TY - THES A1 - Swiadek, Magdalena Agnieszka T1 - Hybrid necrosis in local populations of Arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - THES A1 - Synodinos, Alexios D. T1 - Savanna dynamics under extreme conditions T1 - Savannendynamik unter extremen Bedingungen BT - insights from a mathematical model N2 - Savannas cover a broad geographical range across continents and are a biome best described by a mix of herbaceous and woody plants. The former create a more or less continuous layer while the latter should be sparse enough to leave an open canopy. What has long intrigued ecologists is how these two competing plant life forms of vegetation coexist. Initially attributed to resource competition, coexistence was considered the stable outcome of a root niche differentiation between trees and grasses. The importance of environmental factors became evident later, when data from moister environments demonstrated that tree cover was often lower than what the rainfall conditions would allow for. Our current understanding relies on the interaction of competition and disturbances in space and time. Hence, the influence of grazing and fire and the corresponding feedbacks they generate have been keenly investigated. Grazing removes grass cover, initiating a self-reinforcing process propagating tree cover expansion. This is known as the encroachment phenomenon. Fire, on the other hand, imposes a bottleneck on the tree population by halting the recruitment of young trees into adulthood. Since grasses fuel fires, a feedback linking grazing, grass cover, fire, and tree cover is created. In African savannas, which are the focus of this dissertation, these feedbacks play a major role in the dynamics. The importance of these feedbacks came into sharp focus when the notion of alternative states began to be applied to savannas. Alternative states in ecology arise when different states of an ecosystem can occur under the same conditions. According to this an open savanna and a tree-dominated savanna can be classified as alternative states, since they can both occur under the same climatic conditions. The aforementioned feedbacks are critical in the creation of alternative states. The grass-fire feedback can preserve an open canopy as long as fire intensity and frequency remain above a certain threshold. Conversely, crossing a grazing threshold can force an open savanna to shift to a tree-dominated state. Critically, transitions between such alternative states can produce hysteresis, where a return to pre-transition conditions will not suffice to restore the ecosystem to its original state. In the chapters that follow, I will cover aspects relating to the coexistence mechanisms and the role of feedbacks in tree-grass interactions. Coming back to the coexistence question, due to the overwhelming focus on competition and disturbance another important ecological process was neglected: facilitation. Therefore, in the first study within this dissertation I examine how facilitation can expand the tree-grass coexistence range into drier conditions. For the second study I focus on another aspect of savanna dynamics which remains underrepresented in the literature: the impacts of inter-annual rainfall variability upon savanna trees and the resilience of the savanna state. In the third and final study within this dissertation I approach the well-researched encroachment phenomenon from a new perspective: I search for an early warning indicator of the process to be used as a prevention tool for savanna conservation. In order to perform all this work I developed a mathematical ecohydrological model of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) with three variables: soil moisture content, grass cover and tree cover. Facilitation: Results showed that the removal of grass cover through grazing was detrimental to trees under arid conditions, contrary to expectation based on resource competition. The reason was that grasses preserved moisture in the soil through infiltration and shading, thus ameliorating the harsh conditions for trees in accordance with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis. The exclusion of grasses from the model further demonstrated this: tree cover was lower in the absence of grasses, indicating that the benefits of grass facilitation outweighed the costs of grass competition for trees. Thus, facilitation expanded the climatic range where savannas persisted into drier conditions. Rainfall variability: By adjusting the model to current rainfall patterns in East Africa, I simulated conditions of increasing inter-annual rainfall variability for two distinct mean rainfall scenarios: semi-arid and mesic. Alternative states of tree-less grassland and tree-dominated savanna emerged in both cases. Increasing variability reduced semi-arid savanna tree cover to the point that at high variability the savanna state was eliminated, because variability intensified resource competition and strengthened the fire disturbance during high rainfall years. Mesic savannas, on the other hand, became more resilient along the variability gradient: increasing rainfall variability created more opportunities for the rapid growth of trees to overcome the fire disturbance, boosting the chances of savannas persisting and thus increasing mesic savanna resilience. Preventing encroachment: The breakdown in the grass-fire feedback caused by heavy grazing promoted the expansion of woody cover. This could be irreversible due to the presence of alternative states of encroached and open savanna, which I found along a simulated grazing gradient. When I simulated different short term heavy grazing treatments followed by a reduction to the original grazing conditions, certain cases converged to the encroached state. Utilising woody cover changes only during the heavy grazing treatment, I developed an early warning indicator which identified these cases with a high risk of such hysteresis and successfully distinguished them from those with a low risk. Furthermore, after validating the indicator on encroachment data, I demonstrated that it appeared early enough for encroachment to be prevented through realistic grazing-reduction treatments. Though this dissertation is rooted in the theory of savanna dynamics, its results can have significant applications in savanna conservation. Facilitation has only recently become a topic of interest within savanna literature. Given the threat of increasing droughts and a general anticipation of drier conditions in parts of Africa, insights stemming from this research may provide clues for preserving arid savannas. The impacts of rainfall variability on savannas have not yet been thoroughly studied, either. Conflicting results appear as a result of the lack of a robust theoretical understanding of plant interactions under variable conditions. . My work and other recent studies argue that such conditions may increase the importance of fast resource acquisition creating a ‘temporal niche’. Woody encroachment has been extensively studied as phenomenon, though not from the perspective of its early identification and prevention. The development of an encroachment forecasting tool, as the one presented in this work, could protect both the savanna biome and societies dependent upon it for (economic) survival. All studies which follow are bound by the attempt to broaden the horizons of savanna-related research in order to deal with extreme conditions and phenomena; be it through the enhancement of the coexistence debate or the study of an imminent external threat or the development of a management-oriented tool for the conservation of savannas. N2 - Savannen sind gekennzeichnet durch die Koexistenz von Gräsern und Bäumen. Sie bedecken circa 20% der globalen Landfläche und Millionen Menschen hängen von ihrer Intaktheit ab. Allerdings bedrohen sowohl der Klimawandel als auch Landnutzung dieses Biom. In dieser Studie werden die Existenz von Savannen unter sehr trockenen Bedingungen, ihre Reaktionen auf steigende Fluktuationen des Niederschlags und die Quantifizierung ihrer Resilienz untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unter extrem trockenen Bedingungen der positive Einfluss von Gräsern auf Bäume eine wichtige Rolle für das Überleben der Bäume spielt. Kommt es hingegen zu einer Erhöhung der Niederschlagsvariabilität, wird dadurch eine starke Konkurrenz zwischen den beiden Lebensformen verursacht. Die Resilienz der Savannen und ihre Veränderungen lassen sich quantifizieren und mit dem im letzten Teil dieser Dissertation präsentierten Werkzeug erkennen. Meine Arbeit demonstriert, dass sich der Fokus der aktuellen Savannenforschung weiten muss, um die Reaktionen von Savannen auf sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen vorherzusagen. Um Savannen langfristig zu erhalten, müssen jedoch die bereits vorhandenen Grundlagen in einem soliden Framework zusammen gebracht werden. KW - Savanna ecology KW - mathematical modelling KW - coexistence mechanisms KW - Savanna resilience KW - woody encroachment KW - early warning signals KW - mathematische Modelierung KW - Koexistenz Mechanismen KW - Savannen Resilienz KW - Verbuschung Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-395000 ER - TY - THES A1 - Szecówka, Marek T1 - Metabolic fluxes in photosynthetic and heterotrophic plant tissues Y1 - 2011 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Szymanski, Jedrzej T1 - Integration of correlative relationships in metabolic and transcript data from model organisms : arabidopsis thaliana and escherichia coli Y1 - 2009 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Székely, András Csaba T1 - Long-distance circadian coordination via a phloem-delivered mobile transcript Y1 - 2024 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tabatabaei, Iman T1 - Development of new selection systems for organellar genome transformation N2 - Plant cells host two important organelles: mitochondria, known as the cell’s ‘powerhouse’, which act by converting oxygen and nutrients into ATP, and plastids, which perform photosynthesis. These organelles contain their own genomes that encode proteins required for gene expression and energy metabolism. Transformation technologies offer great potential for investigating all aspects of the physiology and gene expression of these organelles in vivo. In addition, organelle transformation can be a valuable tool for biotechnology and molecular plant breeding. Plastid transformation systems are well-developed for a few higher plants, however, mitochondrial transformation has so far only been reported for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Development of an efficient new selection marker for plastid transformation is important for several reasons, including facilitating supertransformation of the plastid genome for metabolic engineering purposes and for producing multiple knock-outs or site-directed mutagenesis of two unlinked genes. In this work, we developed a novel selection system for Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) chloroplast transformation with an alternative marker. The marker gene, aac(6′)-Ie/aph(2′′)-Ia, was cloned into different plastid transformation vectors and several candidate aminoglycoside antibiotics were investigated as selection agents. Generally, the efficiency of selection and the transformation efficiency with aac(6′)-Ie/aph(2′′)-Ia as selectable marker in combination with the aminoglycoside antibiotic tobramycin was similarly high as that with the standard marker gene aadA and spectinomycin selection. Furthermore, our new selection system may be useful for the development of plastid transformation for new species, including cereals, the world’s most important food crops, and could also be helpful for the establishment of a selection system for mitochondrial transformation. To date, all attempts to achieve mitochondrial transformation for higher plants have been unsuccessful. A mitochondrial transformation system for higher plants would not only provide a potential for studying mitochondrial physiology but could also provide a method to introduce cytoplasmic male sterility into crops to produce hybrid seeds. Establishing a stable mitochondrial transformation system in higher plants requires several steps including delivery of foreign DNA, stable integration of the foreign sequences into the mitochondrial genome, efficient expression of the transgene, a highly regenerable tissue culture system that allows regeneration of the transformed cells into plants, and finally, a suitable selection system to identify cells with transformed mitochondrial genomes. Among all these requirements, finding a good selection is perhaps the most important obstacle towards the development of a mitochondrial transformation system for higher plants. In this work, two selection systems were tested for mitochondrial transformation: kanamycin as a selection system in combination with the antibiotic-inactivating marker gene nptII, and sulfadiazine as a selection agent that inhibits the folic acid biosynthesis pathway residing in plant mitochondria in combination with the sul gene encoding an enzyme that is insensitive to inhibition by sulfadiazine. Nuclear transformation experiments were considered as proof of the specificity of the sulfadiazine selection system for mitochondria. We showed that an optimized sulfadiazine selection system, with the Sul protein targeted to mitochondria, is much more efficient than the previous sulfadiazine selection system, in which the Sul protein was targeted to the chloroplast. We also showed by systematic experiments that the efficiency of selection and nuclear transformation of the optimized sulfadiazine selection was higher compared to the standard kanamycin selection system. Finally, we also investigated the suitability of this selection system for nuclear transformation of the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, obtaining promising results. Although we designed several mitochondrial transformation vectors with different expression elements and integration sites in the mitochondrial genome based on the sulfadiazine system, and different tissue culture condition were also considered, we were not able to obtain mitochondrial transformation with this system. Nonetheless, establishing the sul gene as an efficient and specific selection marker for mitochondria addresses one of the major bottlenecks and may pave the way to achieve mitochondrial transformation in higher plants. KW - plastid transformation KW - tobramycin KW - bifunctional enzyme KW - mitochondrial transformation KW - sulfadiazine Y1 - 2017 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tartivel, Lucile T1 - Design of hydrogels with inverse shape-memory function for biomedical applications Y1 - 2013 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Taube, Robert T1 - Characterisations of Fungal Communities in Temperate Lakes BT - with focus on diversity, abundance and methodological aspects of quantifying abundance Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - THES A1 - Teckentrup, Lisa T1 - Understanding predator-prey interactions T1 - Verstehen von Räuber-Beute-Interaktionen BT - the role of fear in structuring prey communities BT - die Rolle der Angst bei der Strukturierung von Beutetiergemeinschaften N2 - Predators can have numerical and behavioral effects on prey animals. While numerical effects are well explored, the impact of behavioral effects is unclear. Furthermore, behavioral effects are generally either analyzed with a focus on single individuals or with a focus on consequences for other trophic levels. Thereby, the impact of fear on the level of prey communities is overlooked, despite potential consequences for conservation and nature management. In order to improve our understanding of predator-prey interactions, an assessment of the consequences of fear in shaping prey community structures is crucial. In this thesis, I evaluated how fear alters prey space use, community structure and composition, focusing on terrestrial mammals. By integrating landscapes of fear in an existing individual-based and spatially-explicit model, I simulated community assembly of prey animals via individual home range formation. The model comprises multiple hierarchical levels from individual home range behavior to patterns of prey community structure and composition. The mechanistic approach of the model allowed for the identification of underlying mechanism driving prey community responses under fear. My results show that fear modified prey space use and community patterns. Under fear, prey animals shifted their home ranges towards safer areas of the landscape. Furthermore, fear decreased the total biomass and the diversity of the prey community and reinforced shifts in community composition towards smaller animals. These effects could be mediated by an increasing availability of refuges in the landscape. Under landscape changes, such as habitat loss and fragmentation, fear intensified negative effects on prey communities. Prey communities in risky environments were subject to a non-proportional diversity loss of up to 30% if fear was taken into account. Regarding habitat properties, I found that well-connected, large safe patches can reduce the negative consequences of habitat loss and fragmentation on prey communities. Including variation in risk perception between prey animals had consequences on prey space use. Animals with a high risk perception predominantly used safe areas of the landscape, while animals with a low risk perception preferred areas with a high food availability. On the community level, prey diversity was higher in heterogeneous landscapes of fear if individuals varied in their risk perception compared to scenarios in which all individuals had the same risk perception. Overall, my findings give a first, comprehensive assessment of the role of fear in shaping prey communities. The linkage between individual home range behavior and patterns at the community level allows for a mechanistic understanding of the underlying processes. My results underline the importance of the structure of the landscape of fear as a key driver of prey community responses, especially if the habitat is threatened by landscape changes. Furthermore, I show that individual landscapes of fear can improve our understanding of the consequences of trait variation on community structures. Regarding conservation and nature management, my results support calls for modern conservation approaches that go beyond single species and address the protection of biotic interactions. N2 - Raubtiere beeinflussen ihre Beute durch die Verringerung der Anzahl (numerische Effekte) und durch das Hervorrufen von Verhaltensänderungen (Verhaltenseffekte). Während die Auswirkungen von numerischen Effekten gut erforscht sind, sind die Auswirkungen von Verhaltenseffekten unklar. Außerdem werden bei Verhaltensänderungen selten die Auswirkungen auf die Beutetiergemeinschaft betrachtet, sondern nur die Effekte auf einzelne Individuen bzw. Arten oder auf andere Stufen der Nahrungskette. Eine Betrachtung auf der Stufe der Beutetiergemeinschaft ist jedoch sehr wichtig, da nur so ein umfassendes Verständnis von Räuber-Beute-Gemeinschaften möglich ist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit habe ich die Auswirkungen von Verhaltenseffekten auf die Raumnutzung und die Struktur von Beutetiergemeinschaften untersucht. Dazu habe ich ein räumliches Modell benutzt, welches die Bildung von Beutetiergemeinschaften über den individuellen Aufbau von Aktionsräumen der Beutetiere simuliert. Die Einrichtung von Aktionsräumen basiert dabei auf der Nahrungsverfügbarkeit in der Landschaft und auf dem vom Beutetier wahrgenommenen Risiko von einem Räuber gefressen zu werden. Die räumliche Verteilung des wahrgenommenen Risikos wird auch als Landschaft der Angst bezeichnet. Meine Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Raumnutzung und die Struktur der Beutetiergemeinschaft durch Verhaltenseffekte verändern. Unter dem Einfluss von Angst haben die Beutetiere ihre Aktionsräume in sicherere Bereiche der Landschaft verlegt. Außerdem hat sich in risikoreichen Landschaften die Vielfalt der Beutetiere verringert und die Zusammensetzung zu Arten mit einem geringen Körpergewicht verschoben. Wenn die Beutetiergemeinschaft Landschaftsveränderungen wie z.B. dem Verlust oder der Zerschneidung von Lebensraum ausgesetzt war, haben sich die Auswirkungen von Verhaltenseffekten weiter verstärkt. Durch eine Erhöhung der Größe und Anzahl von Rückzugsräumen, die nicht von Räubern erreicht werden können, sowie deren Verbindung in der Landschaft, kann die Stärke dieser Effekte jedoch begrenzt werden. In einem weiteren Schritt habe ich die Auswirkungen von Unterschieden in der Risikowahrnehmung zwischen Individuen untersucht. Diese Unterschiede haben dazu geführt, dass Tiere mit einer hohen Risikowahrnehmung sich ihren Aktionsraum vornehmlich in sicheren Bereichen gesucht haben, während Tiere mit einer geringen Risikowahrnehmung Bereiche mit einer hohen Nahrungsverfügbarkeit genutzt haben. Dadurch konnten sich in Landschaften mit unterschiedlichen Risiken, vielfältigere Beutetiergemeinschaften etablieren, als in Landschaften mit gleichmäßigem Risiko. Insgesamt geben meine Ergebnisse einen guten Überblick über die Auswirkungen von Verhaltenseffekten auf Beutetiergemeinschaften. Die Verknüpfung von individuellem Verhalten mit Mustern auf der Gemeinschaftsebene erlaubt es die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen zu identifizieren und zu verstehen. In Bezug auf den Naturschutz unterstützen meine Ergebnisse den Ruf nach modernen Schutzmaßnahmen, die über den Erhalt von einzelnen Arten hinausgehen und den Schutz von Beziehungen zwischen Arten einbeziehen. KW - ecology KW - landscape of fear KW - predator-prey KW - movement KW - biodiversity KW - Ökologie KW - Landschaft der Angst KW - Räuber-Beute KW - Bewegung KW - Biodiversität Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-431624 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tegtmeier, Laura T1 - Functional analysis of ENTH domain proteins T1 - Funktionelle Analyse der ENTH Proteinen N2 - In plant cells, subcellular transport of cargo proteins relies to a large extent on post-Golgi transport pathways, many of which are mediated by clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). Vesicle formation is facilitated by different factors like accessory proteins and adaptor protein complexes (APs), the latter serving as a bridge between cargo proteins and the coat protein clathrin. One type of accessory proteins is defined by a conserved EPSIN N-TERMINAL HOMOLOGY (ENTH) domain and interacts with APs and clathrin via motifs in the C-terminal part. In Arabidopsis thaliana, there are three closely related ENTH domain proteins (EPSIN1, 2 and 3) and one highly conserved but phylogenetically distant outlier, termed MODIFIED TRANSPORT TO THE VACUOLE1 (MTV1). In case of the trans-Golgi network (TGN) located MTV1, clathrin association and a role in vacuolar transport have been shown previously (Sauer et al. 2013). In contrast, for EPSIN1 and EPSIN2 limited functional and localization data were available; and EPSIN3 remained completely uncharacterized prior to this study (Song et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2007). The molecular details of ENTH domain proteins in plants are still unknown. In order to systematically characterize all four ENTH proteins in planta, we first investigated expression and subcellular localization by analysis of stable reporter lines under their endogenous promotors. Although all four genes are ubiquitously expressed, their subcellular distribution differs markedly. EPSIN1 and MTV1 are located at the TGN, whereas EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 are associated with the plasma membrane (PM) and the cell plate. To examine potential functional redundancy, we isolated knockout T-DNA mutant lines and created all higher order mutant combinations. The clearest evidence for functional redundancy was observed in the epsin1 mtv1 double mutant, which is a dwarf displaying overall growth reduction. These findings are in line with the TGN localization of both MTV1 and EPS1. In contrast, loss of EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 does not result in a growth phenotype compared to wild type, however, a triple knockout of EPSIN1, EPSIN2 and EPSIN3 shows partially sterile plants. We focused mainly on the epsin1 mtv1 double mutant and addressed the functional role of these two genes in clathrin-mediated vesicle transport by comprehensive molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses. Our results demonstrate that EPSIN1 and MTV1 promote vacuolar transport and secretion of a subset of cargo. However, they do not seem to be involved in endocytosis and recycling. Importantly, employing high-resolution imaging, genetic and biochemical experiments probing the relationship of the AP complexes, we found that EPSIN1/AP1 and MTV1/AP4 define two spatially and molecularly distinct subdomains of the TGN. The AP4 complex is essential for MTV1 recruitment to the TGN, whereas EPSIN1 is independent of AP4 but presumably acts in an AP1-dependent framework. Our findings suggest that this ENTH/AP pairing preference is conserved between animals and plants. N2 - In pflanzlichen Zellen hängt der Transport von Proteinen von vielen dem Golgi-Apparat nachfolgenden Transportwegen ab, welche zum Großteil durch Clathrin-bedeckte Vesikel (CCV) vermittelt werden. Die Vesikelbildung wird durch verschiedene Helferproteine und Adapterproteinkomplexe (AP) ermöglicht. Letztere dienen als Brücke zwischen den Transportproteinen und dem Hüllprotein Clathrin. Eine Gruppe von Hilfsproteinen interagiert mit APs und Clathrin mittels des C-Terminus und ist durch eine konservierte EPSIN N-TERMINAL HOMOLOGY (ENTH)-Domäne definiert. In Arabidopsis thaliana wurden drei eng verwandte ENTH-Domänenproteine (EPSIN1, 2 und 3) sowie ein stark konservierter phylogenetischer Außenseiter MODIFIED TRANSPORT TO THE VACUOLE1 (MTV1), gefunden. Im Falle des im trans-Golgi Netzwerk (TGN) lokalisierten MTV1 wurde die Assoziation mit Clathrin und eine Rolle im vakuolären Transport nachgewiesen (Sauer et al. 2013). Im Vergleich dazu gab es für EPSIN1 und EPSIN2 nur limitierte Daten und EPSIN3 war bisher unerforscht (Song et al. 2006; Lee et al. 2007). Die Funktionen der ENTH-Domänenproteine in Pflanzen blieben unklar. Um die vier ENTH-Proteine in planta zu charakterisieren, untersuchten wir zunächst deren Expression sowie subzelluläre Lokalisation anhand stabiler Reporterlinien, welche Fusionsproteine vom jeweils endogenen Promotor exprimierten. Obwohl unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass alle ENTH-Domänenproteine ubiquitär exprimiert wurden, war die subzelluläre Verteilung deutlich unterschiedlich. EPSIN1 und MTV1 lokalisierten am TGN, während EPSIN2 und EPSIN3 in der Nähe der Plasmamembran (PM) und der Zellplatte zu finden waren. Um eine mögliche funktionelle Redundanz zu untersuchen, nutzten wir komplette Funktionsverlust-Mutanten und erzeugten daraus Mutanten höherer Ordnung. Deutliche Hinweise auf funktionelle Redundanz ergab die epsin1 mtv1-Doppelmutante, die eine starke Wachstumsreduktion aufwies, was zur Lokalisierung beider Proteine am TGN passte. Im Gegensatz dazu verursachte der Verlust von EPSIN2 und EPSIN3 keinen vom Wildtyp abweichenden Phänotyp, jedoch zeigte die epsin1 epsin2 epsin3-Dreifachmutante partielle Sterilität. Wir fokussierten uns daher hauptsächlich auf epsin1 mtv1 und untersuchten die funktionelle Rolle im Clathrin-vermittelten Vesikeltransport durch vergleichende molekulare, biochemische und genetische Analysen. EPSIN1 und MTV1 unterstützten den vakuolären und sekretorischen Transport, waren aber nicht an Endozytose oder Recycling beteiligt. Durch hochauflösende Mikroskopie, genetische und biochemische Analysen der Beziehung zwischen verschiedenen AP-Komplexen und EPSIN1/MTV1 konnten wir zeigen, dass EPSIN1/AP1 und MTV1/AP4 zwei räumlich und molekular distinkte Subdomänen des TGNs definierten. AP4 war essenziell für die MTV1- jedoch nicht die EPSIN1-Rekrutierung zum TGN und EPSIN1 assoziierte bevorzugt mit AP1. Ähnliche Beobachtungen an EPSIN1- und MTV1-Homologen in tierischen Zellen legen eine evolutionär konservierte Paarung von AP-Komplexen und ENTH-Proteinen nahe. KW - vesicle transport KW - trans-Golgi network KW - trans-Golgi Netzwerk KW - clathrin-coated vesicles KW - Clathrin-bedeckte Vesikel KW - ENTH domain proteins KW - ENTH-Domänenproteine Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570049 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tenenboim, Yehezkel T1 - Characterization of a Chlamydomonas protein involved in cell division and autophagy T1 - Charakterisierung eines an Zellteilung und Autophagie beteiligten Chlamydomonas-Proteins N2 - The contractile vacuole (CV) is an osmoregulatory organelle found exclusively in algae and protists. In addition to expelling excessive water out of the cell, it also expels ions and other metabolites and thereby contributes to the cell's metabolic homeostasis. The interest in the CV reaches beyond its immediate cellular roles. The CV's function is tightly related to basic cellular processes such as membrane dynamics and vesicle budding and fusion; several physiological processes in animals, such as synaptic neurotransmission and blood filtration in the kidney, are related to the CV's function; and several pathogens, such as the causative agents of sleeping sickness, possess CVs, which may serve as pharmacological targets. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has two CVs. They are the smallest known CVs in nature, and they remain relatively untouched in the CV-related literature. Many genes that have been shown to be related to the CV in other organisms have close homologues in C. reinhardtii. We attempted to silence some of these genes and observe the effect on the CV. One of our genes, VMP1, caused striking, severe phenotypes when silenced. Cells exhibited defective cytokinesis and aberrant morphologies. The CV, incidentally, remained unscathed. In addition, mutant cells showed some evidence of disrupted autophagy. Several important regulators of the cell cycle as well as autophagy were found to be underexpressed in the mutant. Lipidomic analysis revealed many meaningful changes between wild-type and mutant cells, reinforcing the compromised-autophagy observation. VMP1 is a singular protein, with homologues in numerous eukaryotic organisms (aside from fungi), but usually with no relatives in each particular genome. Since its first characterization in 2002 it has been associated with several cellular processes and functions, namely autophagy, programmed cell-death, secretion, cell adhesion, and organelle biogenesis. It has been implicated in several human diseases: pancreatitis, diabetes, and several types of cancer. Our results reiterate some of the observations in VMP1's six reported homologues, but, importantly, show for the first time an involvement of this protein in cell division. The mechanisms underlying this involvement in Chlamydomonas, as well as other key aspects, such as VMP1's subcellular localization and interaction partners, still await elucidation. N2 - Die kontraktile Vakuole ist ein osmoregulatorisches Organell, das ausschließlich in Algen und Protisten vorkommt. Zusätzlich zu ihrer Rolle als Ausstoßer überflüßigen Wassers aus der Zelle heraus, stößt sie auch Ionen und andere Metaboliten aus, und trägt dabei zur metabolischen Homöostase der Zelle bei. Das Interesse an der kontraktilen Vakuole erstreckt sich über seine unmittelbare zelluläre Rolle hinaus. Die Funktion der kontraktilen Vakuole ist mit einigen grundsätzlichen zellulären Verfahren, wie Membrandynamik und Vesikelknospung und -fusion, verwandt; einige physiologische Verfahren in Tieren, zum Beispiel synaptische Neurotransmission und das Filtrieren des Blutes in den Nieren, sind mit der Funktion der Vakuole eng verwandt; und einige Pathogene—der Ursacher der Schlafkrankheit als Beispiel—besitzen kontraktile Vakuolen, die als Ziele von Medikamenten dienen könnten. Die grüne Alge Chlamydomonas reinhardtii verfügt über zwei Vakuolen. Sie sind die kleinsten bekannten in der Natur, und bleiben bisher verhältnismäßig unerforscht. Viele Gene, die in anderen Organismen als kontraktile-Vakuole-bezogen erwiesen wurden, haben Homologe in C. reinhardtii. Wir versuchten, diese Gene auszuschalten und den Einfluss auf die Vakuole zu beobachten. Die Ausschaltung eines unserer Gene, VMP1, verursachte starke, beachtliche Phänotype. Die Zellen zeigten gestörte Zytokinese und aberrante Zellformen. Die kontraktile Vakuole blieb jedoch verschont. Des Weiteren zeigten Mutantzellen einige Hinweise auf gestörte Autophagie. Einige wichtige Gene des Zellzyklus und der Autophagie waren unterexprimiert in Mutantzellen. Lipidomische Analyse zeigte mehrere bedeutsame Unterschiede zwischen Wildtyp und Mutant, die die Beobachtungen der gestörten Autophagie verstärkten. VMP1 ist ein singularisches Protein, mit Homologen in zähligen eukaryotischen Organismen (jedoch nicht in Pilzen), aber üblicherweise ohne Verwandte in den jeweiligen Genomen. Seit seiner Erstcharakterisierung 2002 wurde es mit etlichen zellulären Verfahren, wie Autophagie, programmiertem Zelltod, Sekretion, Zelladhäsion, und Biogenese der Organellen, assoziiert. Es wurde auch mit einigen menschlichen Krankheiten wie Diabetes, Pankreatitis, und einigen Arten von Krebs in Verbindung gebracht. Unsere Ergebnisse wiederholen einige Beobachtungen in anderen Organismen, zeigen dennoch zum ersten Mal eine Beteiligung von VMP1 an der Zellteilung. Die unterliegenden Mechanismen dieser Beteiligung in Chlamydomonas, sowie andere wichtige Aspekte, etwa die subzelluläre Lokalisierung von VMP1 und dessen Interaktionspartner, warten noch auf Aufklärung. KW - VMP1 KW - autophagy KW - cytokinesis KW - chlamydomonas Y1 - 2014 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-70650 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tews, Jörg T1 - The impact of climate change and land use on woody plants in semiarid savanna : modelling shrub population dynamics in the southern kalahari Y1 - 2003 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thalhammer, Anja T1 - Physiological, functional and structural characterization of five closely related COR/LEA (COld Regulated/Late Embroygenesis Abundant) proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Y1 - 2012 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Thieme, Christoph J. T1 - Sequence and structure determinants of microRNA maturation and the elucidation of RNA transport in plants Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - THES A1 - Thirumalaikumar, Venkatesh P. T1 - Investigating drought and heat stress regulatory networks in Arabidopsis and tomato Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tietjen, Briit-Kristien T1 - Drylands under climate change : a novel ecohydrological modelling approach Y1 - 2008 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Tiller, Nadine T1 - Plastid translation : functions of plastid-specific ribosomal proteins and identification of a factor mediating plastid-to-nucleus retrograde sifnalling Y1 - 2011 CY - Potsdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Timofeeva, Nadezda T1 - Effect of ions and amino-acid sequence on collagen structure BT - a molecular dynamics study Y1 - 2015 ER - TY - THES A1 - Ting, Michael Kien Yin T1 - Circadian-regulated dynamics of translation in Arabidopsis thaliana Y1 - 2021 ER - TY - THES A1 - Tirok, Katrin T1 - Predator-prey dynamics under the influence of exogenous and endogenous regulation : a data-based modeling study on spring plankton with respect to climate change T1 - Räuber-Beute Beziehungen unter dem Einfluss exogener und endogener Regulation : eine datenbasierte Modellstudie zur Planktonentwicklung im Frühjahr mit Bezug auf den Klimawandel N2 - Understanding the interactions of predators and their prey and their responses to environmental changes is one of the striking features of ecological research. In this thesis, spring dynamics of phytoplankton and its consumers, zooplankton, were considered in dependence on the environmental conditions in a deep lake (Lake Constance) and a shallow marine water (mesocosms from Kiel Bight), using descriptive statistics, multiple regression models, and process-oriented dynamic simulation models. The development of the spring phytoplankton bloom, representing a dominant feature in the plankton dynamics in temperate and cold oceans and lakes, may depend on temperature, light, and mixing intensity, and the success of over-wintering phyto- and zooplankton. These factors are often correlated in the field. Unexpectedly, irradiance often dominated algal net growth rather than vertical mixing even in deep Lake Constance. Algal net losses from the euphotic layer to larger depth were induced by vertical mixing, but were compensated by the input from larger depth when algae were uniformly distributed over the water column. Dynamics of small, fast-growing algae were well predicted by abiotic variables, such as surface irradiance, vertical mixing intensity, and temperature. A simulation model additionally revealed that even in late winter, grazing may represent an important loss factor of phytoplankton during calm periods when losses due to mixing are small. The importance of losses by mixing and grazing changed rapidly as it depended on the variable mixing intensity. Higher temperature, lower global irradiance and enhanced mixing generated lower algal biomass and primary production in the dynamic simulation model. This suggests that potential consequences of climate change may partly counteract each other. The negative effect of higher temperatures on phytoplankton biomass was due to enhanced temperature-sensitive grazing losses. Comparing the results from deep Lake Constance to those of the shallow mesocosm experiments and simulations, confirmed the strong direct effect of light in contrast to temperature, and the importance of grazing already in early spring as soon as moderate algal biomasses developed. In Lake Constance, ciliates dominated the herbivorous zooplankton in spring. The start of ciliate net growth in spring was closely linked to that of edible algae, chlorophyll a and the vertical mixing intensity but independent of water temperature. The duration of ciliate dominance in spring was largely controlled by the highly variable onset of the phytoplankton bloom, and little by the less variable termination of the ciliate bloom by grazing of meta-zooplankton. During years with an extended spring bloom of algae and ciliates, they coexisted at relatively high biomasses over 15-30 generations, and internally forced species shifts were observed in both communities. Interception feeders alternated with filter feeders, and cryptomonads with non-cryptomonads in their relative importance. These dynamics were not captured by classical 1-predator-1-prey models which consistently predict pronounced predator-prey cycles or equilibria with either the predator or the prey dominating or suppressed. A multi-species predator-prey model with predator species differing in their food selectivity, and prey species in their edibility reproduced the observed patterns. Food-selectivity and edibility were related to the feeding and growth characteristics of the species, which represented ecological trade-offs. For example, the prey species with the highest edibility also had the highest maximum growth rate. Data and model revealed endogenous driven ongoing species alternations, which yielded a higher variability in species-specific biomasses than in total predator and prey biomass. This holds for a broad parameter space as long as the species differ functionally. A more sophisticated model approach enabled the simulation of a continuum of different functional types and adaptability of predator and prey communities to altered environmental conditions, and the maintenance of a rather low model complexity, i.e., low number of equations and free parameters. The community compositions were described by mean functional traits --- prey edibility and predator food-selectivity --- and their variances. The latter represent the functional diversity of the communities and thus, the potential for adaptation. Oscillations in the mean community trait values indicated species shifts. The community traits were related to growth and grazing characteristics representing similar trade-offs as in the multi-species model. The model reproduced the observed patterns, when nonlinear relationships between edibility and capacity, and edibility and food availability for the predator were chosen. A constant minimum amount of variance represented ongoing species invasions and thus, preserved a diversity which allows adaptation on a realistic time-span. N2 - Eine der großen Herausforderungen der heutigen ökologischen Forschung ist es, Veränderungen von Ökosys­temen vorher­zusagen, die mit dem Klimawandel einhergehen. Dafür sind ein umfassendes Verständnis der ver­schiedenen Steuerungsfaktoren des entsprechenden Systems und Kenntnisse zur Anpassungs­fähigkeit des Systems nötig. Auf der Grundlage dieses Wissens, können mit mathemati­schen Modellen Klima­szenarien gerechnet und Vorhersagen erstellt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte die Regulation des Phytoplanktons (kleine freischwebende einzellige Algen) und seiner Konsumenten (Zooplankton, tierische Kleinstlebewesen) sowie deren Wechselspiel während des Frühjahrs mit Bezug auf den Klimawandel. Als Basis dienten langjährige Daten von einem großen tiefen See (Bodensee) sowie Daten von Versuchen mit Organis­men aus einem flachen marinen Ge­wässer (Kieler Förde, Ostsee). Diese Daten wurden mit statistischen Verfahren und mathematischen Modellen ausge­wertet. In Gewässern sind Algen als Primärproduzenten die Nahrungsgrundlage für tieri­sche Organismen bis hin zu Fischen und Meeresfrüchten, und bestimmen die Wasserqualität der Ge­wässer. Daher ist es wichtig zu verstehen, welche Mechanismen die Dynamik der Algen steuern. Der Grundstein für die saisonale Entwicklung von Phyto- und Zooplankton in Gewässern un­serer Breiten wird mit dem Be­ginn des Wachstums im Frühjahr gelegt. Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass es bereits im zeitigen, noch kalten Frühjahr ein Wechselspiel physikalischer und biologischer Steuerungsmechanismen für die Algenent­wicklung gibt. Physikalische Faktoren sind die Wassertemperatur, die Globalstrahlung und die Durchmischung des Gewässers, die durch die Stärke des Windes beeinflusst wird. All diese Steue­rungsmechanismen sind eng miteinander verwoben und werden unterschiedlich stark vom Klimawan­del beeinflusst. Mit mathematischen Modellen gelang es den Einfluss einzelner Faktoren voneinander zu trennen und zu zeigen, dass Effekte durch den Klimawandel sich gegenseitig aufheben oder aber auch verstärken können. Schon geringe Änderungen an der Basis der Nahrungsnetze können weitrei­chende Auswirkungen auf höhere Ebenen habe. Wie stark diese Auswirkungen im Einzelnen sind, hängt entscheidend von der Anpassungsfähigkeit gesamter Ökosysteme und ihrer Artengemeinschaf­ten sowie einzelner Individuen ab. Beispielsweise reagiert die Algengemeinschaft auf einen starken Fraßdruck ihrer Räuber mit einer Verschiebung zu weniger gut fressbaren Algenarten. Diese weniger gut fressbaren Arten unterscheiden sich jedoch auch in anderen Eigenschaften, wie zum Beispiel der Ressourcenausnutzung, von besser fressbaren Algen. In dieser Arbeit wurden Modellansätze entwi­ckelt, die diese Fähigkeit zur Anpassung berücksichtigen. Auf dieser Grundlage und mit Einbeziehung der physikalischen Steuerungsfaktoren können Klimaszenarien gerechnet werden und Vorhersagen für den Einfluss des Klimawandels auf unsere Gewässer gemacht werden, die letztlich auch Perspektiven für Handlungsmöglichkeiten aufzeigen. KW - Ökologie KW - mathematische Simulationsmodelle KW - Plankton KW - Tiefer See KW - Räuber-Beute Beziehungen KW - ecology KW - mathematical simulation models KW - plankton KW - deep lake KW - predator-prey relationships Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-24528 ER -