TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Seasonal effects of strength endurance vs. power training in young female soccer athletes
JF  - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA
N2  - Lesinski, M, Prieske, O, Chaabene, H, and Granacher, U. Seasonal effects of strength endurance vs. power training in young female soccer athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S90-S96, 2021-This study examined the seasonal effects of strength endurance training (SET) vs. power training (PT) on physical fitness and body composition in young female soccer players. Thirty-six young female elite soccer players (15 +/- 1 years; maturity offset +3 +/- 1 years) were allocated to progressive SET (n = 19) or PT (n = 17). Over the course of one soccer season, SET performed slow movement velocity, moderate intensity (50-60% of the 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; 20-40 repetitions) strength exercises while PT performed moderate-to-high intensity (50-95% of the 1RM; 3-8 repetitions), high movement velocity strength exercises (2 sessions center dot wk(-1)). Before and after training, tests were performed for the assessment of muscle strength (1RM leg press), jump performance (countermovement jump [CMJ], drop jump [DJ]), muscular endurance (ventral Bourban test), linear speed (10 m, 20 m), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (T-test), dynamic balance (Y-balance test), sport-specific performance (kicking velocity), and body composition (lean body mass and fat mass). An analysis of covariance was used to test for between-group differences at post-test with baseline values as covariate. No significant between-group differences were observed in terms of total training volume over the respective soccer seasons (p = 0.069; d = 0.68). At post-test, SET showed significantly better ventral Bourban and T-test performances (d = 1.28-2.28; p = 0.000-0.001) compared with PT. However, PT resulted in significantly better 1RM leg press, DJ, 10-m, and 20-m sprint performances (d = 0.85-1.44; p = 0.000-0.026). No significant between-group differences were observed at post-test for CMJ, Y-balance test, kicking performance, and body composition (d = 0.20-0.74, p = 0.051-0.594). Our findings are mainly in accordance with the principle of training specificity. Both SET and PT are recommended to be implemented in young female elite soccer players according to the respective training period.
KW  - strength training
KW  - elite
KW  - training specificity
KW  - soccer players
KW  - muscle
KW  - endurance
KW  - periodization
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000003564
SN  - 1064-8011
SN  - 1533-4287
VL  - 35
IS  - Supplement 12
SP  - S90
EP  - S96
PB  - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY  - Philadelphia
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Behm, David George
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of youth resistance training
T1  - Leistungs- und gesundheitsbezogene Wirkungen von Krafttraining mit Heranwachsenden
JF  - Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology
N2  - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of yoThere is ample evidence that youth resistance training (RT) is safe, joyful, and effective for different markers of performance (e.g., muscle strength, power, linear sprint speed) and health (e.g., injury prevention). Accordingly, the first aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the relevance of muscle strength for youth physical development. The second purpose is to report evidence on the effectiveness of RT on muscular fitness (muscle strength, power, muscle endurance), on movement skill performance and injury prevention in youth. There is evidence that RT is effective in enhancing measures of muscle fitness in children and adolescents, irrespective of sex. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that RT has positive effects on fundamental movement skills (e.g., jumping, running, throwing) in youth regardless of age, maturity, training status, and sex. Further, irrespective of age, sex, and training status, regular exposure to RT (e.g., plyometric training) decreases the risk of sustaining injuries in youth. This implies that RT should be a meaningful element of youths’ exercise programming. This has been acknowledged by global (e.g., World Health Organization) and national (e.g., National Strength and Conditioning Association) health- and performance-related organizations which is why they recommended to perform RT as an integral part of weekly exercise programs to promote muscular strength, fundamental movement skills, and to resist injuries in youth.uth resistance training
N2  - Die aktuelle Literatur zum Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigt eindrücklich, dass ein altersgerechtes und fachlich angeleitetes Krafttraining eine sichere, freudvolle und effektive Maßnahme für die Leistungsentwicklung (z. B. Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft, Sprintgeschwindigkeit) und Gesundheitserhaltung (z. B. Verletzungsprävention) von Heranwachsenden darstellt. Einerseits ist es das Ziel dieses narrativen Übersichtsartikels, die Relevanz der Muskelkraft für die körperliche Entwicklung von Heranwachsenden zu diskutieren. Andererseits sollen aktuelle Befunde zur Effektivität von Krafttraining auf die muskuläre Fitness (Maximal-/Schnellkraft, Kraftausdauer), elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten (z.B. Springen, Rennen, Werfen) sowie die Verletzungsprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben werden. Die aktuelle Literatur belegt, dass Krafttraining die Muskelkraft, die Schnellkraft und die Kraftausdauer von Kindern und Jugendlichen unabhängig vom Geschlecht verbessern kann. Weiterhin zeigen Studien, dass trainingsbedingte Verbesserungen der muskulären Fitness auf elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten transferieren. Diese Wirkungen sind unabhängig vom Alter, der biologischen Reife, dem Trainingsstatus und dem Geschlecht der Trainierenden. Zudem verringert regelmäßiges Krafttraining das Verletzungsrisiko der Heranwachsenden unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht und Trainingsstatus. Aufgrund dieses breiten Wirkungsspektrums sollte Krafttraining ein elementarer Bestandteil des Trainings von Heranwachsenden darstellen. Nationale (National Strength and Conditioning Association) sowie internationale (Weltgesundheitsorganisation) gesundheits- und leistungsorientierte Standesgesellschaften haben die positiven Wirkungen von Krafttraining erkannt und in ihre Bewegungsempfehlungen für Kinder und Jugendliche übernommen.
KW  - muscle strength
KW  - muscle power
KW  - strength training
KW  - children
KW  - adolescents
KW  - Maximalkraft
KW  - Schnellkraft
KW  - Widerstandstraining
KW  - Kinder
KW  - Jugendliche
Y1  - 2020
VL  - 36
IS  - 3
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Herz, Michael
A1  - Schmelcher, Alina
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of resistance training on physical fitness in healthy children and adolescents
BT  - an umbrella review
JF  - Sports medicine
N2  - Background Over the past decades, an exponential growth has occurred with regards to the number of scientific publications including meta-analyses on youth resistance training (RT). Accordingly, it is timely to summarize findings from meta-analyses in the form of an umbrella review. Objectives To systematically review and summarise the findings of published meta-analyses that investigated the effects of RT on physical fitness in children and adolescents. Design Systematic umbrella review of meta-analyses. Data Sources Meta-analyses were identified using systematic literature searches in the databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility Criteria for Selecting Meta-analyses Meta-analyses that examined the effects of RT on physical fitness (e.g., muscle strength, muscle power) in healthy youth (<= 18 years). Results Fourteen meta-analyses were included in this umbrella review. Eleven of these meta-analyses reported between-subject effect sizes which are important to eliminate bias due to growth and maturation. RT produced medium-to-large effects on muscle strength, small-to-large effects on muscle power, small-to-medium effects on linear sprint, a medium effect on agility/change-of-direction speed, small-to-large effects on throwing performance, and a medium effect on sport-specific enhancement. There were few consistent moderating effects of maturation, age, sex, expertise level, or RT type on muscle strength and muscle power across the included meta-analyses. The analysed meta-analyses showed low-to-moderate methodological quality (AMSTAR2) as well as presented evidence of low-to-very low quality (GRADE). Conclusion This umbrella review proved the effectiveness of RT in youth on a high evidence level. The magnitude of effects varies according to the respective outcome measure and it appears to follow the principle of training specificity. Larger effect sizes were found for strength-related outcome measures. Future studies should consistently report data on participants' maturational status. More research is needed with prepubertal children and girls, irrespective of their maturational status.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01327-3
SN  - 0112-1642
SN  - 1179-2035
VL  - 50
IS  - 11
SP  - 1901
EP  - 1928
PB  - Springer
CY  - Northcote
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Schmelcher, Alina
A1  - Herz, Michael
A1  - Puta, Christian
A1  - Gabriel, Holger
A1  - Arampatzis, Adamantios
A1  - Laube, Gunnar
A1  - Büsch, Dirk
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Maturation-, age-, and sex-specific anthropometric and physical fitness percentiles of German elite young athletes
JF  - Plos One
N2  - The aim of this study was to establish maturation-, age-, and sex-specific anthropometric and physical fitness percentile reference values of young elite athletes from various sports. Anthropometric (i.e., standing and sitting body height, body mass, body mass index) and physical fitness (i.e., countermovement jump, drop jump, change-of-direction speed [i.e., T-test], trunk muscle endurance [i.e., ventral Bourban test], dynamic lower limbs balance [i.e., Y-balance test], hand grip strength) of 703 male and female elite young athletes aged 8–18 years were collected to aggregate reference values according to maturation, age, and sex. Findings indicate that body height and mass were significantly higher (p<0.001; 0.95≤d≤1.74) in more compared to less mature young athletes as well as with increasing chronological age (p<0.05; 0.66≤d≤3.13). Furthermore, male young athletes were significantly taller and heavier compared to their female counterparts (p<0.001; 0.34≤d≤0.50). In terms of physical fitness, post-pubertal athletes showed better countermovement jump, drop jump, change-of-direction, and handgrip strength performances (p<0.001; 1.57≤d≤8.72) compared to pubertal athletes. Further, countermovement jump, drop jump, change-of-direction, and handgrip strength performances increased with increasing chronological age (p<0.05; 0.29≤d≤4.13). In addition, male athletes outperformed their female counterpart in the countermovement jump, drop jump, change-of-direction, and handgrip strength (p<0.05; 0.17≤d≤0.76). Significant age by sex interactions indicate that sex-specific differences were even more pronounced with increasing age. Conclusively, body height, body mass, and physical fitness increased with increasing maturational status and chronological age. Sex-specific differences appear to be larger as youth grow older. Practitioners can use the percentile values as approximate benchmarks for talent identification and development.
KW  - biological maturation
KW  - reliability
KW  - validity
KW  - performance
KW  - physiology
KW  - maturity
KW  - injury
KW  - talent
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237423
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 15
IS  - 8
PB  - Plos One
CY  - San Francisco, California
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Thiele, Dirk
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Equal Volume Heavy-Resistance Strength Training Versus Strength Endurance Training on Physical Fitness and Sport-Specific Performance in Young Elite Female Rowers
JF  - Frontiers in Physiology
N2  - Strength training is an important means for performance development in young rowers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 9-week equal volume heavy-resistance strength training (HRST) versus strength endurance training (SET) in addition to regular rowing training on primary (e.g., maximal strength/power) and secondary outcomes (e.g., balance) in young rowers. Twenty-six female elite adolescent rowers were assigned to an HRST (n = 12; age: 13.2 ± 0.5 yrs; maturity-offset: +2.0 ± 0.5 yrs) or a SET group (n = 14; age: 13.1 ± 0.5 yrs; maturity-offset: +2.1 ± 0.5 yrs). HRST and SET comprised lower- (i.e., leg press/knee flexion/extension), upper-limbs (i.e., bench press/pull; lat-pull down), and complex exercises (i.e., rowing ergometer). HRST performed four sets with 12 repetitions per set at an intensity of 75–95% of the one-repetition maximum (1-RM). SET conducted four sets with 30 repetitions per set at 50–60% of the 1-RM. Training volume was matched for overall repetitions × intensity × training per week. Pre-post training, tests were performed for the assessment of primary [i.e., maximal strength (e.g., bench pull/knee flexion/extension 1-RM/isometric handgrip test), muscle power (e.g., medicine-ball push test, triple hop, drop jump, and countermovement jump), anaerobic endurance (400-m run), sport-specific performance (700-m rowing ergometer trial)] and secondary outcomes [dynamic balance (Y-balance test), change-of-direction (CoD) speed (multistage shuttle-run test)]. Adherence rate was >87% and one athlete of each group dropped out. Overall, 24 athletes completed the study and no test or training-related injuries occurred. Significant group × time interactions were observed for maximal strength, muscle power, anaerobic endurance, CoD speed, and sport-specific performance (p ≤ 0.05; 0.45 ≤ d ≤ 1.11). Post hoc analyses indicated larger gains in maximal strength and muscle power following HRST (p ≤ 0.05; 1.81 ≤ d ≤ 3.58) compared with SET (p ≤ 0.05; 1.04 ≤ d ≤ 2.30). Furthermore, SET (p ≤ 0.01; d = 2.08) resulted in larger gains in sport-specific performance compared with HRST (p < 0.05; d = 1.3). Only HRST produced significant pre-post improvements for anaerobic endurance and CoD speed (p ≤ 0.05; 1.84 ≤ d ≤ 4.76). In conclusion, HRST in addition to regular rowing training was more effective than SET to improve selected measures of physical fitness (i.e., maximal strength, muscle power, anaerobic endurance, and CoD speed) and SET was more effective than HRST to enhance sport-specific performance gains in female elite young rowers.
KW  - concurrent training
KW  - plyometric training
KW  - on-water performance
KW  - race time
KW  - oarsmen
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.00888
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 11
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Chaabene, Helmi
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Sandau, Ingo
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Short-Term Seasonal Development of Anthropometry, Body Composition, Physical Fitness, and Sport-Specific Performance in Young Olympic Weightlifters
JF  - Sports
KW  - strength
KW  - monitoring
KW  - young athletes
KW  - weight training
KW  - somatic variables
KW  - periodization
KW  - training load
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7120242
SN  - 2075-4663
VL  - 7
IS  - 12
PB  - MDPI
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Weber, Stephanie
A1  - Puta, Christian
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Gabriel, Brunhild
A1  - Steidten, Thomas
A1  - Bär, Karl-Jürgen
A1  - Herbsleb, Marco
A1  - Granacher, Urs
A1  - Gabriel, Holger H. W.
T1  - Symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes using the hospital anxiety and depression scale
JF  - Frontiers in physiology
N2  - Elite young athletes have to cope with multiple psychological demands such as training volume, mental and physical fatigue, spatial separation of family and friends or time management problems may lead to reduced mental and physical recovery. While normative data regarding symptoms of anxiety and depression for the general population is available (Hinz and Brahler, 2011), hardly any information exists for adolescents in general and young athletes in particular. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess overall symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes as well as possible sex differences. The survey was carried out within the scope of the study "Resistance Training in Young Athletes" (KINGS-Study). Between August 2015 and September 2016, 326 young athletes aged (mean +/- SD) 14.3 +/- 1.6 years completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD Scale). Regarding the analysis of age on the anxiety and depression subscales, age groups were classified as follows: late childhood (12-14 years) and late adolescence (15-18 years). The participating young athletes were recruited from Olympic weight lifting, handball, judo, track and field athletics, boxing, soccer, gymnastics, ice speed skating, volleyball, and rowing. Anxiety and depression scores were (mean +/- SD) 4.3 +/- 3.0 and 2.8 +/- 2.9, respectively. In the subscale anxiety, 22 cases (6.7%) showed subclinical scores and 11 cases (3.4%) showed clinical relevant score values. When analyzing the depression subscale, 31 cases (9.5%) showed subclinical score values and 12 cases (3.7%) showed clinically important values. No significant differences were found between male and female athletes (p >= 0.05). No statistically significant differences in the HADS scores were found between male athletes of late childhood and late adolescents (p >= 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing questionnaire based indicators of symptoms of anxiety and depression in young athletes. Our data implies the need for sports medical as well as sports psychiatric support for young athletes. In addition, our results demonstrated that the chronological classification concerning age did not influence HAD Scale outcomes. Future research should focus on sports medical and sports psychiatric interventional approaches with the goal to prevent anxiety and depression as well as teaching coping strategies to young athletes.
KW  - youth athletes
KW  - anxiety
KW  - depression
KW  - gender differences
KW  - late childhood
KW  - adolescents
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00182
SN  - 1664-042X
VL  - 9
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Borde, Ron
A1  - Beurskens, Rainer
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Different Footwear Properties and Surface Instability on Neuromuscular Activity and Kinematics During Jumping
JF  - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA
N2  - The purpose of this study was to examine sex-specific effects of different footwear properties vs. barefoot condition during the performance of drop jumps (DJs) on stable and unstable surfaces on measures of jump performance, electromyographic (EMG) activity, and knee joint kinematics. Drop jump performance, EMG activity of lower-extremity muscles, as well as sagittal and frontal knee joint kinematics were tested in 28 healthy male (n = 14) and female (n = 14) physically active sports science students (23 6 2 years) during the performance of DJs on stable and unstable surfaces using different footwear properties (elastic vs. minimal shoes) vs. barefoot condition. Analysis revealed a significantly lower jump height and performance index (Delta 7-12%; p < 0.001; 2.22 <= d = 2.90) during DJs on unstable compared with stable surfaces. This was accompanied by lower thigh/shank muscle activities (Delta 11-28%; p < 0.05; 0.99 <= d = 2.16) and knee flexion angles (Delta 5-8%; p < 0.05; 1.02 <= d = 2.09). Furthermore, knee valgus angles during DJs were significantly lower when wearing shoes compared with barefoot condition (Delta 22-32%; p < 0.01; 1.38 <= d = 3.31). Sex-specific analyses indicated higher knee flexion angles in females compared with males during DJs, irrespective of the examined surface and footwear conditions (Delta 29%; p < 0.05; d = 0.92). Finally, hardly any significant footwear-surface interactions were detected. Our findings revealed that surface instability had an impact on DJ performance, thigh/shank muscle activity, and knee joint kinematics. In addition, the single factors "footwear" and "sex" modulated knee joint kinematics during DJs. However, hardly any significant interaction effects were found. Thus, additional footwear-related effects can be neglected when performing DJs during training on different surfaces.
KW  - shoe
KW  - drop jump
KW  - EMG
KW  - knee
KW  - biomechanics
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002556
SN  - 1064-8011
SN  - 1533-4287
VL  - 32
IS  - 11
SP  - 3246
EP  - 3257
PB  - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
CY  - Philadelphia
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Beurskens, Rainer
A1  - Behm, David George
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of Drop-height and Surface Instability on Jump Performance and Knee Kinematics
JF  - International journal of sports medicine
N2  - The purpose of this study was to examine the combined effects of drop-height and surface condition on drop jump (DJ) performance and knee joint kinematics. DJ performance, sagittal and frontal plane knee joint kinematics were measured in jump experienced young male and female adults during DJs on stable, unstable and highly unstable surfaces using different drop-heights (20, 40, 60 cm). Findings revealed impaired DJ performance (Δ5–16%; p<0.05; 1.43≤d≤2.82), reduced knee valgus motion (Δ33–52%; p<0.001; 2.70≤d≤3.59), and larger maximum knee flexion angles (Δ13–19%; p<0.01; 1.74≤d≤1.75) when using higher (60 cm) compared to lower drop-heights (≤40 cm). Further, lower knee flexion angles and velocity were found (Δ8-16%; p<0.01; 1.49≤d≤2.38) with increasing surface instability. When performing DJs from high (60 cm) compared to moderate drop-heights (40 cm) on highly unstable surfaces, higher knee flexion velocity and maximum knee valgus angles were found (Δ15–19%; p<0.01; 1.50≤d≤1.53). No significant main and/or interaction effects were observed for the factor sex. In conclusion, knee motion strategies were modified by the factors ‘drop-height’ and/or ‘surface instability’. The combination of high drop-heights (>40 cm) together with highly unstable surfaces should be used cautiously during plyometrics because this may increase the risk of injury due to higher knee valgus stress.
KW  - drop jump
KW  - knee flexion angle
KW  - knee valgus angle
KW  - knee valgus motion
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-117610
SN  - 0172-4622
SN  - 1439-3964
VL  - 39
IS  - 1
SP  - 50
EP  - 57
PB  - Thieme
CY  - Stuttgart
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lesinski, Melanie
A1  - Prieske, Olaf
A1  - Beurskens, Rainer
A1  - Behm, David George
A1  - Granacher, Urs
T1  - Effects of drop height and surface instability on neuromuscular activation during drop jumps
JF  - Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports
N2  - The purpose of this study was to examine whether drop height-induced changes in leg muscle activity during drop jumps (DJ) are additionally modulated by surface condition. Twenty-four healthy participants (23.7 +/- 1.8years) performed DJs on a force plate on stable, unstable, and highly unstable surfaces using different drop heights (i.e., 20cm, 40cm, 60cm). Electromyographic (EMG) activity of soleus (SOL), gastrocnemius (GM), tibialis anterior (TA) muscles and coactivation of TA/SOL and TA/GM were analyzed for time intervals 100ms prior to ground contact (preactivation) and 30-60ms after ground contact [short latency response (SLR)]. Increasing drop heights resulted in progressively increased SOL and GM activity during preactivation and SLR (P<0.01; 1.01 d 5.34) while TA/SOL coactivation decreased (P<0.05; 0.51 d 3.01). Increasing surface instability produced decreased activities during preactivation (GM) and SLR (GM, SOL) (P<0.05; 1.36 d 4.30). Coactivation increased during SLR (P<0.05; 1.50 d 2.58). A significant drop heightxsurface interaction was observed for SOL during SLR. Lower SOL activity was found on unstable compared to stable surfaces for drop heights 40cm (P<0.05; 1.25 d 2.12). Findings revealed that instability-related changes in activity of selected leg muscles are minimally affected by drop height.
KW  - Stretch-shortening cycle
KW  - EMG
KW  - preactivation
KW  - short latency response
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12732
SN  - 0905-7188
SN  - 1600-0838
VL  - 27
SP  - 1090
EP  - 1098
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -