TY - JOUR A1 - Sommer, C. A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Juenger, E. A1 - Pooseh, S. A1 - Bernhardt, Nadine A1 - Birkenstock, J. A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Jabs, B. A1 - Gloeckler, T. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Heinz, A. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. T1 - Strong seduction: impulsivity and the impact of contextual cues on instrumental behavior in alcohol dependence JF - Translational Psychiatry N2 - Alcohol-related cues acquire incentive salience through Pavlovian conditioning and then can markedly affect instrumental behavior of alcohol-dependent patients to promote relapse. However, it is unclear whether similar effects occur with alcohol-unrelated cues. We tested 116 early-abstinent alcohol-dependent patients and 91 healthy controls who completed a delay discounting task to assess choice impulsivity, and a Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) paradigm employing both alcohol-unrelated and alcohol-related stimuli. To modify instrumental choice behavior, we tiled the background of the computer screen either with conditioned stimuli (CS) previously generated by pairing abstract pictures with pictures indicating monetary gains or losses, or with pictures displaying alcohol or water beverages. CS paired to money gains and losses affected instrumental choices differently. This PIT effect was significantly more pronounced in patients compared to controls, and the group difference was mainly driven by highly impulsive patients. The PIT effect was particularly strong in trials in which the instrumental stimulus required inhibition of instrumental response behavior and the background CS was associated to monetary gains. Under that condition, patients performed inappropriate approach behavior, contrary to their previously formed behavioral intention. Surprisingly, the effect of alcohol and water pictures as background stimuli resembled that of aversive and appetitive CS, respectively. These findings suggest that positively valenced background CS can provoke dysfunctional instrumental approach behavior in impulsive alcohol-dependent patients. Consequently, in real life they might be easily seduced by environmental cues to engage in actions thwarting their long-term goals. Such behaviors may include, but are not limited to, approaching alcohol. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2017.158 SN - 2158-3188 VL - 7 SP - 1209 EP - 1222 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Sommer, Christian A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Wendt, Jean A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study JF - Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography N2 - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT. KW - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Human Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000363507 SN - 0302-282X SN - 1423-0224 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 121 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Sommer, C. A1 - Nebe, S. A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Sören A1 - Wittchen, H. U. A1 - Smolka, M. A1 - Zimmermann, U. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Q. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, A. T1 - Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in the course of alcohol use disorder T2 - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists N2 - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping on- going thought and behavior. The influence of Pavlovian stimuli on on-going behavior is paradigmatically measured by Pavlovian-to-instrumental-transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent, and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer. Methods: 32 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age and gender matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviours. The task involved both Pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol- dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT. Y1 - 2018 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 48 SP - S546 EP - S546 PB - Elsevier CY - ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Bernhardt, Nadine A1 - Javadi, Amir-Homayoun A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. T1 - Processing speed enhances model-based over model-free reinforcement learning in the presence of high working memory functioning JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation. KW - decision-making KW - reward KW - cognitive abilities KW - model-based and model-free learning KW - fluid intelligence KW - habitual and goal-directed system Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01450 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Sören A1 - Nebe, Stephan A1 - Veer, Ilya M. A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Heinz, Andreas T1 - How Accumulated Real Life Stress Experience and Cognitive Speed Interact on Decision-Making Processes JF - Frontiers in human neuroscienc N2 - Rationale: Advances in neurocomputational modeling suggest that valuation systems for goal-directed (deliberative) on one side, and habitual (automatic) decision-making on the other side may rely on distinct computational strategies for reinforcement learning, namely model-free vs. model-based learning. As a key theoretical difference, the model-based system strongly demands cognitive functions to plan actions prospectively based on an internal cognitive model of the environment, whereas valuation in the model-free system relies on rather simple learning rules from operant conditioning to retrospectively associate actions with their outcomes and is thus cognitively less demanding. Acute stress reactivity is known to impair model-based but not model-free choice behavior, with higher working memory capacity protecting the model-based system from acute stress. However, it is not clear which impact accumulated real life stress has on model-free and model-based decision systems and how this influence interacts with cognitive abilities. Methods: We used a sequential decision-making task distinguishing relative contributions of both learning strategies to choice behavior, the Social Readjustment Rating Scale questionnaire to assess accumulated real life stress, and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test to test cognitive speed in 95 healthy subjects. Results: Individuals reporting high stress exposure who had low cognitive speed showed reduced model-based but increased model-free behavioral control. In contrast, subjects exposed to accumulated real life stress with high cognitive speed displayed increased model-based performance but reduced model-free control. Conclusion: These findings suggest that accumulated real life stress exposure can enhance reliance on cognitive speed for model-based computations, which may ultimately protect the model-based system from the detrimental influences of accumulated real life stress. The combination of accumulated real life stress exposure and slower information processing capacities, however, might favor model-free strategies. Thus, the valence and preference of either system strongly depends on stressful experiences and individual cognitive capacities. KW - chronic stress KW - model-based learning KW - model-free learning KW - decision making KW - cognitive speed KW - real-life events Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00302 SN - 1662-5161 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Nebe, S. A1 - Sundmacher, L. A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Sören A1 - Wittchen, H. U. A1 - Smolka, M. A1 - Zimmermann, U. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Q. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, A. T1 - From goals to habits in alcohol dependence BT - association with treatment outcome and cognitive bias modification training T2 - European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists Y1 - 2018 SN - 0924-9338 SN - 1778-3585 VL - 48 SP - S274 EP - S274 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Bernhart, Nadine A1 - Javadi, Amir Homayoun A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. T1 - Smart goals, slow habits? Individual differences in processing speed and working memory capacity moderate the balance between habitual and goal-directed choice behavior T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science Y1 - 2014 SN - 1612-4782 SN - 1612-4790 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - S62 EP - S62 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER -