TY  - JOUR
A1  - Backhaus, Daniel
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
A1  - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin
A1  - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne
T1  - Task-dependence in scene perception: Head unrestrained viewing using mobile eye-tracking
JF  - Journal of vision
N2  - Real-world scene perception is typically studied in the laboratory using static picture viewing with restrained head position. Consequently, the transfer of results obtained in this paradigm to real-word scenarios has been questioned. The advancement of mobile eye-trackers and the progress in image processing, however, permit a more natural experimental setup that, at the same time, maintains the high experimental control from the standard laboratory setting. We investigated eye movements while participants were standing in front of a projector screen and explored images under four specific task instructions. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile eye-tracking device and raw gaze data were transformed from head-centered into image-centered coordinates. We observed differences between tasks in temporal and spatial eye-movement parameters and found that the bias to fixate images near the center differed between tasks. Our results demonstrate that current mobile eye-tracking technology and a highly controlled design support the study of fine-scaled task dependencies in an experimental setting that permits more natural viewing behavior than the static picture viewing paradigm.
KW  - scene viewing
KW  - real-world scenarios
KW  - mobile eye-tracking
KW  - task
KW  - influence
KW  - central fixation bias
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.5.3
SN  - 1534-7362
VL  - 20
IS  - 5
SP  - 1
EP  - 21
PB  - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology
CY  - Rockville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Soemer, Alexander
A1  - Schiefele, Ulrich
T1  - Working memory capacity and (in)voluntary mind wandering
JF  - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society
N2  - According to influential accounts of mind wandering (MW), working memory capacity (WMC) plays a key role in controlling the amount of off-task thought during the execution of a demanding task. Whereas WMC has primarily been associated with reduced levels of involuntarily occurring MW episodes in prior research, here we demonstrate for the first time that high-WMC individuals exhibit lower levels of voluntary MW. One hundred and eighty participants carried out a demanding reading task and reported their attentional state in response to random thought probes. In addition, participants' WMC was measured with two common complex span tasks (operation span and symmetry span). As a result, WMC was negatively related to both voluntary and involuntary MW, and the two forms of MW partially mediated the positive effect of WMC on reading performance. Furthermore, the negative relation between voluntary WM and reading remained significant after controlling for interest. Thus, in contrast to prior research suggesting that voluntary MW might be more closely related to motivation rather than WMC, the present results demonstrate that high-WMC individuals tend to limit both involuntary and voluntary MW more strictly than low-WMC individuals.
KW  - mind wandering
KW  - intention
KW  - working memory
KW  - executive control
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01737-4
SN  - 1069-9384
SN  - 1531-5320
VL  - 27
IS  - 4
SP  - 758
EP  - 767
PB  - Springer
CY  - New York
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krügel, André
A1  - Rothkegel, Lars
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
T1  - No exception from Bayes’ rule
BT  - the presence and absence of the range effect for saccades explained
JF  - Journal of vision
N2  - In an influential theoretical model, human sensorimotor control is achieved by a Bayesian decision process, which combines noisy sensory information and learned prior knowledge. A ubiquitous signature of prior knowledge and Bayesian integration in human perception and motor behavior is the frequently observed bias toward an average stimulus magnitude (i.e., a central-tendency bias, range effect, regression-to-the-mean effect). However, in the domain of eye movements, there is a recent controversy about the fundamental existence of a range effect in the saccadic system. Here we argue that the problem of the existence of a range effect is linked to the availability of prior knowledge for saccade control. We present results from two prosaccade experiments that both employ an informative prior structure (i.e., a nonuniform Gaussian distribution of saccade target distances). Our results demonstrate the validity of Bayesian integration in saccade control, which generates a range effect in saccades. According to Bayesian integration principles, the saccadic range effect depends on the availability of prior knowledge and varies in size as a function of the reliability of the prior and the sensory likelihood.
KW  - saccades
KW  - saccadic accuracy
KW  - range effect
KW  - Bayesian sensorimotor
KW  - integration
KW  - central-tendency bias
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.20.7.15
SN  - 1534-7362
VL  - 20
IS  - 7
PB  - ARVO
CY  - Rockville
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Heinze, Peter Eric
A1  - Fatfouta, Ramzi
A1  - Schröder-Abe, Michela
T1  - Validation of an implicit measure of antagonistic narcissism
JF  - Journal of research in personality
N2  - Narcissism has traditionally been assessed using explicit measures, yet contemporary measures are limited in their ability to capture people's automatic (i.e., implicit) self-evaluations. Here, we propose the antagonistic narcissism Implicit Association Test (AN-IAT). Three studies (N = 1082) using self-, informant-reports, and other implicit measures tested the psychometric properties of the AN-IAT. The AN-IAT showed high internal consistency and good temporal stability. The measure was positively associated with (antagonistic) narcissism, aggression, and lack of empathy, but unrelated to communal, pathological, and agentic narcissism as well as self-esteem. The AN-IAT predicted self- and informantratings of aggression and empathy beyond self-reports of antagonistic and agentic narcissism, and agreeableness. Together, the antagonistic narcissism IAT is a promising addition to the assessment of narcissism.
KW  - narcissism
KW  - antagonistic
KW  - implicit self-concept of personality
KW  - IAT
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103993
SN  - 0092-6566
SN  - 1095-7251
VL  - 88
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Krahé, Barbara
T1  - Risk cactors for the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence
BT  - the interaction of person and environment
JF  - Current directions in psychological science
N2  - In this article, I examine the development of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence as a result of the interaction between the person and the environment and discuss implications for intervention measures. Three main questions are addressed and illustrated by examples from recent research: What are intrapersonal risk factors for the development and persistence of aggressive behavior from middle childhood to adolescence? What factors in the social environment contribute to the development of aggressive behavior? How do individual dispositions and environmental risk factors interact to explain developmental trajectories of aggressive behavior?
KW  - aggression
KW  - development
KW  - anger regulation
KW  - contagion
KW  - media violence
KW  - peer influences
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721420917721
SN  - 0963-7214
SN  - 1467-8721
VL  - 29
IS  - 4
SP  - 333
EP  - 339
PB  - Sage
CY  - Thousand Oaks
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Malesza, Marta
T1  - Grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism in prisoner's dilemma game
JF  - Personality and individual differences
N2  - The aim of this article is to investigate the role of the grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in the economic game. One widely employed paradigm in this field of experimental economic games is the prisoner's dilemma-used to examine competitive versus cooperative behaviour. In the present study a prisoner's dilemma game was administrated to individuals (N = 320), along with measures of grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism and impulsivity. Specifically, our results show that vulnerable narcissism has a significant positive effect on defecting behaviors, while grandiose narcissism has a significant positive effect on cooperation in the initial round. However, while the game proceeded, grandiose narcissism started to have a positive effect on defecting behaviors too. This suggests that grandiose narcissists have, at least initially, positive qualities to them which can make them popular, but in the long run they lose their positive reputation and their likeability and willingness to cooperate decrease.
KW  - grandiose narcissism
KW  - vulnerable narcissism
KW  - prisoner's dilemma game
KW  - experimental economics
KW  - impulsivity
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109841
SN  - 0191-8869
SN  - 1873-3549
VL  - 158
PB  - Pergamon Press; Elsevier Science
CY  - Oxford, Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Adam, Maurits
A1  - Elsner, Birgit
T1  - The impact of salient action effects on 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds’ goal-predictive gaze shifts for a human grasping action
JF  - PLOS ONE
N2  - When infants observe a human grasping action, experience-based accounts predict that all infants familiar with grasping actions should be able to predict the goal regardless of additional agency cues such as an action effect. Cue-based accounts, however, suggest that infants use agency cues to identify and predict action goals when the action or the agent is not familiar. From these accounts, we hypothesized that younger infants would need additional agency cues such as a salient action effect to predict the goal of a human grasping action, whereas older infants should be able to predict the goal regardless of agency cues. In three experiments, we presented 6-, 7-, and 11-month-olds with videos of a manual grasping action presented either with or without an additional salient action effect (Exp. 1 and 2), or we presented 7-month-olds with videos of a mechanical claw performing a grasping action presented with a salient action effect (Exp. 3). The 6-month-olds showed tracking gaze behavior, and the 11-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior, regardless of the action effect. However, the 7-month-olds showed predictive gaze behavior in the action-effect condition, but tracking gaze behavior in the no-action-effect condition and in the action-effect condition with a mechanical claw. The results therefore support the idea that salient action effects are especially important for infants' goal predictions from 7 months on, and that this facilitating influence of action effects is selective for the observation of human hands.
KW  - attention
KW  - eye movements
KW  - infants perception
KW  - mechanisms
KW  - origins
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240165
SN  - 1932-6203
VL  - 15
IS  - 10
PB  - Public Library of Science
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Malem-Shinitski, Noa
A1  - Opper, Manfred
A1  - Reich, Sebastian
A1  - Schwetlick, Lisa
A1  - Seelig, Stefan A.
A1  - Engbert, Ralf
T1  - A mathematical model of local and global attention in natural scene viewing
JF  - PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal
N2  - Author summary <br /> Switching between local and global attention is a general strategy in human information processing. We investigate whether this strategy is a viable approach to model sequences of fixations generated by a human observer in a free viewing task with natural scenes. Variants of the basic model are used to predict the experimental data based on Bayesian inference. Results indicate a high predictive power for both aggregated data and individual differences across observers. The combination of a novel model with state-of-the-art Bayesian methods lends support to our two-state model using local and global internal attention states for controlling eye movements. <br /> Understanding the decision process underlying gaze control is an important question in cognitive neuroscience with applications in diverse fields ranging from psychology to computer vision. The decision for choosing an upcoming saccade target can be framed as a selection process between two states: Should the observer further inspect the information near the current gaze position (local attention) or continue with exploration of other patches of the given scene (global attention)? Here we propose and investigate a mathematical model motivated by switching between these two attentional states during scene viewing. The model is derived from a minimal set of assumptions that generates realistic eye movement behavior. We implemented a Bayesian approach for model parameter inference based on the model's likelihood function. In order to simplify the inference, we applied data augmentation methods that allowed the use of conjugate priors and the construction of an efficient Gibbs sampler. This approach turned out to be numerically efficient and permitted fitting interindividual differences in saccade statistics. Thus, the main contribution of our modeling approach is two-fold; first, we propose a new model for saccade generation in scene viewing. Second, we demonstrate the use of novel methods from Bayesian inference in the field of scan path modeling.
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007880
SN  - 1553-734X
SN  - 1553-7358
VL  - 16
IS  - 12
PB  - PLoS
CY  - San Fransisco
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Malesza, Marta
A1  - Schröder-Abé, Michela
T1  - The convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of the Discounting Inventory compared to the traditional discounting measures
JF  - Journal of public health
N2  - Aim The Discounting Inventory was developed to provide researchers and practitioners with a standardized tool to asses individual differences in delay, probabilistic, effort and social discounting, all related to behavioral impulsivity. Convergent and discriminant validity of the Discounting Inventory was evaluated by comparing its associations with external variables to those obtained using standardized discounting measures with the same external variables. Subjects and methods A sample of 347 volunteers was examined. The first questionnaire completed by all participants was the Discounting Inventory. Individuals also completed the traditional discounting measure using pairs of hypothetical choices. The external measures included the Sensation Seeking Scale, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Eysenck Impulsivity Venturesomeness Empathy Questionnaire, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised, and Temperament and Character Inventory. Results The results revealed that although almost all correlations were significant for both the Discounting Inventory and the traditional discounting measures, most of the correlations between external variables and the Discounting Inventory were significantly higher than those between external variables and traditional discounting measures. However, both discounting measures were most strongly correlated with external measures of impulsivity, which is not surprising given the fact that discounting is seen as a behavioral impulsivity. Finally, most relationships between the Discounting Inventory and external variables were incrementally valid over the traditional discounting measures. Conclusion The Discounting Inventory can help to diagnose problems with behavioral impulsivity.
KW  - Discounting inventory
KW  - Convergent validity
KW  - Discriminant validity
KW  - Incremental validity
KW  - Discounting
Y1  - 2020
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01306-y
SN  - 2198-1833
SN  - 1613-2238
VL  - 30
IS  - 2
SP  - 423
EP  - 433
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin ; Heidelberg
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Schad, Daniel
A1  - Vasishth, Shravan
A1  - Hohenstein, Sven
A1  - Kliegl, Reinhold
T1  - How to capitalize on a priori contrasts in linear (mixed) models
BT  - a tutorial
JF  - Journal of memory and language
N2  - Factorial experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas are often analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). However, for effects with more than one numerator degrees of freedom, e.g., for experimental factors with more than two levels, the ANOVA omnibus F-test is not informative about the source of a main effect or interaction. Because researchers typically have specific hypotheses about which condition means differ from each other, a priori contrasts (i.e., comparisons planned before the sample means are known) between specific conditions or combinations of conditions are the appropriate way to represent such hypotheses in the statistical model. Many researchers have pointed out that contrasts should be "tested instead of, rather than as a supplement to, the ordinary 'omnibus' F test" (Hays, 1973, p. 601). In this tutorial, we explain the mathematics underlying different kinds of contrasts (i.e., treatment, sum, repeated, polynomial, custom, nested, interaction contrasts), discuss their properties, and demonstrate how they are applied in the R System for Statistical Computing (R Core Team, 2018). In this context, we explain the generalized inverse which is needed to compute the coefficients for contrasts that test hypotheses that are not covered by the default set of contrasts. A detailed understanding of contrast coding is crucial for successful and correct specification in linear models (including linear mixed models). Contrasts defined a priori yield far more useful confirmatory tests of experimental hypotheses than standard omnibus F-tests. Reproducible code is available from https://osf.io/7ukf6/.
KW  - contrasts
KW  - null hypothesis significance testing
KW  - linear models
KW  - a priori
KW  - hypotheses
Y1  - 2019
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2019.104038
SN  - 0749-596X
SN  - 1096-0821
VL  - 110
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  -