TY - GEN A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Sowarka, Doris A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Cognitive training research on fluid intelligence in old age : what can older adults achieve by themselves? N2 - Cognitive research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence has demonstrated that older adults benefit markedly from guided practice in cognitive skills and problem-solving strategies. We examined to what degree older adults are capable by themselves of achieving similar practice gains, focusing on the fluid ability of figural relations. A sample of 72 healthy older adults was assigned randomly to three conditions: control, tutor-guided training, self-guided training. Training time and training materials were held constant for the two training conditions. Posttraining performances were analyzed using a transfer of training paradigm in terms of three indicators: correct responses, accuracy, and level of item difficulty. The training programs were effective and produced a significant but narrow band of within-ability transfer. However, there was no difference between the two training groups. Older adults were shown to be capable of producing gains by themselves that were comparable to those obtained following tutor-guided training in the nature of test-relevant cognitive skills. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 152 Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40297 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Smith, Jacqui A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Testing-the-limits and the study of adult age differences in cognitive plasticity of a mnemonic skill N2 - Investigated the range and limits of cognitive reserve capacity as a general approach to the understanding of age differences in cognitive functioning. Testing-the-limits is proposed as a research strategy, Data are reported from 2 training studies involving old (65 to 83 years old) and young adults (19 to 29 years old). The training, designed to engineer an expertise in serial word recall, involved instruction and practice in the Method of Loci. Substantial plasticity was evident in pretest to posttest comparisons. Participants raised their serial word recall several times above that of pretest baseline. Age-differential limits in reserve capacity were evident in amount of training gain but not in responses to conditions of increased test difficulty (speeded stimulus presentation). Group differences were magnified by the training to such a degree that age distributions barely overlapped at posttests. Testing-the-limits offers promise in terms of understanding the extent and nature of cognitive plasticity. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 153 Y1 - 1989 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40311 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya T1 - On the locus of training gains in research on the plasticity of fluid intelligence in old age N2 - Cognitive training research has shown that many older adults have a substantial reserve capacity in fluid intelligence. Little is known, however, about the locus of plasticity. Two studies were conducted to examine whether training gains in fluid abilities are critically dependent on experimenter-guided training and/or whether older adults can achieve similar improvements by themselves on the basis of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. Several comparisons were made: (a) between test performances after trainer-guided training in ability-specific cognitive skills and after self-guided retest practice (without feedback), (b) between performances under speeded and power conditions of assessment, (c) between performances on easy and difficult items, and (d) between the relative numbers of correct and wrong answers. Results suggest that a large share of the training improvement shown by the elderly can plausibly be explained as the result of the activation and practice of cognitive skills already available in their repertoire. The results also have implications for educational practice, pointing to the appropriateness of strategies of self-directed learning for many elderly adults. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 151 Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40288 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margic A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults Y1 - 1991 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montada, Leo A1 - Becker, Joachim A1 - Schoepflin, U. A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Die internationale Rezeption der deutschen Psychologie Y1 - 1995 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Professional expertise does not eliminate negative age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood Y1 - 1992 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust Y1 - 1992 SN - 0012-1649 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazität in einer Gedächtnisleistung Y1 - 1991 SN - 0233-2353 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Brehmer, Y. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Benefits of graphic design expertise in old age : compensatory effects of a graphical lexicon? Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-0-521-87205-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Montada, Leo A1 - Schoepflin, U. A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Erwiderung auf die Kommentare von Hans Markowitsch, Fritz Strack und Dieter Wolke Y1 - 1996 ER -