TY  - JOUR
A1  - Janocha, Julian
A1  - Smyrak-Sikora, Aleksandra
A1  - Senger, Kim
A1  - Birchall, Thomas
T1  - Seeing beyond the outcrop
BT  - integration of ground-penetrating radar with digital outcrop models of a paleokarst system
JF  - Marine and petroleum geology
N2  - Paleokarst breccias are a common feature of sedimentary rift basins. The Billefjorden Trough in the High Arctic archipelago of Svalbard is an example of such a rift. Here the Carboniferous stratigraphy exhibits intervals of paleokarst breccias formed by gypsum dissolution. In this study we integrate digital outcrop models (DOMs) with a 2D ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey to extrapolate external irregular paleokarst geometries beyond the 2D outcrops. DOMs are obtained through combining a series of overlapping photographs with structure-frommotion photogrammetry, to create mmto dm-resolution georeferenced DOMs. GPR is typically used for surveying the shallow subsurface and relies on detecting the contrasts in electro-magnetic permittivity. We defined three geophysical facies based on their appearance in GPR. By integrating subsurface geophysical data with DOMs we were able to correlate reflection patterns in GPR with outcrop features. The chaotic nature of paleokarst breccias is seen both in outcrop and GPR. Key horizons in outcrop and the GPR profiles allow tying together observations between these methods. Furthermore, we show that this technique expands the twodimensional outcrop surface into a three-dimensional domain, thus complementing, strengthening and extending outcrop interpretations.
KW  - Digital geology
KW  - Svalbard
KW  - Billefjorden trough
KW  - Upper Paleozoic
KW  - Fortet member
KW  - Dissolution collapse breccia
KW  - Syn-rift breccia
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2020.104833
SN  - 0264-8172
VL  - 125
PB  - Elsevier Science
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  -