TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Lobel, A. A1 - Hamann, Wolf-Rainer T1 - The super-orbital modulation of supergiant high-mass X-ray binaries JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - The long-term X-ray light curves of classical supergiant X-ray binaries and supergiant fast X-ray transients show relatively similar super-orbital modulations, which are still lacking a sound interpretation. We propose that these modulations are related to the presence of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) known to thread the winds of OB supergiants. To test this hypothesis, we couple the outcomes of three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic models for the formation of CIRs in stellar winds with a simplified recipe for the accretion onto a neutron star. The results show that the synthetic X-ray light curves are indeed modulated by the presence of the CIRs. The exact period and amplitude of these modulations depend on a number of parameters governing the hydrodynamic wind models and on the binary orbital configuration. To compare our model predictions with the observations, we apply the 3D wind structure previously shown to well explain the appearance of discrete absorption components in the UV time series of a prototypical B0.5I-type supergiant. Using the orbital parameters of IGRJ 16493-4348, which has the same B0.5I donor spectral type, the period and modulations in the simulated X-ray light curve are similar to the observed ones, thus providing support to our scenario. We propose that the presence of CIRs in donor star winds should be considered in future theoretical and simulation efforts of wind-fed X-ray binaries. KW - X-rays: stars KW - X-rays: binaries KW - gamma rays: stars KW - stars: massive KW - stars: neutron Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201731930 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 606 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Bhalerao, V. A1 - Pradhan, Prajal A1 - Tomsick, J. A1 - Romano, Patrizia A1 - Ferrigno, Carlo A1 - Chaty, S. A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Manousakis, A. A1 - Walter, R. A1 - Falanga, M. A1 - Campana, S. A1 - Stella, L. A1 - Ramolla, M. A1 - Chini, R. T1 - Multi-wavelength observations of IGR J17544-2619 from quiescence to outburst JF - Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface N2 - In this paper we report on a long multi-wavelength observational campaign of the supergiant fast X-ray transient prototype IGR J17544-2619. A 150 ks-long observation was carried out simultaneously with XMM-Newton and NuSTAR, catching the source in an initial faint X-ray state and then undergoing a bright X-ray outburst lasting approximately 7 ks. We studied the spectral variability during outburst and quiescence by using a thermal and bulk Comptonization model that is typically adopted to describe the X-ray spectral energy distribution of young pulsars in high mass X-ray binaries. Although the statistics of the collected X-ray data were relatively high, we could neither confirm the presence of a cyclotron line in the broad-band spectrum of the source (0.5-40 keV), nor detect any of the previously reported tentative detections of the source spin period. The monitoring carried out with Swift/XRT during the same orbit of the system observed by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR revealed that the source remained in a low emission state for most of the time, in agreement with the known property of all supergiant fast X-ray transients being significantly sub-luminous compared to other supergiant X-ray binaries. Optical and infrared observations were carried out for a total of a few thousand seconds during the quiescence state of the source detected by XMM-Newton and NuSTAR. The measured optical and infrared magnitudes were slightly lower than previous values reported in the literature, but compatible with the known micro-variability of supergiant stars. UV observations obtained with the UVOT telescope on-board Swift did not reveal significant changes in the magnitude of the source in this energy domain compared to previously reported values. KW - X-rays: binaries Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629311 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 596 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Feldmeier, Achim A1 - Falanga, M. T1 - Clumpy wind accretion in supergiant neutron star high mass X-ray binaries JF - BMC neuroscience N2 - The accretion of the stellar wind material by a compact object represents the main mechanism powering the X-ray emission in classical supergiant high mass X-ray binaries and supergiant fast X-ray transients. In this work we present the first attempt to simulate the accretion process of a fast and dense massive star wind onto a neutron star, taking into account the effects of the centrifugal and magnetic inhibition of accretion ("gating") due to the spin and magnetic field of the compact object. We made use of a radiative hydrodynamical code to model the nonstationary radiatively driven wind of an O-B supergiant star and then place a neutron star characterized by a fixed magnetic field and spin period at a certain distance from the massive companion. Our calculations follow, as a function of time (on a total timescale of several hours), the transitions of the system through all different accretion regimes that are triggered by the intrinsic variations in the density and velocity of the nonstationary wind. The X-ray luminosity released by the system is computed at each time step by taking into account the relevant physical processes occurring in the different accretion regimes. Synthetic lightcurves are derived and qualitatively compared with those observed from classical supergiant high mass X-ray binaries and supergiant fast X-ray transients. Although a number of simplifications are assumed in these calculations, we show that taking into account the effects of the centrifugal and magnetic inhibition of accretion significantly reduces the average X-ray luminosity expected for any neutron star wind-fed binary. The present model calculations suggest that long spin periods and stronger magnetic fields are favored in order to reproduce the peculiar behavior of supergiant fast X-ray transients in the X-ray domain. KW - stars: neutron KW - X-rays: binaries KW - supergiants Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628341 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 589 SP - 369 EP - 389 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Martinez-Nunez, Silvia A1 - Kretschmar, Peter A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Puls, Joachim A1 - Sidoli, Lara A1 - Sundqvist, Jon Olof A1 - Blay, Pere A1 - Falanga, Maurizio A1 - Furst, Felix A1 - Gimenez-Garcia, Angel A1 - Kreykenbohm, Ingo A1 - Kuehnel, Matthias A1 - Sander, Andreas Alexander Christoph A1 - Torrejon, Jose Miguel A1 - Wilms, Joern T1 - Towards a Unified View of Inhomogeneous Stellar Winds in Isolated Supergiant Stars and Supergiant High Mass X-Ray Binaries JF - Space science reviews N2 - Massive stars, at least similar to 10 times more massive than the Sun, have two key properties that make them the main drivers of evolution of star clusters, galaxies, and the Universe as a whole. On the one hand, the outer layers of massive stars are so hot that they produce most of the ionizing ultraviolet radiation of galaxies; in fact, the first massive stars helped to re-ionize the Universe after its Dark Ages. Another important property of massive stars are the strong stellar winds and outflows they produce. This mass loss, and finally the explosion of a massive star as a supernova or a gamma-ray burst, provide a significant input of mechanical and radiative energy into the interstellar space. These two properties together make massive stars one of the most important cosmic engines: they trigger the star formation and enrich the interstellar medium with heavy elements, that ultimately leads to formation of Earth-like rocky planets and the development of complex life. The study of massive star winds is thus a truly multidisciplinary field and has a wide impact on different areas of astronomy. In recent years observational and theoretical evidences have been growing that these winds are not smooth and homogeneous as previously assumed, but rather populated by dense "clumps". The presence of these structures dramatically affects the mass loss rates derived from the study of stellar winds. Clump properties in isolated stars are nowadays inferred mostly through indirect methods (i.e., spectroscopic observations of line profiles in various wavelength regimes, and their analysis based on tailored, inhomogeneous wind models). The limited characterization of the clump physical properties (mass, size) obtained so far have led to large uncertainties in the mass loss rates from massive stars. Such uncertainties limit our understanding of the role of massive star winds in galactic and cosmic evolution. Supergiant high mass X-ray binaries (SgXBs) are among the brightest X-ray sources in the sky. A large number of them consist of a neutron star accreting from the wind of a massive companion and producing a powerful X-ray source. The characteristics of the stellar wind together with the complex interactions between the compact object and the donor star determine the observed X-ray output from all these systems. Consequently, the use of SgXBs for studies of massive stars is only possible when the physics of the stellar winds, the compact objects, and accretion mechanisms are combined together and confronted with observations. This detailed review summarises the current knowledge on the theory and observations of winds from massive stars, as well as on observations and accretion processes in wind-fed high mass X-ray binaries. The aim is to combine in the near future all available theoretical diagnostics and observational measurements to achieve a unified picture of massive star winds in isolated objects and in binary systems. KW - Massive stars KW - Stellar outflows KW - X-ray binary KW - Wind-fed systems KW - Accretion processes KW - SgXBs KW - SFXTs Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-017-0340-1 SN - 0038-6308 SN - 1572-9672 VL - 212 SP - 59 EP - 150 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Bernardini, F. A1 - Ferrigno, Carlo A1 - Falanga, M. A1 - Romano, Patrizia A1 - Oskinova, Lida T1 - The accretion environment of supergiant fast X-ray transients probed with XMM-Newton JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Context. Supergiant fast X-ray (SFXT) transients are a peculiar class of supergiant X-ray binaries characterized by a remarkable variability in the X-ray domain, widely ascribed to accretion from a clumpy stellar wind. Aims. In this paper we performed a systematic and homogeneous analysis of the sufficiently bright X-ray flares observed with XMM-Newton from the supergiant fast X-ray transients to probe spectral variations on timescales as short as a few hundred seconds. Our ultimate goal is to investigate whether SFXT flares and outbursts are triggered by the presence of clumps, and to reveal whether strongly or mildly dense clumps are required. Methods. For all sources, we employ a technique developed by our group already exploited in a number of our previous papers, making use of an adaptive rebinned hardness ratio to optimally select the time intervals for the spectral extraction. A total of twelve observations performed in the direction of five SFXTs are reported, providing the largest sample of events available so far. Results. Using the original results reported here and those obtained with our technique from the analysis of two previously published XMM-Newton observations of IGR J17544-2619 and IGR J18410-0535, we show that both strongly and mildly dense clumps can trigger these events. In the former case, the local absorption column density may increase by a factor of >> 3, while in the latter case, the increase is only a factor of similar to 2-3 (or lower). An increase in the absorption column density is generally recorded during the rise of the flares/outbursts, while a drop follows when the source achieves peak flux. In a few cases, a re-increase of the absorption column density after the flare is also detected, and we discovered one absorption event related to the passage of an unaccreted clump in front of the compact object. Overall, there seems to be no obvious correlation between the dynamic ranges in the X-ray fluxes and absorption column densities in supergiant fast X-ray transients, with an indication that lower densities are recorded at the highest fluxes. Conclusions. The spectral variations measured in all sources are in agreement with the idea that the flares/outbursts are triggered by the presence of dense structures in the wind interacting with the X-rays from the compact object (leading to photoionization). The lack of correlation between the dynamic ranges in the X-ray fluxes and absorption column densities can be explained by the presence of accretion inhibition mechanism(s). Based on the knowledge acquired so far on the SFXTs, we propose a classification of the flares/outbursts from these sources in order to drive future observational investigations. We suggest that the difference between the classes of flares/outbursts is related to the fact that the mechanism(s) inhibiting accretion can be overcome more easily in some sources compared to others. We also investigate the possibility that different stellar wind structures, other than clumps, could provide the means to temporarily overcome the inhibition of accretion in supergiant fast X-ray transients. KW - X-rays: individuals: IGRJ18450-0435 KW - X-rays: individuals: IGRJ17544-2619 KW - X-rays: binaries KW - X-rays: individuals: SAXJ1818.6-1703 KW - X-rays: individuals: IGRJ17354-3255 KW - X-rays: individuals: IGRJ16328-4726 Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730398 SN - 1432-0746 VL - 608 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Romano, Patrizia A1 - Ferrigno, Carlo A1 - Oskinova, Lida T1 - The symbiotic X-ray binaries Sct X-1, 4U 1700+24, and IGR J17329-2731 JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - Symbiotic X-ray binaries are systems hosting a neutron star accreting form the wind of a late-type companion. These are rare objects and so far only a handful of them are known. One of the most puzzling aspects of the symbiotic X-ray binaries is the possibility that they contain strongly magnetized neutron stars. These are expected to be evolutionary much younger compared to their evolved companions and could thus be formed through the (yet poorly known) accretion induced collapse of a white dwarf. In this paper, we perform a broad-band X-ray and soft gamma-ray spectroscopy of two known symbiotic binaries, Sct X-1 and 4U 1700+24, looking for the presence of cyclotron scattering features that could confirm the presence of strongly magnetized NSs. We exploited available Chandra, Swift, and NuSTAR data. We find no evidence of cyclotron resonant scattering features (CRSFs) in the case of Sct X-1 but in the case of 4U 1700+24 we suggest the presence of a possible CRSF at similar to 16 keV and its first harmonic at similar to 31 keV, although we could not exclude alternative spectral models for the broad-band fit. If confirmed by future observations, 4U 1700+24 could be the second symbiotic X-ray binary with a highly magnetized accretor. We also report about our long-term monitoring of the last discovered symbiotic X-ray binary IGR J17329-2731 performed with Swift/XRT. The monitoring revealed that, as predicted, in 2017 this object became a persistent and variable source, showing X-ray flares lasting for a few days and intriguing obscuration events that are interpreted in the context of clumpy wind accretion. KW - accretion KW - accretion discs KW - stars: massive KW - stars: neutron KW - X-rays: binaries KW - X-rays: individual: SctX-1 KW - X-rays: individual: 4U1700+24; KW - X-rays: stars KW - X-rays: individual: IGRJ17329-2731 Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac907 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 513 IS - 1 SP - 42 EP - 54 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bozzo, Enrico A1 - Ferrigno, Carlo A1 - Oskinova, Lida A1 - Ducci, Lorenzo T1 - Accretion of a clumped wind from a red supergiant donor on to a magnetar is suggested by the analysis of the XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the X-ray binary 3A 1954+319 JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - 3A 1954+319 has been classified for a long time as a symbiotic X-ray binary, hosting a slowly rotating neutron star and an aged M red giant. Recently, this classification has been revised thanks to the discovery that the donor star is an M supergiant. This makes 3A 1954+319 a rare type of high-mass X-ray binary consisting of a neutron star and a red supergiant donor. In this paper, we analyse two archival and still unpublished XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the source. We perform a detailed hardness ratio-resolved spectral analysis to search for spectral variability that could help investigating the structures of the inhomogeneous M supergiant wind from which the neutron star is accreting. We discuss our results in the context of wind-fed supergiant X-ray binaries and show that the newest findings on 3A 1954+319 reinforce the hypothesis that the neutron star in this system is endowed with a magnetar-like magnetic field strength (greater than or similar to 10(14) G). KW - accretion KW - stars: massive KW - stars: neutron KW - X-rays: binaries KW - X-rays: individual: 3A 1954+319 KW - X-rays: stars KW - accretion discs Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3688 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 510 IS - 3 SP - 4645 EP - 4653 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER -