TY  - JOUR
A1  - Apriyanto, Ardha
A1  - Compart, Julia
A1  - Fettke, Jörg
T1  - A review of starch, a unique biopolymer - structure, metabolism and in planta modifications
JF  - Plant science : an international journal of experimental plant biology
N2  - Starch is a complex carbohydrate polymer produced by plants and especially by crops in huge amounts. It consists of amylose and amylopectin, which have alpha-1,4-and alpha-1,6-linked glucose units. Despite this simple chemistry, the entire starch metabolism is complex, containing various (iso)enzymes/proteins. However, whose interplay is still not yet fully understood. Starch is essential for humans and animals as a source of nutrition and energy. Nowadays, starch is also commonly used in non-food industrial sectors for a variety of purposes. However, native starches do not always satisfy the needs of a wide range of (industrial) applications. This review summarizes the structural properties of starch, analytical methods for starch characterization, and in planta starch modifications.
KW  - starch
KW  - starch structure
KW  - starch surface
KW  - starch modifications;
KW  - analytics
Y1  - 2022
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111223
SN  - 0168-9452
SN  - 1873-2259
VL  - 318
PB  - Elsevier Science
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Mahlow, Sebastian
A1  - Orzechowski, Slawomir
A1  - Fettke, Jörg
T1  - Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives
JF  - Cellular and molecular life sciences
N2  - During starch metabolism, the phosphorylation of glucosyl residues of starch, to be more precise of amylopectin, is a repeatedly observed process. This phosphorylation is mediated by dikinases, the glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD). The starch-related dikinases utilize ATP as dual phosphate donor transferring the terminal gamma-phosphate group to water and the beta-phosphate group selectively to either C6 position or C3 position of a glucosyl residue within amylopectin. By the collaborative action of both enzymes, the initiation of a transition of alpha-glucans from highly ordered, water-insoluble state to a less order state is realized and thus the initial process of starch degradation. Consequently, mutants lacking either GWD or PWD reveal a starch excess phenotype as well as growth retardation. In this review, we focus on the increased knowledge collected over the last years related to enzymatic properties, the precise definition of the substrates, the physiological implications, and discuss ongoing questions.
KW  - Starch metabolism
KW  - Glucan, water dikinase
KW  - Phosphoglucan, water dikinase
KW  - Starch phosphorylation
KW  - Starch degradation
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-016-2248-4
SN  - 1420-682X
SN  - 1420-9071
VL  - 73
SP  - 2753
EP  - 2764
PB  - Springer
CY  - Basel
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fettke, Jörg
A1  - Fernie, Alisdair R.
T1  - Intracellular and cell-to-apoplast compartmentation of carbohydrate metabolism
JF  - Trends in plant science
N2  - In most plants, carbohydrates represent the major energy store as well as providing the building blocks for essential structural polymers. Although the major pathways for carbohydrate biosynthesis, degradation, and transport are well characterized, several key steps have only recently been discovered. In addition, several novel minor metabolic routes have been uncovered in the past few years. Here we review current studies of plant carbohydrate metabolism detailing the expanding compendium of functionally characterized transport proteins as well as our deeper comprehension of more minor and conditionally activated metabolic pathways. We additionally explore the pertinent questions that will allow us to enhance our understanding of the response of both major and minor carbohydrate fluxes to changing cellular circumstances.
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2015.04.012
SN  - 1360-1385
VL  - 20
IS  - 8
SP  - 490
EP  - 497
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - London
ER  -