TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinz, A.
A1  - Voss, M.
A1  - Lawrie, S. M.
A1  - Mishara, A.
A1  - Bauer, M.
A1  - Gallinat, Jürgen
A1  - Juckel, G.
A1  - Lang, U.
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Falkai, P.
A1  - Strik, W.
A1  - Krystal, J.
A1  - Abi-Dargham, A.
A1  - Galderisi, S.
T1  - Shall we really say goodbye to first rank symptoms?
JF  - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists
N2  - Background: First rank symptoms (FRS) of schizophrenia have been used for decades for diagnostic purposes. In the new version of the DSM-5, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) has abolished any further reference to FRS of schizophrenia and treats them like any other "criterion A' symptom (e.g. any kind of hallucination or delusion) with regard to their diagnostic implication. The ICD-10 is currently under revision and may follow suit. In this review, we discuss central points of criticism that are directed against the continuous use of first rank symptoms (FRS) to diagnose schizophrenia.
KW  - First rank symptoms
KW  - Schizophrenia
KW  - ICD
KW  - DSM
KW  - Self-disorder
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.04.010
SN  - 0924-9338
SN  - 1778-3585
VL  - 37
SP  - 8
EP  - 13
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Paris
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abramowski, Attila
A1  - Acero, F.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Akhperjanian, A. G.
A1  - Anton, Gisela
A1  - Balenderan, Shangkari
A1  - Balzer, Arnim
A1  - Barnacka, Anna
A1  - Becherini, Yvonne
A1  - Tjus, J. Becker
A1  - Bernlöhr, K.
A1  - Birsin, E.
A1  - Biteau, Jonathan
A1  - Bochow, A.
A1  - Boisson, Catherine
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Brucker, J.
A1  - Brun, Francois
A1  - Brun, Pierre
A1  - Bulik, Tomasz
A1  - Carrigan, Svenja
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chadwick, Paula M.
A1  - Chaves, Ryan C. G.
A1  - Cheesebrough, A.
A1  - Colafrancesco, Sergio
A1  - Cologna, Gabriele
A1  - Conrad, Jan
A1  - Couturier, C.
A1  - Dalton, M.
A1  - Daniel, M. K.
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Degrange, B.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dickinson, H. J.
A1  - Djannati-Ataï, A.
A1  - Domainko, W.
A1  - Drury, L. O&rsquo
A1  - C., 
A1  - Dubus, G.
A1  - Dutson, K.
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Dyrda, M.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Eger, P.
A1  - Espigat, P.
A1  - Fallon, L.
A1  - Farnier, C.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Feinstein, F.
A1  - Fernandes, M. V.
A1  - Fernandez, D.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Foerster, A.
A1  - Fuessling, M.
A1  - Gajdus, M.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Garrigoux, T.
A1  - Gast, H.
A1  - Giebels, B.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Glueck, B.
A1  - Goering, D.
A1  - Grondin, M-H.
A1  - Grudzinska, M.
A1  - Haeffner, S.
A1  - Hague, J. D.
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Hampf, D.
A1  - Harris, J.
A1  - Heinz, S.
A1  - Heinzelmann, G.
A1  - Henri, G.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hillert, A.
A1  - Hinton, James Anthony
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hofverberg, P.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Jacholkowska, A.
A1  - Jahn, C.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Jung, I.
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Kaufmann, S.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Klochkov, D.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Kneiske, T.
A1  - Kolitzus, D.
A1  - Komin, Nu.
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Kossakowski, R.
A1  - Krayzel, F.
A1  - Krueger, P. P.
A1  - Laffon, H.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lefaucheur, J.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J-P
A1  - Lennarz, D.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lopatin, A.
A1  - Lu, C-C.
A1  - Marandon, V.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Masbou, J.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Maxted, N.
A1  - Mayer, M.
A1  - McComb, T. J. L.
A1  - Medina, M. C.
A1  - Mehault, J.
A1  - Menzler, U.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Naumann, C. L.
A1  - Naumann-Godo, M.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Nedbal, D.
A1  - Nguyen, N.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Nolan, S. J.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - de Ona Wilhelmi, E.
A1  - Opitz, B.
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Arribas, M. Paz
A1  - Pekeur, N. W.
A1  - Pelletier, G.
A1  - Perez, J.
A1  - Petrucci, P-O
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Puehlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raab, S.
A1  - Raue, M.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - de los Reyes, R.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Ripken, J.
A1  - Rob, L.
A1  - Rosier-Lees, S.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Rulten, C. B.
A1  - Sahakian, V.
A1  - Sanchez, David M.
A1  - Santangelo, A.
A1  - Schlickeiser, R.
A1  - Schulz, A.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwarzburg, S.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Sheidaei, F.
A1  - Skilton, J. L.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Spengler, G.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, Christian
A1  - Stinzing, F.
A1  - Stycz, K.
A1  - Sushch, Iurii
A1  - Szostek, A.
A1  - Tavernet, J-P
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Valerius, K.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Venter, C.
A1  - Viana, A.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Voelk, H. J.
A1  - Volpe, F.
A1  - Vorobiov, S.
A1  - Vorster, M.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Ward, M.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wouters, D.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zajczyk, A.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zechlin, H-S
T1  - Search for very-high-energy gamma-ray emission from Galactic globular
 clusters with HESS
JF  - ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
N2  - Context. Globular clusters (GCs) are established emitters of high-energy (HE, 100 MeV < E < 100 GeV) gamma-ray radiation which could originate from the cumulative emission of the numerous millisecond pulsars (msPSRs) in the clusters&rsquo; cores or from inverse Compton (IC) scattering of relativistic leptons accelerated in the GC environment. These stellar clusters could also constitute a new class of sources in the very-high-energy (VHE, E > 100 GeV) gamma-ray regime, judging from the recent detection of a signal from the direction of Terzan 5 with the H.E.S.S. telescope array. Aims. To search for VHE gamma-ray sources associated with other GCs, and to put constraints on leptonic emission models, we systematically analyzed the observations towards 15 GCs taken with the H. E. S. S. array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes. Methods. We searched for point-like and extended VHE gamma-ray emission from each GC in our sample and also performed a stacking analysis combining the data from all GCs to investigate the hypothesis of a population of faint emitters. Assuming IC emission as the origin of the VHE gamma-ray signal from the direction of Terzan 5, we calculated the expected gamma-ray flux from each of the 15 GCs, based on their number of millisecond pulsars, their optical brightness and the energy density of background photon fields. Results. We did not detect significant VHE gamma-ray emission from any of the 15 GCs in either of the two analyses. Given the uncertainties related to the parameter determinations, the obtained flux upper limits allow to rule out the simple IC/msPSR scaling model for NGC6388 and NGC7078. The upper limits derived from the stacking analyses are factors between 2 and 50 below the flux predicted by the simple leptonic scaling model, depending on the assumed source extent and the dominant target photon fields. Therefore, Terzan 5 still remains exceptional among all GCs, as the VHE gamma-ray emission either arises from extra-ordinarily efficient leptonic processes, or from a recent catastrophic event, or is even unrelated to the GC itself.
KW  - globular clusters: general
KW  - radiation mechanisms: non-thermal
KW  - pulsars: general
KW  - gamma rays: general
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220719
SN  - 0004-6361
VL  - 551
PB  - EDP SCIENCES S A
CY  - LES ULIS CEDEX A
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Abramowski, Attila
A1  - Acero, F.
A1  - Aharonian, Felix A.
A1  - Akhperjanian, A. G.
A1  - Anton, Gisela
A1  - Balenderan, Shangkari
A1  - Balzer, Arnim
A1  - Barnacka, Anna
A1  - Becherini, Yvonne
A1  - Tjus, J. Becker
A1  - Bernlöhr, K.
A1  - Birsin, E.
A1  - Biteau, Jonathan
A1  - Bochow, A.
A1  - Boisson, Catherine
A1  - Bolmont, J.
A1  - Bordas, Pol
A1  - Brucker, J.
A1  - Brun, Francois
A1  - Brun, Pierre
A1  - Bulik, Tomasz
A1  - Carrigan, Svenja
A1  - Casanova, Sabrina
A1  - Cerruti, M.
A1  - Chadwick, Paula M.
A1  - Chaves, Ryan C. G.
A1  - Cheesebrough, A.
A1  - Colafrancesco, Sergio
A1  - Cologna, Gabriele
A1  - Conrad, Jan
A1  - Couturier, C.
A1  - Dalton, M.
A1  - Daniel, M. K.
A1  - Davids, I. D.
A1  - Degrange, B.
A1  - Deil, C.
A1  - deWilt, P.
A1  - Dickinson, H. J.
A1  - Djannati-Ataï, A.
A1  - Domainko, W.
A1  - Drury, L. O'C.
A1  - Dubus, G.
A1  - Dutson, K.
A1  - Dyks, J.
A1  - Dyrda, M.
A1  - Egberts, Kathrin
A1  - Eger, P.
A1  - Espigat, P.
A1  - Fallon, L.
A1  - Farnier, C.
A1  - Fegan, S.
A1  - Feinstein, F.
A1  - Fernandes, M. V.
A1  - Fernandez, D.
A1  - Fiasson, A.
A1  - Fontaine, G.
A1  - Foerster, A.
A1  - Fussling, Matthias
A1  - Gajdus, M.
A1  - Gallant, Y. A.
A1  - Garrigoux, T.
A1  - Gast, H.
A1  - Giebels, B.
A1  - Glicenstein, J. F.
A1  - Glueck, B.
A1  - Goering, D.
A1  - Grondin, M. -H.
A1  - Haeffner, S.
A1  - Hague, J. D.
A1  - Hahn, J.
A1  - Hampf, D.
A1  - Harris, J.
A1  - Heinz, S.
A1  - Heinzelmann, G.
A1  - Henri, G.
A1  - Hermann, G.
A1  - Hillert, A.
A1  - Hinton, James Anthony
A1  - Hofmann, W.
A1  - Hofverberg, P.
A1  - Holler, M.
A1  - Horns, D.
A1  - Jacholkowska, A.
A1  - Jahn, C.
A1  - Jamrozy, M.
A1  - Jung, I.
A1  - Kastendieck, M. A.
A1  - Katarzynski, K.
A1  - Katz, U.
A1  - Kaufmann, S.
A1  - Khelifi, B.
A1  - Klepser, S.
A1  - Klochkov, D.
A1  - Kluzniak, W.
A1  - Kneiske, T.
A1  - Komin, Nu
A1  - Kosack, K.
A1  - Kossakowski, R.
A1  - Krayzel, F.
A1  - Krueger, P. P.
A1  - Laffon, H.
A1  - Lamanna, G.
A1  - Lefaucheur, J.
A1  - Lemoine-Goumard, M.
A1  - Lenain, J. -P.
A1  - Lennarz, D.
A1  - Lohse, T.
A1  - Lopatin, A.
A1  - Lu, C. -C.
A1  - Marandon, V.
A1  - Marcowith, Alexandre
A1  - Masbou, J.
A1  - Maurin, G.
A1  - Maxted, N.
A1  - Mayer, M.
A1  - McComb, T. J. L.
A1  - Medina, M. C.
A1  - Mehault, J.
A1  - Menzler, U.
A1  - Moderski, R.
A1  - Mohamed, M.
A1  - Moulin, Emmanuel
A1  - Naumann, C. L.
A1  - Naumann-Godo, M.
A1  - de Naurois, M.
A1  - Nedbal, D.
A1  - Nekrassov, D.
A1  - Nguyen, N.
A1  - Niemiec, J.
A1  - Nolan, S. J.
A1  - Ohm, S.
A1  - Awilhelmi, E. de Ona
A1  - Opitz, B.
A1  - Ostrowski, M.
A1  - Oya, I.
A1  - Panter, M.
A1  - Parsons, R. D.
A1  - Arribas, M. Paz
A1  - Pekeur, N. W.
A1  - Pelletier, G.
A1  - Perez, J.
A1  - Petrucci, P. -O.
A1  - Peyaud, B.
A1  - Pita, S.
A1  - Puehlhofer, G.
A1  - Punch, M.
A1  - Quirrenbach, A.
A1  - Raue, M.
A1  - Reimer, A.
A1  - Reimer, O.
A1  - Renaud, M.
A1  - de los Reyes, R.
A1  - Rieger, F.
A1  - Ripken, J.
A1  - Rob, L.
A1  - Rosier-Lees, S.
A1  - Rowell, G.
A1  - Rudak, B.
A1  - Rulten, C. B.
A1  - Sahakian, V.
A1  - Sanchez, David M.
A1  - Santangelo, A.
A1  - Schlickeiser, R.
A1  - Schulz, A.
A1  - Schwanke, U.
A1  - Schwarzburg, S.
A1  - Schwemmer, S.
A1  - Sheidaei, F.
A1  - Skilton, J. L.
A1  - Sol, H.
A1  - Spengler, G.
A1  - Stawarz, L.
A1  - Steenkamp, R.
A1  - Stegmann, Christian
A1  - Stinzing, F.
A1  - Stycz, K.
A1  - Sushch, Iurii
A1  - Szostek, A.
A1  - Tavernet, J. -P.
A1  - Terrier, R.
A1  - Tluczykont, M.
A1  - Trichard, C.
A1  - Valerius, K.
A1  - van Eldik, C.
A1  - Vasileiadis, G.
A1  - Venter, C.
A1  - Viana, A.
A1  - Vincent, P.
A1  - Voelk, H. J.
A1  - Volpe, F.
A1  - Vorobiov, S.
A1  - Vorster, M.
A1  - Wagner, S. J.
A1  - Ward, M.
A1  - White, R.
A1  - Wierzcholska, A.
A1  - Wouters, D.
A1  - Zacharias, M.
A1  - Zajczyk, A.
A1  - Zdziarski, A. A.
A1  - Zech, Alraune
A1  - Zechlin, H. -S.
T1  - Search for Photon-Linelike Signatures from Dark Matter Annihilations with H.E.S.S.
JF  - Physical review letters
N2  - Gamma-ray line signatures can be expected in the very-high-energy (E-gamma > 100 GeV) domain due to self-annihilation or decay of dark matter (DM) particles in space. Such a signal would be readily distinguishable from astrophysical gamma-ray sources that in most cases produce continuous spectra that span over several orders of magnitude in energy. Using data collected with the H. E. S. S. gamma-ray instrument, upper limits on linelike emission are obtained in the energy range between similar to 500 GeV and similar to 25 TeV for the central part of the Milky Way halo and for extragalactic observations, complementing recent limits obtained with the Fermi-LAT instrument at lower energies. No statistically significant signal could be found. For monochromatic gamma-ray line emission, flux limits of (2 x 10(-7)-2 x 10(-5)) m(-2)s(-1)sr(-1) and (1 x 10(-8)- 2 x 10(-6)) m(-2)s(-1)sr(-1) are obtained for the central part of the Milky Way halo and extragalactic observations, respectively. For a DM particle mass of 1 TeV, limits on the velocity- averaged DM annihilation cross section <sigma upsilon >(chi chi ->gamma gamma) reach similar to 10(-27)cm(3)s(-1), based on the Einasto parametrization of the Galactic DM halo density profile. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.041301
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.041301
SN  - 0031-9007
VL  - 110
IS  - 4
PB  - American Physical Society
CY  - College Park
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Jetzschmann, P.
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Nebe, S.
A1  - Schlagenhauf, Florian
A1  - Heinz, A.
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Romanczuk-Seiferth, Nina
T1  - Reward and avoidance learning in the context of aversive environments and possible implications for depressive symptoms
JF  - Psychopharmacology
N2  - Background Aversive stimuli in the environment influence human actions. This includes valence-dependent influences on action selection, e.g., increased avoidance but decreased approach behavior. However, it is yet unclear how aversive stimuli interact with complex learning and decision-making in the reward and avoidance domain. Moreover, the underlying computational mechanisms of these decision-making biases are unknown. Methods To elucidate these mechanisms, 54 healthy young male subjects performed a two-step sequential decision-making task, which allows to computationally model different aspects of learning, e.g., model-free, habitual, and model-based, goal-directed learning. We used a within-subject design, crossing task valence (reward vs. punishment learning) with emotional context (aversive vs. neutral background stimuli). We analyzed choice data, applied a computational model, and performed simulations. Results Whereas model-based learning was not affected, aversive stimuli interacted with model-free learning in a way that depended on task valence. Thus, aversive stimuli increased model-free avoidance learning but decreased model-free reward learning. The computational model confirmed this effect: the parameter lambda that indicates the influence of reward prediction errors on decision values was increased in the punishment condition but decreased in the reward condition when aversive stimuli were present. Further, by using the inferred computational parameters to simulate choice data, our effects were captured. Exploratory analyses revealed that the observed biases were associated with subclinical depressive symptoms. Conclusion Our data show that aversive environmental stimuli affect complex learning and decision-making, which depends on task valence. Further, we provide a model of the underlying computations of this affective modulation. Finally, our finding of increased decision-making biases in subjects reporting subclinical depressive symptoms matches recent reports of amplified Pavlovian influences on action selection in depression and suggests a potential vulnerability factor for mood disorders. We discuss our findings in the light of the involvement of the neuromodulators serotonin and dopamine.
KW  - Reward learning
KW  - Avoidance learning
KW  - Reinforcement learning
KW  - Computational psychiatry
KW  - Decision-making
KW  - Affective modulation
KW  - Depression symptoms
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-019-05299-9
SN  - 0033-3158
SN  - 1432-2072
VL  - 236
IS  - 8
SP  - 2437
EP  - 2449
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Stracke, A.
A1  - Bayer, A.
A1  - Zimmermann, S.
A1  - Wendorff, Joachim Heinz
A1  - Wirges, Werner
A1  - Bauer-Gogonea, Simona
A1  - Bauer, Siegfried
A1  - Gerhard, Reimund
T1  - Relaxation behaviour of electrically induced polar orientation and of optically induced non-polar orientation in an azo-chromophore side group polymer
Y1  - 1999
SN  - 0022-3727
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Juenger, Elisabeth
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Bernhardt, Nadine
A1  - Javadi, Amir-Homayoun
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
A1  - Smolka, Michael N.
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Huys, Quentin J. M.
T1  - Processing speed enhances model-based over model-free reinforcement learning in the presence of high working memory functioning
JF  - Frontiers in psychology
N2  - Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation.
KW  - decision-making
KW  - reward
KW  - cognitive abilities
KW  - model-based and model-free learning
KW  - fluid intelligence
KW  - habitual and goal-directed system
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01450
SN  - 1664-1078
VL  - 5
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sianova, D.
A1  - Zen, Achmad
A1  - Nothofer, Heinz-Georg
A1  - Asawapirom, Udom
A1  - Scherf, Ullrich
A1  - Hagen, R.
A1  - Bieringer, Thomas
A1  - Kostromine, S.
A1  - Neher, Dieter
T1  - Photoaddressable alignment layers for fluorescent polymers in polarized electroluminescence devices
Y1  - 2002
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Sommer, Christian
A1  - Juenger, Elisabeth
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Friedel, Eva
A1  - Wendt, Jean
A1  - Kathmann, Norbert
A1  - Schlagenhauf, Florian
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Huys, Quentin J. M.
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
T1  - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study
JF  - Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography
N2  - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT.
KW  - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer
KW  - Alcohol dependence
KW  - Human
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1159/000363507
SN  - 0302-282X
SN  - 1423-0224
VL  - 70
IS  - 2
SP  - 111
EP  - 121
PB  - Karger
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Nebe, Stephan
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Juenger, Elisabeth
A1  - Kroemer, Nils B.
A1  - Kathmann, Norbert
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
A1  - Smolka, Michael N.
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
A1  - Huys, Quentin J. M.
T1  - Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Effects Rely Less on Model-based Reinforcement Learning
JF  - Journal of cognitive neuroscience
N2  - Behavioral choice can be characterized along two axes. One axis distinguishes reflexive, model-free systems that slowly accumulate values through experience and a model-based system that uses knowledge to reason prospectively. The second axis distinguishes Pavlovian valuation of stimuli from instrumental valuation of actions or stimulus–action pairs. This results in four values and many possible interactions between them, with important consequences for accounts of individual variation. We here explored whether individual variation along one axis was related to individual variation along the other. Specifically, we asked whether individuals' balance between model-based and model-free learning was related to their tendency to show Pavlovian interferences with instrumental decisions. In two independent samples with a total of 243 participants, Pavlovian–instrumental transfer effects were negatively correlated with the strength of model-based reasoning in a two-step task. This suggests a potential common underlying substrate predisposing individuals to both have strong Pavlovian interference and be less model-based and provides a framework within which to interpret the observation of both effects in addiction.
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00945
SN  - 0898-929X
SN  - 1530-8898
VL  - 28
SP  - 985
EP  - 995
PB  - MIT Press
CY  - Cambridge
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Garbusow, Maria
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Sebold, Miriam Hannah
A1  - Friedel, Eva
A1  - Bernhardt, Nadine
A1  - Koch, Stefan P.
A1  - Steinacher, Bruno
A1  - Kathmann, Norbert
A1  - Geurts, Dirk E. M.
A1  - Sommer, Christian
A1  - Mueller, Dirk K.
A1  - Nebe, Stephan
A1  - Paul, Soeren
A1  - Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
A1  - Walter, Henrik
A1  - Smolka, Michael N.
A1  - Sterzer, Philipp
A1  - Rapp, Michael Armin
A1  - Huys, Quentin J. M.
A1  - Schlagenhauf, Florian
A1  - Heinz, Andreas
T1  - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer effects in the nucleus accumbens relate to relapse in alcohol dependence
JF  - Addiction biology
N2  - In detoxified alcohol-dependent patients, alcohol-related stimuli can promote relapse. However, to date, the mechanisms by which contextual stimuli promote relapse have not been elucidated in detail. One hypothesis is that such contextual stimuli directly stimulate the motivation to drink via associated brain regions like the ventral striatum and thus promote alcohol seeking, intake and relapse. Pavlovian-to-Instrumental-Transfer (PIT) may be one of those behavioral phenomena contributing to relapse, capturing how Pavlovian conditioned (contextual) cues determine instrumental behavior (e.g. alcohol seeking and intake). We used a PIT paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the effects of classically conditioned Pavlovian stimuli on instrumental choices in n=31 detoxified patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence and n=24 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Patients were followed up over a period of 3 months. We observed that (1) there was a significant behavioral PIT effect for all participants, which was significantly more pronounced in alcohol-dependent patients; (2) PIT was significantly associated with blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) in subsequent relapsers only; and (3) PIT-related NAcc activation was associated with, and predictive of, critical outcomes (amount of alcohol intake and relapse during a 3 months follow-up period) in alcohol-dependent patients. These observations show for the first time that PIT-related BOLD signals, as a measure of the influence of Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, predict alcohol intake and relapse in alcohol dependence.
KW  - human Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer
KW  - nucleus accumbens
KW  - relapse in alcohol use disorder
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12243
SN  - 1355-6215
SN  - 1369-1600
VL  - 21
SP  - 719
EP  - 731
PB  - Wiley-Blackwell
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -