TY - JOUR
A1 - Plue, Jan
A1 - De Frenne, Pieter
A1 - Acharya, Kamal
A1 - Brunet, Jörg
A1 - Chabrerie, Olivier
A1 - Decocq, Guillaume
A1 - Diekmann, Martin
A1 - Graae, Bente J.
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Hermy, Martin
A1 - Kolb, Annette
A1 - Lemke, Isgard
A1 - Liira, Jaan
A1 - Naaf, Tobias
A1 - Verheyen, Kris
A1 - Wulf, Monika
A1 - Cousins, Sara A. O.
T1 - Where does the community start, and where does it end?
BT - including the seed bank to reassess forest herb layer responses to the environment
JF - Journal of vegetation science
N2 - QuestionBelow-ground processes are key determinants of above-ground plant population and community dynamics. Still, our understanding of how environmental drivers shape plant communities is mostly based on above-ground diversity patterns, bypassing below-ground plant diversity stored in seed banks. As seed banks may shape above-ground plant communities, we question whether concurrently analysing the above- and below-ground species assemblages may potentially enhance our understanding of community responses to environmental variation. LocationTemperate deciduous forests along a 2000km latitudinal gradient in NW Europe. MethodsHerb layer, seed bank and local environmental data including soil pH, canopy cover, forest cover continuity and time since last canopy disturbance were collected in 129 temperate deciduous forest plots. We quantified herb layer and seed bank diversity per plot and evaluated how environmental variation structured community diversity in the herb layer, seed bank and the combined herb layer-seed bank community. ResultsSeed banks consistently held more plant species than the herb layer. How local plot diversity was partitioned across the herb layer and seed bank was mediated by environmental variation in drivers serving as proxies of light availability. The herb layer and seed bank contained an ever smaller and ever larger share of local diversity, respectively, as both canopy cover and time since last canopy disturbance decreased. Species richness and -diversity of the combined herb layer-seed bank community responded distinctly differently compared to the separate assemblages in response to environmental variation in, e.g. forest cover continuity and canopy cover. ConclusionsThe seed bank is a below-ground diversity reservoir of the herbaceous forest community, which interacts with the herb layer, although constrained by environmental variation in e.g. light availability. The herb layer and seed bank co-exist as a single community by means of the so-called storage effect, resulting in distinct responses to environmental variation not necessarily recorded in the individual herb layer or seed bank assemblages. Thus, concurrently analysing above- and below-ground diversity will improve our ecological understanding of how understorey plant communities respond to environmental variation.
KW - Above-ground
KW - Below-ground
KW - Canopy
KW - Disturbance
KW - Diversity
KW - Light availability
KW - NWEurope
KW - Plant community
KW - Species co-existence
KW - Storage effect
Y1 - 2017
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12493
SN - 1100-9233
SN - 1654-1103
VL - 28
IS - 2
SP - 424
EP - 435
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Reinecke, Jennifer
A1 - Klemm, Gunther
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
T1 - Vegetation change and homogenization of species composition in temperate nutrient deficient scots pine forests after 45 yr
JF - Journal of vegetation science
N2 - QuestionDoes eutrophication drive vegetation change in pine forests on nutrient deficient sites and thus lead to the homogenization of understorey species composition?
LocationForest area (1600ha) in the Lower Spreewald, Brandenburg, Germany.
MethodsResurvey of 77 semi-permanent plots after 45yr, including vascular plants, bryophytes and ground lichens. We applied multidimensional ordination of species composition, dissimilarity indices, mean Ellenberg indicator values and the concept of winner/loser species to identify vegetation change between years. Differential responses along a gradient of nutrient availability were analysed on the basis of initial vegetation type, reflecting topsoil N availability of plots.
ResultsSpecies composition changed strongly and overall shifted towards higher N and slightly lower light availability. Differences in vegetation change were related to initial vegetation type, with strongest compositional changes in the oligotrophic forest type, but strongest increase of nitrophilous species in the mesotrophic forest type. Despite an overall increase in species number, species composition was homogenized between study years due to the loss of species (mainly ground lichens) on the most oligotrophic sites.
ConclusionsThe response to N enrichment is confounded by canopy closure on the N-richest sites and probably by water limitation on N-poorest sites. The relative importance of atmospheric N deposition in the eutrophication effect is difficult to disentangle from natural humus accumulation after historical litter raking. However, the profound differences in species composition between study years across all forest types suggest that atmospheric N deposition contributes to the eutrophication, which drives understorey vegetation change and biotic homogenization in Central European Scots pine forests on nutrient deficient sites.
KW - Eutrophication
KW - Litter raking
KW - Canopy closure
KW - Cryptogams
KW - Species diversity
Y1 - 2014
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jvs.12069
SN - 1100-9233
SN - 1654-1103
VL - 25
IS - 1
SP - 113
EP - 121
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - de Frenne, Pieter
A1 - Kolb, Annette
A1 - Verheyen, Kris
A1 - Brunet, Johanne
A1 - Chabrerie, Olivier
A1 - Decocq, Guillaume
A1 - Diekmann, Martin
A1 - Eriksson, Ove
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Hermy, Martin
A1 - Jõgar, Ülle
A1 - Stanton, Sara
A1 - Quataert, Paul
A1 - Zindel, Renate
A1 - Zobel, Martin
A1 - Graae, Bente Jessen
T1 - Unravelling the effects of temperature, latitude and local environment on the reproduction of forest herbs
N2 - Aim To investigate the effect of temperature, latitude and local environment on the reproductive traits of widespread perennial forest herbs to better understand the potential impacts of rising temperatures on their population dynamics and colonization capacities. Location Six regions along a latitudinal gradient from France to Sweden. Methods Within each region, we collected data from three to five populations of up to six species. For each species, several variables were recorded in each region (temperature, latitude) and population (local abiotic and biotic environmental variables), and seed production and germination were estimated. Resource investment in reproduction (RIR) was quantified as seed number ¥ seed mass, while germinable seed output (GSO) was expressed as seed number ¥ germination percentage.We performed linear regression and mixed effect models to investigate the effects of temperature (growing degree hours), latitude and local abiotic and biotic environment on RIR and GSO. Results Temperature and latitude explained most of the variation in RIR and GSO for early flowering species with a northerly distribution range edge (Anemone nemorosa, Paris quadrifolia and Oxalis acetosella). Reproduction of the more southerly distributed species (Brachypodium sylvaticum, Circaea lutetiana and Primula elatior), in contrast, was independent of temperature/latitude. In the late summer species, B. sylvaticum and C. lutetiana, variation in RIR and GSO was best explained by local environmental variables, while none of the investigated variables appeared to be related to reproduction in P. elatior. Main conclusions We showed that reproduction of only two early flowering, northerly distributed species was related to temperature. This suggests that the potential reproductive response of forest herbs to climate warming partly depends on their phenology and distribution, but also that the response is to some extent species dependent. These findings should be taken into account when predictions about future shifts in distribution range are made.
Y1 - 2009
UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118545893/home
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2009.00487.x
SN - 1466-822X
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - De Frenne, Pieter
A1 - Graae, Bente J.
A1 - Brunet, Jörg
A1 - Shevtsova, Anna
A1 - De Schrijver, An
A1 - Chabrerie, Olivier
A1 - Cousins, Sara A. O.
A1 - Decocq, Guillaume
A1 - Diekmann, Martin
A1 - Hermy, Martin
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Kolb, Annette
A1 - Nilsson, Christer
A1 - Stanton, Sharon
A1 - Verheyen, Kris
T1 - The response of forest plant regeneration to temperature variation along a latitudinal gradient
JF - Annals of botany
N2 - The response of forest herb regeneration from seed to temperature variations across latitudes was experimentally assessed in order to forecast the likely response of understorey community dynamics to climate warming.
Seeds of two characteristic forest plants (Anemone nemorosa and Milium effusum) were collected in natural populations along a latitudinal gradient from northern France to northern Sweden and exposed to three temperature regimes in growth chambers (first experiment). To test the importance of local adaptation, reciprocal transplants were also made of adult individuals that originated from the same populations in three common gardens located in southern, central and northern sites along the same gradient, and the resulting seeds were germinated (second experiment). Seedling establishment was quantified by measuring the timing and percentage of seedling emergence, and seedling biomass in both experiments.
Spring warming increased emergence rates and seedling growth in the early-flowering forb A. nemorosa. Seedlings of the summer-flowering grass M. effusum originating from northern populations responded more strongly in terms of biomass growth to temperature than southern populations. The above-ground biomass of the seedlings of both species decreased with increasing latitude of origin, irrespective of whether seeds were collected from natural populations or from the common gardens. The emergence percentage decreased with increasing home-away distance in seeds from the transplant experiment, suggesting that the maternal plants were locally adapted.
Decreasing seedling emergence and growth were found from the centre to the northern edge of the distribution range for both species. Stronger responses to temperature variation in seedling growth of the grass M. effusum in the north may offer a way to cope with environmental change. The results further suggest that climate warming might differentially affect seedling establishment of understorey plants across their distribution range and thus alter future understorey plant dynamics.
KW - Anemone nemorosa
KW - climate change
KW - common garden
KW - growth chambers
KW - latitudinal gradient
KW - local adaptation
KW - Milium effusum
KW - plant regeneration
KW - range edges
KW - recruitment
KW - seedling establishment
KW - temperature
Y1 - 2012
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcs015
SN - 0305-7364
VL - 109
IS - 5
SP - 1037
EP - 1046
PB - Oxford Univ. Press
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - De Frenne, Pieter
A1 - Brunet, Jorg
A1 - Shevtsova, Anna
A1 - Kolb, Annette
A1 - Graae, Bente J.
A1 - Chabrerie, Olivier
A1 - Cousins, Sara Ao
A1 - Decocq, Guillaume
A1 - De Schrijver, An
A1 - Diekmann, Martin
A1 - Gruwez, Robert
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Hermy, Martin
A1 - Nilsson, Christer
A1 - Stanton, Sharon
A1 - Tack, Wesley
A1 - Willaert, Justin
A1 - Verheyen, Kris
T1 - Temperature effects on forest herbs assessed by warming and transplant experiments along a latitudinal gradient
JF - Global change biology
N2 - Slow-colonizing forest understorey plants are probably not able to rapidly adjust their distribution range following large-scale climate change. Therefore, the acclimation potential to climate change within their actual occupied habitats will likely be key for their short-and long-term persistence. We combined transplant experiments along a latitudinal gradient with open-top chambers to assess the effects of temperature on phenology, growth and reproductive performance of multiple populations of slow-colonizing understorey plants, using the spring flowering geophytic forb Anemone nemorosa and the early summer flowering grass Milium effusum as study species. In both species, emergence time and start of flowering clearly advanced with increasing temperatures. Vegetative growth (plant height, aboveground biomass) and reproductive success (seed mass, seed germination and germinable seed output) of A. nemorosa benefited from higher temperatures. Climate warming may thus increase future competitive ability and colonization rates of this species. Apart from the effects on phenology, growth and reproductive performance of M. effusum generally decreased when transplanted southwards (e. g., plant size and number of individuals decreased towards the south) and was probably more limited by light availability in the south. Specific leaf area of both species increased when transplanted southwards, but decreased with open-top chamber installation in A. nemorosa. In general, individuals of both species transplanted at the home site performed best, suggesting local adaptation. We conclude that contrasting understorey plants may display divergent plasticity in response to changing temperatures which may alter future understorey community dynamics.
KW - climate change
KW - common garden experiment
KW - forest understorey
KW - latitude
KW - local adaptation
KW - open-top chambers
KW - phenotypic plasticity
KW - pot experiment
Y1 - 2011
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02449.x
SN - 1354-1013
VL - 17
IS - 10
SP - 3240
EP - 3253
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Hoppert, Michael
A1 - Reimer, Rudolph
A1 - Kemmling, Anne
A1 - Schröder, Annekatrin
A1 - Günzl, Bettina
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
T1 - Structure and reactivity of a biological soil crust from a xeric sandy soil in Central Europe
N2 - The investigation was designed to explore the structure, composition and activity of a biological soil crust on an acidic, sandy soil from a temperate climate. The crust covers several hundreds of square meters on the hilltop of a large terminal moraine. The conjugate alga Zygogonium ericetorum forms the essential matrix for the crust, a dense web of algal filaments with interspersed lichens and mosses. The crust is composed of three layers, with an uppermost layer consisting nearly entirely of a dense algal mat. In lower layers, a parasitic fungus, penetrating the algal cells, is another important component of the crust community. In this soil crust, photosynthetic and respiratory activity is stabilized at low water activities.
KW - biological soil crust
KW - desiccation tolerance
KW - electron microscopy
KW - Fusarium oxysporum
KW - Zygogonium ericetorum
Y1 - 2004
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5872
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Winkler, Eckart
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
T1 - Spread of an ant-dispersed annual herb : an individual-based simulation study on population development of Melampyrum pratense L.
N2 - The paper presents a simulation and parameter-estimation approach for evaluating stochastic patterns of population growth and spread of an annual forest herb, Melampyrum pratense (Orobanchaceae). The survival of a species during large-scale changes in land use and climate will depend, to a considerable extent, on its dispersal and colonisation abilities. Predictions on species migration need a combination of field studies and modelling efforts. Our study on the ability of M. pratense to disperse into so far unoccupied areas was based on experiments in secondary woodland in NE Germany. Experiments started in 1997 at three sites where the species was not yet present, with 300 seeds sown within one square meter. Population development was then recorded until 2001 by mapping of individuals with a resolution of 5 cm. Additional observations considered density dependence of seed production. We designed a spatially explicit individual-based computer simulation model to explain the spatial patterns of population development and to predict future population spread. Besides primary drop of seeds (barochory) it assumed secondary seed transport by ants (myrmecochory) with an exponentially decreasing dispersal tail. An important feature of populationpattern explanation was the simultaneous estimation of both population-growth and dispersal parameters from consistent spatio-temporal data sets. As the simulation model produced stochastic time series and random spatially discrete distributions of individuals we estimated parameters by minimising the expectation of weighted sums of squares. These sums-ofsquares criteria considered population sizes, radial population distributions around the area of origin and distributions of individuals within squares of 25*25 cm, the range of density action. Optimal parameter values, together with the precision of the estimates, were obtained from calculating sums of squares in regular grids of parameter values. Our modelling results showed that transport of fractions of seeds by ants over distances of 1…2 m was indispensable for explaining the observed population spread that led to distances of at most 8 m from population origin within 3 years. Projections of population development over 4 additional years gave a diffusion-like increase of population area without any “outposts”. This prediction generated by the simulation model gave a hypothesis which should be revised by additional field observations. Some structural deviations between observations and model output already indicated that for full understanding of population spread the set of dispersal mechanisms assumed in the model may have to be extended by additional features of plant-animal mutualism.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 152
KW - Pattern-oriented parameter estimation
KW - spatially explicit modelling
KW - individual-based model
KW - Melampyrum pratense
KW - seed dispersal
Y1 - 2007
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46491
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Winkler, Eckart
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
T1 - Spread of an ant-dispersed annual herb : an individual-based simulation study on population development of Melampyrum pratense L.
N2 - The paper presents a simulation and parameter-estimation approach for evaluating stochastic patterns of population growth and spread of an annual forest herb, Melampyrum pratense (Orobanchaceae). The survival of a species during large-scale changes in land use and climate will depend, to a considerable extent, on its dispersal and colonisation abilities. Predictions on species migration need a combination of field studies and modelling efforts. Our study on the ability of M. pratense to disperse into so far unoccupied areas is based on experiments in secondary woodland in NE Germany. Experiments started in 1997 at three sites where the species was not yet present, with 300 seeds sown within 1m2. Population development was then recorded until 2001 by mapping of individuals with a resolution of 5 cm. Additional observations considered density dependence of seed production. We designed a spatially explicit individual-based computer simulation model to explain the spatial patterns of population development and to predict future population spread. Besides primary drop of seeds (barochory) it assumed secondary seed transport by ants (myrmecochory) with an exponentially decreasing dispersal tail. An important feature of population-pattern explanation was the simultaneous estimation of both population-growth and dispersal parameters from consistent spatio-temporal data sets. As the simulation model produced stochastic time series and random spatially discrete distributions of individuals we estimated parameters by minimising the expectation of weighted sum of squares. These sums of squares criteria considered population sizes, radial population distributions around the area of origin and distributions of individuals within squares of 25cm×25 cm, the range of density action. Optimal parameter values, together with the precision of the estimates, were obtained from calculating sum of squares in regular grids of parameter values. Our modelling results showed that transport of fractions of seeds by ants over distances of 1-2m was indispensable for explaining the observed population spread that led to distances of at most 8mfrom population origin within 3 years. Projections of population development over four additional years gave a diffusion-like increase of population area without any "outposts". This prediction generated by the simulation model gave a hypothesis which should be revised by additional field observations. Some structural deviations between observations and model output already indicated that for full understanding of population spread the set of dispersal mechanisms assumed in the model may have to be extended by additional features of plant-animal mutualism.
Y1 - 2007
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03043800
SN - 0304-3800
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Schmidt, Marcus
A1 - von Oheimb, Goddert
A1 - Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich
A1 - Ellenberg, Hermann
T1 - Soil seed banks near rubbing trees indicate dispersal of plant species into forests by wild boar
N2 - Current knowledge about processes that generate long-distance dispersal of plants is still limited despite its importance for persistence of populations and colonization of new potential habitats. Today wild Large mammals are presumed to be important vectors for long-distance transport of diaspores within and between European temperate forest patches, and in particular wild boars recently came into focus. Here we use a specific habit of wild boar, i.e. wallowing in mud and subsequent rubbing against trees, to evaluate epizoochorous dispersal of vascular plant diaspores. We present soil seed bank data from 27 rubbing trees versus 27 control trees from seven forest areas in Germany. The mean number of viable seeds and the plant species number were higher in soil samples near rubbing trees compared with control trees. Ten of the 20 most frequent species were more frequent, and many species exclusively appeared in the soil samples near rubbing trees. The large number of plant species and seeds - more than 1000 per tree - in the soils near rubbing trees is difficult to explain unless the majority were dispersed by wild boar. Hooked and bristly diaspores, i.e. those adapted to epizoochory, were more frequent; however, many species with unspecialized diaspores occurred exclusively near rubbing trees. As opposed to plant species closely tied to forests species which occur both in forest and open vegetation and non-forest species were more frequent near rubbing trees compared with controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies on diaspore loads in the coats and hooves of shot wild boars. However, our method allows to identify the transport of diaspores from the open landscape into forest stands, where they might especially emerge after disturbance, and a clustered distribution of epizoochorically dispersed seeds. Moreover, accumulation of seeds of wetness indicators near rubbing trees demonstrates directed dispersal of plant species inhabiting wet places among remote wallows.
Y1 - 2006
UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14391791
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2005.04.006
SN - 1439-1791
ER -
TY - GEN
A1 - Heinken, Thilo
A1 - Schmidt, Marcus
A1 - von Oheimb, Goddert
A1 - Kriebitzsch, Wolf-Ulrich
A1 - Ellenberg, Hermann
T1 - Soil seed banks near rubbing trees indicate dispersal of plant species into forests by wild boar
N2 - Current knowledge about processes that generate long-distance dispersal of plants is still limited despite its importance for persistence of populations and colonization of new potential habitats. Today wild large mammals are presumed to be important vectors for long-distance transport of diaspores within and between European temperate forest patches, and in particular wild boars recently came into focus. Here we use a specific habit of wild boar, i.e. wallowing in mud and subsequent rubbing against trees, to evaluate epizoic dispersal of vascular plant diaspores. We present soil seed bank data from 27 rubbing trees versus 27 control trees from seven forest areas in Germany. The mean number of viable seeds and the plant species number were higher in soil samples near rubbing trees compared with control trees. Ten of the 20 most frequent species were more frequent, and many species exclusively appeared in the soil samples near rubbing trees. The large number of plant species and seeds – approximated > 1000 per tree – in the soils near rubbing trees is difficult to explain unless the majority were dispersed by wild boar. Hooked and bristly diaspores, i.e. those adapted to epizoochory, were more frequent, above that many species with unspecialised diaspores occurred exclusively near rubbing trees. Different to plant species closely tied to forest species which occur both in forest and open vegetation, and non-forest species were more frequent near rubbing trees compared with controls. These findings are consistent with previous studies on diaspore loads in the coats and hooves of shot wild boars. However, our method allows to identify the transport of diaspores from the open landscape into forest stands where they might especially emerge after disturbance, and a clustered distribution of epizoochorically dispersed seeds. Moreover, accumulation of seeds of wetness indicators near rubbing trees demonstrates directed dispersal of plant species inhabiting wet places between remote wallows.
N2 - Das aktuelle Wissen über Prozesse, die zur Fernausbreitung von Pflanzen führen, ist trotz ihrer Bedeutung für das Überleben von Populationen und die Besiedlung neuer potenzieller Habitate noch immer sehr begrenzt. Wildlebende Großsäuger sind heutzutage vermutlich wichtige Vektoren für den Ferntransport von Diasporen innerhalb und zwischen den einzelnen Waldflächen in Mitteleuropa, und speziell das Wildschwein (Sus scrofa L.) spielt dabei offenbar eine herausragende Rolle. Wir nutzen hier ein spezifisches Verhalten des Wildschweins – Suhlen im Schlamm und nachfolgendes Scheuern an sogenannten Malbäumen – um die epizoochore Ausbreitung von Gefäßpflanzen-Diasporen einzuschätzen. Dargestellt werden die Ergebnisse von Samenbank-Untersuchungen von 27 Malbäumen im Vergleich zu 27 Kontrollbäumen aus sieben Waldgebieten in Deutschland. Sowohl die mittlere Zahl lebensfähiger Samen als auch die Artenzahl waren höher in Bodenproben neben Malbäumen. Zehn der 20 in der Samenbank verbreitetsten Pflanzenarten hatten hier ihren Schwerpunkt, und viele Arten kamen ausschließlich in den neben Malbäumen gewonnenen Proben vor. Die große Zahl von Pflanzenarten und Samen – zumindest > 1000 pro Baum – im Boden an Malbäumen lässt sich nur durch die Aktivität der Wildschweine erklären. Mit Haken oder Borsten ausgestattete, d.h. an Epizoochorie angepasste Diasporen waren häufiger, aber auch viele Arten mit unspezialisierten Diasporen kamen ausschließlich in der Samenbank bei Malbäumen vor. Anders als weitgehend an Wald gebundene Pflanzenarten waren solche, die sowohl im Wald und im Offenland vorkommen, sowie nicht im Wald vorkommende Arten häufiger neben Malbäumen als neben Kontrollbäumen. Diese Befunde stimmen mit denen früherer Untersuchungen von Diasporenladungen im Fell und in den Hufen geschossener Wildschweine überein. Unsere Methode erlaubt darüber hinaus aber die Identifizierung des Diasporentransports aus dem Offenland in die Waldbestände, wo sie insbesondere nach Störungen keimen dürften, sowie einer ungleichmäßigen Verteilung epizoochor ausgebreiteter Diasporen. Außerdem zeigt die Akkumulation von Samen von Nässezeigern neben den Malbäumen eine gezielte Ausbreitung nasse Standorte bewohnender Pflanzenarten zwischen entfernt gelegenen Suhlen.
T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 150
KW - Diaspore morphology
KW - directed dispersal
KW - epizoochory
KW - long-distance dispersal
KW - Sus scrofa
Y1 - 2006
U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-46476
ER -