TY  - JOUR
A1  - Hofmann, Markus J.
A1  - Dambacher, Michael
A1  - Jacobs, Arthur M.
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
A1  - Radach, Ralph
A1  - Kuchinke, Lars
A1  - Plichta, Michael M.
A1  - Fallgatter, Andreas J.
A1  - Herrmann, Martin J.
T1  - Occipital and orbitofrontal hemodynamics during naturally paced reading: An fNIRS study
JF  - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function
N2  - Humans typically read at incredibly fast rates, because they predict likely occurring words from a given context. Here, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to track the ultra-rapid hemodynamic responses of words presented every 280 ms in a naturally paced sentence context. We found a lower occipital deoxygenation to unpredictable than to predictable words. The greater hemodynamic responses to unexpected words suggest that the visual features of expected words have been pre-activated previous to stimulus presentation. Second, we tested opposing theoretical proposals about the role of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC): Either OFC may respond to the breach of expectation; or OFC is activated when the present stimulus matches the prediction. A significant interaction between word frequency and predictability indicated OFC responses to breaches of expectation for low- but not for high-frequency words: OFC is sensitive to both, bottom-up processing as mediated by word frequency, as well as top-down predictions. Particularly, when a rare word is unpredictable, OFC becomes active. Finally, we discuss how a high temporal resolution can help future studies to disentangle the hemodynamic responses of single trials in such an ultra-rapid event succession as naturally paced reading. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
KW  - Frontopolar
KW  - Orbitofrontal
KW  - Bayesian brain
KW  - Predictive coding
KW  - Cloze probability
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.014
SN  - 1053-8119
SN  - 1095-9572
VL  - 94
SP  - 193
EP  - 202
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  -