TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kapp, A.
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Geyer, F.
A1  - Scheller, F.
A1  - Viezzoli, Maria Silvia
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Electrochemical and sensorial behavior of SOD mutants immobilized on gold electrodes in aqueous/organic solvent mixtures
JF  - Electroanalysis : an international journal devoted to fundamental and practical aspects of electroanalysis
N2  - A cysteine mutant of a monomeric human Cu, Zn-SOD (Glycine 61, Serine 142) has been immobilized directly on gold electrodes using the thiol groups introduced. The electrochemical behavior of the surface confined protein was studied in mixtures of aqueous buffer and DMSO up to an organic solvent content of 60%. The formal potential was found to be rather independent of the DMSO content. However, half peak width increased and the redoxactive amount clearly decreased with raising DMSO content. In addition, the kinetics of the heterogeneous electron transfer became slower; but still a quasireversible electrochemical conversion of the mutant SOD was feasible. Thus, the electrodes were applied for sensorial superoxide detection. At a potential of +220 mV vs. Ag/AgCl advantage was taken of the partial oxidation reaction of the enzyme. A defined superoxide signal was obtained in solutions up to 40% DMSO. The sensitivity of the mutant electrodes decreased linearly with the organic solvent content in solution but was still higher compared to conventional cyt.c based sensors. At DMSO concentrations higher than 40% no sensor response was detected.
KW  - SOD
KW  - mutants
KW  - gold electrodes
KW  - DMSO
KW  - electrochemistry
Y1  - 2006
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603620
SN  - 1040-0397
VL  - 18
SP  - 1909
EP  - 1915
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Weinheim
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Kapp, Andreas
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Geyer, F.
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Viezzoli, Maria Silvia
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Electrochemical and sensorial behaviour of SOD mutants immobilized on gold electrodes in aqueous / organic solvent mixtures
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/26571/
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1002/elan.200603620
SN  - 1040-0397
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Viezzoli, Maria Silvia
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Engineered superoxide dismutase monomers for superoxide biosensor applications
N2  - Because of its high reaction rate and specificity, the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) offers great potential for the sensitive quantification of superoxide radicals in electrochemical biosensors. In this work, monomeric mutants of human Cu,Zn-SOD were engineered to contain one or two additional cysteine residues, which could be used to bind the protein to gold surfaces, thus making the use of promotor molecules unnecessary. Six mutants were successfully designed, expressed, and purified. All mutants bound directly to unmodified gold surfaces via the sulfur of the cysteine residues and showed a quasireversible, direct electron transfer to the electrode. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the electron transfer were characterized and showed only slight variations between the individual mutants. For one of the mutants, the interaction with the superoxide radical was studied in more detail. For both partial reactions of the dismutation, an interaction between protein and radical could be shown. In an amperometric biosensorial approach, the SOD-mutant electrode was successfully applied for the detection of superoxide radicals. In the oxidation region, the electrode surpassed the sensitivity of the commonly used cytochrome c electrodes by similar to 1 order of magnitude while not being limited by interferences, but the electrode did not fully reach the sensitivity of dimeric Cu,Zn-SOD immobilized on MPA-modified gold
Y1  - 2006
UR  - http://pubs.acs.org/journal/ancham
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1021/Ac051465g
SN  - 0003-2700
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Stöcklein, Walter F. M.
A1  - Kurth, D.
A1  - Möhwald, Helmuth
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Electroactive cytochrome c multilayers within a polyelectrolyte assembly
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
T1  - Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies on cytochrome c/polyelectrode multilayer assemblies on gold electrodes
N2  - Polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies containing proteins are of interest for applications such as sensors, bioreactors, and bioelectronics. A multilayer electrode was built up by the layer-by-layer strategy consisting of alternating layers of cytochrome c and poly(aniline sulfonic acid). The electrode showed a linear increase of redox active protein with the number of deposited layers. The principle of electrode preparation was transferred from needle electrodes to planar surfaces in order to further the understanding of electron transfer through the layer assembly by means of electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance studies. The deposition process was followed on-line by detection of the frequency shift of the crystals and was found to be rather fast (minutes). The total mass deposited was found to correlate well with the electrochemical response of the immobilized cyt.c. Furthermore, the influence of the polyelectrolyte was investigated by addition of PSS to the PASA solution. The strong interaction of the former polyelectrolyte seemed to hinder the electron transfer although a multilayer formation was proved. Dilution of the protein solution with redox inactive apo-cyt.c led to a strong decrease of the voltammetric signal, well beyond the percentage of apo-cyt.c inside the assembly. Thus, arguments for an electron transfer via protein-protein interaction were found
Y1  - 2005
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krylov, Andrey V.
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Adamzig, Holger
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Thick-film electrodes for measurement of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide based on direct protein-electrode contacts
N2  - Cytochrome c was immobilized on screen-printed thick-film gold electrodes by a self-assembly approach using mixed monolayers of mercaptoundecanoic acid and mercaptoundecanol. Cyclic voltammetry revealed quasi-reversible electrochemical behavior of the covalently fixed protein with a formal potential of +10 mV vs. Ag/AgCl. Polarized at +150 mV vs. Ag/AgCl the electrode was found to be sensitive to superoxide radicals in the range 300-1200 nmol L-1. Compared with metal needle electrodes sensitivity and reproducibility could be improved and combined with the easiness of preparation. This allows the fabrication of disposable sensors for nanomolar superoxide concentrations. By changing the electrode potential the sensor can be switched from response to superoxide radicals to hydrogen peroxide-another reactive oxygen species. H2O2 sensitivity can be provided in the range 10-1000 mumol L-1 which makes the electrode suitable for oxidative stress studies
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Kwan, R. C. H.
A1  - Ko, K. M.
A1  - Renneberg, Reinhard
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Comparing in vitro electrochemical measurement of superoxide scavenging activity with an in vivo assessment of antioxidant potential in Chinese tonifying herbs
N2  - The in vitro superoxide scavenging activity (as determined by electrochemical measurement) and the in vivo antioxidant potential (as determined by a mouse model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) hepatotoxicity) of methanolic extracts prepared from 10 Chinese tonifying herbs were compared. Electrochemical measurement using a cytochrome c (Cyt. c) sensor showed that all of the tested herbal extracts exhibited a medium superoxide scavenging activity of different potency, as indicated by their IC50 values. The in vivo measurement demonstrated that 80% of the herbal extracts displayed in vivo antioxidant potential, as assessed by the percentage of protection of the activity of plasma alanine aminotransferases and the hepatic glutathione regeneration capacity under CCl4-intoxicated condition. Although the in vitro antioxidant activity did not correlate quantitatively with the in vivo antioxidant potential, for 8 out of 10 samples a similar tendency was found. The rapid amperometric assessment of antioxidant potential by Cyt. c sensor may offer a convenient and direct method for screening as well as the quality control of herbal products. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd
Y1  - 2004
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - A superoxide sensor based on a multilayer cytochrome c electrode
N2  - A novel multilayer cytochrome c electrode for the quantification of superoxide radical concentrations is introduced. The electrode consists of alternating layers of cytochrome c and poly(aniline(sulfonic acid)) on a gold wire electrode. The formation of multilayer structures was proven by SPR experiments. Assemblies with 2-15 protein layers showed electrochemical communication with the gold electrode. For every additional layer, a substantial increase in electrochemically active cytochrome c (cyt. c) was found. For electrodes of more than 10 layers, the increase was more than 1 order of magnitude as compared to monolayer electrode systems. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the electrodes were characterized. The mechanism of electron transfer within the multilayer assembly was studied, with results suggesting a protein-protein electron-transfer model. Electrodes of 2-15 layers were applied to the in vitro quantification of enzymatically generated superoxide, showing superior sensitivity as compared to a monolayer-based sensor. An electrode with 6 cyt. c/PASA layers showed the highest sensitivity of the systems studied, giving an increase in sensitivity of half an order of magnitude versus the that of the monolayer electrode. The stability of the system was optimized using thermal treatment, resulting in no loss in sensor signal or protein loading after 10 successive measurements or 2 days of storage
Y1  - 2004
SN  - 0003-2700
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Scheller, Frieder W.
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Immobilized cytochrome c sensor in organic / aqueous media for the characterization of hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidants
Y1  - 2003
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Büttemeyer, R.
A1  - Philipp, A. W
A1  - Schlenzka, L.
A1  - Mall, J. W.
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
A1  - Lisdat, Fred
T1  - Epigallocatechin gallate can significantly decrease free oxygen radicals in the reperfusion insury in vivo
Y1  - 2003
ER  - 
TY  - THES
A1  - Beissenhirtz, Moritz Karl
T1  - Proteinmultischichten und Proteinmutanten für neuartige empfindliche Superoxidbiosensoren
T1  - Protein Multilayers and Protein Mutants for novel sensitive Superoxide Biosensors
N2  - Das Superoxidradikal kann mit fast allen Bestandteilen von Zellen reagieren und diese schädigen. Die medizinische Forschung stellte eine Beteiligung des Radikals an Krebs, Herzinfarkten und neuraler Degeneration fest. Ein empfindlicher Superoxidnachweis ist daher zum besseren Verständnis von Krankheitsverläufen wichtig. Dabei stellen die geringen typischen Konzentrationen und seine kurze Lebensdauer große Anforderungen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es zum einen, zwei neuartige Proteinarchitekturen auf Metallelektroden zu entwickeln und deren elektrochemisches Ansprechverhalten zu charakterisieren. Zum anderen waren diese Elektroden zur empfindlichen quantitativen Superoxiddetektion einzusetzen. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wurde eine Protein-Multischichtelektrode aus Cytochrom c und dem Polyelektrolyten Poly(anilinsulfonsäure) nach dem Layer-by-layer-Verfahren aufgebaut. Für zwei bis 15 Schichten an Protein wurde eine deutliche Zunahme an elektrodenaktivem Cytochrom c mit jedem zusätzlichen Aufbringungsschritt nachgewiesen. Die Zunahme verlief linear und ergab bei 15 Schichten eine Zunahme der redoxaktiven Proteinmenge um deutlich mehr als eine Größenordnung. Während das formale Potential im Multischichtsystem sich im Vergleich zur Monoschichtelektrode nicht veränderte, wurde für die Kinetik eine Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit des Elektronentransfers von der Zahl der Proteinschichten beobachtet. Mit zunehmender Scangeschwindigkeit trat ein reversibler Kontaktverlust zu den äußeren Schichten auf. Die lineare Zunahme an elektroaktivem Protein mit steigender Zahl an Depositionsschritten unterscheidet sich deutlich von in der Literatur beschriebenen Protein/Polyelektrolyt-Multischichtelektroden, bei denen ab etwa 6-8 Schichten keine Zunahme an elektroaktivem Protein mehr festgestelltwurde. Auch ist bei diesen die Zunahme an kontaktierbaren Proteinmolekülen auf das Zwei- bis Fünffache limitiert.  Diese Unterschiede des neu vorgestellten Systems zu bisherigen Multischichtassemblaten erklärt sich aus einem in dieser Arbeit für derartige Systeme erstmals beschriebenen Elektronentransfermechanismus. Der Transport von Elektronen zwischen der Elektrodenoberfläche und den Proteinmolekülen in den Schichten verläuft über einen Protein-Protein-Elektronenaustausch. Dieser Mechanismus beruht auf dem schnellen Selbstaustausch von Cytochrom c-Molekülen und einer verbleibenden Rotationsflexibilität des Proteins im Multischichtsystem. Die Reduzierung des Proteins durch das Superoxidradikal und eine anschließende Reoxidation durch die Elektrode konnten nachgewiesen werden. In einem amperometrischen Messansatz wurde das durch Superoxidradikale hervorgerufene elektrochemische Signal in Abhängigkeit von der Zahl an Proteinschichten gemessen. Ein maximales Ansprechverhalten auf das Radikal wurde mit 6-Schichtelektroden erzielt. Die Empfindlichkeit der 6-Schichtelektroden wurde im Vergleich zum Literaturwert der Monoschichtelektrode um Faktor 14, also mehr als eine Größenordnung, verbessert.  Somit konnte eine Elektrode mit 6 Schichten aus Cytochrom c und Poly(anilinsulfonsäure) als neuartiger Superoxidsensor mit einer 14-fachen Verbesserung der Empfindlichkeit im Vergleich zum bislang benutzten System entwickelt werden.  Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit beschreibt die Auswahl, Gewinnung und Charakterisierung von Mutanten des Proteins Cu,Zn-Superoxiddismutase zur elektrochemischen Quantifizierung von Superoxidradikalen. Monomere Mutanten des humanen dimeren Enzyms wurden entworfen, die durch Austausch von Aminosäuren ein oder zwei zusätzliche Cysteinreste besaßen, mit welchem sie direkt auf der Goldelektrodenoberfläche chemisorbieren sollten. 6 derartige Mutanten konnten in ausreichender Menge und Reinheit in aktiver Form gewonnen werden. Die Bindung der Superoxiddismutase-Mutanten an Goldoberflächen konnte durch Oberflächen-plasmonresonanz und Impedanzspektroskopie nachgewiesen werden. Alle Mutanten wiesen einen quasi-reversiblen Elektronentransfer zwischen SOD und Elektrode auf. Durch Untersuchung von kupferfreien SOD-Mutanten sowie des Wildtyps konnte nachgewiesen werden, das die Mutanten über die eingefügten Cysteinreste auf der Elektrode chemisorptiv gebunden wurden und der Elektronentransfer zwischen der Elektrode und dem Kupfer im aktiven Zentrum der SOD erfolgte.  Die Superoxiddismutase katalysiert die Zersetzung von Superoxidmolekülen durch Oxidation und durch Reduktion der Radikale. Somit sind beide Teilreaktionen von analytischem Interesse. Zyklovoltammetrisch konnte sowohl die Oxidation als auch die Reduktion des Radikals durch die immobilisierten Superoxiddismutase-Mutanten nachgewiesen werden. In amperometrischen Messanordnungen konnten beide Teilreaktionen zur analytischen Quantifizierung von Superoxidradikalen genutzt werden. Im positiven Potentialfenster wurde die Empfindlichkeit um einen Faktor von etwa 10 gegenüber der Cytochrom c–Monoschichtelektrode verbessert.
N2  - The superoxide radical can react with almost all components of a cell and thus damage them. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic scavengers remove it from the body. An implication of the radical in cancer, heart disease, and neuronal degredation has been found in medical research. Therefore, a sensitive quantification of superoxide is necessary for a better understanding of diseases as well as for the study of biological degradation processes.  The aim of this work was to develop two new protein architectures on metal electrodes and to characterize their electrochemical behavior. Secondly, both electrodes were to be applied as superoxide biosensors.  In the first part of the work, a protein multilayer electrode consisting of cytochrome c and the polyelectrolyte poly(aniline sulfonated acid) was built up by the layer-by-layer procedure. SPR experiments proved the formation of multilayers. For 2 to 15 protein layers, a significant increase in electroactive protein was found with every deposition step in a linear fashion. For 15 layers, this increase was found to be more than one order of magnitude. While the formal potential did not change for the proteins in the layers, the rate of electron transfer was found to be dependent on the number of layers deposited. With increased scanning speed, a reversible loss of contact to the outer layers was noted. The linear increase in electroactive protein loading differed significantly from protein/polyelectrolyte electrodes described in the literature, where after 6-8 layers no further increase was found. Additionally, these systems increase the number of electroactive protein molecules only by a factor of 2 to 5.  These differences can be explained by an electron transfer mechanism which was demonstrated in this work for the first time. The transport of electrons between the electrode surface and the proteins in the layers takes place by a protein-protein electron transfer. This mechanism relies on the fast self-exchange of cytochrome c and a residual rotational flexibility of the protein molecules inside the structure. The reduction of the protein by the radical and its subsequent reoxidation by the electrode could be shown. In the amperometric mode, the sensor signal was determined for 2 to 15 layer electrodes. A maximum signal was found for 6 layers, where the sensitivity was improved by a factor of 14, compared to monolayer sensors.  The second part of this work describes the selection, production and characterization of mutants of the protein Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase and their application as superoxide sensors. Monomeric mutants of the human dimeric enzyme were designed, which contained one ore two additional cysteines in order to chemisorb directly onto gold surfaces. 6 such mutants were gained in sufficient amount and purity. The binding to gold was characterized by surface plasmon resonance studies. All mutants showed quasi-reversible electrochemistry on gold electrodes. Experiments with copper-free mutants and the wildtype enzyme proved that the mutants bind to gold via the additional cysteines, while the electron transfer takes place between the electrode and the active site copper. Superoxide dismutases catalyze the removal of superoxide by both oxidation and reduction. Thus, both partial reactions are of analytical interest. In cyclic voltammetry, both oxidation and reduction of the radical could be proved. In amperometric experiments, both reactions were used for a quantification of superoxide concentrations. In the positive potential window, the sensitivity was found to be increased by about one order of magnitude, as compared to the cytochrome c monolayer electrode. ----------- <b>Hinweis zum Copyright:</b>Einige Abbildungen dieser Arbeit sind in Artikeln des Verfassers in den Zeitschriften Angewandte Chemie, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Analytical Chemisty und Elektroanalysis erschienen. Ihre Darstellung im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erfolgt auch online mit ausdrücklicher Genehmigung der Verlage.
KW  - Biosensor
KW  - Superoxiddismutasen
KW  - Hyperoxide
KW  - Mutation
KW  - Cytochrom c
KW  - Polyelektrolyt
KW  - Biosensor
KW  - Cytochome c
KW  - Superoxide Dismutase
KW  - Mutations
KW  - Multilayers
Y1  - 2005
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-5661
ER  -