TY - JOUR A1 - Compart, Julia A1 - Singh, Aakanksha A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Apriyanto, Ardha T1 - Customizing starch properties BT - a review of starch modifications and their applications JF - Polymers N2 - Starch has been a convenient, economically important polymer with substantial applications in the food and processing industry. However, native starches present restricted applications, which hinder their industrial usage. Therefore, modification of starch is carried out to augment the positive characteristics and eliminate the limitations of the native starches. Modifications of starch can result in generating novel polymers with numerous functional and value-added properties that suit the needs of the industry. Here, we summarize the possible starch modifications in planta and outside the plant system (physical, chemical, and enzymatic) and their corresponding applications. In addition, this review will highlight the implications of each starch property adjustment. KW - starch KW - starch modification KW - in planta modification KW - physical modification KW - chemical modification KW - enzymatic modification KW - starch application Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15163491 SN - 2073-4360 VL - 15 IS - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Nunes-Nesi, Adriano A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Steup, Martin T1 - Identification of a novel heteroglycan-interacting protein, HIP 1.3, from Arabidopsis thaliana JF - Journal of plant physiology : biochemistry, physiology, molecular biology and biotechnology of plants N2 - Plastidial degradation of transitory starch yields mainly maltose and glucose. Following the export into the cytosol, maltose acts as donor for a glucosyl transfer to cytosolic heteroglycans as mediated by a cytosolic transglucosidase (DPE2; EC 2.4.1.25) and the second glucosyl residue is liberated as glucose. The cytosolic phosphorylase (Pho2/PHS2; EC 2.4.1.1) also interacts with heteroglycans using the same intramolecular sites as DPE2. Thus, the two glucosyl transferases interconnect the cytosolic pools of glucose and glucose 1-phosphate. Due to the complex monosaccharide pattern, other heteroglycan-interacting proteins (Hips) are expected to exist. Identification of those proteins was approached by using two types of affinity chromatography. Heteroglycans from leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (Col-0) covalently bound to Sepharose served as ligands that were reacted with a complex mixture of buffer-soluble proteins from Arabidopsis leaves. Binding proteins were eluted by sodium chloride. For identification, SDS-PAGE, tryptic digestion and MALDI-TOF analyses were applied. A strongly interacting polypeptide (approximately 40 kDa; designated as HIP1.3) was observed as product of locus At1g09340. Arabidopsis mutants deficient in HIP1.3 were reduced in growth and contained heteroglycans displaying an altered monosaccharide pattern. Wild type plants express HIP1.3 most strongly in leaves. As revealed by immuno fluorescence, HIP1.3 is located in the cytosol of mesophyll cells but mostly associated with the cytosolic surface of the chloroplast envelope membranes. In an HIP1.3-deficient mutant the immunosignal was undetectable. Metabolic profiles from leaves of this mutant and wild type plants as well were determined by GC-MS. As compared to the wild type control, more than ten metabolites, such as ascorbic acid, fructose, fructose bisphosphate, glucose, glycine, were elevated in darkness but decreased in the light. Although the biochemical function of HIP1.3 has not yet been elucidated, it is likely to possess an important function in the central carbon metabolism of higher plants. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Carbohydrate binding proteins KW - Cytosolic heteroglycans KW - Maltose metabolism KW - Starch metabolism Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2010.09.008 SN - 0176-1617 VL - 168 IS - 12 SP - 1415 EP - 1425 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Malinova, Irina A1 - Mahlow, Sebastian A1 - Alseekh, Saleh A1 - Orawetz, Tom A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Baumann, Otto A1 - Steup, Martin A1 - Fettke, Jörg T1 - Double knockout mutants of arabidopsis grown under normal conditions reveal that the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch metabolism JF - Plant physiology : an international journal devoted to physiology, biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, biophysics and environmental biology of plants N2 - In leaves of two starch-related single-knockout lines lacking either the cytosolic transglucosidase (also designated as disproportionating enzyme 2, DPE2) or the maltose transporter (MEX1), the activity of the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme (PHS1) is increased. In both mutants, metabolism of starch-derived maltose is impaired but inhibition is effective at different subcellular sites. Two constitutive double knockout mutants were generated (designated as dpe2-1 x phs1a and mex1 x phs1b) both lacking functional PHS1. They reveal that in normally grown plants, the plastidial phosphorylase isozyme participates in transitory starch degradation and that the central carbon metabolism is closely integrated into the entire cell biology. All plants were grown either under continuous illumination or in a light-dark regime. Both double mutants were compromised in growth and, compared with the single knockout plants, possess less average leaf starch when grown in a light-dark regime. Starch and chlorophyll contents decline with leaf age. As revealed by transmission electron microscopy, mesophyll cells degrade chloroplasts, but degradation is not observed in plants grown under continuous illumination. The two double mutants possess similar but not identical phenotypes. When grown in a light-dark regime, mesophyll chloroplasts of dpe2-1 x phs1a contain a single starch granule but under continuous illumination more granules per chloroplast are formed. The other double mutant synthesizes more granules under either growth condition. In continuous light, growth of both double mutants is similar to that of the parental single knockout lines. Metabolite profiles and oligoglucan patterns differ largely in the two double mutants. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.227843 SN - 0032-0889 SN - 1532-2548 VL - 164 IS - 2 SP - 907 EP - 921 PB - American Society of Plant Physiologists CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhang, Youjun A1 - Sun, Feng A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Schoettler, Mark Aurel A1 - Ramsden, Lawrence A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Lim, Boon Leong T1 - Heterologous expression of AtPAP2 in transgenic potato influences carbon metabolism and tuber development JF - FEBS letters : the journal for rapid publication of short reports in molecular biosciences N2 - Changes in carbon flow and sink/source activities can affect floral, architectural, and reproductive traits of plants. In potato, overexpression (OE) of the purple acid phosphatase 2 of Arabidopsis (AtPAP2) resulted in earlier flowering, faster growth rate, increased tubers and tuber starch content, and higher photosynthesis rate. There was a significant change in sucrose, glucose and fructose levels in leaves, phloem and sink biomass of the OE lines, consistent with an increased expression of sucrose transporter 1 (StSUT1). Furthermore, the expression levels and enzyme activity of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) were also significantly increased in the OE lines. These findings strongly suggest that higher carbon supply from the source and improved sink strength can improve potato tuber yield. (C) 2014 Federation of European Biochemical Societies. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Potato KW - AtPAP2 KW - Photosynthesis KW - Tuber yield KW - Sugar efflux Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.019 SN - 0014-5793 SN - 1873-3468 VL - 588 IS - 20 SP - 3726 EP - 3731 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fettke, Jörg A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. T1 - Intracellular and cell-to-apoplast compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism JF - Trends in plant science N2 - In most plants, carbohydrates represent the major energy store as well as providing the building blocks for essential structural polymers. Although the major pathways for carbohydrate biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are well characterized, several key steps have only recently been discovered. In addition, several novel minor metabolic routes have been uncovered in the past few years. Here we review current studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism detailing the expanding compendium of functionally characterized transport proteins as well as our deeper comprehension of more minor and conditionally activated metabolic pathways. We additionally explore the pertinent questions that will allow us to enhance our understanding of the response of both major and minor carbohydrate fluxes to changing cellular circumstances. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.012 SN - 1360-1385 VL - 20 IS - 8 SP - 490 EP - 497 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Apriyanto, Ardha A1 - Compart, Julia A1 - Zimmermann, Vincent A1 - Alseekh, Saleh A1 - Fernie, Alisdair R. A1 - Fettke, Jörg T1 - Indication that starch and sucrose are biomarkers for oil yield in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) JF - Food chemistry N2 - Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is the most productive oil-producing crop per hectare of land. The oil that accumulates in the mesocarp tissue of the fruit is the highest observed among fruit-producing plants. A comparative analysis between high-, medium-, and low-yielding oil palms, particularly during fruit development, revealed unique characteristics. Metabolomics analysis was able to distinguish accumulation patterns defining of the various developmental stages and oil yield. Interestingly, high- and medium-yielding oil palms exhibited substantially increased sucrose levels compared to low-yielding palms. In addition, parameters such as starch granule morphology, granule size, total starch content, and starch chain length distribution (CLD) differed significantly among the oil yield categories with a clear correlation between oil yield and various starch parameters. These results provide new insights into carbohydrate and starch metabolism for biosynthesis of oil palm fruits, indicating that starch and sucrose can be used as novel, easy-to-analyze, and reliable biomarker for oil yield. KW - carbohydrate KW - mesocarp KW - metabolites KW - oil palm KW - oil yield KW - sucrose; KW - starch Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133361 SN - 0308-8146 SN - 1873-7072 VL - 393 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER -