TY - JOUR A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R. A1 - Huang, Sichao A1 - Liu, Sisi A1 - Jia, Weihan A1 - Li, Kai A1 - Liu, Xingqi A1 - Pestryakova, Luidmila A. A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Sedimentary DNA identifies modern and past macrophyte diversity and its environmental drivers in high-latitude and high-elevation lakes in Siberia and China JF - Limnology and oceanography N2 - Arctic and alpine aquatic ecosystems are changing rapidly under recent global warming, threatening water resources by diminishing trophic status and changing biotic composition. Macrophytes play a key role in the ecology of freshwaters and we need to improve our understanding of long-term macrophytes diversity and environmental change so far limited by the sporadic presence of macrofossils in sediments. In our study, we applied metabarcoding using the trnL P6 loop marker to retrieve macrophyte richness and composition from 179 surface-sediment samples from arctic Siberian and alpine Chinese lakes and three representative lake cores. The surface-sediment dataset suggests that macrophyte richness and composition are mostly affected by temperature and conductivity, with highest richness when mean July temperatures are higher than 12 degrees C and conductivity ranges between 40 and 400 mu S cm(-1). Compositional turnover during the Late Pleistocene/Holocene is minor in Siberian cores and characterized by a less rich, but stable emergent macrophyte community. Richness decreases during the Last Glacial Maximum and rises during wetter and warmer climate in the Late-glacial and Mid-Holocene. In contrast, we detect a pronounced change from emergent to submerged taxa at 14 ka in the Tibetan alpine core, which can be explained by increasing temperature and conductivity due to glacial runoff and evaporation. Our study provides evidence for the suitability of the trnL marker to recover modern and past macrophyte diversity and its applicability for the response of macrophyte diversity to lake-hydrochemical and climate variability predicting contrasting macrophyte changes in arctic and alpine lakes under intensified warming and human impact. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12061 SN - 0024-3590 SN - 1939-5590 VL - 67 IS - 5 SP - 1126 EP - 1141 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hébert, Raphaël A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike A1 - Laepple, Thomas T1 - Millennial-scale climate variability over land overprinted by ocean temperature fluctuations JF - Nature geoscience N2 - Variations in regional temperature have widespread implications for society, but our understanding of the amplitude and origin of long-term natural variability is insufficient for accurate regional projections. This is especially the case for terrestrial temperature variability, which is currently thought to be weak over long timescales. By performing spectral analysis on climate reconstructions, produced using sedimentary pollen records from the Northern Hemisphere over the last 8,000 years, coupled with instrumental data, we provide a comprehensive estimate of regional temperature variability from annual to millennial timescales. We show that short-term random variations are overprinted by strong ocean-driven climate variability on multi-decadal and longer timescales. This may cause substantial and potentially unpredictable regional climatic shifts in the coming century, in contrast to the relatively muted and homogeneous warming projected by climate models. Due to the marine influence, regions characterized by stable oceanic climate at sub-decadal timescales experience stronger long-term variability, and continental regions with higher sub-decadal variability show weaker long-term variability. This fundamental relationship between the timescales provides a unique insight into the emergence of a marine-driven low-frequency regime governing terrestrial climate variability and sets the basis to project the amplitude of temperature fluctuations on multi-decadal timescales and longer. Temperature variability over land is enhanced by ocean temperature fluctuations on millennial timescales, with implications for regional-scale climate change, according to an analysis of Northern Hemisphere proxy records and observations. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-01056-4 SN - 1752-0894 SN - 1752-0908 VL - 15 IS - 11 SP - 899 PB - Nature portfolio CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gutschmann, Björn A1 - Simões, Matilde Maldonado A1 - Schiewe, Thomas A1 - Schröter, Edith S. A1 - Münzberg, Marvin A1 - Neubauer, Peter A1 - Bockisch, Anika A1 - Riedel, Sebastian Lothar Stefan T1 - Continuous feeding strategy for polyhydroxyalkanoate production from solid waste animal fat at laboratory- and pilot-scale JF - Microbial biotechnology / Society for Applied Microbiology N2 - Bioconversion of waste animal fat (WAF) to polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) is an approach to lower the production costs of these plastic alternatives. However, the solid nature of WAF requires a tailor-made process development. In this study, a double-jacket feeding system was built to thermally liquefy the WAF to employ a continuous feeding strategy. During laboratory-scale cultivations with Ralstonia eutropha Re2058/pCB113, 70% more PHA (45 g(PHA) L-1) and a 75% higher space-time yield (0.63 g(PHA) L-1 h(-1)) were achieved compared to previously reported fermentations with solid WAF. During the development process, growth and PHA formation were monitored in real-time by in-line photon density wave spectroscopy. The process robustness was further evaluated during scale-down fermentations employing an oscillating aeration, which did not alter the PHA yield although cells encountered periods of oxygen limitation. Flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining showed that more than two-thirds of the cells were viable at the end of the cultivation and viability was even little higher in the scale-down cultivations. Application of this feeding system at 150-L pilot-scale cultivation yielded in 31.5 g(PHA) L-1, which is a promising result for the further scale-up to industrial scale. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14104 SN - 1751-7915 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Effects of fences and fence gaps on the movement behavior of three southern African antelope species T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Globally, migratory ungulates are affected by fences. While field observational studies reveal the amount of animal–fence interactions across taxa, GPS tracking-based studies uncover fence effects on movement patterns and habitat selection. However, studies on the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on movement behavior, especially based on high-frequency tracking data, are scarce. We used GPS tracking on three common African antelopes (Tragelaphus strepsiceros, Antidorcas marsupialis, and T. oryx) with movement strategies ranging from range residency to nomadism in a semi-arid, Namibian savanna traversed by wildlife-proof fences that elephants have regularly breached. We classified major forms of ungulate–fence interaction types on a seasonal and a daily scale. Furthermore, we recorded the distances and times spent at fences regarding the total individual space use. Based on this, we analyzed the direct effects of fences and fence gaps on the animals’ movement behavior for the previously defined types of animal–fence interactions. Antelope-fence interactions peaked during the early hours of the day and during seasonal transitions when the limiting resource changed between water and forage. Major types of ungulate–fence interactions were quick, trace-like, or marked by halts. We found that the amount of time spent at fences was highest for nomadic eland. Migratory springbok adjusted their space use concerning fence gap positions. If the small home ranges of sedentary kudu included a fence, they frequently interacted with this fence. For springbok and eland, distance traveled along a fence declined with increasing utilization of a fence gap. All species reduced their speed in the proximity of a fence but often increased their speed when encountering the fence. Crossing a fence led to increased speeds for all species. We demonstrate that fence effects mainly occur during crucial foraging times (seasonal scale) and during times of directed movements (daily scale). Importantly, we provide evidence that fences directly alter antelope movement behaviors with negative implications for energy budgets and that persistent fence gaps can reduce the intensity of such alterations. Our findings help to guide future animal–fence studies and provide insights for wildlife fencing and fence gap planning. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1308 KW - fence ecology KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - movement speed KW - fence interaction KW - GPS KW - Africa KW - wildlife conservation Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-582672 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1308 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hering, Robert A1 - Hauptfleisch, Morgan A1 - Jago, Mark A1 - Smith, Taylor A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Stiegler, Jonas A1 - Blaum, Niels T1 - Don't stop me now: Managed fence gaps could allow migratory ungulates to track dynamic resources and reduce fence related energy loss T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - In semi-arid environments characterized by erratic rainfall and scattered primary production, migratory movements are a key survival strategy of large herbivores to track resources over vast areas. Veterinary Cordon Fences (VCFs), intended to reduce wildlife-livestock disease transmission, fragment large parts of southern Africa and have limited the movements of large wild mammals for over 60 years. Consequently, wildlife-fence interactions are frequent and often result in perforations of the fence, mainly caused by elephants. Yet, we lack knowledge about at which times fences act as barriers, how fences directly alter the energy expenditure of native herbivores, and what the consequences of impermeability are. We studied 2-year ungulate movements in three common antelopes (springbok, kudu, eland) across a perforated part of Namibia's VCF separating a wildlife reserve and Etosha National Park using GPS telemetry, accelerometer measurements, and satellite imagery. We identified 2905 fence interaction events which we used to evaluate critical times of encounters and direct fence effects on energy expenditure. Using vegetation type-specific greenness dynamics, we quantified what animals gained in terms of high quality food resources from crossing the VCF. Our results show that the perforation of the VCF sustains herbivore-vegetation interactions in the savanna with its scattered resources. Fence permeability led to peaks in crossing numbers during the first flush of woody plants before the rain started. Kudu and eland often showed increased energy expenditure when crossing the fence. Energy expenditure was lowered during the frequent interactions of ungulates standing at the fence. We found no alteration of energy expenditure when springbok immediately found and crossed fence breaches. Our results indicate that constantly open gaps did not affect energy expenditure, while gaps with obstacles increased motion. Closing gaps may have confused ungulates and modified their intended movements. While browsing, sedentary kudu's use of space was less affected by the VCF; migratory, mixed-feeding springbok, and eland benefited from gaps by gaining forage quality and quantity after crossing. This highlights the importance of access to vast areas to allow ungulates to track vital vegetation patches. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1278 KW - veterinary cordon fence KW - ungulate KW - fence ecology KW - resource-tracking KW - energy expenditure KW - accelerometer KW - GPS KW - wildlife and habitat management Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570087 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1278 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kürschner, Tobias T1 - Disease transmission and persistence in dynamic landscapes T1 - Krankheitsübertragung und Persistenz in dynamischen Landschaft N2 - Infectious diseases are an increasing threat to biodiversity and human health. Therefore, developing a general understanding of the drivers shaping host-pathogen dynamics is of key importance in both ecological and epidemiological research. Disease dynamics are driven by a variety of interacting processes such as individual host behaviour, spatiotemporal resource availability or pathogen traits like virulence and transmission. External drivers such as global change may modify the system conditions and, thus, the disease dynamics. Despite their importance, many of these drivers are often simplified and aggregated in epidemiological models and the interactions among multiple drivers are neglected. In my thesis, I investigate disease dynamics using a mechanistic approach that includes both bottom-up effects - from landscape dynamics to individual movement behaviour - as well as top-down effects - from pathogen virulence on host density and contact rates. To this end, I extended an established spatially explicit individual-based model that simulates epidemiological and ecological processes stochastically, to incorporate a dynamic resource landscape that can be shifted away from the timing of host population-dynamics (chapter 2). I also added the evolution of pathogen virulence along a theoretical virulence-transmission trade-off (chapter 3). In chapter 2, I focus on bottom-up effects, specifically how a temporal shift of resource availability away from the timing of biological events of host-species - as expected under global change - scales up to host-pathogen interactions and disease dynamics. My results show that the formation of temporary disease hotspots in combination with directed individual movement acted as key drivers for pathogen persistence even under highly unfavourable conditions for the host. Even with drivers like global change further increasing the likelihood of unfavourable interactions between host species and their environment, pathogens can continue to persist with heir hosts. In chapter 3, I demonstrate that the top-down effect caused by pathogen-associated mortality on its host population can be mitigated by selection for lower virulent pathogen strains when host densities are reduced through mismatches between seasonal resource availability and host life-history events. I chapter 4, I combined parts of both theoretical models into a new model that includes individual host movement decisions and the evolution of pathogenic virulence to simulate pathogen outbreaks in realistic landscapes. I was able to match simulated patterns of pathogen spread to observed patterns from long-term outbreak data of classical swine fever in wild boar in Northern Germany. The observed disease course was best explained by a simulated high virulent strain, whereas sampling schemes and vaccination campaigns could explain differences in the age-distribution of infected hosts. My model helps to understand and disentangle how the combination of individual decision making and evolution of virulence can act as important drivers of pathogen spread and persistence. As I show across the chapters of this thesis, the interplay of both bottom-up and top-down processes is a key driver of disease dynamics in spatially structured host populations, as they ultimately shape host densities and contact rates among moving individuals. My findings are an important step towards a paradigm shift in disease ecology away from simplified assumptions towards the inclusion of mechanisms, such as complex multi-trophic interactions, and their feedbacks on pathogen spread and disease persistence. The mechanisms presented here should be at the core of realistic predictive and preventive epidemiological models. N2 - Infektionskrankheiten stellen eine zunehmende Bedrohung für die biologische Vielfalt und die menschliche Gesundheit dar. Daher ist es sowohl für die epidemiologische als auch für die ökologische Forschung von zentraler Bedeutung, ein allgemeines Verständnis der Mechanismen, die die Wirts-Pathogen-Dynamik beeinflussen, zu entwickeln. Die Krankheitsausbrüche werden durch eine Vielzahl von interagierenden Prozessen angetrieben, wie unter anderem individuellem Wirtsverhalten, Ressourcenverfügbarkeit oder Erregermerkmale wie Virulenz. Externe Faktoren wie der globale Wandel können grundlegende Veränderungen dieser Prozesse verursachen und sich damit auch auf Krankheitsdynamiken auswirken. Trotz ihrer Bedeutung für Krankheitsausbrüche werden viele dieser Faktoren in epidemiologischen Modellen oft vereinfacht und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Faktoren vernachlässigt. In Anbetracht dessen, ist es sowohl für die ökologische als auch für die epidemiologische Forschung von zentraler Bedeutung, ein allgemeines Verständnis dafür zu entwickeln, wie mehrere interagierende Prozesse Wirts-Pathogen-Interaktionen beeinflussen können. In meiner Dissertation untersuche ich die Krankheitsdynamik mittels eines mechanistischen Ansatzes, der sowohl Bottom-up-Effekte - von der Landschaftsdynamik bis zum individuellen Bewegungsverhalten - als auch Top-down-Effekte - von der Virulenz des Erregers auf die Wirtsdichte und die Kontaktraten - berücksichtigt. Zu diesem Zweck habe ich ein etabliertes, räumlich explizites, Individuen basiertes Modell, das epidemiologische und ökologische Prozesse stochastisch simuliert, um eine dynamische Ressourcenlandschaft erweitert, die zeitlich mit der Populationsdynamik der Wirte verschoben werden kann (Kapitel 2). Zusätzlich habe ich die Evolution der Virulenz von Krankheitserregern entlang eines theoretischen Verhältnisses zwischen Virulenz und Übertragung hinzugefügt (Kapitel 3). In Kapitel 2 konzentriere ich mich auf Bottom-up-Effekte, insbesondere auf die Frage, wie sich eine zeitliche Verschiebung der Ressourcenverfügbarkeit weg vom Zeitpunkt biologischer Ereignisse der Wirtsarten - wie sie im Rahmen des globalen Wandels erwartet wird - auf die Wirt-Pathogen-Interaktionen und Krankheitsdynamiken auswirkt. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Bildung vorübergehender Krankheitsherde in Kombination mit gezielter individueller Wirtsbewegung als Schlüsselfaktoren für die Persistenz von Krankheitserregern selbst unter äußerst ungünstigen Bedingungen für den Wirt fungieren. Selbst wenn Faktoren wie der globale Wandel die Wahrscheinlichkeit ungünstiger Wechselwirkungen zwischen Wirtsarten und ihrer Umwelt weiter erhöhen, können Krankheitserreger weiterhin in ihren Wirten persistieren. In Kapitel 3 zeige ich, dass der Top-Down-Effekt, der durch die pathogen-assoziierte Mortalität verursacht wird, durch eine evolutionäre Selektion auf weniger virulente Erregerstämme abgeschwächt werden kann, wenn die Wirtsdichte durch eine zeitliche Verschiebung von saisonaler Ressourcenverfügbarkeit und dem Zeitpunkt von biologischen Ereignissen der Wirtsarten reduziert wird. In Kapitel 4 habe ich Teile der beiden theoretischen Modelle zu einem neuen Modell kombiniert, das individuelle Wirtsbewegungen und die Entwicklung der Virulenz von Krankheitserregern einbezieht, um Ausbrüche von Krankheitserregern in realistischen Landschaften zu simulieren. Es gelang mir, die simulierten Muster der Krankheitsausbreitung mit beobachteten Mustern von Langzeitausbrüchen der klassischen Schweinepest in Wildschweinen in Norddeutschland abzugleichen. Der beobachtete Krankheitsverlauf ließ sich am besten durch einen simulierten hochvirulenten Stamm erklären, während das Design der Probenentnahmen und Impfkampagnen Unterschiede in der Altersverteilung der infizierten Wirte erklären könnten. Mein Modell trägt dazu bei, zu verstehen, wie die Kombination aus individueller Bewegung und der Evolution von Virulenz als wichtige Treiber für die Ausbreitung und Persistenz des Erregers wirken können. Wie ich in den Kapiteln dieser Arbeit zeige, ist das Zusammenspiel von Bottom-up- und Top-down-Prozessen ein entscheidender Faktor für die Krankheitsdynamik in Wirtspopulationen, da sie letztlich die Wirtsdichte und den Kontakt zwischen sich bewegenden Individuen bestimmen. Meine Ergebnisse sind ein wichtiger Schritt auf dem Weg zu einem Paradigmenwechsel in der Krankheitsökologie, weg von vereinfachten Annahmen hin zur Einbeziehung von komplexen Interaktionen und deren Rückkopplungen auf die Ausbreitung und Persistenz von Krankheitserregern. Die hier vorgestellten Mechanismen sollten den Kern realistischer Vorhersage- und Präventivmodelle für die Epidemiologie bilden. KW - disease ecology KW - movement ecology KW - Krankheitsökologie KW - Bewegungsökologie Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-564689 ER - TY - THES A1 - Oberkofler, Vicky T1 - Molecular basis of HS memory in Arabidopsis thaliana T1 - Die molekulare Basis des Hitzestress-Gedächtnisses in Arabidopsis thaliana N2 - Plants can be primed to survive the exposure to a severe heat stress (HS) by prior exposure to a mild HS. The information about the priming stimulus is maintained by the plant for several days. This maintenance of acquired thermotolerance, or HS memory, is genetically separable from the acquisition of thermotolerance itself and several specific regulatory factors have been identified in recent years. On the molecular level, HS memory correlates with two types of transcriptional memory, type I and type II, that characterize a partially overlapping subset of HS-inducible genes. Type I transcriptional memory or sustained induction refers to the sustained transcriptional induction above non-stressed expression levels of a gene for a prolonged time period after the end of the stress exposure. Type II transcriptional memory refers to an altered transcriptional response of a gene after repeated exposure to a stress of similar duration and intensity. In particular, enhanced re-induction refers to a transcriptional pattern in which a gene is induced to a significantly higher degree after the second stress exposure than after the first. This thesis describes the functional characterization of a novel positive transcriptional regulator of type I transcriptional memory, the heat shock transcription factor HSFA3, and compares it to HSFA2, a known positive regulator of type I and type II transcriptional memory. It investigates type I transcriptional memory and its dependence on HSFA2 and HSFA3 for the first time on a genome-wide level, and gives insight on the formation of heteromeric HSF complexes in response to HS. This thesis confirms the tight correlation between transcriptional memory and H3K4 hyper-methylation, reported here in a case study that aimed to reduce H3K4 hyper-methylation of the type II transcriptional memory gene APX2 by CRISPR/dCas9-mediated epigenome editing. Finally, this thesis gives insight into the requirements for a heat shock transcription factor to function as a positive regulator of transcriptional memory, both in terms of its expression profile and protein abundance after HS and the contribution of individual functional domains. In summary, this thesis contributes to a more detailed understanding of the molecular processes underlying transcriptional memory and therefore HS memory, in Arabidopsis thaliana. N2 - Pflanzen können darauf vorbereitet werden, einen schweren Hitzestress (HS) zu überleben, indem sie zuvor einem leichten HS ausgesetzt werden. Die Information über den Priming-Stimulus wird von der Pflanze mehrere Tage lang aufrechterhalten. Diese Aufrechterhaltung der erworbenen Thermotoleranz, das so genannte HS-Gedächtnis, ist genetisch vom Erwerb der Thermotoleranz selbst trennbar, und in den letzten Jahren wurden mehrere spezifische Regulierungsfaktoren identifiziert. Auf molekularer Ebene korreliert das HS-Gedächtnis mit zwei Arten von Transkriptionsgedächtnis, Typ I und Typ II, die eine sich teilweise überschneidende Untergruppe von HS-induzierbaren Genen charakterisieren. Das Transkriptionsgedächtnis vom Typ I oder die anhaltende Induktion bezieht sich auf die anhaltende Transkriptionsinduktion eines Gens über das Niveau der Expression im ungestressten Zustand hinaus über einen längeren Zeitraum nach dem Ende der Stressbelastung. Das Transkriptionsgedächtnis des Typs II bezieht sich auf eine veränderte Transkriptionsreaktion eines Gens nach wiederholter Exposition gegenüber einem Hitzestress von ähnlicher Dauer und Intensität. Insbesondere bezieht sich dabei die verstärkte Re-Induktion auf ein Transkriptionsmuster, bei dem ein Gen nach der zweiten Stressexposition in deutlich höherem Maße induziert wird als nach der ersten. Diese Arbeit beschreibt die funktionelle Charakterisierung eines neuartigen positiven Transkriptionsregulators des Typ-I-Transkriptionsgedächtnisses, des Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktors HSFA3, und vergleicht ihn mit HSFA2, einem bekannten positiven Regulator des Typ-I- und Typ-II-Transkriptionsgedächtnisses. Die Arbeit untersucht das Typ-I-Transkriptionsgedächtnis und seine Abhängigkeit von HSFA2 und HSFA3 zum ersten Mal auf genomweiter Ebene und gibt Einblick in die Bildung heteromerer HSF-Komplexe als Reaktion auf HS. Diese Arbeit bestätigt den engen Zusammenhang zwischen transkriptionellem Gedächtnis und H3K4-Hypermethylierung, über den hier in einer Fallstudie berichtet wird, die darauf abzielt, die H3K4-Hypermethylierung des Typ-II-Transkriptionsgedächtnisgens APX2 durch CRISPR/dCas9-vermitteltes Epigenom-Editing zu reduzieren. Schließlich gibt diese Arbeit einen Einblick in die Anforderungen, die ein Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktor erfüllen muss, damit er als positiver Regulator des Transkriptionsgedächtnisses fungieren kann, und zwar sowohl in Bezug auf sein Expressionsprofil und seine Proteinabundanz nach HS als auch in Bezug auf den Beitrag seiner einzelnen funktionellen Domänen. Zusammenfassend trägt diese Arbeit zu einem genaueren Verständnis der molekularen Prozesse bei, die dem Transkriptionsgedächtnis und damit dem HS-Gedächtnis in Arabidopsis thaliana zugrunde liegen. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - abiotic stress KW - heat stress memory KW - transcription factors KW - HSF KW - epigenome editing KW - histone methylation KW - H3K4me KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - H3K4me KW - Hitzeschock-Transkriptionsfaktor KW - abiotischer Stress KW - Epigenom Editierung KW - Hitzestress-Gedächtnis KW - Histon Methylierung KW - Transkriptionsfaktoren Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569544 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kahl, Sandra T1 - Evolutionary adaptive responses to rapid climate change in plants T1 - Evolutionäre Anpassungsstrategien von Pflanzen an den Klimawandel BT - a case study of the widely distributed species Silene vulgaris BT - ein Fallbeispiel der weit verbreiteten Art Silene vulgaris N2 - The ongoing climate change is altering the living conditions for many organisms on this planet at an unprecedented pace. Hence, it is crucial for the survival of species to adapt to these changing conditions. In this dissertation Silene vulgaris is used as a model organism to understand the adaption strategies of widely distributed plant species to the current climate change. Especially plant species that possess a wide geographic range are expected to have a high phenotypic plasticity or to show genetic differentiation in response to the different climate conditions they grow in. However, they are often underrepresented in research. In the greenhouse experiment presented in this thesis, I examined the phenotypic responses and plasticity in S. vulgaris to estimate its’ adaptation potential. Seeds from 25 wild European populations were collected along a latitudinal gradient and grown in a greenhouse under three different precipitation (65 mm, 75 mm, 90 mm) and two different temperature regimes (18°C, 21°C) that resembled a possible climate change scenario for central Europe. Afterwards different biomass and fecundity-related plant traits were measured. The treatments significantly influenced the plants but did not reveal a latitudinal difference in response to climate treatments for most plant traits. The number of flowers per individual however, showed a stronger plasticity in northern European populations (e.g., Swedish populations) where numbers decreased more drastically with increased temperature and decreased precipitation. To gain an even deeper understanding of the adaptation of S. vulgaris to climate change it is also important to reveal the underlying phylogeny of the sampled populations. Therefore, I analysed their population genetic structure through whole genome sequencing via ddRAD. The sequencing revealed three major genetic clusters in the S. vulgaris populations sampled in Europe: one cluster comprised Southern European populations, one cluster Western European populations and another cluster contained central European populations. A following analysis of experimental trait responses among the clusters to the climate-change scenario showed that the genetic clusters significantly differed in biomass-related traits and in the days to flowering. However, half of the traits showed parallel response patterns to the experimental climate-change scenario. In addition to the potential geographic and genetic adaptation differences to climate change this dissertation also deals with the response differences between the sexes in S. vulgaris. As a gynodioecious species populations of S. vulgaris consist of female and hermaphrodite individuals and the sexes can differ in their morphological traits which is known as sexual dimorphism. As climate change is becoming an important factor influencing plant morphology it remains unclear if and how different sexes may respond in sexually dimorphic species. To examine this question the sex of each individual plant was determined during the greenhouse experiment and the measured plant traits were analysed accordingly. In general, hermaphrodites had a higher number of flowers but a lower number of leaves than females. With regards to the climate change treatment, I found that hermaphrodites showed a milder negative response to higher temperatures in the number of flowers produced and in specific leaf area (SLA) compared to females. Synthesis – The significant treatment response in Silene vulgaris, independent of population origin in most traits suggests a high degree of universal phenotypic plasticity. Also, the three European intraspecific genetic lineages detected showed comparable parallel response patterns in half of the traits suggesting considerable phenotypic plasticity. Hence, plasticity might represent a possible adaptation strategy of this widely distributed species during ongoing and future climatic changes. The results on sexual dimorphism show that females and hermaphrodites are differing mainly in their number of flowers and females are affected more strongly by the experimental climate-change scenario. These results provide a solid knowledge basis on the sexual dimorphism in S. vulgaris under climate change, but further research is needed to determine the long-term impact on the breeding system for the species. In summary this dissertation provides a comprehensive insight into the adaptation mechanisms and consequences of a widely distributed and gynodioecious plant species and leverages our understanding of the impact of anthropogenic climate change on plants. N2 - Der derzeitige Klimawandel verändert die Lebensbedingungen für viele Tiere und Pflanzen auf unserem Planeten in nie da gewesenem Maße. Damit Arten überleben, ist es von besonderer Wichtigkeit, dass sich diese an die sich ändernden Klimabedingungen anpassen können. Die vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Modellpflanze Silene vulgaris und versucht zu ergründen, wie sich solch weit verbreitete Pflanzenarten an den Klimawandel anpassen. Dabei ist zu erwarten, dass sie eine hohe phänotypische Plastizität besitzen, durch die sie sich gut anpassen können oder, dass sie sich durch eine genetische Differenzierung als Antwort auf die vorherrschenden Umweltbedingungen auszeichnen. Im experimentellen Ansatz dieser Dissertation untersuchte ich daher die phänotypischen Anpassungen und die phänotypische Plastizität von S. vulgaris an ein mögliches Klimawandelszenario für Zentraleuropa. Dabei wurden die Samen von 25 europäischen Populationen gesammelt und in einem Gewächshausexperiment unter drei verschiedenen Niederschlagsbedingungen (65 mm, 75 mm, 90 mm) und zwei verschiedenen Temperaturbedingungen (18°C, 21°C) herangezogen. Im Anschluss wurden verschiedene Biomasse- und Fertilitätsmerkmale gemessen. Für ein tiefergehendes Verständnis der Anpassungsmöglichkeiten von S. vulgaris an den Klimawandel ist es zudem wichtig, auch die zugrundeliegende Phylogenie der Populationen zu verstehen. In diesem Zusammenhang nutzte ich eine genomweite Sequenziermethode mittels ddRAD. Die Bedingungen im Gewächshausexperiment beeinflussten die Pflanzen signifikant in ihren phänotypischen Merkmalen, jedoch ließ sich kein Unterschied zwischen Population unterschiedlicher Herkunft erkennen. Lediglich die Anzahl der Blüten zeigte eine größere Plastizität in nördlichen europäischen Populationen, wo sich die Blütenzahl stärker dezimierte unter höheren Temperaturen und stärkerer Trockenheit. Die populationsgenetische Analyse ergab drei distinkte phylogenetische Gruppen für die untersuchten europäischen Populationen von S. vulgaris: eine Gruppe beinhaltete südeuropäische Populationen aus Spanien und Südfrankreich, eine weitere Gruppe bestand aus den gesammelten Individuen der westfranzösischen Populationen, während die dritte Gruppe, die Populationen aus Mittel- und Nordeuropa enthielt. Diese genetischen Gruppen wurden anschließend ebenfalls der Merkmalsanalyse unter den Gewächshausbedingungen unterzogen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass sich die genetischen Gruppen in ihren phänotypischen Merkmalen unterschieden, jedoch eine ähnliche Anpassung ihrer Merkmale an die experimentellen Klimawandelbedingungen zeigten. Der dritte Aspekt dieser Dissertation befasste sich mit möglichen Anpassungsunterschieden zwischen den Geschlechtern in S. vulgaris. Als gynodiözische Art bestehen ihre Populationen sowohl aus weiblichen, also auch aus zwittrigen Individuen. Die phänotypischen Merkmale beider Geschlechter können sich dabei unterscheiden, was man als Sexualdimorphismus bezeichnet. Es ist bereits bekannt, dass sich Pflanzenmerkmale durch den anhaltenden Klimawandel bereits verändern, jedoch ist es nicht gut erforscht, ob und wie sich die unterschiedlichen Geschlechter bei einer sexuell dimorphen Art unter diesem Selektionsdruck verhalten. Während des Gewächshausexperiments wurden daher die Geschlechter der Individuen bestimmt und die phänotypischen Unterschiede zwischen weiblichen und zwittrigen Pflanzen analysiert. Allgemein lässt sich sagen, dass zwittrige Individuen mehr Blüten aber weniger Blätter hatten als weibliche. Im Hinblick auf die experimentellen Klimawandelbedingungen konnte ich zudem feststellen, dass Hermaphroditen in ihrer spezifischen Blattfläche und der Blütenanzahl weniger stark negativ auf höhere Temperaturen reagierten. Synthese – Die signifikanten Merkmalsanpassungen an die Gewächshausbedingungen waren unabhängig von der geographischen Herkunft oder genetischen Gruppe der Individuen. Dies lässt ein hohes Maß an universeller, phänotypischer Plastizität vermuten. Dementsprechend kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass phänotypische Plastizität ein möglicher Anpassungsmechanismus für diese weit verbreitete Art an den Klimawandel sein könnte. Im Hinblick auf den Sexualdimorphismus in S. vulgaris lässt sich sagen, dass sich beide Geschlechter vornehmlich in der Anzahl der Blüten unterscheiden und dass weibliche Pflanzen stärker von den Bedingungen des Gewächshausexperiments beeinflusst wurden. Diese Dissertation konnte damit erstmals darüber Aufschluss geben, wie sich S. vulgaris im Hinblick auf ihren Sexualdimorphismus unter Klimawandelbedingungen verhält. Weitere Forschung wird nun benötigt, um auch den Langzeiteffekt des Klimawandels auf das Fortpflanzungssystem dieser Art abschätzen zu können. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die vorliegende Arbeit einen umfassenden Einblick in die Anpassungsmechanismen einer weit verbreiteten Pflanzenart an den anthropogenen Klimawandel gibt. Zudem bestärkt sie unser Verständnis der Auswirkungen, die sich daraus für eine gynodiözische Art, wie S. vulgaris ergeben. KW - Silene vulgaris KW - climate change KW - plant adaptation KW - Silene vulgaris KW - Klimawandel KW - Pflanzenanpassung Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-556483 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Singh, Aakanksha A1 - Compart, Julia A1 - AL-Rawi, Shadha Abduljaleel A1 - Mahto, Harendra A1 - Ahmad, Abubakar Musa A1 - Fettke, Jörg T1 - LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 alters the glucan structures at the starch granule surface and thereby influences the action of both starch-synthesizing and starch-degrading enzymes JF - The plant journal N2 - For starch metabolism to take place correctly, various enzymes and proteins acting on the starch granule surface are crucial. Recently, two non-catalytic starch-binding proteins, pivotal for normal starch turnover in Arabidopsis leaves, namely, EARLY STARVATION 1 (ESV1) and its homolog LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 (LESV), have been identified. Both share nearly 38% sequence homology. As ESV1 has been found to influence glucan phosphorylation via two starch-related dikinases, alpha-glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD), through modulating the surface glucan structures of the starch granules and thus affecting starch degradation, we assess the impact of its homolog LESV on starch metabolism. Thus, the 65-kDa recombinant protein LESV and the 50-kDa ESV1 were analyzed regarding their influence on the action of GWD and PWD on the surface of the starch granules. We included starches from various sources and additionally assessed the effect of these non-enzymatic proteins on other starch-related enzymes, such as starch synthases (SSI and SSIII), starch phosphorylases (PHS1), isoamylase and beta-amylase. The data obtained indicate that starch phosphorylation, hydrolyses and synthesis were affected by LESV and ESV1. Furthermore, incubation with LESV and ESV1 together exerted an additive effect on starch phosphorylation. In addition, a stable alteration of the glucan structures at the starch granule surface following treatment with LESV and ESV1 was observed. Here, we discuss all the observed changes that point to modifications in the glucan structures at the surface of the native starch granules and present a model to explain the existing processes. KW - starch KW - starch metabolism KW - starch surface structure KW - Arabidopsis KW - thaliana Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15855 SN - 0960-7412 SN - 1365-313X VL - 111 IS - 3 SP - 819 EP - 835 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Xiaoping A1 - Apriyanto, Ardha A1 - Flores Castellanos, Junio A1 - Compart, Julia A1 - Muntaha, Sidratul Nur A1 - Fettke, Jörg T1 - Dpe2/phs1 revealed unique starch metabolism with three distinct phases characterized by different starch granule numbers per chloroplast, allowing insights into the control mechanism of granule number regulation by gene co-regulation and metabolic profiling JF - Frontiers in Plant Science N2 - An Arabidopsis mutant lacking both the cytosolic Disproportionating enzyme 2 (DPE2) and the plastidial glucan Phosphorylase 1 (PHS1) revealed a unique starch metabolism. Dpe2/phs1 has been reported to have only one starch granule number per chloroplast when grown under diurnal rhythm. For this study, we analyzed dpe2/phs1 in details following the mutant development, and found that it showed three distinct periods of granule numbers per chloroplast, while there was no obvious change observed in Col-0. In young plants, the starch granule number was similar to that in Col-0 at first, and then decreased significantly, down to one or no granule per chloroplast, followed by an increase in the granule number. Thus, in dpe2/phs1, control over the starch granule number is impaired, but it is not defective in starch granule initiation. The data also indicate that the granule number is not fixed, and is regulated throughout plant growth. Furthermore, the chloroplasts revealed alterations during these three periods, with a partially strong aberrant morphology in the middle phase. Interestingly, the unique metabolism was perpetuated when starch degradation was further impaired through an additional lack of Isoamylase 3 (ISA3) or Starch excess 4 (SEX4). Transcriptomic studies and metabolic profiling revealed the co-regulation of starch metabolism-related genes and a clear metabolic separation between the periods. Most senescence-induced genes were found to be up-regulated more than twice in the starch-less mature leaves. Thus, dpe2/phs1 is a unique plant material source, with which we may study starch granule number regulation to obtain a more detailed understanding. KW - LCSM KW - RNA-Seq KW - metabolic-profiling KW - starch granule number regulation KW - starch initiation KW - starch degradation Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1039534 SN - 1664-462X SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Frontiers CY - Lausanne, Schweiz ER -