TY  - JOUR
A1  - Buchmann, Arlette F.
A1  - Laucht, Manfred
A1  - Schmid, Brigitte
A1  - Wiedemann, Klaus
A1  - Mann, Karl F.
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
T1  - Cigarette craving increases after a psychosocial stress test and is related to cortisol stress response but not to dependence scores in daily smokers
N2  - Stress is known to induce cigarette craving in smokers, but the underlying mechanisms are widely unknown. We investigated how dependence severity, smoking habits and stress-induced cortisol secretion are associated with increased cigarette craving after a standardised laboratory stressor. Hundred and six healthy participants (50 men, age 18-19 years) underwent a standardised public speaking stress task. In all, 35 smoked daily (DS), 13 smoked occasionally (OS), and 58 never smoked (NS). Smoking was unrestricted until 2 h before stress onset. Plasma cortisol was measured before and up to 95 min after the stressor. All current smokers rated intensity of cigarette craving immediately before and immediately after the stressor using the Brief Questionnaire of Smoking Urges (BQSU). Cortisol levels significantly increased in response to stress in all groups. The magnitude of this stress response was significantly lower in DS compared with OS and NS but did not differ between OS and NS. Baseline BQSU scores were significantly higher in DS than OS. BQSU scores increased significantly during the stress period and were positively correlated to the cortisol response in the DS but were unrelated to their nicotine dependence scores. In OS, no change in cigarette craving could be observed. In daily smokers, cigarette craving is increased after compared with before stress exposure and is related to the magnitude of cortisol stress response rather than to severity of nicotine dependence. This result supports, but does not prove, the concept that hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal stimulation is one of the mechanisms how stress can elicit cigarette craving.
Y1  - 2010
UR  - http://jop.sagepub.com/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108095716
SN  - 0269-8811
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Buchmann, Arlette F.
A1  - Schmid, Brigitte
A1  - Blomeyer, Dorothea
A1  - Zimmermann, Ulrich S.
A1  - Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine
A1  - Schmidt, Martin H.
A1  - Esser, Günter
A1  - Banaschewski, Tobias
A1  - Mann, Karl F.
A1  - Laucht, Manfred
T1  - Drinking against unpleasant emotions : possible outcome of early onset of alcohol use?
N2  - Background: Recent animal and human studies indicate that the exposure to alcohol during early adolescence increases the risk for heavy alcohol use in response to stress. The purpose of this study was to examine whether this effect may be the consequence of a higher susceptibility to develop "drinking to cope" motives among early initiators. Methods: Data from 320 participants were collected as part of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study. Structured interviews at age 15 and 19 were used to assess age at first alcohol experience and drunkenness. The young adults completed questionnaires to obtain information about the occurrence of stressful life events during the past 4 years and current drinking habits. In addition, alcohol use under conditions of negative states was assessed with the Inventory of Drinking Situations. Results: The probability of young adults' alcohol use in situations characterized by unpleasant emotions was significantly increased the earlier they had initiated the use of alcohol, even when controlling for current drinking habits and stressful life events. Similar results were obtained for the age at first drunkenness. Conclusions: The findings strengthen the hypothesis that alcohol experiences during early adolescence facilitate drinking to regulate negative affect as an adverse coping strategy which may represent the starting point of a vicious circle comprising drinking to relieve stress and increased stress as a consequence of drinking.
Y1  - 2010
UR  - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1530-0277
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01180.x
SN  - 0145-6008
ER  -