TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Preview Benefit and Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects from Word N+2 N2 - Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, we manipulated preview of word n+2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for first-pass reading on word n+2, replicating the results of Rayner, Juhasz, and Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the three-letter word n+1, that is, after the boundary, but before word n+2. Additionally, both word n+1 and word n+2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n+1, some information is extracted from word n+2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 257 KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effects Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57186 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Krügel, Andre A1 - Backhaus, Daniel T1 - Open Education in Methods Training T1 - Open Education in der Methodenausbildung BT - Vorstellung eines digitalen Lehrkonzepts für computergestütztes wissenschaftliches Arbeiten BT - Presentation of a digital Teaching Concept for computer-supported scientific Work JF - Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000602 SN - 0033-3042 SN - 2190-6238 VL - 73 IS - 3 SP - 206 EP - 208 PB - HOGREFE VERLAG CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Seelig, Stefan T1 - Stable preview difficulty effects in reading with an improved variant of the boundary paradigm JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - Using gaze-contingent display changes in the boundary paradigm during sentence reading, it has recently been shown that parafoveal word-processing difficulties affect fixations on words to the right of the boundary. Current interpretations of this post-boundary preview difficulty effect range from delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effects in parallel word-processing models to forced fixations in serial word-processing models. However, these findings are based on an experimental design that, while allowing to isolate preview difficulty effects, might have established a bias with respect to asymmetries in parafoveal preview benefit for high-frequent and low-frequent target words. Here, we present a revision of this paradigm varying the preview’s lexical frequency and keeping the target word constant. We found substantial effects of the preview difficulty in fixation durations after the boundary confirming that preview processing affects the oculomotor decisions not only via trans-saccadic integration of preview and target word information. An additional time-course analysis showed that the preview difficulty effect was significant across the full fixation duration distribution on the target word without any evidence on the pretarget word before the boundary. We discuss implications of the accumulating evidence of post-boundary preview difficulty effects for models of eye movement control during reading. KW - Eye tracking KW - reading KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effects KW - forced fixations Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818819990 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 72 IS - 7 SP - 1632 EP - 1645 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Processing in the perceptual span : investigations with the n+2-boundary paradigm T1 - Verarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne : Untersuchungen mit dem n+2-Boundary Paradigm N2 - Cognitive psychology is traditionally interested in the interaction of perception, cognition, and behavioral control. Investigating eye movements in reading constitutes a field of research in which the processes and interactions of these subsystems can be studied in a well-defined environment. Thereby, the following questions are pursued: How much information is visually perceived during a fixation, how is processing achieved and temporally coordinated from visual letter encoding to final sentence comprehension, and how do such processes reflect on behavior such as the control of the eyes’ movements during reading. Various theoretical models have been proposed to account for the specific eye-movement behavior in reading (for a review see Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Some models are based on the idea of shifting attention serially from one word to the next within the sentence whereas others propose distributed attention allocating processing resources to more than one word at a time. As attention is assumed to drive word recognition processes one major difference between these models is that word processing must either occur in strict serial order, or that word processing is achieved in parallel. In spite of this crucial difference in the time course of word processing, both model classes perform well on explaining many of the benchmark effects in reading. In fact, there seems to be not much empirical evidence that challenges the models to a point at which their basic assumptions could be falsified. One issue often perceived as being decisive in the debate on serial and parallel word processing is how not-yet-fixated words to the right of fixation affect eye movements. Specifically, evidence is discussed as to what spatial extent such parafoveal words are previewed and how this influences current and subsequent word processing. Four experiments investigated parafoveal processing close to the spatial limits of the perceptual span. The present work aims to go beyond mere existence proofs of previewing words at such spatial distances. Introducing a manipulation that dissociates the sources of long-range preview effects, benefits and costs of parafoveal processing can be investigated in a single analysis and the differing impact is tracked across a three-word target region. In addition, the same manipulation evaluates the role of oculomotor error as the cause of non-local distributed effects. In this respect, the results contribute to a better understanding of the time course of word processing inside the perceptual span and attention allocation during reading. N2 - Die kognitive Psychologie beschäftigt sich traditionell mit dem Zusammenspiel von Wahrnehmung, Kognition und Verhaltenssteuerung. Die Untersuchung von Blickbewegungen beim Lesen bildet dabei ein Forschungsfeld, in dem die Prozesse und Interaktionen dieser Subsysteme in einem klar definierten Rahmen untersucht werden können. Dabei geht es speziell um die Frage, wie viel Information visuell wahrgenommen wird, wie die kognitive Weiterverarbeitung der visuellen Buchstabeninformation über lexikalische Wortverarbeitung hin zu einem inhaltlichen Satzverständnis zeitlich koordiniert ist, und wie sich diese Prozesse auf das Verhalten – die Steuerung der Blickbewegung – auswirken. Verschiedene Modelle zur Erklärung des spezifischen Blickbewegungsverhaltens beim Lesen wurden vorgeschlagen (für einen Überblick siehe Reichle, Rayner, & Pollatsek, 2003). Einige Modelle basieren auf der Annahme serieller Aufmerksamkeitsverschiebung von Wort zu Wort, wohingegen andere verteilte Aufmerksamkeit auf eine Region mehrerer Wörter im Satz gleichzeitig annehmen. Da Aufmerksamkeit eng mit der eigentlichen Wortverarbeitung assoziiert ist, besteht ein wesentlicher Unterschied zwischen den Modellen darin, dass die eigentlichen Wortverarbeitungsprozesse entweder ebenfalls strikt seriell oder parallel erfolgen. Trotz solch entscheidender Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Wortverarbeitung können beide Modellklassen viele der Benchmark-Effekte beim Lesen hinreichend erklären. Tatsächlich scheint es nicht viel empirische Evidenz zu geben, die die Grundannahmen der Modelle falsifizieren könnte. Die Frage, ob und wie noch nicht direkt angesehene Wörter rechts der Fixation die Blickbewegung beeinflussen, wird in der Debatte über serielle oder parallele Wortverarbeitung oft als entscheidend betrachtet. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, bis zu welcher Entfernung parafoveale Wörter vorverarbeitet werden und wie das die gegenwärtige und folgende Wortverarbeitung beeinflusst. In einer Serie von vier Leseexperimenten wurde die Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern an den Grenzen der Wahrnehmungsspanne untersucht. Die vorliegende Arbeit versucht zudem, über einen einfachen Existenzbeweis der Vorverarbeitung von Wörtern in solchen Distanzen hinaus zu gehen. Mit einer Manipulation, die verschiedene Quellen solcher weitreichenden Vorverarbeitungseffekte dissoziiert, können Nutzen und Kosten der parafovealen Vorschau in einer einzigen Analyse untersucht und über eine Zielregion von drei Wörtern hinweg verfolgt werden. Dieselbe Manipulation überprüft gleichzeitig die Rolle okulomotorischer Fehler als Ursache für nicht lokale, verteilte Effekte beim Lesen. Die Ergebnisse tragen zu einem differenzierteren Verständnis der Wortverarbeitung in der Wahrnehmungsspanne und der zeitlich-räumlichen Verteilung der Aufmerksamkeit beim Lesen bei. KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Lesen KW - parafoveale Wortverarbeitung KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Preview Benefit KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal processing KW - attention KW - preview benefit Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-60414 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading N2 - Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 241 KW - age differences KW - perceptual span KW - N+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - compensation strategies Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age difference in the perceptual span during reading N2 - Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + 1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + 1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved) Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n+2 N2 - Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, the experiment manipulated preview of word n + 2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for 1st-pass reading on word n + 2, replicating the results of K. Rayner, B. J. Juhasz, and S. J. Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the 3- letter word n + 1, that is, after the boundary but before word n + 2. Additionally, both word n + 1 and word n + 2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n + 1, some information is extracted from word n + 2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/xhp/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.33.5.1250 SN - 0096-1523 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Evidence for delayed Parafoveal-on-Foveal effects from word n+2 in reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - During reading information is acquired from word(s) beyond the word that is currently looked at. It is still an open question whether such parafoveal information can influence the current viewing of a word, and if so, whether such parafoveal-on-foveal effects are attributable to distributed processing or to mislocated fixations which occur when the eyes are directed at a parafoveal word but land on another word instead. In two display-change experiments, we orthogonally manipulated the preview and target difficulty of word n+2 to investigate the role of mislocated fixations on the previous word n+1. When the eyes left word n, an easy or difficult word n+2 preview was replaced by an easy or difficult n+2 target word. In Experiment 1, n+2 processing difficulty was manipulated by means of word frequency (i.e., easy high-frequency vs. difficult low-frequency word n+2). In Experiment 2, we varied the visual familiarity of word n+2 (i.e., easy lower-case vs. difficult alternating-case writing). Fixations on the short word n+1, which were likely to be mislocated, were nevertheless not influenced by the difficulty of the adjacent word n+2, the hypothesized target of the mislocated fixation. Instead word n+1 was influenced by the preview difficulty of word n+2, representing a delayed parafoveal-on-foveal effect. The results challenge the mislocated-fixation hypothesis as an explanation of parafoveal-on-foveal effects and provide new insight into the complex spatial and temporal effect structure of processing inside the perceptual span during reading. KW - perceptual span KW - n+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - mislocated fixations KW - eye movements Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027735 SN - 0096-1523 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 1026 EP - 1042 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading JF - Psychology and aging N2 - Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N + 2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N + 2 or word N + 2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N + I was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N + 2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N + 2 preview both for young and for old adults, with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N + I. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. KW - age differences KW - perceptual span KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - compensation strategies Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021616 SN - 0882-7974 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 451 EP - 460 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Preview fixation duration modulates identical and semantic preview benefit in Chinese reading JF - Reading and writing : an interdisciplinary journal N2 - Semantic preview benefit from parafoveal words is critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. Semantic preview benefit has been demonstrated for Chinese reading with the boundary paradigm in which unrelated or semantically related previews of a target word N + 1 are replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N (Yan et al., 2009); for the target word in position N + 2, only identical compared to unrelated-word preview led to shorter fixation times on the target word (Yan et al., in press). A reanalysis of these data reveals that identical and semantic preview benefits depend on preview duration (i.e., the fixation duration on the preboundary word). Identical preview benefit from word N + 1 increased with preview duration. The identical preview benefit was also significant for N + 2, but did not significantly interact with preview duration. The previously reported semantic preview benefit from word N + 1 was mainly due to single- or first-fixation durations following short previews. We discuss implications for notions of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading. KW - Eye movement KW - Parafoveal processing KW - Semantic KW - Chinese Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-010-9274-7 SN - 0922-4777 SN - 1573-0905 VL - 25 IS - 5 SP - 1093 EP - 1111 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye-movement control in reading : experimental and corpus-analysis challenges for a computational model Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-7-201-06107-8 ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Letter crowding and the benefit of parafoveal preview during reading T2 - Perception Y1 - 2012 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 41 SP - 133 EP - 133 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Angela Ines A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Pereira, Vera Wannmacher T1 - The processing of pronominal anaphora by children that have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or dyslexia: a study through the analysis of eye movements JF - Letras de hoje N2 - The aim of this work was to verify the processing of pronominal anaphora by children that have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or dyslexia. The sample studied consisted of 75 children that speak German, which read two texts of 80 words containing pronominal anaphora. The eye movements of all participants were recorded and, to make sure they were reading with attention, two activities that tested reading comprehension were proposed. Through the analysis of eye movements, specifically the fixations, the data indicate that children with disorders have difficulty to process the pronominal anaphora, especially dyslexic children. KW - ADHD KW - Dyslexia KW - Reading comprehension KW - Eye movements KW - Pronominal anaphora Y1 - 2015 SN - 0101-3335 SN - 1984-7726 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - PUCRS CY - Porto Alegre ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah T1 - Effects of visual span on reading speed and parafoveal processing in eye movements during sentence reading JF - Journal of vision KW - eyetracking KW - reading KW - visual span profiles KW - crowding KW - reading speed KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal vision Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/14.8.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 14 IS - 8 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - A theoretical analysis of the perceptual span based on SWIFT simulations of the n+2 boundary paradigm JF - Visual cognition N2 - Eye-movement experiments suggest that the perceptual span during reading is larger than the fixated word, asymmetric around the fixation position, and shrinks in size contingent on the foveal processing load. We used the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading to test these hypotheses and their implications under the assumption of graded parallel processing of all words inside the perceptual span. Specifically, we simulated reading in the boundary paradigm and analysed the effects of denying the model to have valid preview of a parafoveal word n + 2 two words to the right of fixation. Optimizing the model parameters for the valid preview condition only, we obtained span parameters with remarkably realistic estimates conforming to the empirical findings on the size of the perceptual span. More importantly, the SWIFT model generated parafoveal processing up to word n + 2 without fitting the model to such preview effects. Our results suggest that asymmetry and dynamic modulation are plausible properties of the perceptual span in a parallel word-processing model such as SWIFT. Moreover, they seem to guide the flexible distribution of processing resources during reading between foveal and parafoveal words. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Computational modelling KW - Perceptual span KW - Preview Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.881444 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 283 EP - 308 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - GEN A1 - Seelig, Stefan A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 728 Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-526665 SN - 1866-8364 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelig, Stefan A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading JF - Scientific Reports N2 - Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control. Y1 - 2021 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 PB - Springer Nature CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelig, Stefan A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Predictive modeling of parafoveal information processing during reading JF - Scientific reports N2 - Skilled reading requires information processing of the fixated and the not-yet-fixated words to generate precise control of gaze. Over the last 30 years, experimental research provided evidence that word processing is distributed across the perceptual span, which permits recognition of the fixated (foveal) word as well as preview of parafoveal words to the right of fixation. However, theoretical models have been unable to differentiate the specific influences of foveal and parafoveal information on saccade control. Here we show how parafoveal word difficulty modulates spatial and temporal control of gaze in a computational model to reproduce experimental results. In a fully Bayesian framework, we estimated model parameters for different models of parafoveal processing and carried out large-scale predictive simulations and model comparisons for a gaze-contingent reading experiment. We conclude that mathematical modeling of data from gaze-contingent experiments permits the precise identification of pathways from parafoveal information processing to gaze control, uncovering potential mechanisms underlying the parafoveal contribution to eye-movement control. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92140-z SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Nature Portfolio CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Seelig, Stefan A. A1 - Rabe, Maximilian Michael A1 - Malem-Shinitski, Noa A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Reich, Sebastian A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Bayesian parameter estimation for the SWIFT model of eye-movement control during reading JF - Journal of mathematical psychology N2 - Process-oriented theories of cognition must be evaluated against time-ordered observations. Here we present a representative example for data assimilation of the SWIFT model, a dynamical model of the control of fixation positions and fixation durations during natural reading of single sentences. First, we develop and test an approximate likelihood function of the model, which is a combination of a spatial, pseudo-marginal likelihood and a temporal likelihood obtained by probability density approximation Second, we implement a Bayesian approach to parameter inference using an adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure. Our results indicate that model parameters can be estimated reliably for individual subjects. We conclude that approximative Bayesian inference represents a considerable step forward for computational models of eye-movement control, where modeling of individual data on the basis of process-based dynamic models has not been possible so far. KW - dynamical models KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - saccades KW - likelihood function KW - Bayesian inference KW - MCMC KW - interindividual differences Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2019.102313 SN - 0022-2496 SN - 1096-0880 VL - 95 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Slattery, Timothy A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Word frequency in fast priming: Evidence for immediate cognitive control of eye movements during reading JF - Visual cognition N2 - Numerous studies have demonstrated effects of word frequency on eye movements during reading, but the precise timing of this influence has remained unclear. The fast priming paradigm was previously used to study influences of related versus unrelated primes on the target word. Here, we use this procedure to investigate whether the frequency of the prime word has a direct influence on eye movements during reading when the prime-target relation is not manipulated. We found that with average prime intervals of 32 ms readers made longer single fixation durations on the target word in the low than in the high frequency prime condition. Distributional analyses demonstrated that the effect of prime frequency on single fixation durations occurred very early, supporting theories of immediate cognitive control of eye movements. Finding prime frequency effects only 207 ms after visibility of the prime and for prime durations of 32 ms yields new time constraints for cognitive processes controlling eye movements during reading. Our variant of the fast priming paradigm provides a new approach to test early influences of word processing on eye movement control during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Fast-priming KW - Distributional analyses KW - Reading KW - Word frequency Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/13506285.2014.892041 SN - 1350-6285 SN - 1464-0716 VL - 22 IS - 3-4 SP - 390 EP - 414 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER -