to adopt more longitudinal designs and examine the interplay between individual and organizational characteristics in the development of teacher stress and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. KW - burnout KW - stress KW - COVID-19 KW - pandemic KW - K−12 teachers KW - remote teaching Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920326 SN - 1664-1078 SP - 1 EP - 29 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - THES A1 - Wenk, Sebastian T1 - Engineering formatotrophic growth in Escherichia coli N2 - To meet the demands of a growing world population while reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, it is necessary to capture CO2 and convert it into value-added compounds. In recent years, metabolic engineering of microbes has gained strong momentum as a strategy for the production of valuable chemicals. As common microbial feedstocks like glucose directly compete with human consumption, the one carbon (C1) compound formate was suggested as an alternative feedstock. Formate can be easily produced by various means including electrochemical reduction of CO2 and could serve as a feedstock for microbial production, hence presenting a novel entry point for CO2 to the biosphere and a storage option for excess electricity. Compared to the gaseous molecule CO2, formate is a highly soluble compound that can be easily handled and stored. It can serve as a carbon and energy source for natural formatotrophs, but these microbes are difficult to cultivate and engineer. In this work, I present the results of several projects that aim to establish efficient formatotrophic growth of E. coli – which cannot naturally grow on formate – via synthetic formate assimilation pathways. In the first study, I establish a workflow for growth-coupled metabolic engineering of E. coli. I demonstrate this approach by presenting an engineering scheme for the PFL-threonine cycle, a synthetic pathway for anaerobic formate assimilation in E. coli. The described methods are intended to create a standardized toolbox for engineers that aim to establish novel metabolic routes in E. coli and related organisms. The second chapter presents a study on the catalytic efficiency of C1-oxidizing enzymes in vivo. As formatotrophic growth requires generation of both energy and biomass from formate, the engineered E. coli strains need to be equipped with a highly efficient formate dehydrogenase, which provides reduction equivalents and ATP for formate assimilation. I engineered a strain that cannot generate reducing power and energy for cellular growth, when fed on acetate. Under this condition, the strain depends on the introduction of an enzymatic system for NADH regeneration, which could further produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. I show that the strain presents a valuable testing platform for C1-oxidizing enzymes by testing different NAD-dependent formate and methanol dehydrogenases in the energy auxotroph strain. Using this platform, several candidate enzymes with high in vivo activity, were identified and characterized as potential energy-generating systems for synthetic formatotrophic or methylotrophic growth in E. coli.   In the third chapter, I present the establishment of the serine threonine cycle (STC) – a synthetic formate assimilation pathway – in E. coli. In this pathway, formate is assimilated via formate tetrahydrofolate ligase (FtfL) from Methylobacterium extorquens (M. extorquens). The carbon from formate is attached to glycine to produce serine, which is converted into pyruvate entering central metabolism. Via the natural threonine synthesis and cleavage route, glycine is regenerated and acetyl-CoA is produced as the pathway product. I engineered several selection strains that depend on different STC modules for growth and determined key enzymes that enable high flux through threonine synthesis and cleavage. I could show that expression of an auxiliary formate dehydrogenase was required to achieve growth via threonine synthesis and cleavage on pyruvate. By overexpressing most of the pathway enzymes from the genome, and applying adaptive laboratory evolution, growth on glycine and formate was achieved, indicating the activity of the complete cycle. The fourth chapter shows the establishment of the reductive glycine pathway (rGP) – a short, linear formate assimilation route – in E. coli. As in the STC, formate is assimilated via M. extorquens FtfL. The C1 from formate is condensed with CO2 via the reverse reaction of the glycine cleavage system to produce glycine. Another carbon from formate is attached to glycine to form serine, which is assimilated into central metabolism via pyruvate. The engineered E. coli strain, expressing most of the pathway genes from the genome, can grow via the rGP with formate or methanol as a sole carbon and energy source. N2 - Um den steigenden Bedarf einer wachsenden Weltbevölkerung zu decken und gleichzeitig die CO2-Emissionen zu reduzieren, ist es notwendig, CO2 aufzufangen und zu recyceln. Durch gentechnische Veränderungen von Mikroorganismen ist es möglich diese zur Produktion wertvoller organischer Verbindungen zu nutzen. Da mikrobielle Kulturen primär mit Glucose gefüttert werden und somit mit menschlicher Nahrungsversorgung konkurrieren, wurde die C1-Verbindung Formiat als alternativer bakterieller Nährstoff vorgeschlagen.. Formiat kann durch unterschiedliche Verfahren hergestellt werden, unter anderem durch elektrochemische Reduktion von CO2. Dieses Verfahren ermöglicht das Recycling von CO2 und weiterhin eine Speichermöglichkeit für überschüssige Elektrizität. Formiat ist im Vergleich zum gasförmigen CO2 gut wasserlöslich, was den Transport und die Verwendung als mikrobiellen Nährstoff erleichtert. Natürlich vorkommende formatotrophe Mikroorganismen nutzen Formiat als Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle. Diese lassen sich allerdings meist schwierig kultivieren und genetisch verändern. In dieser Arbeit stelle ich die Ergebnisse verschiedener Projekte vor, die gemeinsam darauf abzielen, effizientes formatotrophes Wachstum von E. coli – welches natürlicherweise nicht auf Formiat wachsen kann – mittels synthetischer Formiat-Assimilierungswege zu ermöglichen. In der ersten Studie stelle ich eine Strategie für wachstumsgekoppeltes Stoffwechsel-Engineering in E. coli vor. Ich erläutere diese Strategie anhand eines Beispiels, der schrittweisen Etablierung eines synthetischen Formiat- Assimilierungswegs, des PFL-Threonin-Zyklus. Die in diesem Kapitel beschriebenen Methoden sollen einen Leitfaden für Ingenieure bereitstellen, die neue Stoffwechselwege in E. coli und verwandten Organismen etablieren wollen. Im zweiten Kapitel stelle ich eine Studie über die katalytische Effizienz von C1-oxidierenden Enzymen vor. Da formatotrophes Wachstum sowohl die Erzeugung von Energie als auch von Biomasse aus Formiat erfordert, müssen synthetisch formatotrophe E. coli Stämme mit einer hocheffizienten Formiat-Dehydrogenase ausgestattet werden, welche Reduktionsäquivalente und ATP für die Assimilierung von Formiat liefert. Um die Effizienz verschiedener Enzyme testen und vergleichen zu können, entwickelte ich einen E. coli Stamm, der aus Acetat weder Reduktionsäquivalente noch Energie für das Zellwachstum erzeugen kann. Dieser „energie-auxotrophe“ Stamm benötigt eines zusätzlichen enzymatischen Systems zur NADH-Regenerierung, um auf Acetat wachsen zu können. Ich testete verschiedene NAD-abhängige Formiat- und Methanol-Dehydrogenasen in diesem Stamm und konnte zeigen, dass Wachstum auf Acetat durch Zugabe von Formiat oder Methanol ermöglicht wurde. Dies zeigt, dass der Stamm eine zuverlässige Testplattform für C1-oxidierende Enzyme darstellt. Unter Verwendung dieser Plattform wurden mehrere Kandidatenenzyme mit hoher in vivo-Aktivität identifiziert und als Kandidatenenzyme für synthetisches formatotrophes oder methylotrophes Wachstum in E. coli charakterisiert.   Im dritten Kapitel stelle ich die Etablierung des Serin-Threonin-Zyklus (STZ) – eines synthetischen Formiat-Assimilationswegs – in E. coli vor. In diesem Stoffwechselweg wird Formiat über die Formiat-Tetrahydrofolat-Ligase (FtfL) aus Methylobacterium extorquens (M. extorquens) assimiliert. Der Kohlenstoff aus Formiat wird an Glycin gebunden, um Serin zu produzieren, welches im nächsten Schritt in Pyruvat umgewandelt wird und so in den zentralen Kohlenstoffmetabolismus gelangt. Über den natürlichen Threonin-Synthese- und Spaltweg wird Glycin regeneriert und Acetyl-CoA als Produkt des Stoffwechselwegs generiert. Ich entwickelte mehrere E. coli Selektionsstämme, deren Wachstum von verschiedenen STZ-Modulen abhängt, und konnte Schlüsselenzyme bestimmen, die einen hohen Reaktionsfluss durch die Threonin-Synthese und -Spaltung ermöglichen. Ich konnte zeigen, dass die Expression einer Formiat-Dehydrogenase erforderlich ist, um Wachstum auf Pyruvat über Threonin zu erreichen. Durch Integration und Überexpression der meisten Enzyme des STZ auf Genomebene und Anwendung adaptiver Laborevolution wurde Wachstum auf Glycin und Formiat erreicht, was bedeutet, dass der gesamte Serin-Threonin-Zyklus in E. coli aktiv ist. Das vierte Kapitel zeigt die Etablierung des reduktiven Glycinwegs (rGW) – eines kurzen, linearen Formiat-Assimilierungswegs – in E. coli. Wie im STZ wird Formiat über M. extorquens FtfL assimiliert. Dabei wird das Kohlenstoffatom aus Formiat mit CO2 über die umgekehrte Reaktion des Glycin-Spaltungssystems zu Glycin kondensiert. Ein weiteres Kohlenstoffatom aus Formiat wird an Glycin gebunden, um Serin zu bilden, welches über Pyruvat in den Zentralstoffwechsel gelangt. Durch Expression der rGW Enzyme auf Genomebene und adaptive Laborevolution wurde ein E. coli Stamm erzeugt welcher über den rGW auf Formiat oder Methanol als einziger Kohlenstoff- und Energiequelle wachsen kann. KW - metabolic engineering KW - E. coli KW - formate assimilation KW - methanol assimilation KW - energy metabolism Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weithoff, Guntram A1 - Bell, Elanor Margaret T1 - Complex Trophic Interactions in an Acidophilic Microbial Community JF - Microorganisms N2 - Extreme habitats often harbor specific communities that differ substantially from non-extreme habitats. In many cases, these communities are characterized by archaea, bacteria and protists, whereas the number of species of metazoa and higher plants is relatively low. In extremely acidic habitats, mostly prokaryotes and protists thrive, and only very few metazoa thrive, for example, rotifers. Since many studies have investigated the physiology and ecology of individual species, there is still a gap in research on direct, trophic interactions among extremophiles. To fill this gap, we experimentally studied the trophic interactions between a predatory protist (Actinophrys sol, Heliozoa) and its prey, the rotifers Elosa woralli and Cephalodella sp., the ciliate Urosomoida sp. and the mixotrophic protist Chlamydomonas acidophila (a green phytoflagellate, Chlorophyta). We found substantial predation pressure on all animal prey. High densities of Chlamydomonas acidophila reduced the predation impact on the rotifers by interfering with the feeding behaviour of A. sol. These trophic relations represent a natural case of intraguild predation, with Chlamydomonas acidophila being the common prey and the rotifers/ciliate and A. sol being the intraguild prey and predator, respectively. We further studied this intraguild predation along a resource gradient using Cephalodella sp. as the intraguild prey. The interactions among the three species led to an increase in relative rotifer abundance with increasing resource (Chlamydomonas) densities. By applying a series of laboratory experiments, we revealed the complexity of trophic interactions within a natural extremophilic community. KW - acid mine drainage KW - extremophiles KW - food web KW - heliozoa KW - intraguild predation KW - mining lakes KW - Rotifera Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071340 SN - 2076-2607 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Wortmann, Hanna Rosalie A1 - Gisch, Ulrike Alexandra A1 - Baer, Nadja-Raphaela A1 - Schenk, Liane A1 - Anton, Verena A1 - Bergmann, Manuela M. T1 - An experimental approach to training interoceptive sensitivity BT - study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial JF - Nutrition Journal N2 - Background Eating in absence of hunger is quite common and often associated with an increased energy intake co-existent with a poorer food choice. Intuitive eating (IE), i.e., eating in accordance with internal hunger and satiety cues, may protect from overeating. IE, however, requires accurate perception and processing of one’s own bodily signals, also referred to as interoceptive sensitivity. Training interoceptive sensitivity might therefore be an effective method to promote IE and prevent overeating. As most studies on eating behavior are conducted in younger adults and close social relationships influence health-related behavior, this study focuses on middle-aged and older couples. Methods The present pilot randomized intervention study aims at investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a 21-day mindfulness-based training program designed to increase interoceptive sensitivity. A total of N = 60 couples participating in the NutriAct Family Study, aged 50–80 years, will be recruited. This randomized-controlled intervention study comprises three measurement points (pre-intervention, post-intervention, 4-week follow-up) and a 21-day training that consists of daily mindfulness-based guided audio exercises (e.g., body scan). A three-arm intervention study design is applied to compare two intervention groups (training together as a couple vs. training alone) with a control group (no training). Each measurement point includes the assessment of self-reported and objective indicators of interoceptive sensitivity (primary outcome), self-reported indicators of intuitive and maladaptive eating (secondary outcomes), and additional variables. A training evaluation applying focus group discussions will be conducted to assess participants’ overall acceptance of the training and its feasibility. Discussion By investigating the feasibility and effectiveness of a mindfulness-based training program to increase interoceptive sensitivity, the present study will contribute to a deeper understanding of how to promote healthy eating in older age. KW - Digital intervention KW - Older adults KW - Interoception KW - Eating behavior KW - Intuitive eating KW - Partnership KW - Mindfulness KW - Randomized-controlled trial KW - NutriAct Family Study KW - Mixed methods Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-022-00827-4 SN - 1475-2891 VL - 21 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Petersen, Ann-Christin A1 - von Rezori, Roman Enzio A1 - Buchallik, Friederike A1 - Baumeister, Harald A1 - Holl, Reinhard A1 - Minden, Kirsten A1 - Müller-​Stierlin, Annabel Sandra A1 - Reinauer, Christina A1 - Staab, Doris A1 - COACH consortium, T1 - A prospective investigation of developmental trajectories of psychosocial adjustment in adolescents facing a chronic condition - study protocol of an observational, multi-center study JF - BMC Pediatrics N2 - Background Relatively little is known about protective factors and the emergence and maintenance of positive outcomes in the field of adolescents with chronic conditions. Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to acquire a deeper understanding of the dynamic process of resilience factors, coping strategies and psychosocial adjustment of adolescents living with chronic conditions. Methods/design We plan to consecutively recruit N = 450 adolescents (12–21 years) from three German patient registries for chronic conditions (type 1 diabetes, cystic fibrosis, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis). Based on screening for anxiety and depression, adolescents are assigned to two parallel groups – “inconspicuous” (PHQ-9 and GAD-7 < 7) vs. “conspicuous” (PHQ-9 or GAD-7 ≥ 7) – participating in a prospective online survey at baseline and 12-month follow-up. At two time points (T1, T2), we assess (1) intra- and interpersonal resiliency factors, (2) coping strategies, and (3) health-related quality of life, well-being, satisfaction with life, anxiety and depression. Using a cross-lagged panel design, we will examine the bidirectional longitudinal relations between resiliency factors and coping strategies, psychological adaptation, and psychosocial adjustment. To monitor Covid-19 pandemic effects, participants are also invited to take part in an intermediate online survey. Discussion The study will provide a deeper understanding of adaptive, potentially modifiable processes and will therefore help to develop novel, tailored interventions supporting a positive adaptation in youths with a chronic condition. These strategies should not only support those at risk but also promote the maintenance of a successful adaptation. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), no. DRKS00025125. Registered on May 17, 2021. KW - Chronic conditions KW - Adolescents KW - Prospective KW - Quality of life KW - Resiliency KW - Coping KW - Protective factors KW - Type 1 diabetes KW - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis KW - Cystic fibrosis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-021-02869-9 SN - 1471-2431 VL - 21 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - BMC pediatrics CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wang, Wei A1 - Cherstvy, Andrey G. A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Sokolov, Igor M. T1 - Restoring ergodicity of stochastically reset anomalous-diffusion processes JF - Physical Review Research N2 - How do different reset protocols affect ergodicity of a diffusion process in single-particle-tracking experiments? We here address the problem of resetting of an arbitrary stochastic anomalous-diffusion process (ADP) from the general mathematical points of view and assess ergodicity of such reset ADPs for an arbitrary resetting protocol. The process of stochastic resetting describes the events of the instantaneous restart of a particle’s motion via randomly distributed returns to a preset initial position (or a set of those). The waiting times of such resetting events obey the Poissonian, Gamma, or more generic distributions with specified conditions regarding the existence of moments. Within these general approaches, we derive general analytical results and support them by computer simulations for the behavior of the reset mean-squared displacement (MSD), the new reset increment-MSD (iMSD), and the mean reset time-averaged MSD (TAMSD). For parental nonreset ADPs with the MSD(t)∝ tμ we find a generic behavior and a switch of the short-time growth of the reset iMSD and mean reset TAMSDs from ∝ _μ for subdiffusive to ∝ _1 for superdiffusive reset ADPs. The critical condition for a reset ADP that recovers its ergodicity is found to be more general than that for the nonequilibrium stationary state, where obviously the iMSD and the mean TAMSD are equal. The consideration of the new statistical quantifier, the iMSD—as compared to the standard MSD—restores the ergodicity of an arbitrary reset ADP in all situations when the μth moment of the waiting-time distribution of resetting events is finite. Potential applications of these new resetting results are, inter alia, in the area of biophysical and soft-matter systems. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.013161 SN - 2643-1564 VL - 4 SP - 013161-1 EP - 013161-13 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, Maryland, United States ET - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Machimbarrena, Juan Manuel A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Gámez-Guadix, Manuel A1 - Yang, Soeun A1 - Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee A1 - Singh, Ritu A1 - Biswal, Ramakrishna A1 - Flora, Katerina A1 - Daskalou, Vassiliki A1 - Maziridou, Evdoxia A1 - Sung Hong, Jun A1 - Krause, Norman T1 - Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions JF - International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health N2 - Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents’ development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents’ ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim–perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12–18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4%, boys: 48.9%, and 0.7% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim–perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim–perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents’ ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed. KW - cyberhate KW - hate speech KW - coping strategies KW - cross-national KW - counter-speech Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116749 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 11 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vogel, Johannes A1 - Paton, Eva Nora A1 - Aich, Valentin T1 - Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean JF - Biogeosciences N2 - Mediterranean ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to climate change and the associated increase in climate anomalies. This study investigates extreme ecosystem responses evoked by climatic drivers in the Mediterranean Basin for the time span 1999–2019 with a specific focus on seasonal variations as the seasonal timing of climatic anomalies is considered essential for impact and vulnerability assessment. A bivariate vulnerability analysis is performed for each month of the year to quantify which combinations of the drivers temperature (obtained from ERA5-Land) and soil moisture (obtained from ESA CCI and ERA5-Land) lead to extreme reductions in ecosystem productivity using the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FAPAR; obtained from the Copernicus Global Land Service) as a proxy. The bivariate analysis clearly showed that, in many cases, it is not just one but a combination of both drivers that causes ecosystem vulnerability. The overall pattern shows that Mediterranean ecosystems are prone to three soil moisture regimes during the yearly cycle: they are vulnerable to hot and dry conditions from May to July, to cold and dry conditions from August to October, and to cold conditions from November to April, illustrating the shift from a soil-moisture-limited regime in summer to an energy-limited regime in winter. In late spring, a month with significant vulnerability to hot conditions only often precedes the next stage of vulnerability to both hot and dry conditions, suggesting that high temperatures lead to critically low soil moisture levels with a certain time lag. In the eastern Mediterranean, the period of vulnerability to hot and dry conditions within the year is much longer than in the western Mediterranean. Our results show that it is crucial to account for both spatial and temporal variability to adequately assess ecosystem vulnerability. The seasonal vulnerability approach presented in this study helps to provide detailed insights regarding the specific phenological stage of the year in which ecosystem vulnerability to a certain climatic condition occurs. How to cite. Vogel, J., Paton, E., and Aich, V.: Seasonal ecosystem vulnerability to climatic anomalies in the Mediterranean, Biogeosciences, 18, 5903–5927, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021, 2021. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-18-5903-2021 SN - 1726-4189 VL - 18 SP - 5903 EP - 5927 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ET - 22 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Veh, Georg A1 - Lützow, Natalie A1 - Kharlamova, Varvara A1 - Petrakov, Dmitry A1 - Hugonnet, Romain A1 - Korup, Oliver T1 - Trends, Breaks, and Biases in the Frequency of Reported Glacier Lake Outburst Floods JF - Earth's Future N2 - Thousands of glacier lakes have been forming behind natural dams in high mountains following glacier retreat since the early 20th century. Some of these lakes abruptly released pulses of water and sediment with disastrous downstream consequences. Yet it remains unclear whether the reported rise of these glacier lake outburst floods (GLOFs) has been fueled by a warming atmosphere and enhanced meltwater production, or simply a growing research effort. Here we estimate trends and biases in GLOF reporting based on the largest global catalog of 1,997 dated glacier-related floods in six major mountain ranges from 1901 to 2017. We find that the positive trend in the number of reported GLOFs has decayed distinctly after a break in the 1970s, coinciding with independently detected trend changes in annual air temperatures and in the annual number of field-based glacier surveys (a proxy of scientific reporting). We observe that GLOF reports and glacier surveys decelerated, while temperature rise accelerated in the past five decades. Enhanced warming alone can thus hardly explain the annual number of reported GLOFs, suggesting that temperature-driven glacier lake formation, growth, and failure are weakly coupled, or that outbursts have been overlooked. Indeed, our analysis emphasizes a distinct geographic and temporal bias in GLOF reporting, and we project that between two to four out of five GLOFs on average might have gone unnoticed in the early to mid-20th century. We recommend that such biases should be considered, or better corrected for, when attributing the frequency of reported GLOFs to atmospheric warming. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EF002426 SN - 2328-4277 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, United States ET - 3 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Trilcke, Peer A1 - Parr, Rolf A1 - D'Aprile, Iwan-Michelangelo A1 - Kraus, Hans-Christof A1 - Blomqvist, Clarissa A1 - McGillen, Petra S. A1 - Aus der Au, Carmen A1 - Phillips, Alexander Robert A1 - Helmer, Debora A1 - Singer, Rüdiger A1 - Görner, Rüdiger A1 - Berbig, Roland A1 - Rose, Dirk A1 - Wilhelms, Kerstin A1 - Krause, Marcus A1 - Hehle, Christine A1 - Gretz, Daniela A1 - Gfrereis, Heike A1 - Lepp, Nicola A1 - Morlok, Franziska A1 - Haut, Gideon A1 - Brechenmacher, Thomas A1 - Stauffer, Isabelle A1 - Lyon, John B. A1 - Bachmann, Vera A1 - Ewert, Michael A1 - Immer, Nikolas A1 - Vedder, Ulrike A1 - Fischer, Hubertus A1 - Becker, Sabina A1 - Wegmann, Christoph A1 - Möller, Klaus-Peter A1 - Schneider, Ulrike A1 - Waszynski, Alexander A1 - Wedel, Michael A1 - Brehm, David A1 - Wolpert, Georg ED - Trilcke, Peer T1 - Fontanes Medien N2 - Theodor Fontane war, im durchaus modernen Sinne, ein Medienarbeiter: Als Presse-Agent in London lernte er die innovativste Presselandschaft seiner Zeit kennen; als Redakteur in Berlin leistete er journalistische Kärrnerarbeit; er schrieb Kritiken über das Theater, die bildende Kunst und die Literatur – und auch seine Romane wie seine Reisebücher sind stets Medienprodukte, als Serien in in Zeitungen und Zeitschriften platziert, bevor sie auf dem Buchmarkt erschienen. Der vorliegende Band dokumentiert die Ergebnisse eines internationalen Kongresses, veranstaltet 2019 vom Theodor-Fontane-Archiv in Potsdam. Die ebenso rasante wie umfassende Medialisierung und Vernetzung der Gesellschaft im Laufe des 19. Jahrhunderts wird dabei als produktive Voraussetzung der schriftstellerischen Tätigkeit Fontanes begriffen. Eingebettet in ein weit verzweigtes Netz der Korrespondenz und der postalischen Textzirkulation, vertraut mit den Routinen und Publika der periodischen Massenpresse, für die er sein Leben lang schrieb, und auf vielfältige Weise geprägt von der visuellen Kultur seiner Zeit wird Theodor Fontane als gleichermaßen journalistisch versierter wie ästhetisch sensibler Grenzgänger erkennbar. KW - Fontane, Theodor KW - Gesellschaft KW - Medialisierung KW - Presse Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-11-073330-3 SN - 978-3-11-073810-0 SN - 978-3-11-073323-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733235 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tofelde, Stefanie A1 - Bufe, Aaron A1 - Turowski, Jens M. T1 - Hillslope Sediment Supply Limits Alluvial Valley Width JF - AGU Advances N2 - River-valley morphology preserves information on tectonic and climatic conditions that shape landscapes. Observations suggest that river discharge and valley-wall lithology are the main controls on valley width. Yet, current models based on these observations fail to explain the full range of cross-sectional valley shapes in nature, suggesting hitherto unquantified controls on valley width. In particular, current models cannot explain the existence of paired terrace sequences that form under cyclic climate forcing. Paired river terraces are staircases of abandoned floodplains on both valley sides, and hence preserve past valley widths. Their formation requires alternating phases of predominantly river incision and predominantly lateral planation, plus progressive valley narrowing. While cyclic Quaternary climate changes can explain shifts between incision and lateral erosion, the driving mechanism of valley narrowing is unknown. Here, we extract valley geometries from climatically formed, alluvial river-terrace sequences and show that across our dataset, the total cumulative terrace height (here: total valley height) explains 90%–99% of the variance in valley width at the terrace sites. This finding suggests that valley height, or a parameter that scales linearly with valley height, controls valley width in addition to river discharge and lithology. To explain this valley-width-height relationship, we reformulate existing valley-width models and suggest that, when adjusting to new boundary conditions, alluvial valleys evolve to a width at which sediment removal from valley walls matches lateral sediment supply from hillslope erosion. Such a hillslope-channel coupling is not captured in current valley-evolution models. Our model can explain the existence of paired terrace sequences under cyclic climate forcing and relates valley width to measurable field parameters. Therefore, it facilitates the reconstruction of past climatic and tectonic conditions from valley topography. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV000641 SN - 2576-604X PB - American Geophysical Union (AGU); Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tofelde, Stefanie A1 - Bernhardt, Anne A1 - Guerit, Laure A1 - Romans, Brian W. T1 - Times Associated With Source-to-Sink Propagation of Environmental Signals During Landscape Transience JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - Sediment archives in the terrestrial and marine realm are regularly analyzed to infer changes in climate, tectonic, or anthropogenic boundary conditions of the past. However, contradictory observations have been made regarding whether short period events are faithfully preserved in stratigraphic archives; for instance, in marine sediments offshore large river systems. On the one hand, short period events are hypothesized to be non-detectable in the signature of terrestrially derived sediments due to buffering during sediment transport along large river systems. On the other hand, several studies have detected signals of short period events in marine records offshore large river systems. We propose that this apparent discrepancy is related to the lack of a differentiation between different types of signals and the lack of distinction between river response times and signal propagation times. In this review, we (1) expand the definition of the term ‘signal’ and group signals in sub-categories related to hydraulic grain size characteristics, (2) clarify the different types of ‘times’ and suggest a precise and consistent terminology for future use, and (3) compile and discuss factors influencing the times of signal transfer along sediment routing systems and how those times vary with hydraulic grain size characteristics. Unraveling different types of signals and distinctive time periods related to signal propagation addresses the discrepancies mentioned above and allows a more comprehensive exploration of event preservation in stratigraphy – a prerequisite for reliable environmental reconstructions from terrestrially derived sedimentary records. KW - signal propagation KW - landscape transience KW - source-to-sink KW - stratigraphy KW - response time Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.628315 SN - 2296-6463 VL - 9 SP - 1 EP - 26 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Timme, Sinika A1 - Wolff, Wanja A1 - Englert, Chris A1 - Brand, Ralf T1 - Tracking Self-Control – Task Performance and Pupil Size in a Go/No-Go Inhibition Task JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - There is an ongoing debate about how to test and operationalize self-control. This limited understanding is in large part due to a variety of different tests and measures used to assess self-control, as well as the lack of empirical studies examining the temporal dynamics during the exertion of self-control. In order to track changes that occur over the course of exposure to a self-control task, we investigate and compare behavioral, subjective, and physiological indicators during the exertion of self-control. Participants completed both a task requiring inhibitory control (Go/No-Go task) and a control task (two-choice task). Behavioral performance and pupil size were measured during the tasks. Subjective vitality was measured before and after the tasks. While pupil size and subjective vitality showed similar trajectories in the two tasks, behavioral performance decreased in the inhibitory control-demanding task, but not in the control task. However, behavioral, subjective, and physiological measures were not significantly correlated. These results suggest that there is a disconnect between different measures of self-control with high intra- and interindividual variability. Theoretical and methodological implications for self-control theory and future empirical work are discussed. KW - self-control KW - response inhibition KW - psychophysiological KW - behavioral and self-report measures KW - pupil diameter Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915016 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tiedemann, Kim A1 - Iobbi-Nivol, Chantal A1 - Leimkühler, Silke T1 - The Role of the Nucleotides in the Insertion of the bis-Molybdopterin Guanine Dinucleotide Cofactor into apo-Molybdoenzymes JF - Molecules N2 - The role of the GMP nucleotides of the bis-molybdopterin guanine dinucleotide (bis-MGD) cofactor of the DMSO reductase family has long been a subject of discussion. The recent characterization of the bis-molybdopterin (bis-Mo-MPT) cofactor present in the E. coli YdhV protein, which differs from bis-MGD solely by the absence of the nucleotides, now enables studying the role of the nucleotides of bis-MGD and bis-MPT cofactors in Moco insertion and the activity of molybdoenzymes in direct comparison. Using the well-known E. coli TMAO reductase TorA as a model enzyme for cofactor insertion, we were able to show that the GMP nucleotides of bis-MGD are crucial for the insertion of the bis-MGD cofactor into apo-TorA. KW - bis-MGD KW - chaperone KW - molybdenum cofactor KW - TMAO reductase Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092993 SN - 1420-3049 VL - 27 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thonig, Richard A1 - Del Rio, Pablo A1 - Kiefer, Christoph A1 - Lazaro Touza, Lara A1 - Escribano, Gonzalo A1 - Lechon, Yolanda A1 - Spaeth, Leonhard A1 - Wolf, Ingo A1 - Lilliestam, Johan T1 - Does ideology influence the ambition level of climate and renewable energy policy? BT - Insights from four European countries JF - Energy sources, part B: economics, planning, and policy N2 - We investigate whether political ideology has an observable effect on decarbonization ambition, renewable power aims, and preferences for power system balancing technologies in four European countries. Based on the Energy Logics framework, we identify ideologically different transition strategies (state-centered, market-centered, grassroots-centered) contained in government policies and opposition party programs valid in 2019. We compare these policies and programs with citizen poll data. We find that ideology has a small effect: governments and political parties across the spectrum have similar, and relatively ambitious, decarbonization and renewables targets. This mirrors citizens' strong support for ambitious action regardless of their ideological self-description. However, whereas political positions on phasing out fossil fuel power are clear across the policy space, positions on phasing in new flexibility options to balance intermittent renewables are vague or non-existent. As parties and citizens agree on strong climate and renewable power aims, the policy ambition is likely to remain high, even if governments change. KW - political ideology KW - climate policy KW - energy policy KW - europe KW - european KW - Union KW - renewable energy KW - flexibility Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1811806 SN - 1556-7249 SN - 1556-7257 VL - 16 IS - 1 SP - 4 EP - 22 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Teichmann, Erik A1 - Lewandowski, Heather J. A1 - Alemani, Micol T1 - Investigating students’ views of experimental physics in German laboratory classes JF - Physical Review Physics Education Research N2 - There is a large variety of goals instructors have for laboratory courses, with different courses focusing on different subsets of goals. An often implicit, but crucial, goal is to develop students’ attitudes, views, and expectations about experimental physics to align with practicing experimental physicists. The assessment of laboratory courses upon this one dimension of learning has been intensively studied in U.S. institutions using the Colorado Learning Attitudes about Science Survey for Experimental Physics (E-CLASS). However, there is no such an instrument available to use in Germany, and the influence of laboratory courses on students views about the nature of experimental physics is still unexplored at German-speaking institutions. Motivated by the lack of an assessment tool to investigate this goal in laboratory courses at German-speaking institutions, we present a translated version of the E-CLASS adapted to the context at German-speaking institutions. We call the German version of the E-CLASS, the GE-CLASS. We describe the translation process and the creation of an automated web-based system for instructors to assess their laboratory courses. We also present first results using GE-CLASS obtained at the University of Potsdam. A first comparison between E-CLASS and GE-CLASS results shows clear differences between University of Potsdam and U.S. students’ views and beliefs about experimental physics. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.18.010135 SN - 1554-9178 VL - 18 SP - 010135-1 EP - 010135-17 PB - APS CY - College Park, Maryland, United States ET - 1 ER - TY - THES A1 - Swart, Corné T1 - Managing protein activity in A. thaliana BT - A proteomic approach to understanding SUMOylation as well as the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - THES A1 - Störmann, Florian Konstantin T1 - Multifunctional Microballoons for the active and passive control of fluid-flows N2 - Functional materials, also called "Smart Materials", are described by their ability to fulfill a desired task through targeted interaction with its environment. Due to this functional integration, such materials are of increased interest, especially in areas where the increasing micronization of components is required. Modern manufacturing processes (e.g. microfluidics) and the availability of a wide variety of functional materials (e.g. shape memory materials) now enable the production of particle-based switching components. This category includes micropumps and microvalves, whose basic function is the active control of liquid flows. One approach in realizing those microcomponents as pursued by this work, enables variable size-switching of water-filled microballoons by implementing a stimulus-sensitive switching motif in the capsule's membrane shell, while being under the influence of a constant driving force. The switching motif with its gatekeeper function has a critical influence on one or more material parameters, which modulate the capsule's resistance against the driving force in microballoon expansion process. The advantage of this concept is that even non-variable analyte conditions, such as concentration levels of ions, can be capitalized to generate external force fields that, under the control of the membrane, cause an inflation of the microballoon by an osmotically driven water influx. In case of osmotic pressure gradients as the driving force for the capsule expansion, material parameters associated with the gatekeeper function are specifically the permeability and the mechanical stiffness of the shell material. While a modulation of the shell permeability could be utilized to kinetically impede the water influx on large time scales, a modulation of the shell's mechanical stiffness even might be utilized to completely prevent the capsule inflation due to a possible non-deformability beneath a certain threshold pressure. In polymer networks, which are a suitable material class for the demanded capsule shell because of their excellent elasticity, both the permeability and the mechanical properties are strongly influenced by the crystallinity of the material. Since the permeability is effectively reduced with increasing crystallinity, while the mechanical stiffness is simultaneously greatly increased, both effects point in the same direction in terms of their functional relationship. For this reason and due to a reversible and contactless modulation of the membrane crystallinity by heat input, crystallites may be suitable switching motifs for controlling the capsule expansion. As second design element of reversible expandable microballoons, the capsule geometry, defined by an aqueous core enveloped by the temperature-sensitive polymer network membrane, should allow an osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane layer. The strength of the inflation pressure and the associated inflation velocity upon membrane melting should be controlled by the salt concentration within the aqueous core, while a turn in the osmotic gradient should furthermore allow the reversible process of capsule deflation. Therefore, it should be possible to build either microvalves and micropumps, while their intended action of either pumping or valving is determined by their state of expansion and the direction of the osmotic pressure gradient.. Microballoons of approximately 300 µm in diameter were formed via droplet-based microfluidics from double-emulsion templates (w/o/w). The elastomeric capsule membrane was formed by photo-crosslinking of methacrylate (MA) functionalized oligo(ε-caprolactone) precursors (≈ 3.8 MA-arms, Mn ≈ 12000 g mol-1) within the organic medium layer (o) via UV-exposure after droplet-formation. After removal of the toluene/chloroform mixture by slow extraction via the continuous aqueous phase, the capsules solidified under the development of a characteristic "mushroom"-like shape at specific experimental conditions (e.g. λ = 308 nm, 57 mJ·s-1·cm-2, 16 min). It could be furthermore shown that in dependency to the process parameters: oligomer concentration and curing-time also spherical capsules were accessible. Long curing-times and high oligomer concentrations at a fixed light-intensity favored the formation of "mushroom"-like capsules, whereas the contrary led to spherical shaped capsules. A comparative study on thin polymer network films of same composition and equal treatment proved a correlation between the film's crosslink density and their contraction capability, while stronger crosslinked polymer networks showed a stronger contraction after solvent removal. In combination with observations during capsule solidification via light-microscopy, where a continuous shaping from almost spherical crosslinked templates to "mushroom"-shaped and solidified capsules was stated, the following mechanism was proposed. In case of low oligomer contents and short curing-times, the contraction of the capsule shell during solvent removal is strongly diminished due to a low degree of crosslinking. Therefore, the solidifying shell could freely collapse onto the aqueous core. In the other case, high oligomer concentrations and long curing-times will favor the formation of highly crosslinked capsule membranes with a strong contraction capability. Due to an observed decentered location of the aqueous core within the swollen polymer network, an uneven radial stress along the capsule's circumference is exerted to the incompressible core. This lead to an uneven contraction during solvent removal and a directed flow of the core fluid into the direction of the minimal stress vector. In consequence, the initially thicker spherical cap contracts, whereas the opposing thinner spherical cap get stretched. The "mushroom"-shape over some advantages over their spherical shaped counterparts, why they were selected for the further experiments. Besides the necessity of a high density of crosslinking for the purpose of extraordinary elasticity and toughness, the form-anisotropy promotes a faster microballoon expandability due to a partial reduction of the membrane thickness. Additionally, pre-stretched regions of thin thickness might provide a better resistance against inflation pressure than spherical but non-stretched capsules of equal membrane thickness. The resulting "mushroom"-shaped microcapsules exhibited a melting point of Tm ≈ 50 - 60 °C and a degree of crystallinity of Xc ≈ 29 - 38 % depending on the membrane thickness and internal salt content, which is slightly lower than for the non-crosslinked oligomer and reasoned by a limited chain mobility upon crosslinking. Nonetheless, the melting transition of the polymer network was associated with a strong drop in its mechanical stiffness, which was shown to have a strong influence on the osmotic driven expansion of the microcapsules. Capsules that were subjected to osmotic pressures between 1.5 and 4.7 MPa did not expand if the temperature was well below the melting point of the capsule's membrane, i.e. at room temperature. In contrast, a continuous expansion, while approaching asymptotically to a final capsule size, was observed if the temperature exceeded the melting point, i.e. 60 °C. Microballoons, which were kept for 56 days at ∆Π = 1.5 MPa and room temperature, did not change significantly in diameter, why the impact of the mechanical stiffness on the expansion behavior is considered to be the greater than the influence of the shell permeability. The time-resolved expansion behavior of the microballoons above their Tm was subsequently modeled, using difusion equations that were corrected for shape anisotropy and elastic restoring forces. A shape-related and expansion dependent pre-factor was used to dynamically address the influence of the shell thickness differences along the circumference on the inflation velocity, whereas the microballoon's elastic contraction upon inflation was rendered by the inclusion of a hyperelastic constitutive model. An important finding resulting from this model was the pronounced increase in inflation velocity compared to hypothetical capsules with a homogeneous shell thickness, which stresses the benefit of employing shape anisotropic balloon-like capsules in this study. Furthermore, the model was able to predict the finite expandability on basis of entropy-elastic recovery forces and strain-hardening effects. A comparison of six different microballoons with different shell thicknesses and internal salt contents showed the linear relationship between the volumetric expansion, the shell thickness and the applied osmotic pressure, as represented by the model. As the proposed model facilitates the prediction of the expansion kinetics depending on the membranes mechanical and diffusional characteristics, it might be a screening tool for future material selections. In course of the microballoon expansion process, capsules of intermediate diameters could be isolated by recrystallization of the membrane, which is mainly caused by a restoration of the membrane's mechanical stiffness and is otherwise difficult to achieve with other stimuli-sensitive systems. The capsule's crystallinity of intermediate expansion states was nearly unchanged, whereas the lamellar crystal size tends to decreased with the expansion ratio. Therefore, it was assumed that the elastic modulus was only minimally altered and might increased due to the networks segment-chain extension. In addition to the volume increase achieved by inflation, a turn in the osmotic gradient also facilitated the reversible deflation, which was shown in inflation/deflation cycles. These both characteristics of the introduced microballoons are important parameter regarding the realization of micropumps and microvalves. The fixation of expanded microcapsules via recrystallization enabled the storage of entropy-elastic strain-energy, which could be utilized for pumping actions in non-aqueous media. Here, the pumping velocity depended on both, the type of surrounding medium and the applied temperature. Surrounding media that supported the fast transport of pumped liquid showed an accelerated deflation, while high temperatures further accelerate the pumping velocity. Very fast rejection of the incorporated payload was furthermore realized with pierced expanded microballoons, which were subjected to temperatures above their Tm. The possible fixation of intermediate particle sizes provide opportunities for vent constructions that allowed the precise adjustment of specific flow-rates and multiple valve openings and closings. A valve construction was realized by the insertion of a single or multiple microballoons in a microfluidic channel. A complete and a partial closing of the microballoon-valves was demonstrated as a function of the heating period. In this context, a difference between the inflation and deflation velocity was stated, summarizing slower expansion kinetics. Overall, microballoons, which presented both on-demand pumping and reversible valving by a temperature-triggered change in the capsule's volume, might be suitable components that help to design fully integrated LOC devices, due to the implementation of the control switch and controllable inflation/deflation kinetics. In comparison to other state of the art stimuli-sensitive materials, one has to highlight the microballoons capability of stabilizing almost continuously intermediate capsule sizes by simple recrystallization of the microballoon's membrane. N2 - Funktionsmaterialien, auch "Smart Materials" genannt, werden durch ihre Fähigkeit, durch die gezielte Interaktion mit seiner Umgebung eine gewünschte Aufgabe zu erfüllen, beschrieben. Aufgrund dieser Funktionsintegration sind solche Materialien vor allem in Bereichen, in denen die zunehmende Mikronisierung von Bauteilen benötigt wird, von gesteigerten Interesse. Moderne Fertigungsverfahren (z..B. Mikrofluidik) und die Verfügbarkeit verschiedenster Funktionsmaterialien (z.B. Formgedächtnismaterialien) ermöglichen heutzutage die Herstellung partikelbasierter Schaltkomponenten. In diese Kategorie fallen unter anderem Mikropumpen und Mikroventile, deren grundsätzliche Funktion die aktive Steuerung von Flüssigkeitsströmen ist. Ein Ansatz zur Realisierung solcher Mikroschalter, der von dieser Arbeit verfolgt wurde, basiert auf wassergefüllten Mikroballons mit einem integrierten stimuli-sensitiven Schaltelement, welche unter dem Einfluss einer konstanten Antriebskraft eine Gröÿenänderung erfahren. Das Schaltmotiv als kontrollierende Instanz entscheidet dabei über die Auswirkung der einwirkenden Kraft auf die Gröÿenänderung durch ihren Einfluss auf einen oder mehrere Materialparameter. Dies ermöglicht die Ausnutzung nicht-variabler Analytbedingungen, wie zum Beispiel Ionenkonzentrationsunterschiede, zur Erzeugung von Kraftfeldern, welche eine Expansion der Mikroballons durch Osmose hervorrufen. Materialparameter welche mit osmotischen Volumenströmen assoziiert sind und diese steuern, sind im Speziellen die Permeabilität und die mechanische Steifigkeit der Kapselmembran. Durch eine Verringerung der Permeabilität kann die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit der Kapseln kinetisch gehemmt und zu langen Zeitperioden hin verschoben werden, wohingegen eine Verstärkung der mechanischen Steifigkeit die Expansion der Kapseln komplett unterbinden kann, indem der angelegte osmotische Druck unterhalb des zur Dehnung notwendigen Schwellendruck liegt.. In Verbindung mit Polymernetzwerken, welche aufgrund ihrer herausragenden Elastizität und Zähfestigkeit eine geeignete Materialklasse für die Herstellung der Kapselmembran darstellen, sind sowohl die Permeabilität als auch die mechanische Steifigkeit mit der Kristallinität des Materials assoziiert. Grundsätzlich kann festgestellt werden, dass die Permeabilität mit der Kristallinität sinkt, wohingegen die Steifigkeit mit ihr steigt. Die Expansion der Kapseln sollte demnach in Abhängigkeit der Kristallinität des Hüllmaterials ermöglicht oder unterbunden werden können, weswegen sich Kristallite als temperatur-sensitive Schaltmotive eignen sollten. Das zweite Designelement von reversibel expandierbaren Mikroballons wird durch die Kapselgeometrie beschrieben, welche sowohl einen wässrigen Kern als auch eine elastomere, semi-permeable Membran aufweist. Diese Kompartimentierung ermöglicht zum einen die Generierung eines osmotischen Druckgradientens zwischen Kapselkern und Umgebung und zum anderen die Erzeugung einer dünnen und umspannenden Polymermembran. Der osmotische Druck als auch die hiermit einhergehende Expansionsgeschwindigkeit nach Aufschmelzen der Kapselmembran sollte durch das Einstellen des Salzgehaltes des Partikelkerns möglich sein. Eine reversible Kapselschrumpfung nach erfolgter Expansion sollte durch Änderungen des äußeren Salzgehaltes zugänglich sein. Auf Basis dieses Konzepts sollten demnach reversibel schaltbare Mikropumpen und Mikroventile realisierbar sein, wobei die Art ihrer Funktion sowohl von ihrem Expansionszustand als auch von der Richtung des osmotischen Druckgradienten abhängt. Die templat-basierte Erzeugung von Mikroballons mit einem Durchmesser von ca. 300 µm erfolgte aus (w/o/w) Doppelemulsionströpfchen mittels Mikrofluidik. Die elastomere Kapselmembran wurde durch Photovernetzung von Methacrylat funktionalisierten oligo(ϵ-caprolacton) Vorläufern (≈ 3.8 MA-Arme, Mn ≈ 12000 g mol-1) aus der organischen Phase (o) und nach Abschluss der Tröpfchenformierung erzeugt. Nach Verfestigung der Kapselmembran durch langsames extrahieren des Lösungsmittelgemisches (Toluol/Chloroform) über die kontinuierliche wässrige Phase, wurden unter bestimmten Reaktionsbedingungen während der Photovernetzung (e.g. λ = 308 nm, 57 mJ·s-1·cm-2, 16 min) formanisotrope "pilzförmige" Mikrokapseln erhalten. Es wurde festgestellt, dass über die Syntheseparameter der Oligomerkonzentration und Belichtungszeit, die Formgebung zwischen kugelförmigen und "pilzförmigen" Kapseln gesteuert werden konnte. Im Fall von niedrigen Oligomerkonzentrationen und kurzen Belichtungszeiten wurden kugelförmige Mikrokapseln und ansonsten "pilzförmige" Kapseln erzeugt. In einer vergleichenden Studie an dünnen Polymernetzwerkfilmen gleicher Zusammensetzung und Behandlung konnte ein Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden Syntheseparametern und der Kontraktilität der Filme bestätigt werden, wobei im Falle höherer Oligomerkonzentrationen und längeren Belichtungszeiten eine stärkere Kontraktion der Filme nach Abdampfen des Lösungsmittelgemisches beobachtet werden konnte. Zusammen mit Beobachtungen eines kontinuierlichen Ausprägens der "Pilzform" von initial annähernd kugelförmigen Kapseln im Laufe des Verfestigungsprozesses mittels Lichtmikroskopie wird folgender Mechanismus der Formausprägung vorgeschlagen. Kapseln mit niedriger Vernetzungsdichte zeigen nur eine geringe Kontraktilität, wodurch das Polymernetzwerk nach Extraktion des Lösungsmittelgemisches frei auf der Kernoberfläche kollabieren kann. Stark vernetzte Kapseln weisen hingegen eine sehr starke Schrumpfung infolge des Lösungsmittelverlustes auf. Aufgrund der nicht mittigen Positionierung des wässrigen Kerns mit Abschluss der Tröpfchenbildung und der darauf ausgebildeten inhomogenen Schichtdickenverteilung ergeben sich unterschiedlich starke radiale Spannungsunterschiede entlang der Membran. Bereiche großer Materialstärke kontrahieren infolge stärker und sorgen für eine Verformung des inkompressiblen wässrigen Kerns in Richtung dünnerer Membransegmente, welche daraufhin gedehnt werden. Nach Abschluss der Membranverfestigung liegen demnach entspannte und stark vorgedehnte Membransegmente vor, die aufgrund der Kristallisation konserviert werden. Die "Pilzform" bietet hinsichtlich der Expansionseigenschaften der Mikroballons einige Vorteile gegenüber ihrem kugelförmigen Pendant, weswegen diese für die weiteren Experimente verwendet wurden. Neben den Anforderung hoher Vernetzungsdichten zum Zwecke der geforderten Elastizität, wird durch die Formanisotropie und der damit verbundenen Schichtdickenunterschiede die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit der Kapseln gesteigert. Weiterhin könnte die Vorstreckung der dünnen Membranschichten eine zusätzliche Stabilität gegenüber dem angelegten osmotischen Drucks aufweisen und somit ein ungewolltes Expandieren unterhalb der Schmelztemperatur erschweren. Die resultierenden "pilzförmigen" Mikroballons wiesen je nach eingestellter Schichtdicke und innerer Salzkonzentration, einen Schmelzpunkt von Tm ≈ 50 - 60 °C und einen Kristallisationsgrad von Xc ≈ 29 - 38 % auf, welche verglichen mit dem unvernetzten PCL Homopolymer geringfügig kleiner waren. Dies liegt zum einen an der erhöhten Anzahl von Kettenenden und zum anderen an der eingeschränkten Kettenmobilität infolge der Oligomervernetzung. Es konnte jedoch weiterhin eine starke Verringerung der mechanischen Steifigkeit nach dem Überschreiten der Schmelztemperatur beobachtet werden. Der große Einfluss der Temperatur auf die Expansion der Mikroballons konnte für mehrere Kapseln bestätigt werden. Kapseln welche einem osmotischen Druck von 1.5 bis 4.7 MPa ausgesetzt waren zeigten keine Größenveränderung bei Raumtemperatur, d.h. weit unterhalb der Schmelztemperatur. Im Gegensatz hierzu wurde eine starke Volumenzunahme aller Kapseln nach dem Überschreiten der Schmelztemperatur, bei 60 °C festgestellt. Mikroballons welche für 56 Tage einem osmotischen Druck von 1.5 MPa bei Raumtemperatur ausgesetzt waren zeigten keine signifikanten Volumenänderungen, weswegen insbesondere der Effekt der mechanischen Erweichung ausschlaggebend für das Schaltprinzip gemacht werden kann. Das zeitaufgelöste Expansionsverhalten der Mikroballons oberhalb ihres Schmelzpunktes wurde daraufhin unter Verwendung von Diffusionsgleichungen, welche für die Formanisotropie und elastische Rückstellkräfte korrigiert wurden, modelliert. Ein formabhängiger Vorfaktor, der die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit in Abhängigkeit der Schichtdickenunterschiede und des Expansionszustandes beschreibt, wurde ebenso eingeführt wie ein Term zur Beschreibung der mechanischen Rückstellkräfte auf Basis eines hyperelastischen Materialmodells. Das Model ermöglichte zum einen eine Beschreibung der endlichen Expandierfähigkeit aufgrund entropie-elastischer Rückstellkräfte sowie aufgrund von Kaltverfestigungen, und zum anderen eine deutliche Beschleunigung des Expandiervorganges aufgrund der Kapselanisotropie. Der Vergleich sechs unterschiedlicher Kapseln mit unterschiedlichen Schichtdicken und inneren Salzgehalten zeigte zudem, in Übereinstimmung mit dem Modell, eine lineare Abhängigkeit von Schichtdicke, osmotischen Druck und der Volumenzunahme. Die mit dem Modell einhergehende Vorhersagemöglichkeit der Expansionskinetik hinsichtlich der mechanischen und diffusionsbedingten Materialcharakteristika stellen somit möglicherweise eine Hilfestellung dar, eine zukünftige Materialauswahl zu treffen. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch Rekristallisation der Kapselmembran und der damit verbundenen Wiederherstellung der mechanischen Steifigkeit, intermediäre Kapselgrößen isoliert werden konnten, was nach besten Wissen des Standes-der-Technik andernfalls nur schwer zu erreichen ist. Ungeachtet des Expansionsgrades konnten nur geringe Änderungen der Kristallinität festgestellt werden, wohingegen die Kristallgröße mit zunehmender Expansion abnahm. Diesbezüglich wird angenommen dass der Elastizitätsmodulus nur geringfügigen Veränderungen unterliegt oder sogar aufgrund einer Kettenversteifung tendenziell zunimmt. Zusätzlich der Betrachtung einer Volumenzunahme, konnte durch die Änderung des Druckgradienten ebenfalls ein Schrumpfen der Kapseln erreicht werden. Die Reversibilität dieses Prozesses wurde in Expansions/Deflations-Zyklen bestätigt und ist eine wichtige Eigenschaft der Mikroballons hinsichtlich ihrer Verwendung als Mikropumpe und Mikroventil. Die Fixierung expandierter Mikrokapseln durch Rekristallisierung der Membran ermöglichte weiterhin eine Pumpfunktion in nicht-wässrigen Medien. Dabei konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Pumpleistung sowohl von dem umgebenden Medium als auch von der applizierten Temperatur abhingen. Medien, die einen schnellen Abtransport der freigesetzten Flüssigkeit ermöglichten, als auch hohe Temperaturen steigerten hierbei die Pumpleistung. Mikroballons mit einer sehr großen Auswurfleistung konnten durch das Einbringen einer Öffnung in die Membran erzeugt werden. Die Fixierung intermediärer Kapselgrößen ermöglichte Ventilkonstruktionen, welche eine präzise Flussrateneinstellung und ein vielfaches öffnen und Schließen des Ventils ermöglichte. Diese Konstruktionen wurden durch das Einbringen eines oder mehrerer Mikroballons realisiert. Ein teilweises und vollkommenes Schließen dieser Mikroballon-basierten Ventilen wurde mit einem periodischen Versuchsaufbau in Abhängigkeit der Heizperiode gezeigt. Dabei wurden unterschiedliche Expansions- und Deflationskinetiken mit einem schnelleren Schrumpfverhalten bestätigt. Zusammenfassend wurden Mikroballons entwickelt, welche sowohl eine "on-demand" Pumpfunktion als auch eine reversible Ventilfunktion aufweisen. Die Implementierung des Schaltmotives in die Partikelmembran sowie die kontrollierbaren Expansions/Deflationskinetiken machen die Mikroballons gegebenenfalls zu geeigneten Komponenten für hochintegrierbare LOC-Systeme. Im Vergleich zu anderen Stimuli-sensitiven Materialien ist die Möglichkeit der nahezu kontinuierlichen Stabilisierung von intermediärer Partikelgrößen hervorzuheben. Dieses Verhalten wird dabei durch Wechselspiel zwischen Materialeigenschaften und Kapselgeometrie erzeugt. KW - microcapsules KW - expansion KW - stimuli-sensitivity KW - microfluidics KW - polymer network KW - Mikrokapseln KW - expandierbar KW - Stimuli-Sensitivität KW - Mikrofluidik KW - Polymernetzwerk Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stuchtey, Fidelis Christin A1 - Block, Andrea A1 - Osei, Francis A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - Lipid Biomarkers in Depression: Does Antidepressant Therapy Have an Impact? JF - Healthcare : open access journal N2 - Studies have revealed mixed results on how antidepressant drugs affect lipid profiles of patients with major depression disorder (MDD). Even less is known about how patients respond to a switch of antidepressant medication with respect to their metabolic profile. For this, effects of a switch in antidepressants medication on lipid markers were studied in MDD patients. 15 participants (females = 86.67%; males = 13.33%; age: 49.45 ± 7.45 years) with MDD and a prescribed switch in their antidepressant medication were recruited at a psychosomatic rehabilitation clinic. Participants were characterized (with questionnaires and blood samples) at admission to the rehabilitation clinic (baseline, T0) and followed up with a blood sample two weeks (T1) later. HDL, LDL, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were determined (T0), and their change analyzed (Wilcoxon test) at follow up (T1). Decrements in HDL (p = 0.041), LDL (p < 0.001), and total cholesterol (p < 0.001) were observed two weeks after a switch in antidepressant medication. Triglycerides showed no difference (p = 0.699). Overall, LDL, HDL, and total cholesterol are affected by a change in antidepressant drugs in patients with MDD. These observations are of clinical relevance for medical practitioners in the planning and management of treatment strategies for MDD patients. KW - major depressive disorder KW - antidepressants KW - high density lipoprotein cholesterol KW - HDL KW - low density lipoprotein cholesterol KW - LDL KW - cholesterol KW - triglycerides KW - lipids Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10020333 SN - 2227-9032 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Malsburg, Titus von der T1 - Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles? JF - PLOS ONE N2 - In this paper we examine the effect of uncertainty on readers’ predictions about meaning. In particular, we were interested in how uncertainty might influence the likelihood of committing to a specific sentence meaning. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using particle verbs such as turn down and manipulated uncertainty by constraining the context such that readers could be either highly certain about the identity of a distant verb particle, such as turn the bed […] down, or less certain due to competing particles, such as turn the music […] up/down. The study was conducted in German, where verb particles appear clause-finally and may be separated from the verb by a large amount of material. We hypothesised that this separation would encourage readers to predict the particle, and that high certainty would make prediction of a specific particle more likely than lower certainty. If a specific particle was predicted, this would reflect a strong commitment to sentence meaning that should incur a higher processing cost if the prediction is wrong. If a specific particle was less likely to be predicted, commitment should be weaker and the processing cost of a wrong prediction lower. If true, this could suggest that uncertainty discourages predictions via an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. However, given the clear predictions made by the literature, it was surprisingly unclear whether the uncertainty manipulation affected the two ERP components studied, the N400 and the PNP. Bayes factor analyses showed that evidence for our a priori hypothesised effect sizes was inconclusive, although there was decisive evidence against a priori hypothesised effect sizes larger than 1μV for the N400 and larger than 3μV for the PNP. We attribute the inconclusive finding to the properties of verb-particle dependencies that differ from the verb-noun dependencies in which the N400 and PNP are often studied. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813 SN - 1932-6203 SP - 1 EP - 25 PB - PLOS ONE CY - San Francisco, California, US ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Rösler, Frank T1 - Understanding the effects of constraint and predictability in ERP JF - Neurobiology of language N2 - Intuitively, strongly constraining contexts should lead to stronger probabilistic representations of sentences in memory. Encountering unexpected words could therefore be expected to trigger costlier shifts in these representations than expected words. However, psycholinguistic measures commonly used to study probabilistic processing, such as the N400 event-related potential (ERP) component, are sensitive to word predictability but not to contextual constraint. Some research suggests that constraint-related processing cost may be measurable via an ERP positivity following the N400, known as the anterior post-N400 positivity (PNP). The PNP is argued to reflect update of a sentence representation and to be distinct from the posterior P600, which reflects conflict detection and reanalysis. However, constraint-related PNP findings are inconsistent. We sought to conceptually replicate Federmeier et al. (2007) and Kuperberg et al. (2020), who observed that the PNP, but not the N400 or the P600, was affected by constraint at unexpected but plausible words. Using a pre-registered design and statistical approach maximising power, we demonstrated a dissociated effect of predictability and constraint: strong evidence for predictability but not constraint in the N400 window, and strong evidence for constraint but not predictability in the later window. However, the constraint effect was consistent with a P600 and not a PNP, suggesting increased conflict between a strong representation and unexpected input rather than greater update of the representation. We conclude that either a simple strong/weak constraint design is not always sufficient to elicit the PNP, or that previous PNP constraint findings could be an artifact of smaller sample size. KW - N400 KW - anterior PNP KW - posterior P600 KW - probabilistic processing KW - constraint KW - predictability KW - entropy Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1162/nol_a_00094 SN - 2641-4368 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 221 EP - 256 PB - MIT Press CY - Cambridge, MA, USA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Lins, Alisa A1 - Dammhahn, Melanie A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Ortmann, Sylvia A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Personality drives activity and space use in a mammalian herbivore JF - Movement Ecology N2 - Background Animal personality has emerged as a key concept in behavioral ecology. While many studies have demonstrated the influence of personality traits on behavioral patterns, its quantification, especially in wild animal populations, remains a challenge. Only a few studies have established a link between personality and recurring movements within home ranges, although these small-scale movements are of key importance for identifying ecological interactions and forming individual niches. In this regard, differences in space use among individuals might reflect different exploration styles between behavioral types along the shy-bold continuum. Methods We assessed among-individual differences in behavior in the European hare (Lepus europaeus), a characteristic mammalian herbivore in agricultural landscapes using a standardized box emergence test for captive and wild hares. We determined an individuals’ degree of boldness by measuring the latencies of behavioral responses in repeated emergence tests in captivity. During capture events of wild hares, we conducted a single emergence test and recorded behavioral responses proven to be stable over time in captive hares. Applying repeated novel environment tests in a near-natural enclosure, we further quantified aspects of exploration and activity in captive hares. Finally, we investigated whether and how this among-individual behavioral variation is related to general activity and space use in a wild hare population. Wild and captive hares were treated similarly and GPS-collared with internal accelerometers prior to release to the wild or the outdoor enclosure, respectively. General activity was quantified as overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) obtained from accelerometers. Finally, we tested whether boldness explained variation in (i) ODBA in both settings and (ii) variation in home ranges and core areas across different time scales of GPS-collared hares in a wild population. Results We found three behavioral responses to be consistent over time in captive hares. ODBA was positively related to boldness (i.e., short latencies to make first contact with the new environment) in both captive and wild hares. Space use in wild hares also varied with boldness, with shy individuals having smaller core areas and larger home ranges than bold conspecifics (yet in some of the parameter space, this association was just marginally significant). Conclusions Against our prediction, shy individuals occupied relatively large home ranges but with small core areas. We suggest that this space use pattern is due to them avoiding risky, and energy-demanding competition for valuable resources. Carefully validated, activity measurements (ODBA) from accelerometers provide a valuable tool to quantify aspects of animal personality along the shy-bold continuum remotely. Without directly observing—and possibly disturbing—focal individuals, this approach allows measuring variability in animal personality, especially in species that are difficult to assess with experiments. Considering that accelerometers are often already built into GPS units, we recommend activating them at least during the initial days of tracking to estimate individual variation in general activity and, if possible, match them with a simple novelty experiment. Furthermore, information on individual behavioral types will help to facilitate mechanistic understanding of processes that drive spatial and ecological dynamics in heterogeneous landscapes. KW - Animal personality KW - Movement ecology KW - Inter-individual differences KW - ODBA KW - Energy expenditure KW - European hare Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40462-022-00333-6 SN - 2051-3933 VL - 10 PB - BioMed Central (BMC), Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinfath, Matthias A1 - Gärtner, Tanja A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Meyer, Rhonda Christiane A1 - Altmann, Thomas A1 - Willmitzer, Lothar A1 - Selbig, Joachim T1 - Prediction of hybrid biomass in Arabidopsis thaliana by selected parental SNP and metabolic markers JF - Theoretical and applied genetics : TAG ; international journal of plant breeding research N2 - A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from two Arabidopsis thaliana accessions, and the corresponding testcrosses with these two original accessions were used for the development and validation of machine learning models to predict the biomass of hybrids. Genetic and metabolic information of the RILs served as predictors. Feature selection reduced the number of variables (genetic and metabolic markers) in the models by more than 80% without impairing the predictive power. Thus, potential biomarkers have been revealed. Metabolites were shown to bear information on inherited macroscopic phenotypes. This proof of concept could be interesting for breeders. The example population exhibits substantial mid-parent biomass heterosis. The results of feature selection could therefore be used to shed light on the origin of heterosis. In this respect, mainly dominance effects were detected. KW - Quantitative Trait Locus KW - feature selection KW - Partial Little Square KW - recombinant inbred line KW - Quantitative Trait Locus analysis Y1 - 2009 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-009-1191-2 SN - 0040-5752 SN - 1432-2242 VL - 120 SP - 239 EP - 247 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sposini, Vittoria A1 - Krapf, Diego A1 - Marinari, Enzo A1 - Sunyer, Raimon A1 - Ritort, Felix A1 - Taheri, Fereydoon A1 - Selhuber-Unkel, Christine A1 - Benelli, Rebecca A1 - Weiss, Matthias A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Oshanin, Gleb T1 - Towards a robust criterion of anomalous diffusion JF - Communications Physics N2 - Anomalous-diffusion, the departure of the spreading dynamics of diffusing particles from the traditional law of Brownian-motion, is a signature feature of a large number of complex soft-matter and biological systems. Anomalous-diffusion emerges due to a variety of physical mechanisms, e.g., trapping interactions or the viscoelasticity of the environment. However, sometimes systems dynamics are erroneously claimed to be anomalous, despite the fact that the true motion is Brownian—or vice versa. This ambiguity in establishing whether the dynamics as normal or anomalous can have far-reaching consequences, e.g., in predictions for reaction- or relaxation-laws. Demonstrating that a system exhibits normal- or anomalous-diffusion is highly desirable for a vast host of applications. Here, we present a criterion for anomalous-diffusion based on the method of power-spectral analysis of single trajectories. The robustness of this criterion is studied for trajectories of fractional-Brownian-motion, a ubiquitous stochastic process for the description of anomalous-diffusion, in the presence of two types of measurement errors. In particular, we find that our criterion is very robust for subdiffusion. Various tests on surrogate data in absence or presence of additional positional noise demonstrate the efficacy of this method in practical contexts. Finally, we provide a proof-of-concept based on diverse experiments exhibiting both normal and anomalous-diffusion. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s42005-022-01079-8 SN - 2399-3650 VL - 5 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spikes, Montrai A1 - Rodríguez-Silva, Rodet A1 - Bennett, Kerri-Ann A1 - Bräger, Stefan A1 - Josaphat, James A1 - Torres-Pineda, Patricia A1 - Ernst, Anja A1 - Havenstein, Katja A1 - Schlupp, Ingo A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - A phylogeny of the genus Limia (Teleostei: Poeciliidae) suggests a single-lake radiation nested in a Caribbean-wide allopatric speciation scenario JF - BMC Research Notes N2 - Objective The Caribbean is an important global biodiversity hotspot. Adaptive radiations there lead to many speciation events within a limited period and hence are particularly prominent biodiversity generators. A prime example are freshwater fish of the genus Limia, endemic to the Greater Antilles. Within Hispaniola, nine species have been described from a single isolated site, Lake Miragoâne, pointing towards extraordinary sympatric speciation. This study examines the evolutionary history of the Limia species in Lake Miragoâne, relative to their congeners throughout the Caribbean. Results For 12 Limia species, we obtained almost complete sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, a well-established marker for lower-level taxonomic relationships. We included sequences of six further Limia species from GenBank (total N  = 18 species). Our phylogenies are in concordance with other published phylogenies of Limia. There is strong support that the species found in Lake Miragoâne in Haiti are monophyletic, confirming a recent local radiation. Within Lake Miragoâne, speciation is likely extremely recent, leading to incomplete lineage sorting in the mtDNA. Future studies using multiple unlinked genetic markers are needed to disentangle the relationships within the Lake Miragoâne clade. KW - Cytochrome b KW - Island biogeography KW - Fresh water fish KW - Phylogeny Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-021-05843-x SN - 1756-0500 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - BMC Research Notes / Biomed Central CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smith, Taylor A1 - Zotta, Ruxandra-Maria A1 - Boulton, Chris A. A1 - Lenton, Timothy M. A1 - Dorigo, Wouter A1 - Boers, Niklas T1 - Reliability of resilience estimation based on multi-instrument time series JF - Earth System Dynamics N2 - Many widely used observational data sets are comprised of several overlapping instrument records. While data inter-calibration techniques often yield continuous and reliable data for trend analysis, less attention is generally paid to maintaining higher-order statistics such as variance and autocorrelation. A growing body of work uses these metrics to quantify the stability or resilience of a system under study and potentially to anticipate an approaching critical transition in the system. Exploring the degree to which changes in resilience indicators such as the variance or autocorrelation can be attributed to non-stationary characteristics of the measurement process – rather than actual changes in the dynamical properties of the system – is important in this context. In this work we use both synthetic and empirical data to explore how changes in the noise structure of a data set are propagated into the commonly used resilience metrics lag-one autocorrelation and variance. We focus on examples from remotely sensed vegetation indicators such as vegetation optical depth and the normalized difference vegetation index from different satellite sources. We find that time series resulting from mixing signals from sensors with varied uncertainties and covering overlapping time spans can lead to biases in inferred resilience changes. These biases are typically more pronounced when resilience metrics are aggregated (for example, by land-cover type or region), whereas estimates for individual time series remain reliable at reasonable sensor signal-to-noise ratios. Our work provides guidelines for the treatment and aggregation of multi-instrument data in studies of critical transitions and resilience. Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-14-173-2023 SN - 2190-4987 VL - 14 SP - 173 EP - 183 PB - Copernicus Publications CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Smirnov, Lev A. A1 - Bolotov, Maxim A1 - Bolotov, Dmitri A1 - Osipov, Grigory V. A1 - Pikovsky, Arkady T1 - Finite-density-induced motility and turbulence of chimera solitons JF - New Journal of Physics N2 - We consider a one-dimensional oscillatory medium with a coupling through a diffusive linear field. In the limit of fast diffusion this setup reduces to the classical Kuramoto–Battogtokh model. We demonstrate that for a finite diffusion stable chimera solitons, namely localized synchronous domain in an infinite asynchronous environment, are possible. The solitons are stable also for finite density of oscillators, but in this case they sway with a nearly constant speed. This finite-density-induced motility disappears in the continuum limit, as the velocity of the solitons is inverse proportional to the density. A long-wave instability of the homogeneous asynchronous state causes soliton turbulence, which appears as a sequence of soliton mergings and creations. As the instability of the asynchronous state becomes stronger, this turbulence develops into a spatio-temporal intermittency. KW - chimera KW - soliton KW - finite-size effects Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac63d9 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 24 PB - IOP CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schäfer, Marjänn Helena A1 - Kakularam, Kumar Reddy A1 - Reisch, Florian A1 - Rothe, Michael A1 - Stehling, Sabine A1 - Heydeck, Dagmar A1 - Püschel, Gerhard Paul A1 - Kuhn, Hartmut T1 - Male Knock-in Mice Expressing an Arachidonic Acid Lipoxygenase 15B (Alox15B) with Humanized Reaction Specificity Are Prematurely Growth Arrested When Aging JF - Biomedicines N2 - Mammalian arachidonic acid lipoxygenases (ALOXs) have been implicated in cell differentiation and in the pathogenesis of inflammation. The mouse genome involves seven functional Alox genes and the encoded enzymes share a high degree of amino acid conservation with their human orthologs. There are, however, functional differences between mouse and human ALOX orthologs. Human ALOX15B oxygenates arachidonic acid exclusively to its 15-hydroperoxy derivative (15S-HpETE), whereas 8S-HpETE is dominantly formed by mouse Alox15b. The structural basis for this functional difference has been explored and in vitro mutagenesis humanized the reaction specificity of the mouse enzyme. To explore whether this mutagenesis strategy may also humanize the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b in vivo, we created Alox15b knock-in mice expressing the arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenating Tyr603Asp+His604Val double mutant instead of the 8-lipoxygenating wildtype enzyme. These mice are fertile, display slightly modified plasma oxylipidomes and develop normally up to an age of 24 weeks. At later developmental stages, male Alox15b-KI mice gain significantly less body weight than outbred wildtype controls, but this effect was not observed for female individuals. To explore the possible reasons for the observed gender-specific growth arrest, we determined the basic hematological parameters and found that aged male Alox15b-KI mice exhibited significantly attenuated red blood cell parameters (erythrocyte counts, hematocrit, hemoglobin). Here again, these differences were not observed in female individuals. These data suggest that humanization of the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b impairs the functionality of the hematopoietic system in males, which is paralleled by a premature growth arrest. KW - eicosanoids KW - lipid peroxidation KW - oxidative stress KW - polyenoic fatty acids KW - erythropoiesis Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10061379 SN - 2227-9059 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schraplau, Anne A1 - Block, Andrea A1 - Häusler, Andreas A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Völler, Heinz A1 - Bonaventura, Klaus A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Mobile diagnostics and consultation for the prevention of the metabolic syndrome and its secondary diseases in Brandenburg—study protocol of a regional prospective cohort study BT - the Mobile Brandenburg Cohort JF - Pilot and Feasibility Studies N2 - Background The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a risk cluster for a number of secondary diseases. The implementation of prevention programs requires early detection of individuals at risk. However, access to health care providers is limited in structurally weak regions. Brandenburg, a rural federal state in Germany, has an especially high MetS prevalence and disease burden. This study aims to validate and test the feasibility of a setup for mobile diagnostics of MetS and its secondary diseases, to evaluate the MetS prevalence and its association with moderating factors in Brandenburg and to identify new ways of early prevention, while establishing a “Mobile Brandenburg Cohort” to reveal new causes and risk factors for MetS. Methods In a pilot study, setups for mobile diagnostics of MetS and secondary diseases will be developed and validated. A van will be equipped as an examination room using point-of-care blood analyzers and by mobilizing standard methods. In study part A, these mobile diagnostic units will be placed at different locations in Brandenburg to locally recruit 5000 participants aged 40-70 years. They will be examined for MetS and advice on nutrition and physical activity will be provided. Questionnaires will be used to evaluate sociodemographics, stress perception, and physical activity. In study part B, participants with MetS, but without known secondary diseases, will receive a detailed mobile medical examination, including MetS diagnostics, medical history, clinical examinations, and instrumental diagnostics for internal, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and cognitive disorders. Participants will receive advice on nutrition and an exercise program will be demonstrated on site. People unable to participate in these mobile examinations will be interviewed by telephone. If necessary, participants will be referred to general practitioners for further diagnosis. Discussion The mobile diagnostics approach enables early detection of individuals at risk, and their targeted referral to local health care providers. Evaluation of the MetS prevalence, its relation to risk-increasing factors, and the “Mobile Brandenburg Cohort” create a unique database for further longitudinal studies on the implementation of home-based prevention programs to reduce mortality, especially in rural regions. Trial registration German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00022764; registered 07 October 2020—retrospectively registered. KW - Metabolic syndrome KW - Mobile diagnostics KW - Prevention KW - Nutrition KW - Physical activity KW - Rural health Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-021-00898-w SN - 2055-5784 VL - 7 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - BioMed Central (Springer Nature) CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Lena Katharina A1 - Francke, Till A1 - Rottler, Erwin A1 - Blume, Theresa A1 - Schöber, Johannes A1 - Bronstert, Axel T1 - Suspended sediment and discharge dynamics in a glaciated alpine environment BT - identifying crucial areas and time periods on several spatial and temporal scales in the Ötztal, Austria JF - Earth surface dynamics N2 - Glaciated high-alpine areas are fundamentally altered by climate change, with well-known implications for hydrology, e.g., due to glacier retreat, longer snow-free periods, and more frequent and intense summer rainstorms. While knowledge on how these hydrological changes will propagate to suspended sediment dynamics is still scarce, it is needed to inform mitigation and adaptation strategies. To understand the processes and source areas most relevant to sediment dynamics, we analyzed discharge and sediment dynamics in high temporal resolution as well as their patterns on several spatial scales, which to date few studies have done. We used a nested catchment setup in the Upper Ötztal in Tyrol, Austria, where high-resolution (15 min) time series of discharge and suspended sediment concentrations are available for up to 15 years (2006–2020). The catchments of the gauges in Vent, Sölden and Tumpen range from 100 to almost 800 km2 with 10 % to 30 % glacier cover and span an elevation range of 930 to 3772 m a.s.l. We analyzed discharge and suspended sediment yields (SSY), their distribution in space, their seasonality and spatial differences therein, and the relative importance of short-term events. We complemented our analysis by linking the observations to satellite-based snow cover maps, glacier inventories, mass balances and precipitation data. Our results indicate that the areas above 2500 m a.s.l., characterized by glacier tongues and the most recently deglaciated areas, are crucial for sediment generation in all sub-catchments. This notion is supported by the synchronous spring onset of sediment export at the three gauges, which coincides with snowmelt above 2500 m but lags behind spring discharge onsets. This points at a limitation of suspended sediment supply as long as the areas above 2500 m are snow-covered. The positive correlation of annual SSY with glacier cover (among catchments) and glacier mass balances (within a catchment) further supports the importance of the glacier-dominated areas. The analysis of short-term events showed that summer precipitation events were associated with peak sediment concentrations and yields but on average accounted for only 21 % of the annual SSY in the headwaters. These results indicate that under current conditions, thermally induced sediment export (through snow and glacier melt) is dominant in the study area. Our results extend the scientific knowledge on current hydro-sedimentological conditions in glaciated high-alpine areas and provide a baseline for studies on projected future changes in hydro-sedimentological system dynamics. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/esurf-10-653-2022 SN - 2196-632X SN - 2196-6311 VL - 10 IS - 3 SP - 653 EP - 669 PB - Copernicus Publications CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlör, Anja A1 - Hirschberg, Stefan A1 - Ben Amor, Ghada A1 - Meister, Toni Luise A1 - Arora, Prerna A1 - Pöhlmann, Stefan A1 - Hoffmann, Markus A1 - Pfänder, Stephanie A1 - Eddin, Omar Kamal A1 - Kamhieh-Milz, Julian A1 - Hanack, Katja T1 - SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies as powerful tools for diagnostic and therapeutic applications JF - Frontiers in Immunology N2 - Introduction: The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic situation caused by SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern such as B.1.617.2 (Delta) and recently, B.1.1.529 (Omicron) is posing multiple challenges to humanity. The rapid evolution of the virus requires adaptation of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Objectives: In this study, we describe camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies (hcAb) as useful tools for novel in vitro diagnostic assays and for therapeutic applications due to their neutralizing capacity. Methods: Five antibody candidates were selected out of a naïve camelid library by phage display and expressed as full length IgG2 antibodies. The antibodies were characterized by Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, surface plasmon resonance with regard to their specificity to the recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and to SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles. Neutralization assays were performed with authentic SARS-CoV-2 and pseudotyped viruses (wildtype and Omicron). Results: All antibodies efficiently detect recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein and SARS-CoV-2 virus-like particles in different ELISA setups. The best combination was shown with hcAb B10 as catcher antibody and HRP-conjugated hcAb A7.2 as the detection antibody. Further, four out of five antibodies potently neutralized authentic wildtype SARS-CoV-2 and particles pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV-2 Spike proteins of the wildtype and Omicron variant, sublineage BA.1 at concentrations between 0.1 and 0.35 ng/mL (ND50). Conclusion: Collectively, we report novel camelid hcAbs suitable for diagnostics and potential therapy. KW - camelid heavy-chain-only antibodies KW - single domain antibodies KW - nanobodies KW - SARS-CoV-2 KW - neutralization KW - Omicron Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.930975 SN - 1664-3224 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Frontiers Media SA CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schjeide, Brit-Maren A1 - Schenke, Maren A1 - Seeger, Bettina A1 - Püschel, Gerhard T1 - Validation of a novel double control quantitative copy number PCR method to quantify off-target transgene integration after CRISPR-induced DNA modification JF - Methods and protocols : M&Ps N2 - In order to improve a recently established cell-based assay to assess the potency of botulinum neurotoxin, neuroblastoma-derived SiMa cells and induced pluripotent stem-cells (iPSC) were modified to incorporate the coding sequence of a reporter luciferase into a genetic safe harbor utilizing CRISPR/Cas9. A novel method, the double-control quantitative copy number PCR (dc-qcnPCR), was developed to detect off-target integrations of donor DNA. The donor DNA insertion success rate and targeted insertion success rate were analyzed in clones of each cell type. The dc-qcnPCR reliably quantified the copy number in both cell lines. The probability of incorrect donor DNA integration was significantly increased in SiMa cells in comparison to the iPSCs. This can possibly be explained by the lower bundled relative gene expression of a number of double-strand repair genes (BRCA1, DNA2, EXO1, MCPH1, MRE11, and RAD51) in SiMa clones than in iPSC clones. The dc-qcnPCR offers an efficient and cost-effective method to detect off-target CRISPR/Cas9-induced donor DNA integrations. KW - CRISPR editing validation KW - copy number analyses KW - homology-directed repair KW - homologous recombination deficiency Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/mps5030043 SN - 2409-9279 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ER - TY - THES A1 - Schimpf, Stefan T1 - Herkunft und Ablagerungsmilieu quartärer Sedimente im Einzugsgebiet des Heihe, NW China N2 - Der zentralasiatische Naturraum, wie er sich uns heute präsentiert, ist das Ergebnis eines Zusammenwirkens vieler verschiedener Faktoren über Jahrmillionen hinweg. Im aktuellen Kontext des Klimawandels zeigt sich jedoch, wie stark sich Stoffflüsse auch kurzfristig ändern und dabei das Gesicht der Landschaft verwandeln können. Die Gobi-Wüste in der Inneren Mongolei (China), als Teil der gleichnamigen Trockenregionen Nordwestchinas, ist aufgrund der Ausgestaltung ihrer landschaftsprägenden Elemente sowie ihrer Landschaftsdynamik, im Zusammenhang mit der Lage zum Tibet-Plateau, in den Fokus der klimageschichtlichen Grundlagenforschung gerückt. Als großes Langzeitarchiv unterschiedlichster fluvialer, lakustriner und äolischer Sedimente stellt sie eine bedeutende Lokalität zur Rekonstruktion von lokalen und regionalen Stoffflüssen dar.. Andererseits ist die Gobi-Wüste zugleich auch eine bedeutende Quelle für den überregionalen Staubtransport, da sie aufgrund der klimatischen Bedingungen insbesondere der Erosion durch Ausblasung preisgegeben wird. Vor diesem Hintergrund erfolgten zwischen 2011 und 2014, im Rahmen des BMBF-Verbundprogramms WTZ Zentralasien – Monsundynamik & Geoökosysteme (Förderkennzeichen 03G0814), mehrere deutsch-chinesische Expeditionen in das Ejina-Becken (Innere Mongolei) und das Qilian Shan-Vorland. Im Zuge dieser Expeditionen wurden für eine Bestimmung potenzieller Sedimentquellen erstmals zahlreiche Oberflächenproben aus dem gesamten Einzugsgebiet des Heihe (schwarzer Fluss) gesammelt. Zudem wurden mit zwei Bohrungen im inneren des Ejina-Beckens, ergänzende Sedimentbohrkerne zum bestehenden Bohrkern D100 (siehe Wünnemann (2005)) abgeteuft, um weit reichende, ergänzende Informationen zur Landschaftsgeschichte und zum überregionalen Sedimenttransfer zu erhalten. Gegenstand und Ziel der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit ist die sedimentologisch-mineralogische Charakterisierung des Untersuchungsgebietes in Bezug auf potenzielle Sedimentquellen und Stoffflüsse des Ejina-Beckens sowie die Rekonstruktion der Ablagerungsgeschichte eines dort erbohrten, 19m langen Sedimentbohrkerns (GN100). Schwerpunkt ist hierbei die Klärung der Sedimentherkunft innerhalb des Bohrkerns sowie die Ausweisung von Herkunftssignalen und möglichen Sedimentquellen bzw. Sedimenttransportpfaden. Die methodische Herangehensweise basiert auf einem Multi-Proxy-Ansatz zur Charakterisierung der klastischen Sedimentfazies anhand von Geländebeobachtungen, lithologisch-granulometrischen und mineralogisch-geochemischen Analysen sowie statistischen Verfahren. Für die mineralogischen Untersuchungen der Sedimente wurde eine neue, rasterelektronenmikroskopische Methode zur automatisierten Partikelanalyse genutzt und den traditionellen Methoden gegenübergestellt. Die synoptische Betrachtung der granulometrischen, geochemischen und mineralogischen Befunde der Oberflächensedimente ergibt für das Untersuchungsgebiet ein logisches Kaskadenmodell mit immer wiederkehrenden Prozessbereichen und ähnlichen Prozesssignalen. Die umfangreichen granulometrischen Analysen deuten dabei auf abnehmende Korngrößen mit zunehmender Entfernung vom Qilian Shan hin und ermöglichen die Identifizierung von vier texturellen Signalen: den fluvialen Sanden, den Dünensanden, den Stillwassersedimenten und Stäuben. Diese Ergebnisse können als Interpretationsgrundlage für die Korngrößenanalysen des Bohrkerns genutzt werden. Somit ist es möglich, die Ablagerungsgeschichte der Bohrkernsedimente zu rekonstruieren und in Verbindung mit eigenen und literaturbasierten Datierungen in einen Gesamtkontext einzuhängen. Für das Untersuchungsgebiet werden somit vier Ablagerungsphasen ausgewiesen, die bis in die Zeit des letzten glazialen Maximums (LGM) zurückreichen. Während dieser Ablagerungsphasen kam es im Zuge unterschiedlicher Aktivitäts- und Stabilitätsphasen zu einer kontinuierlichen Progradation und Überprägung des Schwemmfächers. Eine besonders aktive Phase kann zwischen 8 ka und 4 ka BP festgestellt werden, während der es aufgrund zunehmender fluvialer Aktivitäten zu einer deutlich verstärkten Schwemmfächerdynamik gekommen zu sein scheint. In den Abschnitten davor und danach waren es vor allem äolische Prozesse, die zu einer Überprägung des Schwemmfächers geführt haben. Hinsichtlich der mineralogischen Herkunftssignale gibt es eine große Variabilität. Dies spiegelt die enorme Heterogenität der Geologie des Untersuchungsgebietes wider, wodurch die räumlichen Signale nicht sehr stark ausgeprägt sind. Dennoch, können für das Einzugsgebiet drei größere Bereiche deklariert werden, die als Herkunftsgebiet in Frage kommen. Das östliche Qilian Shan Vorland zeichnet sich dabei durch deutlich höhere Chloritgehalte als primäre Quelle für die Sedimente im Ejina-Becken aus. Sie unterscheiden sich insbesondere durch stark divergierende Chloritgehalte in der Tonmineral- und Gesamtmineralfraktion, was das östliche Qilian Shan Vorland als primäre Quelle für die Sedimente im Ejina-Becken auszeichnet. Dies steht in Zusammenhang mit den Grünschiefern, Ophioliten und Serpentiniten in diesem Bereich. Geochemisch deutet vor allem das Cr/Rb-Verhältnis eine große Variabilität innerhalb des Einzugsgebietes an. Auch hier ist es das östliche Vorland, welches aufgrund seines hohen Anteils an mafischen Gesteinen reich an Chromiten und Spinellen ist und sich somit vom restlichen Untersuchungsgebiet abhebt. Die zeitliche aber auch die generelle Variabilität der Sedimentherkunft lässt sich in den Bohrkernsedimenten nicht so deutlich nachzeichnen. Die mineralogisch-sedimentologischen Eigenschaften der erbohrten klastischen Sedimente zeugen zwar von zwischenzeitlichen Änderungen bei der Sedimentherkunft, diese sind jedoch nicht so deutlich ausgeprägt, wie es die Quellsignale in den Oberflächensedimenten vermuten lassen. Ein Grund dafür scheint die starke Vermischung unterschiedlichster Sedimente während des Transportes zu sein. Die Kombination der Korngrößenergebnisse mit den Befunden der Gesamt- und Schwermineralogie deuten darauf hin, dass es zwischenzeitlich eine Phase mit überwiegend äolischen Prozessen gegeben hat, die mit einem Sedimenteintrag aus dem westlichen Bei Shan in Verbindung stehen. Neben der Zunahme ultrastabiler Schwerminerale wie Zirkon und Granat und der Abnahme opaker Schwerminerale, weisen vor allem die heutigen Verhältnisse darauf hin. Der Vergleich der traditionellen Schwermineralanalyse mit der Computer-Controlled-Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (kurz: CCSEM), die eine automatisierte Partikelauswertung der Proben ermöglicht, zeigt den deutlichen Vorteil der modernen Analysemethode. Neben einem zeitlichen Vorteil, den man durch die automatisierte Abarbeitung der vorbereiteten Proben erlangen kann, steht vor allem die deutlich größere statistische Signifikanz des Ergebnisses im Vordergrund. Zudem können mit dieser Methode auch chemische Varietäten einiger Schwerminerale bestimmt werden, die eine noch feinere Klassifizierung und sicherere Aussagen zu einer möglichen Sedimentherkunft ermöglichen. Damit ergeben sich außerdem verbesserte Aussagen zu Zusammensetzungen und Entstehungsprozessen der abgelagerten Sedimente. Die Studie verdeutlicht, dass die Sedimentherkunft innerhalb des Untersuchungsgebietes sowie die ablaufenden Prozesse zum Teil stark von lokalen Gegebenheiten abhängen. Die Heterogenität der Geologie und die Größe des Einzugsgebietes sowie die daraus resultierende Komplexität der Sedimentgenese, machen exakte Zuordnungen zu klar definierten Sedimentquellen sehr schwer. Dennoch zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass die Sedimentzufuhr in das Ejina-Becken in erster Linie durch fluviale klastische Sedimente des Heihe aus dem Qilian Shan erfolgt sein muss. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen jedoch ebenso die Notwendigkeit einer ergänzenden Bearbeitung angrenzender Untersuchungsgebiete, wie beispielsweise den Gobi-Altai im Norden oder den Beishan im Westen, sowie die Verdichtung der Oberflächenbeprobung zur feineren Auflösung von lokalen Sedimentquellen. N2 - The Central Asian natural space, as it presents itself today, is the result of a combination of many different factors over millions of years. However, in the current context of climate change it becoming obvious how strongly material fluxes can change in the short-term and thereby transform the face of the landscape. As a large long-term archive of different fluvial, lacustrine and aeolian sediments, the Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia (China) represents a significant locality for the reconstruction of local and regional material flows as well as an important source for supra-regional dust transport due to erosion by aeolian processes. This, in connection with its location to the Tibetan Plateau, has moved the Gobi Desert into the focus of climate-historical basic research. Against this background, several German-Chinese expeditions to Ejina Basin (Inner Mongolia) and the Qilian Shan foreland were accomplished between 2011 and 2014. They were part of the BMBF joint program WTZ Central Asia - Monsoon Dynamics & Geo-Ecosystems (Grant No. 03G0814). In the course of these expeditions numerous surface samples from the entire catchment area of the Heihe (Black River) were collected for the determination of potential sediment sources. Additionally, two drillings in the interior of the Ejina Basin were conducted as a continuation of the existing drill-core D100 (see Wünnemann (2005)) and for gathering complementary information on landscape history and supra-regional sediment transfer. The goals of this doctoral thesis are a sedimentological-mineralogical characterization of the study area with regard to potential sediment sources and material fluxes of the Ejina Basin as well as the reconstruction of the sedimentation history of a 19 m sediment drill-core (GN100) drilled in the northern part of the basin. The main focus is on the clarification of the sediment provenance within the drill core as well as the designation of provenance signals and possible sediment sources or sediment transport paths. The methodological approach is based on a multi-proxy approach to characterize the clastic sedimentary facies using field observations, lithological-granulometric and mineralogical-geochemical analyses as well as statistical methods. For the mineralogical investigations of the sediments, a new scanning electron microscopic method for automated particle analysis was used and compared with traditional methods. The synoptic analysis of the granulometric, geochemical and mineralogical findings of the surface sediments result in a logical cascade model with recurring process areas and similar process signals. The results of the extensive granulometric analyses indicate decreasing grain sizes as the distance from the Qilian Shan increases and allow the identification of four textural signals: fluvial sands, dune sands, still water sediments and dusts. They can be used as the basis of interpretation for the grain size analyses of the drill core. This makes it possible to reconstruct the depositional history of the core sediments and to put them in an overall context in conjunction with own and literature-based datings. For the study area four depositional phases can be identified which date back until the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). During these depositional phases, various phases of activity and stability led to a continuous progradation and overprinting of the alluvial fan. A particularly active phase can be observed between 8 ka and 4 ka BP. During this period there seems to have been a significant increase in alluvial fan dynamics due to increasing fluvial activity. In the periods before and after mainly aeolian processes have led to an overprinting of the alluvial fan. Regarding the mineralogical provenance signals there is a great variability. This reflects the enormous geological heterogeneity of the study area, by which the spatial signals are not very pronounced. Nonetheless, within the catchment three larger areas can be declared which can be considered as possible sediment sources. These are the eastern and western foreland of the Qilian Shan mountains as wells as the Bei Shan in the west of the Ejina basin. They differ, in particular, from strongly diverging chlorite contents in the clay mineral and total mineral fraction. The eastern Qilian Shan foreland is characterized by significantly higher chlorite contents as the primary source for the sediments in the Ejina Basin. This is related to the greenschists, ophiolites and serpentinites in this area. Geochemically, the Cr/Rb-ratio in particular indicates a large variability within the catchment area. In this case its again the eastern Qilian Shan foreland which stands out from the rest of the study area with high values due to its high proportion of mafic rocks which are rich in chromites and spinels. Within the drill core sediments of GN100 the temporal but also the general variability of the sediment provenance according to the surface sediment results cannot be clearly traced. The mineralogical-sedimentological characteristics of the drilled clastic sediments exhibit meantime changes in sediment provenance. However, they are not as pronounced as the source signals within the surface sediments suggest. One reason seems to be the strong mixing of different sediments during transport. The combination of the particle size results with the results of the total and heavy mineralogy indicate that there must have been a phase in the meantime with predominantly aeolian processes.. These processes were connected with a sediment input from the Bei Shan mountains in the west. In addition to the increase in ultrastable heavy minerals such as zirconium and garnet and the decline of opaque heavy minerals, mainly present conditions point to this. The comparison of the traditional heavy mineral analysis (polarized light microscopy) with computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy (short: CCSEM) shows the clear advantage of the modern analysis method. Above all is the significant greater statistical significance of the counting results. In addition, this method can also be used to determine chemical varieties of some heavy minerals, which allows an even finer classification and more reliable conclusions about a possible sediment provenance. Furthermore, better statements can be made about the composition and the development process of the deposited sediments. This thesis shows that the sediment provenance within the study area as well as the ongoing processes partly depend strongly on local conditions. Therefore, the heterogeneity of the geology and the size of the catchment as well as the resulting complexity of the sediment genesis makes it very difficult to make exact assignments to clearly defined sediment sources. Nevertheless, the results indicate a primary input of fluvial clastic sediments of the Heihe coming from the Qilian Shan mountains. However, the findings also indicate the need to complement the study with adjacent study areas such as the Gobi Altai in the north or the Beishan in the west as well as a densification of the surface sampling for a better resolution of possible local sediment sources. KW - Heihe KW - Ejina Becken KW - Gaxun Nur KW - Schwerminerale KW - China KW - CCSEM KW - Herkunftsanalyse KW - Tonminerale KW - Heihe KW - Ejina Basin KW - Gaxun Nur KW - Heavy Minerals KW - China KW - CCSEM KW - Provenance Analysis KW - Clay Minerals Y1 - 2020 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Rogol, Alan D. A1 - Iancu, Mirela A1 - Hanc, Tomasz A1 - Moelyo, Annang Giri A1 - Suchomlinov, Andrej A1 - Lebedeva, Lidia A1 - Limony, Yehuda A1 - Musalek, Martin A1 - Veldre, Gudrun A1 - Godina, Elena Z. A1 - Kirchengast, Sylvia A1 - Mumm, Rebekka A1 - Groth, Detlef A1 - Tutkuviene, Janina A1 - Böker, Sonja A1 - Ozer, Basak Koca A1 - Navazo, Barbara A1 - Spake, Laure A1 - Koziel, Slawomir A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Growth during times of fear and emotional stress BT - Proceedings of the 28th Aschauer Soiree, held at Potsdam, Germany, and online, November 14th 2020 JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Twenty-one scientists met for this year’s virtual conference on Auxology held at the University Potsdam, Germany, to discuss child and adolescent growth during times of fear and emotional stress. Growth within the broad range of normal for age and sex is considered a sign of good general health whereas fear and emotional stress can lead to growth faltering. Stunting is a sign of social disadvantage and poor parental education. Adverse childhood experiences affect child development, particularly in families with low parental education and low socioeconomic status. Negative effects were also shown in Indian children exposed prenatally and in early postnatal life to the cyclone Aila in 2009. Distrust, fears and fake news regarding the current Corona pandemic received particular attention though the effects generally appeared weak. Mean birth weight was higher; rates of low, very and extremely low birth weight were lower. Other topics discussed by the participants, were the influences of economic crises on birth weight, the measurement of self-confidence and its impact on growth, the associations between obesity, peer relationship, and behavior among Turkish adolescents, height trends in Indonesia, physiological neonatal weight loss, methods for assessing biological maturation in sportsmen, and a new method for skeletal age determination. The participants also discussed the association between acute myocardial infarction and somatotype in Estonia, rural-urban growth differences in Mongolian children, socio-environmental conditions and sexual dimorphism, biological mortality bias, and new statistical techniques for describing inhomogeneity in the association of bivariate variables, and for detecting and visualizing extensive interactions among variables. KW - stunting KW - birth weight KW - fear KW - emotional stress KW - economy KW - SEPE Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v2.15 SN - 2748-9957 IS - 2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Nguyen, Thi Hong A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Vietnamese migrants are as tall as they want to be JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Members of the same social group tent to have the same body height. Migrants tend to adjust in height to their host communities. Objectives: Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors influence growth. We hypothesized that Vietnamese young adult migrants in Germany (1) are taller than their parents, (2) are as tall as their German peers, and (3) are as tall as predicted by height expectation at age 13 years. Sample: The study was conducted in 30 male and 54 female Vietnamese migrants (mean age 26.23 years. SD=4.96) in Germany in 2020. Methods: Information on age, sex, body height, school and education, job, height and ethnicity of best friend, migration history and cultural identification, parental height and education, and recalled information on their personal height expectations at age 13 years were obtained by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by St. Nicolas House Analysis (SNHA) and multiple regression. Results: Vietnamese young adults are taller than their parents (females 3.85cm, males 7.44cm), but do not fully attain height of their German peers. The body height is positively associated with the height of best friend (p < 0.001), the height expectation at age 13 year (p < 0.001), and father’s height (p=0.001). Conclusion: Body height of Vietnamese migrants in Germany reflects competitive growth and strategic growth adjustments. The magnitude of this intergenerational trend supports the concept that human growth depends on SEPE factors. KW - body height KW - regulation of growth KW - migrants KW - Social-Economic-Political-Emotional (SEPE) factors Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v2.12 SN - 2748-9957 IS - 2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - What does stunting tell us? JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Stunting is commonly linked with undernutrition. Yet, already after World War I, German pediatricians questioned this link and stated that no association exists between nutrition and height. Recent analyses within different populations of Low- and middle-income countries with high rates of stunted children failed to support the assumption that stunted children have a low BMI and skinfold sickness as signs of severe caloric deficiency. So, stunting is not a synonym of malnutrition. Parental education level has a positive influence on body height in stunted populations, e.g., in India and in Indonesia. Socially disadvantaged children tend to be shorter and lighter than children from affluent families. Humans are social mammals; they regulate growth similar to other social mammals. Also in humans, body height is strongly associated with the position within the social hierarchy, reflecting the personal and group-specific social, economic, political, and emotional environment. These non-nutritional impact factors on growth are summarized by the concept of SEPE (Social-Economic-Political-Emotional) factors. SEPE reflects on prestige, dominance-subordination, social identity, and ego motivation of individuals and social groups. KW - SEPE Factors KW - physical fitness KW - height in history KW - malnutrition Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2022.3.36 SN - 2748-9957 VL - 2022 IS - 3 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Stunting does not impair physical fitness in Indonesian school children JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Physical fitness is decreased in malnourished children and adults. Poor appearance and muscular flaccidity are among the first signs of malnutrition. Malnutrition is often associated with stunting. Objectives: We test the hypotheses that stunted children of low social strata are physically less fit than children of high social strata. Sample: We investigated 354 school girls and 369 school boys aged 5.83 to 13.83 (mean 9.54) years from three different social strata in Kupang (West-Timor, Indonesia) in 2020. Methods: We measured height, weight, and elbow breadth, calculated standard deviation (SDS) of height and weight according to CDC references, and the Frame index as an indicator of long-term physical fitness, and we tested physical fitness in standing long jump and hand grip strength. Results: Children of low social strata are physically fittest. They jump longer distances, and they have higher values in the Frame index. No association exists between height SDS and physical fitness, neither in respect to standing long jump, nor to hand grip strength. Conclusion: Stunting does not impair physical fitness in Indonesian school children. Our results support the concept that SEPE (social-economic-political-emotional) factors are involved in the regulation of human growth. KW - stunting KW - standing long jump KW - handgrip strength KW - SEPE KW - frame index Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v2.19 SN - 2748-9957 IS - 2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena A1 - Cacace, Mauro A1 - Maystrenko, Yuriy Petrovich A1 - Cherubini, Yvonne A1 - Noack, Vera A1 - Kaiser, Bjoern Onno A1 - Sippel, Judith A1 - Bjoern, Lewerenz T1 - Models of heat transport in the Central European Basin System: Effective mechanisms at different scales JF - Marine and petroleum geology N2 - Understanding heat transport in sedimentary basins requires an assessment of the regional 3D heat distribution and of the main physical mechanisms responsible for the transport of heat. We review results from different 3D numerical simulations of heat transport based on 3D basin models of the Central European Basin System (CEBS). Therefore we compare differently detailed 3D structural models of the area, previously published individually, to assess the influence of (1) different configurations of the deeper lithosphere, (2) the mechanism of heat transport considered and (3) large faults dissecting the sedimentary succession on the resulting thermal field and groundwater flow. Based on this comparison we propose a modelling strategy linking the regional and lithosphere-scale to the sub-basin and basin-fill scale and appropriately considering the effective heat transport processes. We find that conduction as the dominant mechanism of heat transport in sedimentary basins is controlled by the distribution of thermal conductivities, compositional and thickness variations of both the conductive and radiogenic crystalline crust as well as the insulating sediments and by variations in the depth to the thermal lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Variations of these factors cause thermal anomalies of specific wavelength and must be accounted for in regional thermal studies. In addition advective heat transport also exerts control on the thermal field on the regional scale. In contrast, convective heat transport and heat transport along faults is only locally important and needs to be considered for exploration on the reservoir scale. The general applicability of the proposed workflow makes it of interest for a broad range of application in geosciences including oil and gas exploration, geothermal utilization or carbon capture and sequestration issues. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - 3D thermal model KW - Geothermal field KW - Sedimentary basin KW - Heat transport by conduction KW - Advection and convection KW - Central European Basin System Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2014.03.009 SN - 0264-8172 SN - 1873-4073 VL - 55 SP - 315 EP - 331 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaefer, Laura A1 - Dech, Silas A1 - Aehle, Markus A1 - Bittmann, Frank T1 - Disgusting odours affect the characteristics of the adaptive force in contrast to neutral and pleasant odours JF - Scientific Reports N2 - The olfactomotor system is especially investigated by examining the sniffing in reaction to olfactory stimuli. The motor output of respiratory-independent muscles was seldomly considered regarding possible influences of smells. The Adaptive Force (AF) characterizes the capability of the neuromuscular system to adapt to external forces in a holding manner and was suggested to be more vulnerable to possible interfering stimuli due to the underlying complex control processes. The aim of this pilot study was to measure the effects of olfactory inputs on the AF of the hip and elbow flexors, respectively. The AF of 10 subjects was examined manually by experienced testers while smelling at sniffing sticks with neutral, pleasant or disgusting odours. The reaction force and the limb position were recorded by a handheld device. The results show, inter alia, a significantly lower maximal isometric AF and a significantly higher AF at the onset of oscillations by perceiving disgusting odours compared to pleasant or neutral odours (p < 0.001). The adaptive holding capacity seems to reflect the functionality of the neuromuscular control, which can be impaired by disgusting olfactory inputs. An undisturbed functioning neuromuscular system appears to be characterized by a proper length tension control and by an earlier onset of mutual oscillations during an external force increase. This highlights the strong connection of olfaction and motor control also regarding respiratory-independent muscles. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-95759-0 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sariati, Dorsaf A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Clark, Cain Craig Truman A1 - Nebigh, Ammar A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Souissi, Nizar A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Ounis, Omar T1 - Association Between Mental Imagery and Change of Direction Performance in Young Elite Soccer Players of Different Maturity Status JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Previous studies have not considered the potential influence of maturity status on the relationship between mental imagery and change of direction (CoD) speed in youth soccer. Accordingly, this cross-sectional study examined the association between mental imagery and CoD performance in young elite soccer players of different maturity status. Forty young male soccer players, aged 10-17 years, were assigned into two groups according to their predicted age at peak height velocity (PHV) (Pre-PHV; n = 20 and Post-PHV; n = 20). Participants were evaluated on soccer-specific tests of CoD with (CoDBall-15m) and without (CoD-15m) the ball. Participants completed the movement imagery questionnaire (MIQ) with the three- dimensional structure, internal visual imagery (IVI), external visual imagery (EVI), as well as kinesthetic imagery (KI). The Post-PHV players achieved significantly better results than Pre-PHV in EVI (ES = 1.58, large; p < 0.001), CoD-15m (ES = 2.09, very large; p < 0.001) and CoDBall-15m (ES = 1.60, large; p < 0.001). Correlations were significantly different between maturity groups, where, for the pre-PHV group, a negative very large correlation was observed between CoDBall-15m and KI (r = –0.73, p = 0.001). For the post-PHV group, large negative correlations were observed between CoD-15m and IVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.011), EVI (r = –062, p = 0.003), and KI (r = –0.52, p = 0.020). A large negative correlation of CoDBall-15m with EVI (r = –0.55, p = 0.012) and very large correlation with KI (r = –0.79, p = 0.001) were also observed. This study provides evidence of the theoretical and practical use for the CoD tasks stimulus with imagery. We recommend that sport psychology specialists, coaches, and athletes integrated imagery for CoD tasks in pre-pubertal soccer players to further improve CoD related performance. KW - mental imagery KW - football KW - maturation KW - speed KW - adolescents Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665508 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sariati, Dorsaf A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Zouhal, Hassane A1 - Clark, Cain Craig Truman A1 - Nebigh, Ammar A1 - Chtara, Moktar A1 - Chortane, Sabri Gaied A1 - Hackney, Anthony C. A1 - Souissi, Nizar A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Ben Ounis, Omar ED - Trecroci, Athos T1 - Improvement of Physical Performance Following a 6 Week Change-of-Direction Training Program in Elite Youth Soccer Players of Different Maturity Levels JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Background: Change-of-direction (CoD) is a necessary physical ability of a field sport and may vary in youth players according to their maturation status. Objectives: The aim of this study is: to compare the effectiveness of a 6-week CoD training intervention on dynamic balance (CS-YBT), horizontal jump (5JT), speed (10 and 30-m linear sprint times), CoD with (15 m-CoD + B) and without (15 m-CoD) the ball, in youth male soccer players at different levels of maturity [pre- and post-peak height velocity (PHV)]. Materials and Methods: Thirty elite male youth soccer players aged 10–17 years from the Tunisian first division participated in this study. The players were divided into pre- (G1, n = 15) and post-PHV (G2, n = 15) groups. Both groups completed a similar 6-week training program with two sessions per week of four CoD exercises. All players completed the following tests before and after intervention: CS-YBT; 5 JT; 10, 30, and 15 m-CoD; and 15 m-CoD + B, and data were analyzed using ANCOVA. Results: All 30 players completed the study according to the study design and methodology. Adherence rate was 100% across all groups, and no training or test-related injuries were reported. Pre-PHV and post-PHV groups showed significant amelioration post-intervention for all dependent variables (after test > before test; p < 0.01, d = 0.09–1.51). ANOVA revealed a significant group × time interaction only for CS-YBT (F = 4.45; p < 0.04; η2 = 0.14), 5JT (F = 6.39; p < 0.02; η2 = 0.18), and 15 m-CoD (F = 7.88; p < 0.01; η2 = 0.22). CS-YBT, 5JT, and 15 m-CoD improved significantly in the post-PHV group (+ 4.56%, effect size = 1.51; + 4.51%, effect size = 1.05; and -3.08%, effect size = 0.51, respectively), more than the pre-PHV group (+ 2.77%, effect size = 0.85; + 2.91%, effect size = 0.54; and -1.56%, effect size = 0.20, respectively). Conclusion: The CoD training program improved balance, horizontal jump, and CoD without the ball in male preadolescent and adolescent soccer players, and this improvement was greater in the post-PHV players. The maturity status of the athletes should be considered when programming CoD training for soccer players. KW - youth soccer KW - peak height velocity KW - change of direction speed KW - training adaptation KW - football Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.668437 SN - 1664-042X VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarabadani, Jalal A1 - Metzler, Ralf A1 - Ala-Nissila, Tapio T1 - Driven polymer translocation into a channel: Isoflux tension propagation theory and Langevin dynamics simulations JF - Physical Review Research N2 - Isoflux tension propagation (IFTP) theory and Langevin dynamics (LD) simulations are employed to study the dynamics of channel-driven polymer translocation in which a polymer translocates into a narrow channel and the monomers in the channel experience a driving force fc. In the high driving force limit, regardless of the channel width, IFTP theory predicts τ ∝ f βc for the translocation time, where β = −1 is the force scaling exponent. Moreover, LD data show that for a very narrow channel fitting only a single file of monomers, the entropic force due to the subchain inside the channel does not play a significant role in the translocation dynamics and the force exponent β = −1 regardless of the force magnitude. As the channel width increases the number of possible spatial configurations of the subchain inside the channel becomes significant and the resulting entropic force causes the force exponent to drop below unity. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.033003 SN - 2643-1564 VL - 4 SP - 033003-1 EP - 033003-14 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park, Maryland, USA ET - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sagu Tchewonpi, Sorel A1 - Huschek, Gerd A1 - Waldbach Braga, Tess A1 - Rackiewicz, Michal A1 - Homann, Thomas A1 - Rawel, Harshadrai Manilal T1 - Design of Experiment (DoE) for Optimization of HPLC Conditions for the Simultaneous Fractionation of Seven α-Amylase/Trypsin Inhibitors from Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) JF - Processes : open access journal N2 - Wheat alpha-amylase/trypsin inhibitors remain a subject of interest considering the latest findings showing their implication in wheat-related non-celiac sensitivity (NCWS). Understanding their functions in such a disorder is still unclear and for further study, the need for pure ATI molecules is one of the limiting problems. In this work, a simplified approach based on the successive fractionation of ATI extracts by reverse phase and ion exchange chromatography was developed. ATIs were first extracted from wheat flour using a combination of Tris buffer and chloroform/methanol methods. The separation of the extracts on a C18 column generated two main fractions of interest F1 and F2. The response surface methodology with the Doehlert design allowed optimizing the operating parameters of the strong anion exchange chromatography. Finally, the seven major wheat ATIs namely P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207 were recovered with purity levels (according to the targeted LC-MS/MS analysis) of 98.2 ± 0.7; 98.1 ± 0.8; 97.9 ± 0.5; 95.1 ± 0.8; 98.3 ± 0.4; 96.9 ± 0.5, and 96.2 ± 0.4%, respectively. MALDI-TOF-MS analysis revealed single peaks in each of the pure fractions and the mass analysis yielded deviations of 0.4, 1.9, 0.1, 0.2, 0.2, 0.9, and 0.1% between the theoretical and the determined masses of P01083, P17314, P16850, P01085, P16851, P16159, and P83207, respectively. Overall, the study allowed establishing an efficient purification process of the most important wheat ATIs. This paves the way for further in-depth investigation of the ATIs to gain more knowledge related to their involvement in NCWS disease and to allow the absolute quantification in wheat samples. KW - wheat KW - α-amylase/trypsin inhibitors KW - fractionation KW - purification KW - reversed-phase chromatography KW - ion-exchange chromatography KW - design of experiment KW - LC–MS/MS KW - MALDI-TOF-MS Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10020259 SN - 2227-9717 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösler, Antonia A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - No evidence of growth impairment after forced migration in Polish school children after World War II JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Migration is omnipresent. It can come hand in hand with emotional stress which is known to influence the growth of children. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse whether type of migration (forced or voluntary) and the geographic direction had influenced the growth of Polish children after World War II. Sample and Methods: A sub dataset of 2,208 individuals between the ages of 2-20, created from data of the 2nd Polish Anthropological Survey carried out in 1966–1969, including anthropometrical data and social and demographic information based on questionnaire, was used to analyse migration effects. Results: No association could be found between the direction of migration and the height of the children. The confidence intervals of the means of all classified migration categories overlap significantly and the effect size of the influence of migration category on height is ds=.140, which is too low to see any effects, even if there were one. Conclusion: Neither forced nor voluntary migration in Poland after World War II led to a change in height in children of migrating families. KW - nutrition KW - stunting KW - socioeconomy KW - education KW - secular changes KW - pubertal timing Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2023.1.68 SN - 2748-9957 VL - 1 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rösler, Antonia A1 - Gasparatos, Nikolaos A1 - Hermanussen, Michael A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Practicability and user-friendliness of height measurements by proof of concept APP using Augmented Reality, in 22 healthy children JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Child growth is a dynamic process. When measured at short intervals, children’s growth shows characteristic patterns that can be of great importance for clinical purposes. Objective: To study whether measuring height on a daily basis using an APP is practicable and user-friendly. Methods: Recruitment took place via Snowball Sampling. Thirteen out of 14 contacted families signed up for a study period of 12 weeks with altogether 22 healthy children aged 3 to 13 years (response rate 93%). The study started with a visit to the family home for the setup of the measurement site, conventional height measuring and initial training of the new measurement process. Follow-up appointments were made at four, eight and 12 weeks. The children’s height was measured at daily intervals at their family homes over a period of three months. Results: The parents altogether recorded 1704 height measurements and meticulously documented practicability and problems when using the device. A 93% response rate in recruitment was achieved by maintaining a high motivation within the families. Contact with the principal investigator was permanently available, including open communication, personal training and attendance during the appointments at the family homes. Conclusion: Measuring height by photographic display is interesting for children and parents and can be used for height measurements at home. A positive response rate of 13 out of 14 families with altogether 22 children highlights feasible recruitment and the high convenience and user-friendliness of daily APP-supported height measurements. Daily APP measurements appear to be a promising new tool for longitudinal growth studies. KW - body height KW - guideline KW - augmented reality KW - daily home-made measurements KW - iPhone KW - APP Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2022.2.48 SN - 2748-9957 VL - 2022 IS - 2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Ruiz Rodriguez, Janete Lorena T1 - Osmotic pressure effects on collagen mimetic peptides N2 - Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. In many tissues, collagen molecules assemble to form a hierarchical structure. In the smallest supramolecular unit, named fibril, each molecule is displaced in the axial direction with respect to its neighbors. This staggering creates a periodic gap and overlap regions, where the gap regions exhibit 20% less density. These fibril-forming collagens play an essential role in the strength of connective tissues. Despite much effort, directed at understanding collagen function and regulation, the influence of the chemical environment on the local structural and mechanical properties remains poorly understood. Recent studies, aimed at elucidating the effect of osmotic pressure, showed that collagen contracts upon water removal. This observation highlights the importance of water for the stabilization and mechanics of the collagen molecule. Using collagen mimetic peptides (CMPs), which fold into triple helical structures reminiscent of natural collagen, the primary goal of this work was to investigate the effect of the osmotic pressure on specific collagen-mimetic sequences. CMPs were used as the model system as they provide sequence control, which is essential for discriminating local from global structural changes and for relating the observed effects to existing knowledge about the full-length collagen molecule. Of specific interest was the structure of individual collagen triple helices as well as their organization into self-assembled higher order structures. These key structural features were monitored with infrared spectroscopy (IR) and synchrotron X-ray scattering, while varying the osmotic pressure. For controlling the osmotic pressure, CMP powder samples were incubated in air of defined relative humidity, ranging from dry conditions to highly “humid”. In addition, to obtain more biologically relevant conditions, the CMPs were measured in ultrapure water and in solutions containing small molecule osmolytes. Using the sequences (Pro-Pro-Gly)10, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)10 and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)10, it was shown that CMPs with different degrees of proline hydroxylation (Hyp = hydroxyproline) exhibit a sequence-specific response to osmotic pressure. IR spectroscopy revealed that osmotic pressure changes affect the strength of the triple helix stabilizing, interchain hydrogen bond and that the extent of this change depends on the degree of hydroxylation. X-ray scattering experiments further showed that changes in osmotic pressure affect both the molecular length as well as the higher order organization of CMPs. Starting from a pseudo-hexagonal packing in the dry state, all three CMPs showed isotropic swelling when increasing the water content to approximately 1.2 water molecules per amino acid, again to different extents depending on the degree of hydroxylation. When increasing the water content further, this pseudo-hexagonal arrangement breaks down. In the fully hydrated state, each CMP is characterized by its own specific and more complex packing geometry. While these changes in the lateral packing arrangement suggest swelling upon hydration, an overall decrease of the molecular length (i.e. contraction) was observed in the axial direction. Also for this structural feature, a strong dependency on the specific amino acid sequence was found. Interestingly, the observed contraction is the opposite of what has been reported for natural collagen. As (Pro-Pro-Gly)n, (Pro-Hyp-Gly)n and (Hyp-Hyp-Gly)n repeat units are found in collagen with a relatively high abundance, this suggests that other collagen sequence fragments need to respond to hydration in the opposite way to obtain a net elongation of the full-length collagen molecule. To test this hypothesis, sequences predicted to be sensitive to osmotic pressure were considered. One such sequence, consisting of two repeat units (Ala-Arg-Gly-Ser-Asp-Gly), was inserted as a guest into a (Pro-Pro-Gly) host. When compared to the canonical CMP sequences investigated earlier, the lateral helix packing follows a similar trend with increasing hydration; however, the host-guest CMP axially elongates with increasing water content. This behavior is more similar to what has been found for natural collagen and suggests that different sequences do determine the molecular length of collagen sequences differently. Interestingly, the canonical sequences are more abundant in the overlap region while the guest sequence is found in the gap region. This allows to speculate that sequences in the gap and overlap regions possess a specifically fine-tuned local response to osmotic pressure changes. Clearly, more experiments with additional sequences are needed to confirm this. In conclusion, the results obtained in this work indicate a highly sequence specific interaction between collagen and water. Osmotic pressure-induced conformational changes mostly originate from local geometries and bonding patterns and affect both the structure of individual triple helices as well as higher order assemblies. One key remaining question is how these conformational changes affect the local mechanical properties of the collagen molecule. As a first step, the stiffness (persistence length) of full-length collagen was determined using atomic force microscopy. In the future, experimental strategies need to be developed that allow for investigating the mechanical properties of specific collagen sequences, e.g. performing single-molecule force spectroscopy of CMPs. Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rosenblum, Michael A1 - Pikovskij, Arkadij A1 - Kühn, Andrea A. A1 - Busch, Johannes Leon T1 - Real-time estimation of phase and amplitude with application to neural data JF - Scientific reports N2 - Computation of the instantaneous phase and amplitude via the Hilbert Transform is a powerful tool of data analysis. This approach finds many applications in various science and engineering branches but is not proper for causal estimation because it requires knowledge of the signal’s past and future. However, several problems require real-time estimation of phase and amplitude; an illustrative example is phase-locked or amplitude-dependent stimulation in neuroscience. In this paper, we discuss and compare three causal algorithms that do not rely on the Hilbert Transform but exploit well-known physical phenomena, the synchronization and the resonance. After testing the algorithms on a synthetic data set, we illustrate their performance computing phase and amplitude for the accelerometer tremor measurements and a Parkinsonian patient’s beta-band brain activity. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97560-5 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rose, Robert A1 - Groeger, Lars A1 - Hölzle, Katharina T1 - The Emergence of Shared Leadership in Innovation Labs JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Implementing innovation laboratories to leverage intrapreneurship are an increasingly popular organizational practice. A typical feature in these creative environments are semi-autonomous teams in which multiple members collectively exert leadership influence, thereby challenging traditional command-and-control conceptions of leadership. An extensive body of research on the team-centric concept of shared leadership has recognized the potential for pluralized leadership structures in enhancing team effectiveness; however, little empirical work has been conducted in organizational contexts in which creativity is key. This study set out to explore antecedents of shared leadership and its influence on team creativity in an innovation lab. Building on extant shared leadership and innovation research, we propose antecedents customary to creative teamwork, that is, experimental culture, task reflexivity, and voice. Multisource data were collected from 104 team members and 49 evaluations of 29 coaches nested in 21 teams working in a prototypical innovation lab. We identify factors specific to creative teamwork that facilitate the emergence of shared leadership by providing room for experimentation, encouraging team members to speak up in the creative process, and cultivating a reflective application of entrepreneurial thinking. We provide specific exemplary activities for innovation lab teams to increase levels of shared leadership. KW - innovation laboratories KW - intrapreneurship KW - team creativity KW - shared leadership KW - social network analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.685167 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers in psychology CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - THES A1 - Rolo, David T1 - Assembly of photosystem I in thylakoid membranes T1 - Die Assemblierung des Photosystems I in der Thylakoidmembran N2 - The light reactions of photosynthesis are carried out by a series of multiprotein complexes embedded in thylakoid membranes. Among them, photosystem I (PSI), acting as plastocyanin-ferderoxin oxidoreductase, catalyzes the final reaction. Together with light-harvesting antenna I, PSI forms a high-molecular-weight supercomplex of ~600 kDa, consisting of eighteen subunits and nearly two hundred co-factors. Assembly of the various components into a functional thylakoid membrane complex requires precise coordination, which is provided by the assembly machinery. Although this includes a small number of proteins (PSI assembly factors) that have been shown to play a role in the formation of PSI, the process as a whole, as well as the intricacy of its members, remains largely unexplored. In the present work, two approaches were used to find candidate PSI assembly factors. First, EnsembleNet was used to select proteins thought to be functionally related to known PSI assembly factors in Arabidopsis thaliana (approach I), and second, co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) of tagged PSI assembly factors in Nicotiana tabacum was performed (approach II). Here, the novel PSI assembly factors designated CO-EXPRESSED WITH PSI ASSEMBLY 1 (CEPA1) and Ycf4-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (Y4IP1) were identified. A. thaliana null mutants for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 showed a growth phenotype and pale leaves compared with the wild type. Biophysical experiments using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) revealed insufficient electron transport on the PSII acceptor side. Biochemical analyses revealed that both CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are specifically involved in PSI accumulation in A. thaliana at the post-translational level but are not essential. Consistent with their roles as factors in the assembly of a thylakoid membrane protein complex, the two proteins localize to thylakoid membranes. Remarkably, cepa1 y4ip1 double mutants exhibited lethal phenotypes in early developmental stages under photoautotrophic growth. Finally, co-IP and native gel experiments supported a possible role for CEPA1 and Y4IP1 in mediating PSI assembly in conjunction with other PSI assembly factors (e.g., PPD1- and PSA3-CEPA1 and Ycf4-Y4IP1). The fact that CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are found exclusively in green algae and higher plants suggests eukaryote-specific functions. Although the specific mechanisms need further investigation, CEPA1 and Y4IP1 are two novel assembly factors that contribute to PSI formation. N2 - Die Lichtreaktionen der Photosynthese werden von einer Reihe von Multiproteinkomplexen durchgeführt, die in Thylakoidmembranen eingebettet sind. Hier katalysiert das Photosystem I (PSI), das als Plastocyanin-Ferderoxin-Oxidoreduktase fungiert, die letzte Reaktion. Zusammen mit der lichtsammelnden Antenne I bildet PSI einen hochmolekularen Superkomplex von etwa 600 kDa, der aus achtzehn Untereinheiten und fast zweihundert Co-Faktoren besteht. Der Zusammenbau der verschiedenen Komponenten zu einem funktionsfähigen Thylakoidmembrankomplex erfordert eine präzise Koordination, die durch den Assemblierungsapparat gewährleistet wird. Obwohl dieser eine kleine Anzahl von Proteinen (PSI-Assemblierungsfaktoren) umfasst, die nachweislich eine Rolle bei der Bildung des PSI spielen, ist der Prozess als Ganzes sowie die Komplexität seiner Mitglieder noch weitgehend unerforscht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden zwei Ansätze verwendet, um Kandidaten für PSI-Assemblierungsfaktoren zu finden. Erstens wurde EnsembleNet verwendet, um Proteine auszuwählen, von denen angenommen wird, dass sie funktionell mit bekannten PSI-Assemblierungsfaktoren in Arabidopsis thaliana verwandt sind (Ansatz I), und zweitens wurde eine Co-Immunopräzipitation (Co-IP) von markierten PSI-Assemblierungsfaktoren in Nicotiana tabacum durchgeführt (Ansatz II). Dabei wurden die neuartigen PSI-Assemblierungsfaktoren mit der Bezeichnung CO-EXPRESSED WITH PSI ASSEMBLY 1 (CEPA1) und Ycf4-INTERACTING PROTEIN 1 (Y4IP1) identifiziert. A. thaliana Nullmutanten für CEPA1 und Y4IP1 zeigten einen Wachstumsphänotyp und blasse Blätter im Vergleich zum Wildtyp. Biophysikalische Experimente unter Verwendung der Pulsamplitudenmodulation (PAM) zeigten einen unzureichenden Elektronentransport auf der PSII-Akzeptorseite. Biochemische Analysen ergaben, dass sowohl CEPA1 als auch Y4IP1 spezifisch an der PSI-Akkumulation in A. thaliana auf posttranslationaler Ebene beteiligt, jedoch nicht essentiell sind. Entsprechend ihrer Rolle als Faktoren für den Aufbau eines Thylakoidmembran-Proteinkomplexes sind die beiden Proteine an Thylakoidmembranen lokalisiert. Bemerkenswerterweise wiesen cepa1 y4ip1-Doppelmutanten in frühen Entwicklungsstadien unter photoautotrophem Wachstum tödliche Phänotypen auf. Schließlich untermauerten Co-IP- und native Gelexperimente eine mögliche Rolle von CEPA1 und Y4IP1 bei der Vermittlung des PSI-Aufbaus in Verbindung mit anderen PSI-Aufbaufaktoren (z. B. PPD1- und PSA3-CEPA1, und Ycf4-Y4IP1). Die Tatsache, dass CEPA1 und Y4IP1 ausschließlich in Grünalgen und höheren Pflanzen vorkommen, lässt auf eukaryontenspezifische Funktionen schließen. Obwohl die spezifischen Mechanismen noch weiter untersucht werden müssen, sind CEPA1 und Y4IP1 zwei neuartige Assemblierungsfaktoren, die zur PSI-Bildung beitragen. KW - photosynthesis KW - photosystem I KW - biogenesis KW - thylakoid membranes KW - assembly factor KW - Photosynthese KW - Photosystem I KW - Biogenese KW - Thylakoidmembran KW - Assemblierungsfaktor Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - THES A1 - Robalo, João Ramiro Alavedra Mendes T1 - Investigating the role of fluorinated amino acids on protein structure and function using simulation Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risch, Lucie A1 - Stoll, Josefine A1 - Schomöller, Anne A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Mayer, Frank A1 - Cassel, Michael T1 - Intraindividual Doppler Flow Response to Exercise Differs Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Achilles Tendons JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Objective: This study investigated intraindividual differences of intratendinous blood flow (IBF) in response to running exercise in participants with Achilles tendinopathy. Design: This is a cross-sectional study. Setting: The study was conducted at the University Outpatient Clinic. Participants: Sonographic detectable intratendinous blood flow was examined in symptomatic and contralateral asymptomatic Achilles tendons of 19 participants (42 ± 13 years, 178 ± 10 cm, 76 ± 12 kg, VISA-A 75 ± 16) with clinically diagnosed unilateral Achilles tendinopathy and sonographic evident tendinosis. Intervention: IBF was assessed using Doppler ultrasound “Advanced Dynamic Flow” before (Upre) and 5, 30, 60, and 120 min (U5–U120) after a standardized submaximal constant load run. Main Outcome Measure: IBF was quantified by counting the number (n) of vessels in each tendon. Results: At Upre, IBF was higher in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic tendons [mean 6.3 (95% CI: 2.8–9.9) and 1.7 (0.4–2.9), p < 0.01]. Overall, 63% of symptomatic and 47% of asymptomatic Achilles tendons responded to exercise, whereas 16 and 11% showed persisting IBF and 21 and 42% remained avascular throughout the investigation. At U5, IBF increased in both symptomatic and asymptomatic tendons [difference to baseline: 2.4 (0.3–4.5) and 0.9 (0.5–1.4), p = 0.05]. At U30 to U120, IBF was still increased in symptomatic but not in asymptomatic tendons [mean difference to baseline: 1.9 (0.8–2.9) and 0.1 (-0.9 to 1.2), p < 0.01]. Conclusion: Irrespective of pathology, 47–63% of Achilles tendons responded to exercise with an immediate acute physiological IBF increase by an average of one to two vessels (“responders”). A higher amount of baseline IBF (approximately five vessels) and a prolonged exercise-induced IBF response found in symptomatic ATs indicate a pain-associated altered intratendinous “neovascularization.” KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - tendinosis KW - neovascularization KW - ultrasound KW - advanced dynamic flow KW - sonography Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.617497 SN - 1664-042X VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - THES A1 - Rinne, Theresa Charlotte T1 - The effects of nutrients on bone stem cell function and regeneration N2 - Aging is associated with bone loss, which can lead to osteoporosis and high fracture risk. This coincides with the enhanced formation of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), suggesting a negative effect of bone marrow adipocytes on skeletal health. Increased BMAT formation is also observed in pathologies such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. However, a subset of bone marrow adipocytes forming the constitutive BMAT (cBMAT), arise early in life in the distal skeleton, contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids and are thought to provide a physiological function. Regulated BMAT (rBMAT) forms during aging and obesity in proximal regions of the bone and contain a large proportion of saturated fatty acids. Paradoxically, BMAT accumulation is also enhanced during caloric restriction (CR), a life-span extending dietary intervention. This indicates, that different types of BMAT can form in response to opposing nutritional stimuli with potentially different functions. To this end, two types of nutritional interventions, CR and high fat diet (HFD), that are both described to induce BMAT accumulation were carried out. CR markedly increased BMAT formation in the proximal tibia and led to a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, making it similar to the physiological cBMAT. Additionally, proximal and diaphyseal tibia regions displayed higher adiponectin expression. In aged mice, CR was associated with an improved trabecular bone structure. Taken together, these findings demonstrate, that the type of BMAT that forms during CR might provide beneficial effects for local bone stem/progenitor cells and metabolic health. The HFD intervention performed in this thesis showed no effect on BMAT accumulation and bone microstructure. RNA Seq analysis revealed alterations in the composition of the collagen-containing extracellular matrix (ECM). In order to investigate the effects of glucose homeostasis on osteogenesis, differentiation capacity of immortalized multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and osteochondrogenic progenitor cells (OPCs) was analyzed. Insulin improved differentiation in both cell types, however, combination of with a high glucose concentration led to an impaired mineralization of the ECM. In the MSCs, this was accompanied by the formation of adipocytes, indicating negative effects of the adipocytes formed during hyperglycemic conditions on mineralization processes. However, the altered mineralization pattern and structure of the ECM was also observed in OPCs, which did not form any adipocytes, suggesting further negative effects of a hyperglycemic environment on osteogenic differentiation. In summary, the work provided in this thesis demonstrated that differentiation commitment of bone-resident stem cells can be altered through nutrient availability, specifically glucose. Surprisingly, both high nutrient supply, e.g. the hyperglycemic cell culture conditions, and low nutrient supply, e.g. CR, can induce adipogenic differentiation. However, while CR-induced adipocyte formation was associated with improved trabecular bone structure, adipocyte formation in a hyperglycemic cell-culture environment hampered mineralization. This thesis provides further evidence for the existence of different types of BMAT with specific functions. Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Eric A1 - Kunter, Mareike A1 - Marx, Alexandra A1 - Richter, Dirk T1 - Who participates in content-focused teacher professional development? BT - Evidence from a large scale study JF - Frontiers in education N2 - This study investigates the relationship between teacher quality and teachers’ engagement in professional development (PD) activities using data on 229 German secondary school mathematics teachers. We assessed different aspects of teacher quality (e.g. professional knowledge, instructional quality) using a variety of measures, including standardised tests of teachers’ content knowledge, to determine what characteristics are associated with high participation in PD. The results show that teachers with higher scores for teacher quality variables take part in more content-focused PD than teachers with lower scores for these variables. This suggests that teacher learning may be subject to a Matthew effect, whereby more proficient teachers benefit more from PD than less proficient teachers. KW - teacher learning KW - professional development KW - content knowledge KW - teacher quality KW - in-service training KW - Matthew effect KW - continuing education activities Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.722169 SN - 2504-284X IS - 6 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reeg, Jette A1 - Strigl, Lea A1 - Jeltsch, Florian T1 - Agricultural buffer zone thresholds to safeguard functional bee diversity BT - Insights from a community modeling approach JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Wild bee species are important pollinators in agricultural landscapes. However, population decline was reported over the last decades and is still ongoing. While agricultural intensification is a major driver of the rapid loss of pollinating species, transition zones between arable fields and forest or grassland patches, i.e., agricultural buffer zones, are frequently mentioned as suitable mitigation measures to support wild bee populations and other pollinator species. Despite the reported general positive effect, it remains unclear which amount of buffer zones is needed to ensure a sustainable and permanent impact for enhancing bee diversity and abundance. To address this question at a pollinator community level, we implemented a process-based, spatially explicit simulation model of functional bee diversity dynamics in an agricultural landscape. More specifically, we introduced a variable amount of agricultural buffer zones (ABZs) at the transition of arable to grassland, or arable to forest patches to analyze the impact on bee functional diversity and functional richness. We focused our study on solitary bees in a typical agricultural area in the Northeast of Germany. Our results showed positive effects with at least 25% of virtually implemented agricultural buffer zones. However, higher amounts of ABZs of at least 75% should be considered to ensure a sufficient increase in Shannon diversity and decrease in quasi-extinction risks. These high amounts of ABZs represent effective conservation measures to safeguard the stability of pollination services provided by solitary bee species. As the model structure can be easily adapted to other mobile species in agricultural landscapes, our community approach offers the chance to compare the effectiveness of conservation measures also for other pollinator communities in future. KW - agricultural landscape KW - buffer zones KW - community model KW - functional traits KW - solitary bees KW - spatially explicit Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8748 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 17 PB - Wiley Online Library CY - Hoboken, New Jersey, USA ET - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rancan, Fiorenza A1 - Volkmann, Hildburg A1 - Giulbudagian, Michael A1 - Schumacher, Fabian A1 - Stanko, Jessica Isolde A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard A1 - Blume-Peytavi, Ulrike A1 - Calderon, Marcelo A1 - Vogt, Annika T1 - Dermal Delivery of the High-Molecular-Weight Drug Tacrolimus by Means of Polyglycerol-Based Nanogels JF - Pharmaceutics : Molecular Diversity Preservation International N2 - Polyglycerol-based thermoresponsive nanogels (tNGs) have been shown to have excellent skin hydration properties and to be valuable delivery systems for sustained release of drugs into skin. In this study, we compared the skin penetration of tacrolimus formulated in tNGs with a commercial 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. The penetration of the drug was investigated in ex vivo abdominal and breast skin, while different methods for skin barrier disruption were investigated to improve skin permeability or simulate inflammatory conditions with compromised skin barrier. The amount of penetrated tacrolimus was measured in skin extracts by liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), whereas the inflammatory markers IL-6 and IL-8 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Higher amounts of tacrolimus penetrated in breast as compared to abdominal skin or in barrier-disrupted as compared to intact skin, confirming that the stratum corneum is the main barrier for tacrolimus skin penetration. The anti-proliferative effect of the penetrated drug was measured in skin tissue/Jurkat cells co-cultures. Interestingly, tNGs exhibited similar anti-proliferative effects as the 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. We conclude that polyglycerol-based nanogels represent an interesting alternative to paraffin-based formulations for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions. KW - tacrolimus formulation KW - nanogels KW - skin penetration KW - drug delivery KW - human excised skin KW - Jurkat cells Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11080394 SN - 1999-4923 VL - 11 IS - 8 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Pérez-Castilla, Alejandro A1 - Thapa, Rohit Kumar A1 - Afonso, José A1 - Clemente, Filipe Manuel Batista A1 - Colado, Juan C. A1 - Eduardo, Saéz de Villarreal A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on Measures of Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance of Water Sports Athletes BT - A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis JF - Sports Medicine - Open N2 - Background A growing body of literature is available regarding the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on measures of physical fitness (PF) and sport-specific performance (SSP) in-water sports athletes (WSA, i.e. those competing in sports that are practiced on [e.g. rowing] or in [e.g. swimming; water polo] water). Indeed, incoherent findings have been observed across individual studies making it difficult to provide the scientific community and coaches with consistent evidence. As such, a comprehensive systematic literature search should be conducted to clarify the existent evidence, identify the major gaps in the literature, and offer recommendations for future studies. Aim To examine the effects of PJT compared with active/specific-active controls on the PF (one-repetition maximum back squat strength, squat jump height, countermovement jump height, horizontal jump distance, body mass, fat mass, thigh girth) and SSP (in-water vertical jump, in-water agility, time trial) outcomes in WSA, through a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized and non-randomized controlled studies. Methods The electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched up to January 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (population) healthy WSA; (intervention) PJT interventions involving unilateral and/or bilateral jumps, and a minimal duration of ≥ 3 weeks; (comparator) active (i.e. standard sports training) or specific-active (i.e. alternative training intervention) control group(s); (outcome) at least one measure of PF (e.g. jump height) and/or SSP (e.g. time trial) before and after training; and (study design) multi-groups randomized and non-randomized controlled trials. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included studies. The DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting effect sizes (ES, i.e. Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence for each outcome was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), considering its five dimensions: risk of bias in studies, indirectness, inconsistency, imprecision, and risk of publication bias. Results A total of 11,028 studies were identified with 26 considered eligible for inclusion. The median PEDro score across the included studies was 5.5 (moderate-to-high methodological quality). The included studies involved a total of 618 WSA of both sexes (330 participants in the intervention groups [31 groups] and 288 participants in the control groups [26 groups]), aged between 10 and 26 years, and from different sports disciplines such as swimming, triathlon, rowing, artistic swimming, and water polo. The duration of the training programmes in the intervention and control groups ranged from 4 to 36 weeks. The results of the meta-analysis indicated no effects of PJT compared to control conditions (including specific-active controls) for in-water vertical jump or agility (ES =  − 0.15 to 0.03; p = 0.477 to 0.899), or for body mass, fat mass, and thigh girth (ES = 0.06 to 0.15; p = 0.452 to 0.841). In terms of measures of PF, moderate-to-large effects were noted in favour of the PJT groups compared to the control groups (including specific-active control groups) for one-repetition maximum back squat strength, horizontal jump distance, squat jump height, and countermovement jump height (ES = 0.67 to 1.47; p = 0.041 to < 0.001), in addition to a small effect noted in favour of the PJT for SSP time-trial speed (ES = 0.42; p = 0.005). Certainty of evidence across the included studies varied from very low-to-moderate. Conclusions PJT is more effective to improve measures of PF and SSP in WSA compared to control conditions involving traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g. resistance training). It is worth noting that the present findings are derived from 26 studies of moderate-to-high methodological quality, low-to-moderate impact of heterogeneity, and very low-to-moderate certainty of evidence based on GRADE. Trial registration The protocol for this systematic review with meta-analysis was published in the Open Science platform (OSF) on January 23, 2022, under the registration doi https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NWHS3 (internet archive link: https://archive.org/details/osf-registrations-nwhs3-v1). KW - Plyometric exercise KW - Musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena KW - Human physical conditioning KW - Movement KW - Muscle strength KW - Resistance training Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-022-00502-2 SN - 2198-9761 VL - 8 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ramirez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Moran, Jason A1 - Oliver, Jonathan L. A1 - Pedley, Jason S. A1 - Lloyd, Rhodri S. A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Programming Plyometric-Jump Training in Soccer: A Review JF - Sports N2 - The aim of this review was to describe and summarize the scientific literature on programming parameters related to jump or plyometric training in male and female soccer players of different ages and fitness levels. A literature search was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus using keywords related to the main topic of this study (e.g., “ballistic” and “plyometric”). According to the PICOS framework, the population for the review was restricted to soccer players, involved in jump or plyometric training. Among 7556 identified studies, 90 were eligible for inclusion. Only 12 studies were found for females. Most studies (n = 52) were conducted with youth male players. Moreover, only 35 studies determined the effectiveness of a given jump training programming factor. Based on the limited available research, it seems that a dose of 7 weeks (1–2 sessions per week), with ~80 jumps (specific of combined types) per session, using near-maximal or maximal intensity, with adequate recovery between repetitions (<15 s), sets (≥30 s) and sessions (≥24–48 h), using progressive overload and taper strategies, using appropriate surfaces (e.g., grass), and applied in a well-rested state, when combined with other training methods, would increase the outcome of effective and safe plyometric-jump training interventions aimed at improving soccer players physical fitness. In conclusion, jump training is an effective and easy-to-administer training approach for youth, adult, male and female soccer players. However, optimal programming for plyometric-jump training in soccer is yet to be determined in future research. KW - human physical conditioning KW - exercise KW - resistance training KW - muscle strength KW - plyometric exercise KW - musculoskeletal and neural physiological phenomena KW - movement KW - sports KW - football KW - youth sport Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10060094 SN - 2075-4663 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 6 ER - TY - THES A1 - Radloff, Katrin T1 - The role of the fatty acid profile and its modulation by cytokines in the systemic inflammation in cancer cachexia T1 - O papel e a modulação do perfil de ácidos graxos por citocinas na inflamação da caquexia associada ao câncer T1 - Die Rolle des Fettsäure-Profils und dessen entzündungsbedingten Veränderungen in der Tumorkachexie N2 - Systemic inflammation is a hallmark of cancer cachexia. Among tumor-host interactions, the white adipose tissue (WAT) is an important contributor to inflammation as it suffers morphological reorganization and lipolysis, releasing free fatty acids (FA), bioactive lipid mediators (LM) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which accentuate the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways and the recruitment of immune cells to the tissue. This project aimed to investigate which inflammatory factors are involved in the local adipose tissue inflammation and what is the influence of such factors upon enzymes involved in FA or LM metabolism in healthy individuals (Control), weight stable gastro-intestinal cancer patients (WSC) and cachectic cancer patients (CC). The results demonstrated that the inflammatory signature of systemic inflammation is different from local adipose tissue inflammation. The systemic inflammation of the cachectic cancer patients was characterized by higher levels of circulating saturated fatty acids (SFA), tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins IL-6, IL-8 and CRP while levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially n3-PUFAs, were lower in CC than in the other groups. In vitro and in adipose tissue explants, pro-inflammatory cytokines and SFAs were shown to increase the chemokines IL-8 and CXCL10 that were found to be augmented in adipose tissue inflammation in CC which was more profound in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) than in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Systemic inflammation was negatively associated with the expression of PUFA synthesizing enzymes, though gene and protein expression did hardly differ between groups. The effects of inflammatory factors on enzymes in the whole tissue could have been masked by differentiated modulation of the diverse cell types in the same tissue. In vitro experiments showed that the expression of FA-modifying enzymes such as desaturases and elongases in adipocytes and macrophages was regulated into opposing directions by TNF-α, IL-6, LPS or palmitate. The higher plasma concentration of the pro-resolving LM resolvin D1 in CC cannot compensate the overall inflammatory status and the results indicate that inflammatory cytokines interfere with synthesis pathways of pro-resolving LM. In summary, the data revealed a complex inter-tissue and inter-cellular crosstalk mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines and lipid compounds enhancing inflammation in cancer cachexia by feed-forward mechanisms. N2 - Systemische Entzündung ist ein grundlegendes Merkmal der Tumorkachexie. Bei den entzündungstreibenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Tumor und Wirt spielt das weiße Fettgewebe eine besondere Rolle, da es, bedingt durch morphologische Veränderungen und Lipolyse, freie Fettsäuren, bioaktive Lipidmediatoren (LM) und pro-inflammatorische Cytokine freisetzt. Diese verschiedenen Substanzen verstärken die Aktivierung entzündungsfördernder Signalwege und eine Rekrutierung von Immunzellen in das Gewebe. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher zu untersuchen, welche Faktoren an der Entwicklung der lokalen Fettgewebsentzündung beteiligt sind und wie diese Faktoren Syntheseenzyme von Fettsäuren und Lipidmediatoren beeinflussen könnten. Dazu wurden Plasma und Fettgewebeproben von gesunden Kontrollpersonen (Control) und normalgewichtigen (WSC) sowie kachektischen Magen-Darm-Krebs-Patienten (CC) untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass sich die inflammatorischen Charakteristiken der systemischen Entzündung von denen der lokalen Fettgewebsentzündung unterscheiden. Die systemische Entzündung war gekennzeichnet durch höhere Spiegel gesättigter Fettsäuren (SFA), Tumor-necrosis-factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin IL-6, IL-8 und C-reactive protein (CRP) während die Konzentrationen von mehrfachungesättigten Fettsäuren (PUFA) –besonders n3-Fettsäuren- geringer in CC waren als in den anderen Gruppen. In vitro und in ex vivo kultivierten Fettgewebssegmenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Inkubation mit pro-inflammatorischen Cytokinen und gesättigten Fettsäuren zu einem Anstieg der Chemokine IL-8 sowie CXCL10 führte. Erhöhte Spiegel dieser Moleküle wurden auch in der Fettgewebsentzündung bei kachektischen Patienten beobachtet, welche im viszeralen Fettgewebe ausgeprägter war als im subkutanen. Systemische Entzündungsmarker waren negativ mit der Expression PUFA-synthetisierender Enzyme assoziiert, obwohl sich Gesamt-mRNA-sowie Proteingehalt kaum zwischen den Studiengruppen unterschieden. Die Effekte von Entzündungsfaktoren auf diese Enzyme im Gesamtgewebe könnten durch eine differenzielle Modulierung in diversen Zelltypen des Gewebes maskiert sein. Denn in in vitro-Experimenten zeigte die Inkubation mit TNF-α, IL-6, LPS oder Palmitat, dass die GeneExpression von Fettsäure-modifizierenden Enzymen wie Desaturasen oder Elongasen in Adipozyten und Makrophagen in entgegengesetzte Richtungen reguliert wird. Die höhere Plasmakonzentration des entzündungslösenden LM Resolvin D1 in CC konnte dem inflammatorischen Zustand nicht entgegenwirken und die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass inflammatorische Cytokine in die Synthesewege von entzündungslösenden LM eingreifen. Zusammenfassend demonstrieren die Daten das komplexe Zusammenspiel zwischen verschiedenen Geweben und Zelltypen, in dem Cytokine und Lipidverbindungen aus dem Blutkreislauf die Entzündung der Tumorkachexie durch selbst-verstärkende Mechanismen vorantreiben. N2 - A inflamação sistêmica é uma das características que marcam o diagnóstico da caquexia associada ao câncer. Entre as interações tumor-hospedeiro, o tecido adiposo branco contribui à inflamação, uma vez que ele sofre uma reorganização morfológica e lipólise, liberando ácidos graxos livres (AGLs), mediadores lipídicos (LMs) e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, que acentuam a ativação de vias de sinalização pró-inflamatória e o recrutamento de células do sistema imunológico para o tecido. O objetivo deste projeto foi investigar quais fatores inflamatórios sistêmicos estão envolvidos na inflamação do tecido adiposo e qual é a influência desses fatores sobre as enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo dos AGs ou LMs em indivíduos saudáveis (Controle), pacientes com câncer gastrointestinal com peso estável (WSC) e pacientes com câncer e caquexia (CC). Os resultados demonstraram que a resposta inflamatória sistêmica é diferente da resposta encontrada no tecido adiposo. A inflamação sistêmica dos pacientes com câncer e caquexia (CC) foi caracterizada por níveis circulantes mais elevados de ácidos graxos saturados (SFAs), tumor-necrosis-factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin IL-6, IL-8 e proteina C-reativa (PCR), enquanto os níveis de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs), especialmente n3-PUFAs, foram menores em CC que nos demais grupos. In vitro e em explantes de tecido adiposo, citocinas pró-inflamatórias e SFAs aumentaram a expressão das quimiocinas IL-8 e CXCL10. E tambêm observamos um aumento na expressão destas quimiocinas na inflamação do tecido adiposo no CC, que era mais profundo no tecido adiposo visceral (VAT) quando comparado ao tecido adiposo subcutâneo (SAT). A inflamação sistêmica foi negativamente associada com a expressão de enzimas sintetizadoras dos PUFAs, embora a expressão gênica e protéica mostraram somente pequenas diferencias entre os grupos. Os efeitos dos fatores inflamatórios sobre as enzimas no tecido adiposo podem ter sido mascarados pela modulação diferenciada dos diversos tipos celulares constituintes desse tecido. Experimentos in vitro mostraram que a expressão de enzimas que modificam os AGs, tais como as dessaturases e elongases em adipócitos e macrófagos, foram reguladas em direções opostas por TNF-α, IL-6, LPS e palmitato. Mesmo os pacientes CC demonstrando uma maior concentração plasmática da Resolvina D1, que é um mediador lipídico de resolução da inflamação, ainda assim, a inflamação sistêmica é maior nesses pacientes, e os resultados indicam que as citoquinas inflamatórias interferem com as vias de síntese das LMs da resolução. Concluímos que, os dados revelaram um crosstalk inter-tecidual e intercelular complexo mediado por citocinas pró-inflamatórias e compostos lipídicos que aumentam a inflamação na caquexia associada ao câncer por mecanismos autoregulação. KW - cancer cachexia KW - inflammation KW - adipose tissue KW - cytokines KW - chemokines KW - SFA KW - PUFA Y1 - 2018 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raatz, Larissa A1 - Pirhofer-Walzl, Karin A1 - Müller, Marina E.H. A1 - Scherber, Christoph A1 - Joshi, Jasmin Radha T1 - Who is the culprit: Is pest infestation responsible for crop yield losses close to semi-natural habitats? JF - Ecology and Evolution N2 - Semi-natural habitats (SNHs) are becoming increasingly scarce in modern agricultural landscapes. This may reduce natural ecosystem services such as pest control with its putatively positive effect on crop production. In agreement with other studies, we recently reported wheat yield reductions at field borders which were linked to the type of SNH and the distance to the border. In this experimental landscape-wide study, we asked whether these yield losses have a biotic origin while analyzing fungal seed and fungal leaf pathogens, herbivory of cereal leaf beetles, and weed cover as hypothesized mediators between SNHs and yield. We established experimental winter wheat plots of a single variety within conventionally managed wheat fields at fixed distances either to a hedgerow or to an in-field kettle hole. For each plot, we recorded the fungal infection rate on seeds, fungal infection and herbivory rates on leaves, and weed cover. Using several generalized linear mixed-effects models as well as a structural equation model, we tested the effects of SNHs at a field scale (SNH type and distance to SNH) and at a landscape scale (percentage and diversity of SNHs within a 1000-m radius). In the dry year of 2016, we detected one putative biotic culprit: Weed cover was negatively associated with yield values at a 1-m and 5-m distance from the field border with a SNH. None of the fungal and insect pests, however, significantly affected yield, neither solely nor depending on type of or distance to a SNH. However, the pest groups themselves responded differently to SNH at the field scale and at the landscape scale. Our findings highlight that crop losses at field borders may be caused by biotic culprits; however, their negative impact seems weak and is putatively reduced by conventional farming practices. KW - arable weeds KW - cereal leaf beetle KW - fungal pathogens KW - herbivory KW - structural equation model KW - wheat Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.8046 SN - 1467-6435 VL - 11 SP - 13232 EP - 13246 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ET - 19 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Quarmby, Andrew A1 - Mönnig, Jamal A1 - Mugele, Hendrik A1 - Henschke, Jakob A1 - Kim, MyoungHwee A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Engel, Tilman T1 - Biomechanics and lower limb function are altered in athletes and runners with achilles tendinopathy compared with healthy controls: A systematic review JF - Frontiers in Sports and Active Living N2 - Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a debilitating injury in athletes, especially for those engaged in repetitive stretch-shortening cycle activities. Clinical risk factors are numerous, but it has been suggested that altered biomechanics might be associated with AT. No systematic review has been conducted investigating these biomechanical alterations in specifically athletic populations. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to compare the lower-limb biomechanics of athletes with AT to athletically matched asymptomatic controls. Databases were searched for relevant studies investigating biomechanics during gait activities and other motor tasks such as hopping, isolated strength tasks, and reflex responses. Inclusion criteria for studies were an AT diagnosis in at least one group, cross-sectional or prospective data, at least one outcome comparing biomechanical data between an AT and healthy group, and athletic populations. Studies were excluded if patients had Achilles tendon rupture/surgery, participants reported injuries other than AT, and when only within-subject data was available.. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for relevant outcomes. The initial search yielded 4,442 studies. After screening, twenty studies (775 total participants) were synthesised, reporting on a wide range of biomechanical outcomes. Females were under-represented and patients in the AT group were three years older on average. Biomechanical alterations were identified in some studies during running, hopping, jumping, strength tasks and reflex activity. Equally, several biomechanical variables studied were not associated with AT in included studies, indicating a conflicting picture. Kinematics in AT patients appeared to be altered in the lower limb, potentially indicating a pattern of “medial collapse”. Muscular activity of the calf and hips was different between groups, whereby AT patients exhibited greater calf electromyographic amplitudes despite lower plantar flexor strength. Overall, dynamic maximal strength of the plantar flexors, and isometric strength of the hips might be reduced in the AT group. This systematic review reports on several biomechanical alterations in athletes with AT. With further research, these factors could potentially form treatment targets for clinicians, although clinical approaches should take other contributing health factors into account. The studies included were of low quality, and currently no solid conclusions can be drawn. KW - achilles tendinopathy KW - biomechanics KW - neuromuscular KW - kinetics KW - electromyography KW - athletes KW - runners KW - kinematics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.1012471 SN - 2624-9367 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Püschel, Gerhard A1 - Klauder, Julia A1 - Henkel-Oberländer, Janin T1 - Macrophages, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia BT - A mutual ambiguous relationship in the development of metabolic diseases JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine : open access journal N2 - Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver. KW - NAFLD/MAFLD KW - type 2 diabetes KW - obesity KW - vicious cycle KW - TLR signaling KW - M1/M2 differentiation KW - Akt pathway Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154358 SN - 2077-0383 VL - 11 IS - 15 SP - 1 EP - 30 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pérez Chaparro, Camilo Germán Alberto A1 - Schuch, Felipe Barreto A1 - Zech, Philipp A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heißel, Andreas T1 - Recreational exercising and self-reported cardiometabolic diseases in German people living with HIV BT - A cross-sectional study JF - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH / Molecular Diversity Preservation International N2 - Exercise is known for its beneficial effects on preventing cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) in the general population. People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) are prone to sedentarism, thus raising their already elevated risk of developing CMDs in comparison to individuals without HIV. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine if exercise is associated with reduced risk of self-reported CMDs in a German HIV-positive sample (n = 446). Participants completed a self-report survey to assess exercise levels, date of HIV diagnosis, CD4 cell count, antiretroviral therapy, and CMDs. Participants were classified into exercising or sedentary conditions. Generalized linear models with Poisson regression were conducted to assess the prevalence ratio (PR) of PLWH reporting a CMD. Exercising PLWH were less likely to report a heart arrhythmia for every increase in exercise duration (PR: 0.20: 95% CI: 0.10–0.62, p < 0.01) and diabetes mellitus for every increase in exercise session per week (PR: 0.40: 95% CI: 0.10–1, p < 0.01). Exercise frequency and duration are associated with a decreased risk of reporting arrhythmia and diabetes mellitus in PLWH. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying exercise as a protective factor for CMDs in PLWH. KW - HIV KW - exercise KW - cardiovascular diseases KW - metabolic disease KW - sedentary Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111579 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 18 IS - 21 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puschmann, Anne-Katrin A1 - Lin, Chiao-I A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - Sustainability of a motor control exercise intervention BT - Analysis of long-term effects in a low back pain study JF - Frontiers in sports and active living N2 - Development of chronic pain after a low back pain episode is associated with increased pain sensitivity, altered pain processing mechanisms and the influence of psychosocial factors. Although there is some evidence that multimodal therapy (such as behavioral or motor control therapy) may be an important therapeutic strategy, its long-term effect on pain reduction and psychosocial load is still unclear. Prospective longitudinal designs providing information about the extent of such possible long-term effects are missing. This study aims to investigate the long-term effects of a homebased uni- and multidisciplinary motor control exercise program on low back pain intensity, disability and psychosocial variables. 14 months after completion of a multicenter study comparing uni- and multidisciplinary exercise interventions, a sample of one study center (n = 154) was assessed once more. Participants filled in questionnaires regarding their low back pain symptoms (characteristic pain intensity and related disability), stress and vital exhaustion (short version of the Maastricht Vital Exhaustion Questionnaire), anxiety and depression experiences (the Hospital and Anxiety Depression Scale), and pain-related cognitions (the Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire). Repeated measures mixed ANCOVAs were calculated to determine the long-term effects of the interventions on characteristic pain intensity and disability as well as on the psychosocial variables. Fifty four percent of the sub-sample responded to the questionnaires (n = 84). Longitudinal analyses revealed a significant long-term effect of the exercise intervention on pain disability. The multidisciplinary group missed statistical significance yet showed a medium sized long-term effect. The groups did not differ in their changes of the psychosocial variables of interest. There was evidence of long-term effects of the interventions on pain-related disability, but there was no effect on the other variables of interest. This may be partially explained by participant's low comorbidities at baseline. Results are important regarding costless homebased alternatives for back pain patients and prevention tasks. Furthermore, this study closes the gap of missing long-term effect analysis in this field. KW - MiSpEx KW - low back pain KW - long-term effects KW - multidisciplinary intervention KW - sustainability Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.659982 SN - 2624-9367 VL - 3 SP - 1 EP - 8 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Purinton, Benjamin A1 - Bookhagen, Bodo T1 - Beyond Vertical Point Accuracy BT - Assessing Inter-pixel Consistency in 30 m Global DEMs for the Arid Central Andes JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - Quantitative geomorphic research depends on accurate topographic data often collected via remote sensing. Lidar, and photogrammetric methods like structure-from-motion, provide the highest quality data for generating digital elevation models (DEMs). Unfortunately, these data are restricted to relatively small areas, and may be expensive or time-consuming to collect. Global and near-global DEMs with 1 arcsec (∼30 m) ground sampling from spaceborne radar and optical sensors offer an alternative gridded, continuous surface at the cost of resolution and accuracy. Accuracy is typically defined with respect to external datasets, often, but not always, in the form of point or profile measurements from sources like differential Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), spaceborne lidar (e.g., ICESat), and other geodetic measurements. Vertical point or profile accuracy metrics can miss the pixel-to-pixel variability (sometimes called DEM noise) that is unrelated to true topographic signal, but rather sensor-, orbital-, and/or processing-related artifacts. This is most concerning in selecting a DEM for geomorphic analysis, as this variability can affect derivatives of elevation (e.g., slope and curvature) and impact flow routing. We use (near) global DEMs at 1 arcsec resolution (SRTM, ASTER, ALOS, TanDEM-X, and the recently released Copernicus) and develop new internal accuracy metrics to assess inter-pixel variability without reference data. Our study area is in the arid, steep Central Andes, and is nearly vegetation-free, creating ideal conditions for remote sensing of the bare-earth surface. We use a novel hillshade-filtering approach to detrend long-wavelength topographic signals and accentuate short-wavelength variability. Fourier transformations of the spatial signal to the frequency domain allows us to quantify: 1) artifacts in the un-projected 1 arcsec DEMs at wavelengths greater than the Nyquist (twice the nominal resolution, so > 2 arcsec); and 2) the relative variance of adjacent pixels in DEMs resampled to 30-m resolution (UTM projected). We translate results into their impact on hillslope and channel slope calculations, and we highlight the quality of the five DEMs. We find that the Copernicus DEM, which is based on a carefully edited commercial version of the TanDEM-X, provides the highest quality landscape representation, and should become the preferred DEM for topographic analysis in areas without sufficient coverage of higher-quality local DEMs. KW - DEM noise KW - Fourier analysis KW - TanDEM-X KW - ASTER GDEM KW - Copernicus DEM KW - WorldDEM KW - SRTM KW - ALOS World 3D Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.758606 SN - 2296-6463 SP - 1 EP - 24 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Puerto Valencia, Laura Maria A1 - Arampatzis, Adamantios A1 - Beck, Heidrun A1 - Dreinhöfer, Karsten E. A1 - Drießlein, Drießlein A1 - Mau, Wilfried A1 - Zimmer, Julia-Marie A1 - Schäfer, Michael A1 - Steinfeldt, Friedemann A1 - Wippert, Pia-Maria T1 - RENaBack: Low back pain patients in rehabilitation: Study Protocol for a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial JF - Trials N2 - Background Millions of people in Germany suffer from chronic pain, in which course and intensity are multifactorial. Besides physical injuries, certain psychosocial risk factors are involved in the disease process. The national health care guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of non-specific low back pain recommend the screening of psychosocial risk factors as early as possible, to be able to adapt the therapy to patient needs (e.g., unimodal or multimodal). However, such a procedure has been difficult to implement in practice and has not yet been integrated into the rehabilitation care structures across the country. Methods The aim of this study is to implement an individualized therapy and aftercare program within the rehabilitation offer of the German Pension Insurance in the area of orthopedics and to examine its success and sustainability in comparison to the previous standard aftercare program. The study is a multicenter randomized controlled trial including 1204 patients from six orthopedic rehabilitation clinics. A 2:1 allocation ratio to intervention (individualized and home-based rehabilitation aftercare) versus the control group (regular outpatient rehabilitation aftercare) is set. Upon admission to the rehabilitation clinic, participants in the intervention group will be screened according to their psychosocial risk profile. They could then receive either unimodal or multimodal, together with an individualized training program. The program is instructed in the clinic (approximately 3 weeks) and will continue independently at home afterwards for 3 months. The success of the program is examined by means of a total of four surveys. The co-primary outcomes are the Characteristic Pain Intensity and Disability Score assessed by the German version of the Chronic Pain Grade questionnaire (CPG). Discussion An improvement in terms of pain, work ability, patient compliance, and acceptance in our intervention program compared to the standard aftercare is expected. The study contributes to provide individualized care also to patients living far away from clinical centers. Trial registration DRKS, DRKS00020373. Registered on 15 April 2020 KW - Chronic low back pain KW - Aftercare KW - Individualized therapy KW - Randomized controlled trial KW - Rehabilitation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-021-05823-3 SN - 1745-6215 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - Springer Nature / BMC CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prasse, Paul A1 - Iversen, Pascal A1 - Lienhard, Matthias A1 - Thedinga, Kristina A1 - Herwig, Ralf A1 - Scheffer, Tobias T1 - Pre-Training on In Vitro and Fine-Tuning on Patient-Derived Data Improves Deep Neural Networks for Anti-Cancer Drug-Sensitivity Prediction JF - MDPI N2 - Large-scale databases that report the inhibitory capacities of many combinations of candidate drug compounds and cultivated cancer cell lines have driven the development of preclinical drug-sensitivity models based on machine learning. However, cultivated cell lines have devolved from human cancer cells over years or even decades under selective pressure in culture conditions. Moreover, models that have been trained on in vitro data cannot account for interactions with other types of cells. Drug-response data that are based on patient-derived cell cultures, xenografts, and organoids, on the other hand, are not available in the quantities that are needed to train high-capacity machine-learning models. We found that pre-training deep neural network models of drug sensitivity on in vitro drug-sensitivity databases before fine-tuning the model parameters on patient-derived data improves the models’ accuracy and improves the biological plausibility of the features, compared to training only on patient-derived data. From our experiments, we can conclude that pre-trained models outperform models that have been trained on the target domains in the vast majority of cases. KW - deep neural networks KW - drug-sensitivity prediction KW - anti-cancer drugs Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14163950 SN - 2072-6694 VL - 14 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 16 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prasad, Sushma A1 - Baier, Janina T1 - Tracking the impact of mid- to late Holocene climate change and anthropogenic activities on Lake Holzmaar using an updated Holocene chronology JF - Global and planetary change N2 - The mid- to late Holocene interval is characterised by a highly variable climate in response to a gradual change in orbital insolation. The seasonal impact of these changes on the Eifel Maar region is not yet well documented largely due to uncertainties about the completeness of this archive ("missing varves" in the well known Lake Holzmaar) and a limited understanding of the factors (e.g. temperature, precipitation) influencing the seasonality archived within the lamination/varves. In this study we approach these challenges from a different perspective. Using detailed microfacies investigations we: (1) demonstrate that the ambiguity about the "missing varves" is related to the climate induced complex biotic and abiotic laminations that led to mis-identification of varves; (2) use a combination of detailed microfacies investigations (varve structure, seasonality of biotic and abiotic signals), lamination quality, varve counts on multiple cores, published and new radiocarbon dates to develop a continuous master chronology based on the Bayesian modelling approach. The dates of major climate, volcanic, and archaeological event(s) determined using our model are in good agreement with the independently determined ages of the same events from other archives, confirming the accuracy of our age model; (3) test the sensitivity of the seasonal proxies to the available data on mid-Holocene changes in temperature and precipitation; (4) demonstrate that the changes in lake eutrophicity are correlative with temperature changes in NW Europe and probably triggered by solar variability; and (5) show that the early Iron Age onset of eutrophication in Lake Holzmaar was climate induced and began several decades before the impact of anthropogenic activity was seen in the form of intensified detrital erosion in the catchment area. Our work has implications for understanding the impact of climate change and anthropogenic activities on limnological systems. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Lake Holzmaar KW - varves KW - microfacies KW - Bayesian modelling KW - Iron Age KW - Ulmener Maar Tephra Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2014.08.020 SN - 0921-8181 SN - 1872-6364 VL - 122 SP - 251 EP - 264 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pornsawad, Pornsarp A1 - Sapsakul, Nantawan A1 - Böckmann, Christine T1 - A modified asymptotical regularization of nonlinear ill-posed problems JF - Mathematics N2 - In this paper, we investigate the continuous version of modified iterative Runge–Kutta-type methods for nonlinear inverse ill-posed problems proposed in a previous work. The convergence analysis is proved under the tangential cone condition, a modified discrepancy principle, i.e., the stopping time T is a solution of ∥𝐹(𝑥𝛿(𝑇))−𝑦𝛿∥=𝜏𝛿+ for some 𝛿+>𝛿, and an appropriate source condition. We yield the optimal rate of convergence. KW - nonlinear operator KW - regularization KW - discrepancy principle KW - asymptotic method KW - optimal rate Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/math7050419 SN - 2227-7390 VL - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Poltz, Nadine A1 - Quandte, Sabine A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Wyschkon, Anne A1 - von Aster, Michael A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Does It Count? Pre-School Children’s Spontaneous Focusing on Numerosity and Their Development of Arithmetical Skills at School JF - Brain Sciences N2 - Background: Children’s spontaneous focusing on numerosity (SFON) is related to numerical skills. This study aimed to examine (1) the developmental trajectory of SFON and (2) the interrelations between SFON and early numerical skills at pre-school as well as their influence on arithmetical skills at school. Method: Overall, 1868 German pre-school children were repeatedly assessed until second grade. Nonverbal intelligence, visual attention, visuospatial working memory, SFON and numerical skills were assessed at age five (M = 63 months, Time 1) and age six (M = 72 months, Time 2), and arithmetic was assessed at second grade (M = 95 months, Time 3). Results: SFON increased significantly during pre-school. Path analyses revealed interrelations between SFON and several numerical skills, except number knowledge. Magnitude estimation and basic calculation skills (Time 1 and Time 2), and to a small degree number knowledge (Time 2), contributed directly to arithmetic in second grade. The connection between SFON and arithmetic was fully mediated by magnitude estimation and calculation skills at pre-school. Conclusion: Our results indicate that SFON first and foremost influences deeper understanding of numerical concepts at pre-school and—in contrast to previous findings –affects only indirectly children’s arithmetical development at school. KW - SFON KW - school mathematics KW - mathematical precursor KW - counting KW - number knowledge KW - magnitude estimation KW - transformation KW - pre-school KW - longitudinal KW - development Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030313 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 18 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pietrek, Anou F. A1 - Kangas, Maria A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rapp, Michael Armin A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Van der Kaap-Deeder, Jolene A1 - Heissel, Andreas T1 - Basic psychological need satisfaction and frustration in major depressive disorder JF - Frontiers in Psychiatry - Mood Disorders N2 - Basic psychological needs theory postulates that a social environment that satisfies individuals’ three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness leads to optimal growth and well-being. On the other hand, the frustration of these needs is associated with ill-being and depressive symptoms foremost investigated in non-clinical samples; yet, there is a paucity of research on need frustration in clinical samples. Survey data were compared between adult individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD; n = 115; 48.69% female; 38.46 years, SD = 10.46) with those of a non-depressed comparison sample (n = 201; 53.23% female; 30.16 years, SD = 12.81). Need profiles were examined with a linear mixed model (LMM). Individuals with depression reported higher levels of frustration and lower levels of satisfaction in relation to the three basic psychological needs when compared to non-depressed adults. The difference between depressed and non-depressed groups was significantly larger for frustration than satisfaction regarding the needs for relatedness and competence. LMM correlation parameters confirmed the expected positive correlation between the three needs. This is the first study showing substantial differences in need-based experiences between depressed and non-depressed adults. The results confirm basic assumptions of the self-determination theory and have preliminary implications in tailoring therapy for depression. KW - basic need satisfaction and frustration KW - depressive symptoms KW - clinical sample KW - need profiles KW - social environment Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.962501 SN - 1664-0640 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Frontiers Media S.A. CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perscheid, Cindy T1 - Comprior BT - Facilitating the implementation and automated benchmarking of prior knowledge-based feature selection approaches on gene expression data sets JF - BMC Bioinformatics N2 - Background Reproducible benchmarking is important for assessing the effectiveness of novel feature selection approaches applied on gene expression data, especially for prior knowledge approaches that incorporate biological information from online knowledge bases. However, no full-fledged benchmarking system exists that is extensible, provides built-in feature selection approaches, and a comprehensive result assessment encompassing classification performance, robustness, and biological relevance. Moreover, the particular needs of prior knowledge feature selection approaches, i.e. uniform access to knowledge bases, are not addressed. As a consequence, prior knowledge approaches are not evaluated amongst each other, leaving open questions regarding their effectiveness. Results We present the Comprior benchmark tool, which facilitates the rapid development and effortless benchmarking of feature selection approaches, with a special focus on prior knowledge approaches. Comprior is extensible by custom approaches, offers built-in standard feature selection approaches, enables uniform access to multiple knowledge bases, and provides a customizable evaluation infrastructure to compare multiple feature selection approaches regarding their classification performance, robustness, runtime, and biological relevance. Conclusion Comprior allows reproducible benchmarking especially of prior knowledge approaches, which facilitates their applicability and for the first time enables a comprehensive assessment of their effectiveness KW - Feature selection KW - Prior knowledge KW - Gene expression KW - Reproducible benchmarking Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-021-04308-z SN - 1471-2105 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 15 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perkins, Anita A1 - Rose, Andrew A1 - Grossart, Hans-Peter A1 - Rojas-Jimenez, Keilor Osvaldo A1 - Barroso Prescott, Selva Kiri A1 - Oakes, Joanne M. T1 - Oxic and Anoxic Organic Polymer Degradation Potential of Endophytic Fungi From the Marine Macroalga, Ecklonia radiata JF - Frontiers in Microbiology N2 - Cellulose and chitin are the most abundant polymeric, organic carbon source globally. Thus, microbes degrading these polymers significantly influence global carbon cycling and greenhouse gas production. Fungi are recognized as important for cellulose decomposition in terrestrial environments, but are far less studied in marine environments, where bacterial organic matter degradation pathways tend to receive more attention. In this study, we investigated the potential of fungi to degrade kelp detritus, which is a major source of cellulose in marine systems. Given that kelp detritus can be transported considerable distances in the marine environment, we were specifically interested in the capability of endophytic fungi, which are transported with detritus, to ultimately contribute to kelp detritus degradation. We isolated 10 species and two strains of endophytic fungi from the kelp Ecklonia radiata. We then used a dye decolorization assay to assess their ability to degrade organic polymers (lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose) under both oxic and anoxic conditions and compared their degradation ability with common terrestrial fungi. Under oxic conditions, there was evidence that Ascomycota isolates produced cellulose-degrading extracellular enzymes (associated with manganese peroxidase and sulfur-containing lignin peroxidase), while Mucoromycota isolates appeared to produce both lignin and cellulose-degrading extracellular enzymes, and all Basidiomycota isolates produced lignin-degrading enzymes (associated with laccase and lignin peroxidase). Under anoxic conditions, only three kelp endophytes degraded cellulose. We concluded that kelp fungal endophytes can contribute to cellulose degradation in both oxic and anoxic environments. Thus, endophytic kelp fungi may play a significant role in marine carbon cycling via polymeric organic matter degradation. KW - kelp KW - fungi KW - endophytes KW - carbon cycling KW - extracellular enzymes KW - cellulose polymeric organic matter Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.726138 SN - 1664-302X VL - 12 SP - 1 EP - 13 PB - Frontiers in microbiology CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pawlak, Julia A1 - Noetzel, Dominique Christian A1 - Drago, Claudia A1 - Weithoff, Guntram T1 - Assessing the toxicity of polystyrene beads and silica particles on the microconsumer Brachionus calyciflorus at different timescales JF - Frontiers in Environmental Science N2 - Environmental pollution by microplastics has become a severe problem in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and, according to actual prognoses, problems will further increase in the future. Therefore, assessing and quantifying the risk for the biota is crucial. Standardized short-term toxicological procedures as well as methods quantifying potential toxic effects over the whole life span of an animal are required. We studied the effect of the microplastic polystyrene on the survival and reproduction of a common freshwater invertebrate, the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, at different timescales. We used pristine polystyrene spheres of 1, 3, and 6 µm diameter and fed them to the animals together with food algae in different ratios ranging from 0 to 50% nonfood particles. As a particle control, we used silica to distinguish between a pure particle effect and a plastic effect. After 24 h, no toxic effect was found, neither with polystyrene nor with silica. After 96 h, a toxic effect was detectable for both particle types. The size of the particles played a negligible role. Studying the long-term effect by using life table experiments, we found a reduced reproduction when the animals were fed with 3 µm spheres together with similar-sized food algae. We conclude that the fitness reduction is mainly driven by the dilution of food by the nonfood particles rather than by a direct toxic effect. KW - microplastics KW - rotifer KW - freshwater KW - natural particle KW - toxicity KW - environmental pollution Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.955425 SN - 2296-665X SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pawassar, Christian Matthias A1 - Tiberius, Victor T1 - Virtual reality in health care BT - Bibliometric analysis JF - JMIR Serious Games N2 - Background: Research into the application of virtual reality technology in the health care sector has rapidly increased, resulting in a large body of research that is difficult to keep up with. Objective: We will provide an overview of the annual publication numbers in this field and the most productive and influential countries, journals, and authors, as well as the most used, most co-occurring, and most recent keywords. Methods: Based on a data set of 356 publications and 20,363 citations derived from Web of Science, we conducted a bibliometric analysis using BibExcel, HistCite, and VOSviewer. Results: The strongest growth in publications occurred in 2020, accounting for 29.49% of all publications so far. The most productive countries are the United States, the United Kingdom, and Spain; the most influential countries are the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The most productive journals are the Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR), JMIR Serious Games, and the Games for Health Journal; the most influential journals are Patient Education and Counselling, Medical Education, and Quality of Life Research. The most productive authors are Riva, del Piccolo, and Schwebel; the most influential authors are Finset, del Piccolo, and Eide. The most frequently occurring keywords other than “virtual” and “reality” are “training,” “trial,” and “patients.” The most relevant research themes are communication, education, and novel treatments; the most recent research trends are fitness and exergames. Conclusions: The analysis shows that the field has left its infant state and its specialization is advancing, with a clear focus on patient usability. KW - virtual reality KW - healthcare KW - bibliometric analysis KW - literature review KW - citation analysis KW - VR KW - usability KW - review KW - health care Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2196/32721 SN - 2291-9279 VL - 9 SP - 1 EP - 19 PB - JMIR Publications CY - Toronto, Kanada ET - 4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Orland, Andreas A1 - Padubrin, Max T1 - Is there a gender hiring gap in academic economics? Evidence from a network analysis JF - Royal Society Open Science N2 - We collect a network dataset of tenured economics faculty in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. We rank the 100 institutions included with a minimum violation ranking. This ranking is positively and significantly correlated with the Times Higher Education ranking of economics institutions. According to the network ranking, individuals on average go down about 23 ranks from their doctoral institution to their employing institution. While the share of females in our dataset is only 15%, we do not observe a significant gender hiring gap (a difference in rank changes between male and female faculty). We conduct a robustness check with the Handelsblatt and the Times Higher Education ranking. According to these rankings, individuals on average go down only about two ranks. We do not observe a significant gender hiring gap using these two rankings (although the dataset underlying this analysis is small and these estimates are likely to be noisy). Finally, we discuss the limitations of the network ranking in our context. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210717 SN - 2054-5703 VL - 9 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Royal Society of London CY - London ET - 2 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Omane, Paul Okyere A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - Acquiring syntactic variability BT - The production of Wh-questions in children and adults speaking Akan JF - Frontiers in communication N2 - This paper investigates the predictions of the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis by studying the acquisition of wh-questions in 4- and 5-year-old Akan-speaking children in an experimental approach using an elicited production and an elicited imitation task. Akan has two types of wh-question structures (wh-in-situ and wh-ex-situ questions), which allows an investigation of children’s acquisition of these two question structures and their preferences for one or the other. Our results show that adults prefer to use wh-ex-situ questions over wh-in-situ questions. The results from the children show that both age groups have the two question structures in their linguistic repertoire. However, they differ in their preferences in usage in the elicited production task: while the 5-year-olds preferred the wh-in-situ structure over the wh-ex-situ structure, the 4-year-olds showed a selective preference for the wh-in-situ structure in who-questions. These findings suggest a developmental change in wh-question preferences in Akan-learning children between 4 and 5 years of age with a so far unobserved u-shaped developmental pattern. In the elicited imitation task, all groups showed a strong tendency to maintain the structure of in-situ and ex-situ questions in repeating grammatical questions. When repairing ungrammatical ex-situ questions, structural changes to grammatical in-situ questions were hardly observed but the insertion of missing morphemes while keeping the ex-situ structure. Together, our findings provide only partial support for the Derivational Complexity Hypothesis. KW - Akan KW - wh-questions KW - wh-in-situ KW - wh-ex-situ KW - derivational complexity KW - language acquisition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2021.604951 SN - 2297-900X VL - 2021 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ogunkola, Moses Olalekan A1 - Guiraudie-Capraz, Gaelle A1 - Féron, François A1 - Leimkühler, Silke T1 - The Human Mercaptopyruvate Sulfurtransferase TUM1 Is Involved in Moco Biosynthesis, Cytosolic tRNA Thiolation and Cellular Bioenergetics in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells JF - Biomolecules N2 - Sulfur is an important element that is incorporated into many biomolecules in humans. The incorporation and transfer of sulfur into biomolecules is, however, facilitated by a series of different sulfurtransferases. Among these sulfurtransferases is the human mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (MPST) also designated as tRNA thiouridine modification protein (TUM1). The role of the human TUM1 protein has been suggested in a wide range of physiological processes in the cell among which are but not limited to involvement in Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis, cytosolic tRNA thiolation and generation of H2S as signaling molecule both in mitochondria and the cytosol. Previous interaction studies showed that TUM1 interacts with the L-cysteine desulfurase NFS1 and the Molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis protein 3 (MOCS3). Here, we show the roles of TUM1 in human cells using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically modified Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Here, we show that TUM1 is involved in the sulfur transfer for Molybdenum cofactor synthesis and tRNA thiomodification by spectrophotometric measurement of the activity of sulfite oxidase and liquid chromatography quantification of the level of sulfur-modified tRNA. Further, we show that TUM1 has a role in hydrogen sulfide production and cellular bioenergetics. KW - Moco biosynthesis KW - sulfite oxidase KW - cytosolic tRNA thiolation KW - 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine KW - H2S biosynthesis KW - cellular bioenergetics Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/biom13010144 SN - 2218-273X VL - 13 SP - 1 EP - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 1 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Novine, Masiar A1 - Mattsson, Cecilie Cordua A1 - Groth, Detlef T1 - Network reconstruction based on synthetic data generated by a Monte Carlo approach JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Network models are useful tools for researchers to simplify and understand investigated systems. Yet, the assessment of methods for network construction is often uncertain. Random resampling simulations can aid to assess methods, provided synthetic data exists for reliable network construction. Objectives: We implemented a new Monte Carlo algorithm to create simulated data for network reconstruction, tested the influence of adjusted parameters and used simulations to select a method for network model estimation based on real-world data. We hypothesized, that reconstructs based on Monte Carlo data are scored at least as good compared to a benchmark. Methods: Simulated data was generated in R using the Monte Carlo algorithm of the mcgraph package. Benchmark data was created by the huge package. Networks were reconstructed using six estimator functions and scored by four classification metrics. For compatibility tests of mean score differences, Welch’s t-test was used. Network model estimation based on real-world data was done by stepwise selection. Samples: Simulated data was generated based on 640 input graphs of various types and sizes. The real-world dataset consisted of 67 medieval skeletons of females and males from the region of Refshale (Lolland) and Nordby (Jutland) in Denmark. Results: Results after t-tests and determining confidence intervals (CI95%) show, that evaluation scores for network reconstructs based on the mcgraph package were at least as good compared to the benchmark huge. The results even indicate slightly better scores on average for the mcgraph package. Conclusion: The results confirmed our objective and suggested that Monte Carlo data can keep up with the benchmark in the applied test framework. The algorithm offers the feature to use (weighted) un- and directed graphs and might be useful for assessing methods for network construction. KW - Monte Carlo method KW - network reconstruction KW - mcgraph KW - random sampling KW - linear enamel hypoplasia Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2021.3.26 SN - 2748-9957 VL - 2021 IS - 3, Summer School Supplement PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nobari, Hadi A1 - Mahmoudzadeh Khalili, Sara A1 - Denche Zamorano, Angel Manuel A1 - Bowman, ‪Thomas G. A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Workload is associated with the occurrence of non-contact injuries in professional male soccer players: A pilot study JF - Frontiers in Psychology N2 - Injuries in professional soccer are a significant concern for teams, and they are caused amongst others by high training load. This cohort study describes the relationship between workload parameters and the occurrence of non-contact injuries, during weeks with high and low workload in professional soccer players throughout the season. Twenty-one professional soccer players aged 28.3 ± 3.9 yrs. who competed in the Iranian Persian Gulf Pro League participated in this 48-week study. The external load was monitored using global positioning system (GPS, GPSPORTS Systems Pty Ltd) and the type of injury was documented daily by the team's medical staff. Odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR) were calculated for non-contact injuries for high- and low-load weeks according to acute (AW), chronic (CW), acute to chronic workload ratio (ACWR), and AW variation (Δ-Acute) values. By using Poisson distribution, the interval between previous and new injuries were estimated. Overall, 12 non-contact injuries occurred during high load and 9 during low load weeks. Based on the variables ACWR and Δ-AW, there was a significantly increased risk of sustaining non-contact injuries (p < 0.05) during high-load weeks for ACWR (OR: 4.67), and Δ-AW (OR: 4.07). Finally, the expected time between injuries was significantly shorter in high load weeks for ACWR [1.25 vs. 3.33, rate ratio time (RRT)] and Δ-AW (1.33 vs. 3.45, RRT) respectively, compared to low load weeks. The risk of sustaining injuries was significantly larger during high workload weeks for ACWR, and Δ-AW compared with low workload weeks. The observed high OR in high load weeks indicate that there is a significant relationship between workload and occurrence of non-contact injuries. The predicted time to new injuries is shorter in high load weeks compared to low load weeks. Therefore, the frequency of injuries is higher during high load weeks for ACWR and Δ-AW. ACWR and Δ-AW appear to be good indicators for estimating the injury risk, and the time interval between injuries. KW - ACWR KW - external load KW - football KW - prevention KW - performance KW - injury risk Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.925722 SN - 1664-1078 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neumann, Daniel A1 - Tiberius, Victor A1 - Biendarra, Florin T1 - Adopting wearables to customize health insurance contributions BT - a ranking-type Delphi JF - BMC medical informatics and decision making N2 - Background Wearables, as small portable computer systems worn on the body, can track user fitness and health data, which can be used to customize health insurance contributions individually. In particular, insured individuals with a healthy lifestyle can receive a reduction of their contributions to be paid. However, this potential is hardly used in practice. Objective This study aims to identify which barrier factors impede the usage of wearables for assessing individual risk scores for health insurances, despite its technological feasibility, and to rank these barriers according to their relevance. Methods To reach these goals, we conduct a ranking-type Delphi study with the following three stages. First, we collected possible barrier factors from a panel of 16 experts and consolidated them to a list of 11 barrier categories. Second, the panel was asked to rank them regarding their relevance. Third, to enhance the panel consensus, the ranking was revealed to the experts, who were then asked to re-rank the barriers. Results The results suggest that regulation is the most important barrier. Other relevant barriers are false or inaccurate measurements and application errors caused by the users. Additionally, insurers could lack the required technological competence to use the wearable data appropriately. Conclusion A wider use of wearables and health apps could be achieved through regulatory modifications, especially regarding privacy issues. Even after assuring stricter regulations, users’ privacy concerns could partly remain, if the data exchange between wearables manufacturers, health app providers, and health insurers does not become more transparent. KW - Delphi study KW - Health insurance KW - Wearable electronic device KW - Wearable technology KW - Internet of Things KW - Barriers Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-022-01851-4 SN - 1472-6947 VL - 22 SP - 1 EP - 7 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Klaus-Peter T1 - In der Ruhmeshalle der deutschen Literatur BT - das Porträt des Autors und die Medien JF - Fontanes Medien Y1 - 2022 SN - 978-3-11-073323-5 SN - 978-3-11-073810-0 SN - 978-3-11-073330-3 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733235-031 SP - 533 EP - 574 PB - de Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mumm, Rebekka A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Locally structured correlation (LSC) plots describe inhomogeneity in normally distributed correlated bivariate variables JF - Archives of Public Health N2 - Background The association between bivariate variables may not necessarily be homogeneous throughout the whole range of the variables. We present a new technique to describe inhomogeneity in the association of bivariate variables. Methods We consider the correlation of two normally distributed random variables. The 45° diagonal through the origin of coordinates represents the line on which all points would lie if the two variables completely agreed. If the two variables do not completely agree, the points will scatter on both sides of the diagonal and form a cloud. In case of a high association between the variables, the band width of this cloud will be narrow, in case of a low association, the band width will be wide. The band width directly relates to the magnitude of the correlation coefficient. We then determine the Euclidean distances between the diagonal and each point of the bivariate correlation, and rotate the coordinate system clockwise by 45°. The standard deviation of all Euclidean distances, named “global standard deviation”, reflects the band width of all points along the former diagonal. Calculating moving averages of the standard deviation along the former diagonal results in “locally structured standard deviations” and reflect patterns of “locally structured correlations (LSC)”. LSC highlight inhomogeneity of bivariate correlations. We exemplify this technique by analyzing the association between body mass index (BMI) and hip circumference (HC) in 6313 healthy East German adults aged 18 to 70 years. Results The correlation between BMI and HC in healthy adults is not homogeneous. LSC is able to identify regions where the predictive power of the bivariate correlation between BMI and HC increases or decreases, and highlights in our example that slim people have a higher association between BMI and HC than obese people. Conclusion Locally structured correlations (LSC) identify regions of higher or lower than average correlation between two normally distributed variables. KW - Standard deviation KW - Locally structured standard deviation KW - Locally structured correlation KW - Variance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00748-4 SN - 0778-7367 SN - 2049-3258 VL - 80 PB - Springer Nature BMC CY - Bruxelles ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mumm, Rebekka A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - The dilemma of misclassifying weight in short and in historic population JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Background: Clinicians often refer anthropometric measures of a child to so-called “growth standards” and “growth references. Over 140 countries have meanwhile adopted WHO growth standards. Objectives: The present study was conducted to thoroughly examine the idea of growth standards as a common yardstick for all populations. Weight depends on height. We became interested in whether also weight-for-height depends on height. First, we studied the age-group effect on weight-for-height. Thereafter, we tested the applicability of weight-for-height references in short and in historic populations. Sample and Methods: We analyzed body height and body weight and weight-for-height of 3795 healthy boys and 3726 healthy girls aged 2 to 5 years measured in East-Germany between 1986 and 1990. We chose contemporary height and weight charts from Germany, the UK, and the WHO growth chart and compared these with three geographically commensurable growth charts from the end of the 19th century. Results: We analyzed body height and body weight and weight-for-height of 3795 healthy boys and 3726 healthy girls aged 2 to 5 years measured in East-Germany between 1986 and 1990. We chose contemporary height and weight charts from Germany, the UK, and the WHO growth chart and compared these with three geographically commensurable growth charts of the end of the 19th century. Conclusion: Weight-for-height depends on age and sex and apart from the nutritional state, reflects body proportion and body built particularly during infancy and early childhood. Populations with a relatively short average height are prone to high values of weight-for-height for arithmetic reasons independent of the nutritional state. KW - growth standards KW - growth references KW - body mass index KW - nutritional status Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph2021.3.28 SN - 2748-9957 VL - 2021 IS - 3, Summer School Supplement PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Mubeen, Umarah T1 - Regulation of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism by Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii T1 - Regulation des zentralen Kohlen- und Stickstoff Stoffwechsels durch die Target of Rapamycin Kinase in der Grünalge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii N2 - The highly conserved protein complex containing the Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase is known to integrate intra- and extra-cellular stimuli controlling nutrient allocation and cellular growth. This thesis describes three studies aimed to understand how TOR signaling pathway influences carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The first study presents a time-resolved analysis of the molecular and physiological features across the diurnal cycle. The inhibition of TOR leads to 50% reduction in growth followed by nonlinear delays in the cell cycle progression. The metabolomics analysis showed that the growth repression is mainly driven by differential carbon partitioning between anabolic and catabolic processes. Furthermore, the high accumulation of nitrogen-containing compounds indicated that TOR kinase controls the carbon to nitrogen balance of the cell, which is responsible for biomass accumulation, growth and cell cycle progression. In the second study the cause of the high accumulation of amino acids is explained. For this purpose, the effect of TOR inhibition on Chlamydomonas was examined under different growth regimes using stable 13C- and 15N-isotope labeling. The data clearly showed that an increased nitrogen uptake is induced within minutes after the inhibition of TOR. Interestingly, this increased N-influx is accompanied by increased activities of nitrogen assimilating enzymes. Accordingly, it was concluded that TOR inhibition induces de-novo amino acid synthesis in Chlamydomonas. The recognition of this novel process opened an array of questions regarding potential links between central metabolism and TOR signaling. Therefore a detailed phosphoproteomics study was conducted to identify the potential substrates of TOR pathway regulating central metabolism. Interestingly, some of the key enzymes involved in carbon metabolism as well as amino acid synthesis exhibited significant changes in the phosphosite intensities immediately after TOR inhibition. Altogether, these studies provide a) detailed insights to metabolic response of Chlamydomonas to TOR inhibition, b) identification of a novel process causing rapid upshifts in amino acid levels upon TOR inhibition and c) finally highlight potential targets of TOR signaling regulating changes in central metabolism. Further biochemical and molecular investigations could confirm these observations and advance the understanding of growth signaling in microalgae. N2 - Target of Rapamycin (TOR) ist das Zentralprotein eines hochkonservierten Proteinkomplexes, welcher Nährstoff- und Energie Ressourcen für zelluläre Wachstumsprozesse kontengiert. Diese Doktorarbeit beschreibt anhand dreier Studien, wie TOR zu diesem Zweck, in der Grünalge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, den zentralen Stoffwechsel reguliert. Die erste Studie untersucht dazu das zeitaufgelöste Verhalten von Biomolekülen im Tagesverlauf synchronisiert wachsender Algen. Dabei konnte gezeigt werden, das der TOR Inhibitor Rapamycin das Wachstum um 50% reduziert und den Zellzyklus verzögert. Die Zellzyklus Verzögerung scheint dabei hauptsächlich durch veränderte Stoffwechselprozesse erklärt zu sein. Hierbei konnte gezeigt werden, dass TOR vor allem stickstoffhaltige Stoffwechselprodukte (z.B. Aminosäuren) kontrolliert, welche die Grundlage für Biomasseproduktion, Wachstum und den Zellzyklus bilden. Im Rahmen der zweiten Studie konnte dann der molekulare Mechanismus der Akkumulation der zellulären Aminosäuren aufgeklärt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Fütterungsstudien mit 13C- und 15N-Isotopen durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse dieser Fütterung konnten klar zeigen, dass die Inhibition von TOR zur verstärkten Aufnahme von Stickstoff in die Zelle und dessen Assimilierung in Aminosäuren führt. Die Aufdeckung dieses neuen, von TOR gesteuerten Prozesses eröffnete somit die Frage, wie die Signalkaskade von TOR zu den Enzymen der Aminosäuresynthese verläuft. Detaillierte phosphoproteomische Studien sollten dieser Frage nachgehen und Zielprotein der TOR Kinase zu identifizieren und regulierte Stoffwechselprozesses zu finden. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass sowohl verschiedene Enzyme der Aminosäuresynthese als auch Enzyme des zentralen Stoffwechsels innerhalb weniger Minuten stark verändert wurden. Zusammenfassend kann man festhalten das die vorliegende Arbeit detaillierte Stoffwechselanalysen des Stoffwechsels nach einer TOR Inhibition aufdeckt. Hierbei ein neuer Mechanismus zur Regulation der Aminosäuresynthese, nach TOR Inhibition gezeigt werden konnte, welche durch systemische Regulation der Phosphorylierungsmuster zellulärer Proteine kontrolliert wird. Zusätzliche molekulare und biochemische Studien konnten weiterhin zeigen, dass wie TOR das zelluläre Wachstum der photosynthetischen Grünalge kontrolliert und somit steuert. KW - Target of Rapamycin kinase KW - Growth signaling KW - metabolism KW - phosphoproteomics KW - Chlamydomonas KW - Target of Rapamycin kinase KW - Wachstumssignale KW - Stoffwechsel KW - Phosphoproteomik KW - Chlamydomonas Y1 - 2018 ER -