TY - JOUR A1 - Hofmann, Markus J. A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Jacobs, Arthur M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Radach, Ralph A1 - Kuchinke, Lars A1 - Plichta, Michael M. A1 - Fallgatter, Andreas J. A1 - Herrmann, Martin J. T1 - Occipital and orbitofrontal hemodynamics during naturally paced reading: An fNIRS study JF - NeuroImage : a journal of brain function N2 - Humans typically read at incredibly fast rates, because they predict likely occurring words from a given context. Here, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to track the ultra-rapid hemodynamic responses of words presented every 280 ms in a naturally paced sentence context. We found a lower occipital deoxygenation to unpredictable than to predictable words. The greater hemodynamic responses to unexpected words suggest that the visual features of expected words have been pre-activated previous to stimulus presentation. Second, we tested opposing theoretical proposals about the role of the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC): Either OFC may respond to the breach of expectation; or OFC is activated when the present stimulus matches the prediction. A significant interaction between word frequency and predictability indicated OFC responses to breaches of expectation for low- but not for high-frequency words: OFC is sensitive to both, bottom-up processing as mediated by word frequency, as well as top-down predictions. Particularly, when a rare word is unpredictable, OFC becomes active. Finally, we discuss how a high temporal resolution can help future studies to disentangle the hemodynamic responses of single trials in such an ultra-rapid event succession as naturally paced reading. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Frontopolar KW - Orbitofrontal KW - Bayesian brain KW - Predictive coding KW - Cloze probability Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.014 SN - 1053-8119 SN - 1095-9572 VL - 94 SP - 193 EP - 202 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Saccade-target selection of dyslexic children when reading Chinese JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - This study investigates the eye movements of dyslexic children and their age-matched controls when reading Chinese. Dyslexic children exhibited more and longer fixations than age-matched control children, and an increase of word length resulted in a greater increase in the number of fixations and gaze durations for the dyslexic than for the control readers. The report focuses on the finding that there was a significant difference between the two groups in the fixation landing position as a function of word length in single-fixation cases, while there was no such difference in the initial fixation of multi-fixation cases. We also found that both groups had longer incoming saccade amplitudes while the launch sites were closer to the word in single fixation cases than in multi-fixation cases. Our results suggest that dyslexic children's inefficient lexical processing, in combination with the absence of orthographic word boundaries in Chinese, leads them to select saccade targets at the beginning of words conservatively. These findings provide further evidence for parafoveal word segmentation during reading of Chinese sentences. KW - Chinese KW - Dyslexic children KW - Eye movements KW - Saccade-target selection KW - Reading Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2014.01.014 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 97 SP - 24 EP - 30 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Sommer, Christian A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Friedel, Eva A1 - Wendt, Jean A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol dependence: a pilot study JF - Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography N2 - Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping ongoing thought and behavior. The influence of pavlovian stimuli on ongoing behavior is paradigmatically measured by pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced PIT. Methods: Thirty-two recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviors. The task involved both pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect, and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol-dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT. KW - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Human Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000363507 SN - 0302-282X SN - 1423-0224 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 111 EP - 121 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Deserno, Lorenz A1 - Nebe, Stefan A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Haegele, Claudia A1 - Keller, Juergen A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Kathmann, Norbert A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schlagenhauf, Florian A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. T1 - Model-based and model-free decisions in alcohol dependence JF - Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography N2 - Background: Human and animal work suggests a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. However, the evidence for this in human alcohol dependence is as yet inconclusive. Methods: Twenty-six healthy controls and 26 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients underwent behavioral testing with a 2-step task designed to disentangle goal-directed and habitual response patterns. Results: Alcohol-dependent patients showed less evidence of goal-directed choices than healthy controls, particularly after losses. There was no difference in the strength of the habitual component. The group differences did not survive controlling for performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task. Conclusion: Chronic alcohol use appears to selectively impair goal-directed function, rather than promoting habitual responding. It appears to do so particularly after nonrewards, and this may be mediated by the effects of alcohol on more general cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex. KW - Alcohol dependence KW - Decision-making KW - Reinforcement learning KW - Dopamine KW - Computational psychiatry Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000362840 SN - 0302-282X SN - 1423-0224 VL - 70 IS - 2 SP - 122 EP - 131 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Bernhardt, Nadine A1 - Javadi, Amir-Homayoun A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. T1 - Processing speed enhances model-based over model-free reinforcement learning in the presence of high working memory functioning JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Theories of decision-making and its neural substrates have long assumed the existence of two distinct and competing valuation systems, variously described as goal-directed vs. habitual, or, more recently and based on statistical arguments, as model-free vs. model-based reinforcement-learning. Though both have been shown to control choices, the cognitive abilities associated with these systems are under ongoing investigation. Here we examine the link to cognitive abilities, and find that individual differences in processing speed covary with a shift from model-free to model-based choice control in the presence of above-average working memory function. This suggests shared cognitive and neural processes; provides a bridge between literatures on intelligence and valuation; and may guide the development of process models of different valuation components. Furthermore, it provides a rationale for individual differences in the tendency to deploy valuation systems, which may be important for understanding the manifold neuropsychiatric diseases associated with malfunctions of valuation. KW - decision-making KW - reward KW - cognitive abilities KW - model-based and model-free learning KW - fluid intelligence KW - habitual and goal-directed system Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01450 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Dissociating preview validity and preview difficulty in parafoveal processing of word n+1 during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance N2 - Many studies have shown that previewing the next word n + 1 during reading leads to substantial processing benefit (e.g., shorter word viewing times) when this word is eventually fixated. However, evidence of such preprocessing in fixations on the preceding word n when in fact the information about the preview is acquired is far less consistent. A recent study suggested that such effects may be delayed into fixations on the next word n + 1 (Risse & Kliegl, 2012). To investigate the time course of parafoveal information-acquisition on the control of eye movements during reading, we conducted 2 gaze-contingent display-change experiments and orthogonally manipulated the processing difficulty (i.e., word frequency) of an n + 1 preview word and its validity relative to the target word. Preview difficulty did not affect fixation durations on the pretarget word n but on the target word n + 1. In fact, the delayed preview-difficulty effect was almost of the same size as the preview benefit associated with the n + 1 preview validity. Based on additional results from quantile-regression analyses on the time course of the 2 preview effects, we discuss consequences as to the integration of foveal and parafoveal information and potential implications for computational models of eye guidance in reading. KW - display-change awareness KW - eye movements KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - parafoveal preview benefit KW - perceptual span Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034997 SN - 0096-1523 SN - 1939-1277 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 653 EP - 668 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Wei A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Yusupu, Rizwangul A1 - Miao, Dongxia A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - It is generally accepted that low-level features (e.g., inter-word spaces) are responsible for saccade-target selection in eye-movement control during reading. In two experiments using Uighur script known for its rich suffixes, we demonstrate that, in addition to word length and launch site, the number of suffixes influences initial landing positions. We also demonstrate an influence of word frequency. These results are difficult to explain purely by low-level guidance of eye movements and indicate that due to properties specific to Uighur script low-level visual information and high-level information such as morphological structure of parafoveal words jointly influence saccade programming. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Landing position KW - Uighur Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2014.03.008 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 132 IS - 2 SP - 181 EP - 215 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Juenger, Elisabeth A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Bernhart, Nadine A1 - Javadi, Amir Homayoun A1 - Zimmermann, Ulrich S. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. T1 - Smart goals, slow habits? Individual differences in processing speed and working memory capacity moderate the balance between habitual and goal-directed choice behavior T2 - Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science Y1 - 2014 SN - 1612-4782 SN - 1612-4790 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - S62 EP - S62 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Riemer, Thomas G. A1 - Schulte, Stefanie A1 - Onken, Johanna A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype affects age-related changes in plasticity in working memory: a pilot study JF - BioMed research international N2 - Objectives. Recent work suggests that a genetic variation associated with increased dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met; COMT) amplifies age-related changes in working memory performance. Research on younger adults indicates that the influence of dopamine-related genetic polymorphisms on working memory performance increases when testing the cognitive limits through training. To date, this has not been studied in older adults. Method. Here we investigate the effect of COMT genotype on plasticity in working memory in a sample of 14 younger (aged 24-30 years) and 25 older (aged 60-75 years) healthy adults. Participants underwent adaptive training in the n-back working memory task over 12 sessions under increasing difficulty conditions. Results. Both younger and older adults exhibited sizeable behavioral plasticity through training (P < .001), which was larger in younger as compared to older adults (P < .001). Age-related differences were qualified by an interaction with COMT genotype (P < .001), and this interaction was due to decreased behavioral plasticity in older adults carrying the Val/Val genotype, while there was no effect of genotype in younger adults. Discussion. Our findings indicate that age-related changes in plasticity in working memory are critically affected by genetic variation in prefrontal dopamine metabolism. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/414351 SN - 2314-6133 SN - 2314-6141 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corp. CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Treusch, Yvonne T1 - Leitliniengestützte Therapie von neuropsychiatrischen Symptomen bei Demenz BT - gegenwärtige Situationen der Leitlinienimplementierung mit Fokus auf nicht-pharmakologischen Behandlungsoptionen für Pflegeheimbewohnern mit Apathie Y1 - 2014 ER -