TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hempel, Sabrina
A1  - Adolphs, Julian
A1  - Landwehr, Niels
A1  - Willink, Dilya
A1  - Janke, David
A1  - Amon, Thomas
T1  - Supervised machine learning to assess methane emissions of a dairy building with natural ventilation
JF  - Applied Sciences
N2  - A reliable quantification of greenhouse gas emissions is a basis for the development of adequate mitigation measures. Protocols for emission measurements and data analysis approaches to extrapolate to accurate annual emission values are a substantial prerequisite in this context. We systematically analyzed the benefit of supervised machine learning methods to project methane emissions from a naturally ventilated cattle building with a concrete solid floor and manure scraper located in Northern Germany. We took into account approximately 40 weeks of hourly emission measurements and compared model predictions using eight regression approaches, 27 different sampling scenarios and four measures of model accuracy. Data normalization was applied based on median and quartile range. A correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of individual features. This indicated only a very weak linear relation between the methane emission and features that are typically used to predict methane emission values of naturally ventilated barns. It further highlighted the added value of including day-time and squared ambient temperature as features. The error of the predicted emission values was in general below 10%. The results from Gaussian processes, ordinary multilinear regression and neural networks were least robust. More robust results were obtained with multilinear regression with regularization, support vector machines and particularly the ensemble methods gradient boosting and random forest. The latter had the added value to be rather insensitive against the normalization procedure. In the case of multilinear regression, also the removal of not significantly linearly related variables (i.e., keeping only the day-time component) led to robust modeling results. We concluded that measurement protocols with 7 days and six measurement periods can be considered sufficient to model methane emissions from the dairy barn with solid floor with manure scraper, particularly when periods are distributed over the year with a preference for transition periods. Features should be normalized according to median and quartile range and must be carefully selected depending on the modeling approach.
KW  - greenhouse gas
KW  - on-farm evaluation
KW  - emission factor
KW  - regression
KW  - ensemble methods
KW  - gradient boosting
KW  - random forest
KW  - neural networks
KW  - support vector machines
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/app10196938
SN  - 2076-3417
VL  - 10
IS  - 19
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  -