TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Sachse, Manuel
A1  - Haack, David
A1  - Otto, Katharina A.
T1  - Discrete element modeling of boulder and cliff morphologies on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context:
Even after the Rosetta mission, some of the mechanical parameters of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's surface material are not yet well constrained. These parameters are needed to improve our understanding of cometary activity or for planning sample return missions.

Aims:
We study some of the physical processes involved in the formation of selected surface features and investigate the mechanical and geometrical parameters involved.

Methods:
Applying the discrete element method (DEM) in a low-gravity environment, we numerically simulated the surface layer particle dynamics involved in the formation of selected morphological features. The material considered is a mixture of polydisperse ice and dust spheres with inter-particle forces given by the Hertz contact model, translational friction, rolling friction, cohesion from unsintered contacts, and optionally due to bonds from ice sintering. We determined a working set of parameters that enables the simulations to be reasonably realistic and investigated morphological changes due to modifications thereof.

Results:
The selected morphological features are reasonably well reproduced using model materials with a tensile strength on the order of 1-10 Pa. Increasing the diameters of the spherical particles decreases the material strength, and increasing the friction leads to a more brittle but somewhat stronger material. High friction is required to make the material sufficiently brittle to match observations, which points to the presence of very rough, even angular particles. Reasonable seismic activity does not suffice to trigger the collapses of cliffs without material heterogeneities or structural defects.

Conclusions:
DEM modeling can be a powerful tool to investigate mechanical parameters of cometary surface material. However, many uncertainties arise from our limited understanding of particle shapes, spatial configurations, and size distributions, all on multiple length scales. Further numerical work, in situ measurements, and sample return missions are needed to better understand the mechanics of cometary material and cometary activity.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P
KW  - Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - methods: numerical
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937152
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 641
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rinaldi, G.
A1  - Formisano, M.
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Bockelee-Morvan, D.
A1  - Cheng, Y-C
A1  - Vincent, J-B
A1  - Deshapriya, P.
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - Capria, M. T.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - De Sanctis, M. C.
A1  - Doose, L.
A1  - Erard, S.
A1  - Federico, C.
A1  - Filacchione, G.
A1  - Fink, U.
A1  - Leyrat, C.
A1  - Longobardo, A.
A1  - Magni, G.
A1  - Mighorini, A.
A1  - Mottola, S.
A1  - Naletto, G.
A1  - Raponi, A.
A1  - Taylor, F.
A1  - Tosi, F.
A1  - Tozzi, G. P.
A1  - Salatti, M.
T1  - Analysis of night-side dust activity on comet 67P observed by VIRTIS-M
BT  - a new method to constrain the thermal inertia on the surface
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - On 2015 July 18, near perihelion at a heliocentric distance of 1.28 au, the Visible InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M) on board the Rosetta spacecraft had the opportunity of observing dust activity in the inner coma with a view of the night side (shadowed side) of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. At the time of the measurements we present here, we observe a dust plume that originates on the far side of the nucleus. We are able to identify the approximate location of its source at the boundary between the Hapi and Anuket regions, and we find that it has been in darkness for some hours before the observation. Assuming that this time span is equal to the conductive time scale, we obtain a thermal inertia in the range 25-36 W K-1 m(-2) s(-1/2). These thermal inertia values can be used to verify with a 3D finite-element method (REM) numerical code whether the surface and subsurface temperatures agree with the values found in the literature. We explored three different configurations: (1) a layer of water ice mixed with dust beneath a dust mantle of 5 mm with thermal inertia of 36 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5 ; (2) the same structure, but with thermal inertia of 100 J m(-2) K-1 S-0.5; (3) an ice-dust mixture that is directly exposed. Of these three configurations, the first seems to be the most reasonable, both for the low thermal inertia and for the agreement with the surface and subsurface temperatures that have been found for the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The spectral properties of the plume show that the visible dust color ranged from 16 +/- 4.8%/100 nm to 13 +/- 2.6%/100 nm, indicating that this plume has no detectable color gradient. The morphology of the plume can be classified as a narrow jet that has an estimated total ejected mass of between 6 and 19 tons when we assume size distribution indices between -2.5 and -3.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - infrared: planetary systems
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834907
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 630
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tubiana, C.
A1  - Rinaldi, G.
A1  - Guettler, C.
A1  - Snodgrass, C.
A1  - Shi, X.
A1  - Hu, X.
A1  - Marschall, R.
A1  - Fulle, M.
A1  - Bockeele-Morvan, D.
A1  - Naletto, G.
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Sierks, H.
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - Barucci, M. A.
A1  - Bertaux, J-L
A1  - Bertini, I
A1  - Bodewits, D.
A1  - Capria, M. T.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - Cremonese, G.
A1  - Crovisier, J.
A1  - Da Deppo, V
A1  - Debei, S.
A1  - De Cecco, M.
A1  - Deller, J.
A1  - De Sanctis, M. C.
A1  - Davidsson, B.
A1  - Doose, L.
A1  - Erard, S.
A1  - Filacchione, G.
A1  - Fink, U.
A1  - Formisano, M.
A1  - Fornasier, S.
A1  - Gutierrez, P. J.
A1  - Ip, W-H
A1  - Ivanovski, S.
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Keller, H. U.
A1  - Kolokolova, L.
A1  - Koschny, D.
A1  - Krueger, H.
A1  - La Forgia, F.
A1  - Lamy, P. L.
A1  - Lara, L. M.
A1  - Lazzarin, M.
A1  - Levasseur-Regourd, A. C.
A1  - Lin, Z-Y
A1  - Longobardo, A.
A1  - Lopez-Moreno, J. J.
A1  - Marzari, F.
A1  - Migliorini, A.
A1  - Mottola, S.
A1  - Rodrigo, R.
A1  - Taylor, F.
A1  - Toth, I
A1  - Zakharov, V
T1  - Diurnal variation of dust and gas production in comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at the inbound equinox as seen by OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M on board Rosetta
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. On 27 April 2015, when comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko was at 1.76 au from the Sun and moving toward perihelion, the OSIRIS and VIRTIS-M instruments on board the Rosetta spacecraft simultaneously observed the evolving dust and gas coma during a complete rotation of the comet. Aims. We aim to characterize the spatial distribution of dust, H2O, and CO2 gas in the inner coma. To do this, we performed a quantitative analysis of the release of dust and gas and compared the observed H2O production rate with the rate we calculated using a thermophysical model. Methods. For this study we selected OSIRIS WAC images at 612 nm (dust) and VIRTIS-M image cubes at 612 nm, 2700 nm (H2O emission band), and 4200 nm (CO2 emission band). We measured the average signal in a circular annulus to study the spatial variation around the comet, and in a sector of the annulus to study temporal variation in the sunward direction with comet rotation, both at a fixed distance of 3.1 km from the comet center. Results. The spatial correlation between dust and water, both coming from the sunlit side of the comet, shows that water is the main driver of dust activity in this time period. The spatial distribution of CO2 is not correlated with water and dust. There is no strong temporal correlation between the dust brightness and water production rate as the comet rotates. The dust brightness shows a peak at 0 degrees subsolar longitude, which is not pronounced in the water production. At the same epoch, there is also a maximum in CO2 production. An excess of measured water production with respect to the value calculated using a simple thermophysical model is observed when the head lobe and regions of the southern hemisphere with strong seasonal variations are illuminated (subsolar longitude 270 degrees-50 degrees). A drastic decrease in dust production when the water production (both measured and from the model) displays a maximum occurs when typical northern consolidated regions are illuminated and the southern hemisphere regions with strong seasonal variations are instead in shadow (subsolar longitude 50 degrees-90 degrees). Possible explanations of these observations are presented and discussed.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - methods: data analysis
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201834869
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 630
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Marschall, Raphael
A1  - Skorov, Yuri
A1  - Zakharov, Vladimir
A1  - Rezac, Ladislav
A1  - Gerig, Selina-Barbara
A1  - Christou, Chariton
A1  - Dadzie, S. Kokou
A1  - Migliorini, Alessandra
A1  - Rinaldi, Giovanna
A1  - Agarwal, Jessica
A1  - Vincent, Jean-Baptiste
A1  - Kappel, David
T1  - Cometary comae-surface links the physics of gas and dust from the surface to a spacecraft
JF  - Space science reviews
N2  - A comet is a highly dynamic object, undergoing a permanent state of change. These changes have to be carefully classified and considered according to their intrinsic temporal and spatial scales. The Rosetta mission has, through its contiguous in-situ and remote sensing coverage of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (hereafter 67P) over the time span of August 2014 to September 2016, monitored the emergence, culmination, and winding down of the gas and dust comae. This provided an unprecedented data set and has spurred a large effort to connect in-situ and remote sensing measurements to the surface. In this review, we address our current understanding of cometary activity and the challenges involved when linking comae data to the surface. We give the current state of research by describing what we know about the physical processes involved from the surface to a few tens of kilometres above it with respect to the gas and dust emission from cometary nuclei. Further, we describe how complex multidimensional cometary gas and dust models have developed from the Halley encounter of 1986 to today. This includes the study of inhomogeneous outgassing and determination of the gas and dust production rates. Additionally, the different approaches used and results obtained to link coma data to the surface will be discussed. We discuss forward and inversion models and we describe the limitations of the respective approaches. The current literature suggests that there does not seem to be a single uniform process behind cometary activity. Rather, activity seems to be the consequence of a variety of erosion processes, including the sublimation of both water ice and more volatile material, but possibly also more exotic processes such as fracture and cliff erosion under thermal and mechanical stress, sub-surface heat storage, and a complex interplay of these processes. Seasons and the nucleus shape are key factors for the distribution and temporal evolution of activity and imply that the heliocentric evolution of activity can be highly individual for every comet, and generalisations can be misleading.
KW  - comets
KW  - coma
KW  - gas
KW  - dust
KW  - dynamics
KW  - modelling
KW  - inversion
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-020-00744-0
SN  - 0038-6308
SN  - 1572-9672
VL  - 216
IS  - 8
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Rousseau, Batiste
A1  - Erard, Stéphane
A1  - Beck, P.
A1  - Quirico, Eric
A1  - Schmitt, B.
A1  - Brissaud, O.
A1  - Montes-Hernandez, G.
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Filacchione, Gianrico
A1  - Bockelee-Morvan, Dominique
A1  - Leyrat, C.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - Raponi, Andrea
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - Moroz, L. V.
A1  - Palomba, Ernesto
A1  - Tosi, Federico
T1  - Laboratory simulations of the Vis-NIR spectra of comet 67P using sub-mu m sized cosmochemical analogues
JF  - Icarus : international journal of solar system studies
N2  - Laboratory spectral measurements of relevant analogue materials were performed in the framework of the Rosetta mission in order to explain the surface spectral properties of comet 67P. Fine powders of coal, iron sulphides, silicates and their mixtures were prepared and their spectra measured in the Vis-IR range. These spectra are compared to a reference spectrum of 67P nucleus obtained with the VIRTIS/Rosetta instrument up to 2.7 mu m, excluding the organics band centred at 3.2 mu m. The species used are known to be chemical analogues for cometary materials which could be present at the surface of 67P. Grain sizes of the powders range from tens of nanometres to hundreds of micrometres. Some of the mixtures studied here actually reach the very low reflectance level observed by VIRTIS on 67P. The best match is provided by a mixture of sub-micron coal, pyrrhotite, and silicates. Grain sizes are in agreement with the sizes of the dust particles detected by the GIADA, MIDAS and COSIMA instruments on board Rosetta. The coal used in the experiment is responsible for the spectral slope in the visible and infrared ranges. Pyrrhotite, which is strongly absorbing, is responsible for the low albedo observed in the NIR. The darkest components dominate the spectra, especially within intimate mixtures. Depending on sample preparation, pyrrhotite can coat the coal and silicate aggregates. Such coating effects can affect the spectra as much as particle size. In contrast, silicates seem to play a minor role. (c) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KW  - Comets
KW  - Comets nucleus
KW  - Comets composition
KW  - Spectroscopy
KW  - Experimental techniques
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2017.10.015
SN  - 0019-1035
SN  - 1090-2643
VL  - 306
SP  - 306
EP  - 318
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lecourieux, Fatma
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Pieri, Philippe
A1  - Charon, Justine
A1  - Pillet, Jeremy
A1  - Hilbert, Ghislaine
A1  - Renaud, Christel
A1  - Gomes, Eric
A1  - Delrot, Serge
A1  - Lecourieux, David
T1  - Dissecting the Biochemical and Transcriptomic Effects of a Locally Applied Heat Treatment on Developing Cabernet Sauvignon Grape Berries
JF  - Frontiers in plant science
N2  - Reproductive development of grapevine and berry composition are both strongly influenced by temperature. To date, the molecular mechanisms involved in grapevine berries response to high temperatures are poorly understood. Unlike recent data that addressed the effects on berry development of elevated temperatures applied at the whole plant level, the present work particularly focuses on the fruit responses triggered by direct exposure to heat treatment (HT). In the context of climate change, this work focusing on temperature effect at the microclimate level is of particular interest as it can help to better understand the consequences of leaf removal (a common viticultural practice) on berry development. HT (+8 degrees C) was locally applied to clusters from Cabernet Sauvignon fruiting cuttings at three different developmental stages (middle green, veraison and middle ripening). Samples were collected 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment and used for metabolic and transcriptomic analyses. The results showed dramatic and specific biochemical and transcriptomic changes in heat exposed berries, depending on the developmental stage and the stress duration. When applied at the herbaceous stage, HT delayed the onset of veraison. Heating also strongly altered the berry concentration of amino acids and organic acids (e.g., phenylalanine, raminobutyric acid and malate) and decreased the anthocyanin content at maturity. These physiological alterations could be partly explained by the deep remodeling of transcriptome in heated berries. More than 7000 genes were deregulated in at least one of the nine experimental conditions. The most affected processes belong to the categories "stress responses," protein metabolism" and "secondary metabolism," highlighting the intrinsic capacity of grape berries to perceive HT and to build adaptive responses. Additionally, important changes in processes related to "transport," "hormone" and "cell wall" might contribute to the postponing of veraison. Finally, opposite effects depending on heating duration were observed for genes encoding enzymes of the general phenylpropanoid pathway, suggesting that the HI induced decrease in anthocyanin content may result from a combination of transcript abundance and product degradation.
KW  - grapevine
KW  - berry development
KW  - microclimate
KW  - high temperature
KW  - microarrays
KW  - metabolomics/metabolite profiling
KW  - climate change
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00053
SN  - 1664-462X
VL  - 8
PB  - Frontiers Research Foundation
CY  - Lausanne
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Tosi, Federico
A1  - Capaccioni, F.
A1  - Capria, M. T.
A1  - Mottola, Stefano
A1  - Zinzi, A.
A1  - Ciarniello, M.
A1  - Filacchione, G.
A1  - Hofstadter, M.
A1  - Fonti, S.
A1  - Formisano, M.
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Kührt, E.
A1  - Leyrat, C.
A1  - Vincent, J-B
A1  - Arnold, G.
A1  - De Sanctis, M. C.
A1  - Longobardo, Andrea
A1  - Palomba, E.
A1  - Raponi, A.
A1  - Rousseau, Batiste
A1  - Schmitt, Bernard
A1  - Barucci, Maria Antonietta
A1  - Bellucci, Giancarlo
A1  - Benkhoff, Johannes
A1  - Bockelee-Morvan, D.
A1  - Cerroni, P.
A1  - Combe, J-Ph
A1  - Despan, D.
A1  - Erard, Stéphane
A1  - Mancarella, F.
A1  - McCord, T. B.
A1  - Migliorini, Alessandra
A1  - Orofino, V
A1  - Piccioni, G.
T1  - The changing temperature of the nucleus of comet 67P induced by morphological and seasonal effects
JF  - Nature astronomy
N2  - Knowledge of the surface temperature distribution on a comet’s nucleus and its temporal evolution at different timescales is key to constraining its thermophysical properties and understanding the physical processes that take place at and below the surface. Here we report on time-resolved maps of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko retrieved on the basis of infrared data acquired by the Visible InfraRed and Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS) onboard the Rosetta orbiter in 2014, over a roughly two-month period in the pre-perihelion phase at heliocentric distances between 3.62 and 3.31 au from the Sun. We find that at a spatial resolution ≤15 m per pixel, the measured temperatures point out the major effect that self-heating, due to the complex shape of the nucleus, has on the diurnal temperature variation. The bilobate nucleus of comet 67P also induces daytime shadowing effects, which result in large thermal gradients. Over longer periods, VIRTIS-derived temperature values reveal seasonal changes driven by decreasing heliocentric distance combined with an increasing abundance of ice within the uppermost centimetre-thick layer, which implies the possibility of having a largely pristine nucleus interior already in the shallow subsurface
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0740-0
SN  - 2397-3366
VL  - 3
IS  - 7
SP  - 649
EP  - 658
PB  - Nature Publ. Group
CY  - London
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Filacchione, Gianrico
A1  - Groussin, Olivier
A1  - Herny, Clemence
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Mottola, Stefano
A1  - Oklay, Nilda
A1  - Pommerol, Antoine
A1  - Wright, Ian
A1  - Yoldi, Zurine
A1  - Ciarniello, Mauro
A1  - Moroz, Lyuba
A1  - Raponi, Andrea
T1  - Comet 67P/CG Nucleus Composition and Comparison to Other Comets
JF  - Space science reviews
N2  - We review our current knowledge of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko nucleus composition as inferred from measurements made by remote sensing and in-situ instruments aboard Rosetta orbiter and Philae lander. Spectrophotometric properties (albedos, color indexes and Hapke parameters) of 67P/CG derived by Rosetta are discussed in the context of other comets previously explored by space missions. Composed of an assemblage made of ices, organic materials and minerals, cometary nuclei exhibit very dark and red surfaces which can be described by means of spectrophotometric quantities and reproduced with laboratory measurements. The presence of surface water and carbon dioxide ices was found by Rosetta to occur at localized sites where the activity driven by solar input, gaseous condensation or exposure of pristine inner layers can maintain these species on the surface. Apart from these specific areas, 67P/CG’s surface appears remarkably uniform in composition with a predominance of organic materials and minerals. The organic compounds contain abundant hydroxyl group and a refractory macromolecular material bearing aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The mineral components are compatible with a mixture of silicates and fine-grained opaques, including Fe-sulfides, like troilite and pyrrhotite, and ammoniated salts. In the vicinity of the perihelion several active phenomena, including the erosion of surface layers, the localized activity in cliffs, fractures and pits, the collapse of overhangs and walls, the transfer and redeposition of dust, cause the evolution of the different regions of the nucleus by inducing color, composition and texture changes.
KW  - Comets
KW  - Composition
KW  - Ices
KW  - Organic matter
KW  - Minerals
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-019-0580-3
SN  - 0038-6308
SN  - 1572-9672
VL  - 215
IS  - 19
PB  - Springer
CY  - Dordrecht
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Lecourieux, Fatma
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Lecourieux, David
A1  - Serrano, Alejandra
A1  - Torres, Elizabeth
A1  - Arce-Johnson, Patricio
A1  - Delrot, Serge
T1  - An update on sugar transport and signalling in grapevine
JF  - Journal of experimental botany
N2  - In addition to their role as a source of reduced carbon, sugars may directly or indirectly control a wide range of activities in plant cells, through transcriptional and post-translational regulation. This control has been studied in detail using Arabidopsis thaliana, where genetic analysis offers many possibilities. Much less is known about perennial woody species. For several years, various aspects of sugar sensing and signalling have been investigated in the grape (Vitis vinifera L.) berry, an organ that accumulates high concentrations of hexoses in the vacuoles of flesh cells. Here we review various aspects of this topic: the molecular basis of sugar transport and its regulation by sugars in grapevine; the functional analysis of several sugar-induced genes; the effects of some biotic and abiotic stresses on the sugar content of the berry; and finally the effects of exogenous sugar supply on the ripening process in field conditions. A picture of complex feedback and multiprocess regulation emerges from these data.
KW  - Fruit biology
KW  - grapevine
KW  - signalling
KW  - stress
KW  - sugar
KW  - transport
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert394
SN  - 0022-0957
SN  - 1460-2431
VL  - 65
IS  - 3
SP  - 821
EP  - 832
PB  - Oxford Univ. Press
CY  - Oxford
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Nicolas, Philippe
A1  - Lecourieux, David
A1  - Kappel, Christian
A1  - Cluzet, Stephanie
A1  - Cramer, Grant
A1  - Delrot, Serge
A1  - Lecourieux, Fatma
T1  - The basic leucine zipper transcription factor abscisic acid responseelement-binding factor 2 is an important transcriptional regulator ofabscisic acid-dependent grape berry ripening processes
JF  - Plant physiology : an international journal devoted to physiology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, biophysics and environmental biology of plants
N2  - In grape (Vitis vinifera), abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates during fruit ripening and is thought to play a pivotal role in this process, but the molecular basis of this control is poorly understood. This work characterizes ABSCISIC ACID RESPONSE ELEMENT-BINDING FACTOR2 (VvABF2), a grape basic leucine zipper transcription factor belonging to a phylogenetic subgroup previously shown to be involved in ABA and abiotic stress signaling in other plant species. VvABF2 transcripts mainly accumulated in the berry, from the onset of ripening to the harvesting stage, and were up-regulated by ABA. Microarray analysis of transgenic grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 showed that this transcription factor up-regulates and/or modifies existing networks related to ABA responses. In addition, grape cells overexpressing VvABF2 exhibited enhanced responses to ABA treatment compared with control cells. Among the VvABF2-mediated responses highlighted in this study, the synthesis of phenolic compounds and cell wall softening were the most strongly affected. VvABF2 overexpression strongly increased the accumulation of stilbenes that play a role in plant defense and human health (resveratrol and piceid). In addition, the firmness of fruits from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants overexpressing VvABF2 was strongly reduced. These data indicate that VvABF2 is an important transcriptional regulator of ABA-dependent grape berry ripening.
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.231977
SN  - 0032-0889
SN  - 1532-2548
VL  - 164
IS  - 1
SP  - 365
EP  - 383
PB  - American Society of Plant Physiologists
CY  - Rockville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Arnold, Gabriele
A1  - Haus, Rainer
T1  - Multi-spectrum retrieval of Venus IR surface emissivity maps from VIRTIS/VEX nightside measurements at Themis Regio
JF  - Icarus : international journal of solar system studies
N2  - Renormalized emissivity maps of Themis Regio at the three surface windows are determined from 64 measurement repetitions. Retrieval errors are estimated by a statistical evaluation of maps derived from various disjoint selections of spectra and using different assumptions on the interfering parameters. Double standard deviation errors for the three surface windows amount to 3%, 8%, and 4%, respectively, allowing geologic interpretation. A comparison to results from an earlier error analysis based on synthetic spectra shows that unconsidered time variations of interfering atmospheric parameters are a major error source. Spatial variations of the 1.02 mu m surface emissivity of 20% that correspond to the difference between unweathered granitic and basaltic rocks would be easily detectable, but such variations are ruled out for the studied target area. Emissivity anomalies of up to 8% are detected at both 1.02 and 1.18 mu m. At present sensitivity, no anomalies are identified at 1.10 mu m, but anomalies exceeding the determined error level can be excluded. With single standard deviation significance, all three maps show interesting spatial emissivity variations. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KW  - Venus, surface
KW  - Infrared observations
KW  - Radiative transfer
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2015.10.014
SN  - 0019-1035
SN  - 1090-2643
VL  - 265
SP  - 42
EP  - 62
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Kappel, David
T1  - Multi-spectrum retrieval of maps of Venus' surface emissivity in the infrared
T1  - Multispektrum-Retrieval von Karten der Oberflächenemissivität der Venus im Infrarotbereich
N2  - The main goal of this cumulative thesis is the derivation of surface emissivity data in the infrared from radiance measurements of Venus. Since these data are diagnostic of the chemical composition and grain size of the surface material, they can help to improve knowledge of the planet’s geology. Spectrally resolved images of nightside emissions in the range 1.0-5.1 μm were recently acquired by the InfraRed Mapping channel of the Visible and InfraRed Thermal Imaging Spectrometer (VIRTIS-M-IR) aboard ESA’s Venus EXpress (VEX). Surface and deep atmospheric thermal emissions in this spectral range are strongly obscured by the extremely opaque atmosphere, but three narrow spectral windows at 1.02, 1.10, and 1.18 μm allow the sounding of the surface. Additional windows between 1.3 and 2.6 μm provide information on atmospheric parameters that is required to interpret the surface signals. Quantitative data on surface and atmosphere can be retrieved from the measured spectra by comparing them to simulated spectra. A numerical radiative transfer model is used in this work to simulate the observable radiation as a function of atmospheric, surface, and instrumental parameters. It is a line-by-line model taking into account thermal emissions by surface and atmosphere as well as absorption and multiple scattering by gases and clouds. The VIRTIS-M-IR measurements are first preprocessed to obtain an optimal data basis for the subsequent steps. In this process, a detailed detector responsivity analysis enables the optimization of the data consistency. The measurement data have a relatively low spectral information content, and different parameter vectors can describe the same measured spectrum equally well. A usual method to regularize the retrieval of the wanted parameters from a measured spectrum is to take into account a priori mean values and standard deviations of the parameters to be retrieved. This decreases the probability to obtain unreasonable parameter values. The multi-spectrum retrieval algorithm MSR is developed to additionally consider physically realistic spatial and temporal a priori correlations between retrieval parameters describing different measurements. Neglecting geologic activity, MSR also allows the retrieval of an emissivity map as a parameter vector that is common to several spectrally resolved images that cover the same surface target. Even applying MSR, it is difficult to obtain reliable emissivity maps in absolute values. A detailed retrieval error analysis based on synthetic spectra reveals that this is mainly due to interferences from parameters that cannot be derived from the spectra themselves, but that have to be set to assumed values to enable the radiative transfer simulations. The MSR retrieval of emissivity maps relative to a fixed emissivity is shown to effectively avoid most emissivity retrieval errors. Relative emissivity maps at 1.02, 1.10, and 1.18 μm are finally derived from many VIRTIS-M-IR measurements that cover a surface target at Themis Regio. They are interpreted as spatial variations relative to an assumed emissivity mean of the target. It is verified that the maps are largely independent of the choice of many interfering parameters as well as the utilized measurement data set. These are the first Venus IR emissivity data maps based on a consistent application of a full radiative transfer simulation and a retrieval algorithm that respects a priori information. The maps are sufficiently reliable for future geologic interpretations.
N2  - Das Hauptziel dieser publikationsbasierten Dissertation ist die Ableitung von Oberflächenemissivitäts-Daten im Infraroten aus Radianzmessungen der Venus. Da diese Daten diagnostisch bezüglich chemischer Zusammensetzung und Korngröße des Oberflächenmaterials sind, können sie zur Erweiterung des Wissens über die Geologie des Planeten beitragen. Spektral aufgelöste Bilder von nachtseitigen Emissionen im Bereich 1.0-5.1 µm wurden kürzlich durch den Infrarot-Kartierungskanal des Abbildenden Spektrometers im Sichtbaren und Infraroten Bereich (VIRTIS-M-IR) an Bord der ESA-Sonde Venus Express (VEX) gewonnen. Die thermischen Emissionen der Oberfläche sowie der tiefen Atmosphäre werden in diesem Spektralbereich stark durch die extrem licht-undurchlässige Atmosphäre verschleiert, aber drei schmale spektrale Fenster bei 1.02, 1.10 und 1.18 µm ermöglichen die Sondierung der Oberfläche. Weitere Fenster zwischen 1.3 und 2.6 µm liefern Informationen über atmosphärische Parameter, die benötigt werden, um die Oberflächensignale zu interpretieren. Quantitative Daten von Oberfläche und Atmosphäre können von den gemessenen Spektren durch Vergleiche mit simulierten Spektren abgeleitet werden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein numerisches Strahlungstransportmodell verwendet, um die beobachtbare Strahlung als Funktion von Atmosphären-, Oberflächen-, und Instrumentenparametern zu simulieren. Es ist ein Linie-für-Linie-Modell und berücksichtigt sowohl thermische Emissionen der Oberfläche und Atmosphäre, als auch Absorption und Mehrfachstreuung durch Gase und Wolken. Die VIRTIS-M-IR-Messungen werden zunächst vorverarbeitet, um eine optimale Datenbasis für die nachfolgenden Schritte zu erhalten. Eine detaillierte Analyse des Detektoransprechvermögens ermöglicht dabei die Optimierung der Datenkonsistenz. Die Messdaten haben einen vergleichsweise geringen spektralen Informationsgehalt, und verschiedene Parametervektoren können ein- und dasselbe gemessene Spektrum gleich gut beschreiben. Eine übliche Maßnahme, das Retrieval der gesuchten Parameter aus einem gemessenem Spektrum zu regularisieren, ist die Berücksichtigung von a-priori-Mittelwerten und -Standardabweichungen der zu bestimmenden Parameter. Dadurch wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit verringert, unrealistische Parameterwerte zu erhalten. Es wird der Multispektrum-Retrieval-Algorithmus MSR entwickelt, um zusätzlich physikalisch realistische räumliche und zeitliche a-priori-Korrelationen zwischen Retrievalparametern, die verschiedene Messungen beschreiben, berücksichtigen zu können. Vernachlässigt man geologische Aktivität, kann mittels MSR auch eine Emissivitätskarte in Form eines Parametervektors bestimmt werden, der verschiedenen spektral aufgelösten, denselben Oberflächenbereich überdeckenden Bildern gemeinsam ist. Selbst bei Anwendung von MSR ist es schwierig, verlässliche Karten für die Absolutwerte der Emissivität zu erhalten. Eine detaillierte Retrieval-Fehleranalyse, die auf synthetischen Spektren beruht, zeigt, dass dies hauptsächlich an Interferenzen von Parametern liegt, die nicht aus den Spektren selbst hergeleitet werden können. Um dennoch die Strahlungstransportsimulationen zu ermöglichen, müssen diese Parameter auf angenommene Werte gesetzt werden. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass durch ein MSR-Retrieval von Emissivitätskarten relativ zu einer festen Emissivität die meisten Fehler bei der Emissivitätsbestimmung effizient vermieden werden können. Abschließend werden relative Emissivitätskarten bei 1.02, 1.10 und 1.18 µm aus vielen VIRTIS-M-IR-Messungen bestimmt, die einen Oberflächenbereich in der Themis Regio überdecken. Diese Karten werden als räumliche Variationen relativ zu einer angenommenen mittleren Emissivität des Oberflächenbereichs interpretiert. Es wird nachgewiesen, dass die Karten von der Wahl vieler interferierender Parameter sowie von der Auswahl der zugrunde liegenden Messungen weitgehend unabhängig sind. Dieses sind die ersten Karten von Emissivitätsdaten der Venus im Infrarotbereich auf Basis der konsistenten Anwendung einer umfassenden Strahlungstransportsimulation und eines Retrievalalgorithmus, der a priori Informationen berücksichtigt. Die Karten sind hinreichend zuverlässig für zukünftige geologische Interpretationen.
KW  - Venus Express
KW  - VIRTIS
KW  - surface emissivity
KW  - infrared
KW  - radiative transfer
KW  - retrieval
KW  - multi-spectrum regularization
KW  - Venus Express
KW  - VIRTIS
KW  - Oberflächenemissivität
KW  - Infrarot
KW  - Strahlungstransport
KW  - Retrieval
KW  - Multi-Spektrum-Regularisierung
Y1  - 2015
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-85301
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Sachse, Manuel
A1  - Kappel, David
A1  - Tirsch, Daniela
A1  - Otto, Katharina A.
T1  - Discrete element modeling of aeolian-like morphologies on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
JF  - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal
N2  - Context. 
Even after the Rosetta mission, some of the mechanical parameters of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko's surface material are still not well constrained. They are needed to improve our understanding of cometary activity or for planning sample return procedures.

Aims. 
We discuss the physical process dominating the formation of aeolian-like surface features in the form of moats and wind taillike bedforms around obstacles and investigate the mechanical and geometrical parameters involved.

Methods. 
By applying the discrete element method (DEM) in a low-gravity environment, we numerically simulated the dynamics of the surface layer particles and the particle stream involved in the formation of aeolian-like morphological features. The material is composed of polydisperse spherical particles that consist of a mixture of dust and water ice, with interparticle forces given by the Hertz contact model, cohesion, friction, and rolling friction. We determined a working set of parameters that enables simulations to be reasonably realistic and investigated morphological changes when modifying these parameters.

Results.
The aeolian-like surface features are reasonably well reproduced using model materials with a tensile strength on the order of 0.1-1 Pa. Stronger materials and obstacles with round shapes impede the formation of a moat and a wind tail. The integrated dust flux required for the formation of moats and wind tails is on the order of 100 kg m(-2), which, based on the timescale of morphological changes inferred from Rosetta images, translates to a near-surface particle density on the order of 10(-6)-10(-4) kg m(-3).

Conclusions.
DEM modeling of the aeolian-like surface features reveals complex formation mechanisms that involve both deposition of ejected material and surface erosion. More numerical work and additional in situ measurements or sample return missions are needed to better investigate mechanical parameters of cometary surface material and to understand the mechanics of cometary activity.
KW  - comets: general
KW  - comets: individual: 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko
KW  - methods: numerical
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202141296
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
VL  - 662
PB  - EDP Sciences
CY  - Les Ulis
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Poch, Olivier
A1  - Istiqomah, Istiqomah
A1  - Quirico, Eric
A1  - Beck, Pierre
A1  - Schmitt, Bernard
A1  - Theulé, Patrice
A1  - Faure, Alexandre
A1  - Hily-Blant, Pierre
A1  - Bonal, Lydie
A1  - Kappel, David
T1  - Ammonium salts are a reservoir of nitrogen on a cometary nucleus and possibly on some asteroids
JF  - Science
N2  - The measured nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in comets is lower than for the Sun, a discrepancy which could be alleviated if there is an unknown reservoir of nitrogen in comets. The nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko exhibits an unidentified broad spectral reflectance feature around 3.2 micrometers, which is ubiquitous across its surface. On the basis of laboratory experiments, we attribute this absorption band to ammonium salts mixed with dust on the surface. The depth of the band indicates that semivolatile ammonium salts are a substantial reservoir of nitrogen in the comet, potentially dominating over refractory organic matter and more volatile species. Similar absorption features appear in the spectra of some asteroids, implying a compositional link between asteroids, comets, and the parent interstellar cloud.
KW  - resolution infrared-spectroscopy
KW  - ice absorption features
KW  - young stellar objects
KW  - exposed water ice
KW  - MU-M
KW  - bidirectional reflectance
KW  - murchison meteorite
KW  - interstellar ice
KW  - spectra
KW  - surface
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw7462
SN  - 1095-9203
SN  - 0036-8075
VL  - 367
IS  - 6483
SP  - 1
EP  - 8
PB  - AAAS, American Association for the Advancement of Science
CY  - Washington, DC
ER  - 
TY  - GEN
A1  - Poch, Olivier
A1  - Istiqomah, Istiqomah
A1  - Quirico, Eric
A1  - Beck, Pierre
A1  - Schmitt, Bernard
A1  - Theulé, Patrice
A1  - Faure, Alexandre
A1  - Hily-Blant, Pierre
A1  - Bonal, Lydie
A1  - Kappel, David
T1  - Ammonium salts are a reservoir of nitrogen on a cometary nucleus and possibly on some asteroids
T2  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe
N2  - The measured nitrogen-to-carbon ratio in comets is lower than for the Sun, a discrepancy which could be alleviated if there is an unknown reservoir of nitrogen in comets. The nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko exhibits an unidentified broad spectral reflectance feature around 3.2 micrometers, which is ubiquitous across its surface. On the basis of laboratory experiments, we attribute this absorption band to ammonium salts mixed with dust on the surface. The depth of the band indicates that semivolatile ammonium salts are a substantial reservoir of nitrogen in the comet, potentially dominating over refractory organic matter and more volatile species. Similar absorption features appear in the spectra of some asteroids, implying a compositional link between asteroids, comets, and the parent interstellar cloud.
T3  - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1389 
KW  - resolution infrared-spectroscopy
KW  - ice absorption features
KW  - young stellar objects
KW  - exposed water ice
KW  - MU-M
KW  - bidirectional reflectance
KW  - murchison meteorite
KW  - interstellar ice
KW  - spectra
KW  - surface
Y1  - 2020
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-513751
SN  - 1866-8372
N1  - This secondary publication was withdrawn for copyright reasons.
IS  - 6483
ER  -