TY - JOUR A1 - Borghi, Anna M. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for external influences and internal constraints on the processing, representation, and use of abstract concepts, like truth, friendship, and number. We highlight the theoretical benefit of distinguishing between grounded and embodied cognition and then ask which roles do perception, action, language, and social interaction play in acquiring, representing and using abstract concepts. By reviewing several studies, we show that they are, against the accepted definition, not detached from perception and action. Focussing on magnitude-related concepts, we also discuss evidence for cultural influences on abstract knowledge and explore how internal processes such as inner speech, metacognition, and inner bodily signals (interoception) influence the acquisition and retrieval of abstract knowledge. Finally, we discuss some methodological developments. Specifically, we focus on the importance of studies that investigate the time course of conceptual processing and we argue that, because of the paramount role of sociality for abstract concepts, new methods are necessary to study concepts in interactive situations. We conclude that bodily, linguistic, and social constraints provide important theoretical limitations for our theories of conceptual knowledge. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01698-4 SN - 0340-0727 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 86 SP - 2370 EP - 2388 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dworkin, Emily R. A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Zinzow, Heidi T1 - The global prevalence of sexual assault BT - a systematic review of international research since 2010 JF - Psychology of violence N2 - Objective: We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. Method: A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. Results: The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0% to 59.2% for women, 0.3% to 55.5% for men, and 1.5% to 18.2% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. Conclusion: Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures. KW - sexual assault KW - rape KW - international KW - review KW - sexual minority Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000374 SN - 2152-0828 SN - 2152-081X VL - 11 IS - 5 SP - 497 EP - 508 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - GEN A1 - Borghi, Anna M. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Concrete constraints on abstract concepts-editorial T2 - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action N2 - This special issue, "Concrete constraints of abstract concepts", addresses the role of concrete determinants, both external and internal to the human body, in acquisition, processing and use of abstract concepts while at the same time presenting to the readers an overview of methods used to assess their representation. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01685-9 SN - 0340-0727 SN - 1430-2772 VL - 86 SP - 2366 EP - 2369 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pollatos, Olga A1 - Mönkemöller, Karla A1 - Groppe, Karoline A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Interoceptive accuracy is associated with benefits in decision making in children JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Introduction: Decision making results not only from logical analyses, but seems to be further guided by the ability to perceive somatic information (interoceptive accuracy). Relations between interoceptive accuracy and decision making have been exclusively studied in adults and with regard to complex, uncertain situations (as measured by the Iowa Gambling Task, IGT). Methods: In the present study, 1454 children (6-11 years) were examined at two time points (approximately 1 year apart) using an IGT as well as a delay-of-gratification task for sweets-items and toy-items. Interoceptive accuracy was measured using a child-adapted version of the Heartbeat Perception Task. Results: The present results revealed that children with higher, as compared to lower, interoceptive accuracy showed more advantageous choices in the IGT and delayed more sweets-items, but not toy-items, in a delay-of-gratification task at time point 2 but not at time point 1. However, no longitudinal relation between interoceptive accuracy and decision making 1 year later could be shown. Discussion: Results indicate that interoceptive accuracy relates to decision-making abilities in situations of varying complexity already in middle childhood, and that this link might consolidate across the examined 1-year period. Furthermore, the association of interoceptive accuracy and the delay of sweets-items might have implications for the regulation of body weight at a later age. KW - cardiac perception KW - interoception KW - emotion KW - decision making KW - Iowa gambling task KW - somatic-marker hypothesis KW - childhood development Y1 - 2023 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1070037 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - THES A1 - Peitz, Diana T1 - Mindful Eating N2 - Maladaptive eating behaviors such as emotional eating, external eating, and loss-of-control eating are widespread in the general population. Moreover, they are associated to adverse health outcomes and well-known for their role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders and obesity (i.e., eating and weight disorders). Eating and weight disorders are associated with crucial burden for individuals as well as high costs for society in general. At the same time, corresponding treatments yield poor outcomes. Thus, innovative concepts are needed to improve prevention and treatment of these conditions. The Buddhist concept of mindfulness (i.e., paying attention to the present moment without judgement) and its delivery via mindfulness-based intervention programs (MBPs) has gained wide popularity in the area of maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders over the last two decades. Though previous findings on their effects seem promising, the current assessment of mindfulness and its mere application via multi-component MBPs hampers to draw conclusions on the extent to which mindfulness-immanent qualities actually account for the effects (e.g., the modification of maladaptive eating behaviors). However, this knowledge is pivotal for interpreting previous effects correctly and for avoiding to cause harm in particularly vulnerable groups such as those with eating and weight disorders. To address these shortcomings, recent research has focused on the context-specific approach of mindful eating (ME) to investigate underlying mechanisms of action. ME can be considered a subdomain of generic mindfulness describing it specifically in relation to the process of eating and associated feelings, thoughts, and motives, thus including a variety of different attitudes and behaviors. However, there is no universal operationalization and the current assessment of ME suffers from different limitations. Specifically, current measurement instruments are not suited for a comprehensive assessment of the multiple facets of the construct that are currently discussed as important in the literature. This in turn hampers comparisons of different ME facets which would allow to evaluate their particular effect on maladaptive eating behaviors. This knowledge is needed to tailor prevention and treatment of associated eating and weight disorders properly and to explore potential underlying mechanisms of action which have so far been proposed mainly on theoretical grounds. The dissertation at hand aims to provide evidence-based fundamental research that contributes to our understanding of how mindfulness, more specifically its context-specific form of ME, impacts maladaptive eating behaviors and, consequently, how it could be used appropriately to enrich the current prevention and treatment approaches for eating and weight disorders in the future. Specifically, in this thesis, three scientific manuscripts applying several qualitative and quantitative techniques in four sequential studies are presented. These manuscripts were published in or submitted to three scientific peer-reviewed journals to shed light on the following questions: I. How can ME be measured comprehensively and in a reliable and valid way to advance the understanding of how mindfulness works in the context of eating? II. Does the context-specific construct of ME have an advantage over the generic concept in advancing the understanding of how mindfulness is related to maladaptive eating behaviors? III. Which ME facets are particularly useful in explaining maladaptive eating behaviors? IV. Does training a particular ME facet result in changes in maladaptive eating behaviors? To answer the first research question (Paper 1), a multi-method approach using three subsequent studies was applied to develop and validate a comprehensive self-report instrument to assess the multidimensional construct of ME - the Mindful Eating Inventory (MEI). Study 1 aimed to create an initial version of the MEI by following a three-step approach: First, a comprehensive item pool was compiled by including selected and adapted items of the existing ME questionnaires and supplementing them with items derived from an extensive literature review. Second, the preliminary item pool was complemented and checked for content validity by experts in the field of eating behavior and/or mindfulness (N = 15). Third, the item pool was further refined through qualitative methods: Three focus groups comprising laypersons (N = 16) were used as a check for applicability. Subsequently, think-aloud protocols (N = 10) served as a last check of comprehensibility and elimination of ambiguities. The resulting initial MEI version was tested in Study 2 in an online convenience sample (N = 828) to explore its factor structure using exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Results were used to shorten the questionnaire in accordance with qualitative and quantitative criteria yielding the final MEI version which encompasses 30 items. These items were assigned to seven ME facets: (1) ‘Accepting and Non-attached Attitude towards one’s own eating experience’ (ANA), (2) ‘Awareness of Senses while Eating’ (ASE), (3) ‘Eating in Response to awareness of Fullness‘ (ERF), (4) ‘Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives’ (ATM), (5) ‘Interconnectedness’ (CON), (6) ‘Non-Reactive Stance’ (NRS) and (7) Focused Attention on Eating’ (FAE). Study 3 sought to confirm the found facets and the corresponding factor structure in an independent online convenience sample (N = 612) using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The study served as further indication of the assumed multidimensionality of ME (the correlational seven-factor model was shown to be superior to a single-factor model). Psychometric properties of the MEI, regarding factorial validity, internal consistency, retest-reliability, and observed criterion validity using a wide range of eating-specific and general health-related outcomes, showed the inventory to be suitable for a comprehensive, reliable and valid assessment of ME. These findings were complemented by demonstrating measurement invariance of the MEI regarding gender. In accordance with the factor structure of the MEI, Paper 1 offers an empirically-derived definition of ME, succeeding in overcoming ambiguities and problems of previous attempts at defining the construct. To answer the second and third research questions (Paper 2) a subsample of Study 2 from the MEI validation studies (N = 292) was analyzed. Incremental validity of ME beyond generic mindfulness was shown using hierarchical regression models concerning the outcome variables of maladaptive eating behaviors (emotional eating and uncontrolled eating) and nutrition behaviors (consumption of energy-dense food). Multiple regression analyses were applied to investigate the impact of the seven different ME facets (identified in Paper 1) on the same outcome variables. The following ME facets significantly contributed to explaining variance in maladaptive eating and nutrition behaviors: Accepting and Non-attached Attitude towards one`s own eating experience (ANA), Eating in Response to awareness of Fullness (ERF), the Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives (ATM), and a Non-Reactive Stance (NRS, i.e., an observing, non-impulsive attitude towards eating triggers). Results suggest that these ME facets are promising variables to consider when a) investigating potential underlying mechanisms of mindfulness and MBPs in the context of eating and b) addressing maladaptive eating behaviors in general as well as in the prevention and treatment of eating and weight disorders. To answer the fourth research question (Paper 3), a training on an isolated exercise (‘9 Hunger’) based on the previously identified ME facet ATM was designed to explore its particular association with changes in maladaptive eating behaviors and thus to preliminary explore one possible mechanism of action. The online study was realized using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design. Latent Change Scores (LCS) across three measurement points (before the training, directly after the training and three months later) were compared between the intervention group (n = 211) and a waitlist control group (n = 188). Short- and longer-term effects of the training could be shown on maladaptive eating behaviors (emotional eating, external eating, loss-of-control eating) and associated outcomes (intuitive eating, ME, self-compassion, well-being). Findings serve as preliminary empirical evidence that MBPs might influence maladaptive eating behaviors through an enhanced non-judgmental awareness of and distinguishment between eating motives and triggers (i.e., ATM). This mechanism of action had previously only been hypothesized from a theoretical perspective. Since maladaptive eating behaviors are associated with eating and weight disorders, the findings can enhance our understanding of the general effects of MBPs on these conditions. The integration of the different findings leads to several suggestions of how ME might enrich different kinds of future interventions on maladaptive eating behaviors to improve health in general or the prevention and treatment of eating and weight disorders in particular. Strengths of the thesis (e.g., deliberate specific methodology, variety of designs and methods, high number of participants) are emphasized. The main limitations particularly regarding sample characteristics (e.g., higher level of formal education, fewer males, self-selected) are discussed to arrive at an outline for future studies (e.g., including multi-modal-multi-method approaches, clinical eating disorder samples and youth samples) to improve upcoming research on ME and underlying mechanisms of action of MBPs for maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders. This thesis enriches current research on mindfulness in the context of eating by providing fundamental research on the core of the ME construct. Thereby it delivers a reliable and valid instrument to comprehensively assess ME in future studies as well as an operational definition of the construct. Findings on ME facet level might inform upcoming research and practice on how to address maladaptive eating behaviors appropriately in interventions. The ME skill ‘Awareness of eating Triggers and Motives (ATM)’ as one particular mechanism of action should be further investigated in representative community and specific clinical samples to examine the validity of the results in these groups and to justify an application of the concept to the general population as well as to subgroups with eating and weight disorders in particular. In conclusion, findings of the current thesis can be used to set future research on mindfulness, more specifically ME, and its underlying mechanism in the context of eating on a more evidence-based footing. This knowledge can inform upcoming prevention and treatment to tailor MBPs on maladaptive eating behaviors and associated eating and weight disorders appropriately. N2 - Maladaptives Essverhalten wie emotionales Essen, externales Essen und Essen mit Kontrollverlust sind in der Allgemeinbevölkerung weit verbreitet. Neben anderen negativen Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit, ist maladaptives Essverhalten bekannt für seine Rolle bei der Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung von Essstörungen und Adipositas (die unter dem Begriff Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zusammengefasst werden können). Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen sind mit einer erheblichen Belastung für den Einzelnen und hohen Kosten für die Gesellschaft im Allgemeinen verbunden. Gleichzeitig zeigen bisherige Behandlungsansätze keine zufriedenstellende Wirksamkeit. Daher werden innovative Konzepte benötigt, um die Entwicklung von Präventions- und Behandlungsansätzen zu unterstützen. Das buddhistische Konzept der Achtsamkeit (d.h. die Aufmerksamkeit auf den gegenwärtigen Moment zu richten, ohne zu urteilen) und seine Umsetzung in Form von achtsamkeitsbasierten Interventionsprogrammen (englisch: mindfulness-based intervention programs; MBPs) hat in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten im Kontext von maladaptivem Essverhalten und damit assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen große Popularität erlangt. Obwohl die bislang gefundenen Effekte vielversprechend sind, lässt die derzeitige Messung von Achtsamkeit sowie ihre vorherrschende Anwendung im Rahmen von MBPs mit mehreren Komponenten keine Rückschlüsse darauf zu, inwieweit die der Achtsamkeit innewohnenden Qualitäten selbst für die gefundenen Effekte verantwortlich sind (z. B. für die Veränderung maladaptiven Essverhaltens). Dieses Wissen ist jedoch von zentraler Bedeutung, um Interventionen richtig zuzuschneiden und potenziell schädliche Effekte in besonders vulnerablen Gruppen - wie beispielsweise denjenigen mit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen - zu vermeiden. Um die derzeitigen Limitationen bezogen auf die Erforschung zugrunde liegender Wirkmechanismen zu adressieren, hat sich jüngste Forschung auf den kontextspezifischen Ansatz des achtsamen Essens (englisch: mindful eating, ME) konzentriert. ME kann als ein Unterkonstrukt der generischen Achtsamkeit betrachtet werden, welches sich speziell auf den Prozess des Essens selbst sowie die damit verbundenen Gefühle, Gedanken und Motive bezieht und somit eine Vielzahl unterschiedlicher Einstellungen und Verhaltensweisen umfasst. Allerdings existiert bislang keine allgemeingültige Operationalisierung. Zudem ist die derzeitige Erfassung von ME von unterschiedlichen Limitationen betroffen. Insbesondere sind die derzeitigen Messinstrumente nicht für eine umfassende Erfassung der zahlreichen Facetten des Konstrukts geeignet, die derzeit in der Literatur als wichtig diskutiert werden. Dies wiederum erschwert den Vergleich verschiedener ME-Facetten, der es ermöglichen würde, ihre jeweils spezifische Wirkung auf maladaptives Essverhalten zu bewerten. Dieses Wissen wird benötigt, um die Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen angemessen zu gestalten und um mögliche, bisher hauptsächlich theoretisch angenommenen Wirkmechanismen näher zu erforschen. Die vorliegende Dissertation zielt darauf ab, evidenzbasierte Grundlagenforschung zu betreiben, die zu unserem gegenwärtigen Verständnis darüber beitragen kann, wie Achtsamkeit, und genauer gesagt ihre kontextspezifische Form von ME, bei der Veränderung von maladaptivem Essverhalten wirkt und wie sie folglich in geeigneter Weise eingesetzt werden könnte, um die derzeitigen Präventions- und Behandlungsansätze für Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen in Zukunft zu bereichern. Auf dieser Grundlage werden in der vorliegenden Dissertation drei wissenschaftliche Manuskripte präsentiert, die die folgenden Fragen beleuchten: I. Wie kann ME umfassend und auf reliable und valide Weise gemessen werden, umbesser zu verstehen, wie Achtsamkeit im Kontext des Essens funktioniert? II. Hat das kontextspezifische Konstrukt von ME einen Vorteil gegenüber demgenerischen Konzept, um zu verstehen, wie Achtsamkeit mit maladaptivemEssverhalten zusammenhängt? III. Welche Facetten von ME sind besonders nützlich, um maladaptives Essverhalten zuerklären? IV. Führt das Training einer bestimmten ME-Facette zu Veränderungen immaladaptiven Essverhalten? Diese Forschungsfragen wurden mit Hilfe von vier Studien beantwortet, die in drei Artikeln in wissenschaftlichen peer-reviewed Journals veröffentlicht oder zur Begutachtung eingereicht wurden und verschiedene qualitative und quantitative Techniken beinhalteten. Zur Beantwortung der ersten Forschungsfrage (Paper 1) wurde ein multimethodaler Ansatz mit drei aufeinander folgenden Studien angewandt, um ein umfassendes Selbstauskunftsinstrument zur Erfassung des multidimensionalen Konstrukts ME zu entwickeln und zu validieren - das Mindful Eating Inventar (MEI). Studie 1 zielte auf die Erstellung einer ersten Version des MEI mit Hilfe von drei Schritten ab: Erstens wurde ein umfassender Itempool zusammengestellt, indem Items aus den bestehenden ME-Fragebögen ausgewählt und angepasst wurden. Zudem wurden Items ergänzt, die aus einer umfangreichen Literaturrecherche abgeleitet wurden. Zweitens wurde dieser vorläufige Itempool durch Experten (N = 15) aus dem Bereich Essverhalten und/oder Achtsamkeit ergänzt und die Inhaltsvalidität überprüft. Drittens wurde dieser vorläufige Itempool durch Einbeziehung der Meinung von Laien mittels zweier qualitativer Methoden verfeinert: Drei Fokusgruppen (N = 16) prüften die Anwendbarkeit der Items im Alltag. Schließlich dienten Think-Aloud-Protokolle (N = 10) der letzten Überprüfung der Verständlichkeit und der Beseitigung von Unklarheiten. Die daraus resultierende erste MEI-Version wurde in Studie 2 mit Hilfe einer Online-Stichprobe (N = 828) getestet, um die Faktorenstruktur mittels explorativer Faktorenanalyse (EFA) zu untersuchen. Anschließend wurde der Fragebogen nach qualitativen und quantitativen Kriterien gekürzt. Hieraus resultierte die finale MEI-Version mit 30 Items. Diese Items sind den folgenden sieben ME-Facetten zugeordnet: (1) ‘Akzeptierende, nicht-anhaftende Haltung gegenüber der eigenen Essenserfahrung‘ (ANA), (2) ‘Gewahrsein der Sinneserfahrung während des Essens‘ (ASE), (3) ‘Essen in Abhängigkeit zum Gewahrsein der Magenfülle‘ (ERF), (4) ‘Gewahrsein von Essmotiven- und -triggern‘ (ATM), (5) ‘Verbundenheit‘ (CON), (6) ‘Nicht-reaktive Haltung‘ (NRS) und (7) ‘Auf das Essen fokussierte Aufmerksamkeit‘ (FAE). Studie 3 diente dazu, diese finale Faktorenstruktur in einer unabhängigen Online-Stichprobe (N = 612) mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalyse (CFA) zu bestätigen und die angenommene Multidimensionalität des Konstrukts ME zu belegen (das korrelative Sieben-Faktoren-Modell erwies sich dem Ein-Faktoren-Modell überlegen). Die psychometrischen Eigenschaften des MEI hinsichtlich faktorieller Validität, interner Konsistenz, Retest-Reliabilität und beobachteter Kriteriumsvalidität unter Verwendung eines breiten Spektrums essensspezifischer und allgemeiner gesundheitsbezogener Outcomes zeigten, dass das Inventar für eine umfassende, reliable und valide Bewertung von ME geeignet ist. Diese Ergebnisse wurden durch den Nachweis der Messinvarianz des MEI in Bezug auf das Geschlecht ergänzt. In Anlehnung an die Faktorenstruktur des MEI konnte eine empirisch abgeleitete, operationale Definition bereitgestellt werden, die die Probleme und Ambiguitäten bisheriger, meist theoriegeleiteter Definitionsversuche überwindet. Zur Beantwortung der zweiten und dritten Forschungsfrage (Paper 2) wurde eine Teilstichprobe der Studie 2 aus den MEI-Validierungsstudien (N = 292) analysiert. Die inkrementelle Validität von ME über die allgemeine Achtsamkeit hinaus in Bezug auf die Outcomevariablen maladaptives Essverhalten (emotionales Essen und unkontrolliertes Essen) und Ernährungsverhalten (selbstberichteter Verzehr von energiereichen Nahrungsmitteln) konnte mit Hilfe hierarchischer Regressionsmodelle gezeigt werden. Multiple Regressionsanalysen wurden angewandt, um den Einfluss der sieben verschiedenen Facetten von ME, die in Paper 1 identifiziert wurden, auf dieselben Outcomes zu untersuchen. Die folgenden ME-Facetten erklärten deren Varianz signifikant: ‘Akzeptierende, nicht-anhaftende Haltung gegenüber der eigenen Essenserfahrung‘ (ANA), ‘Essen in Abhängigkeit zum Gewahrsein der Magenfülle‘ (ERF), ‘Gewahrsein von Essmotiven- und -triggern‘ (ATM), ‘Nicht-reaktive Haltung‘ (NRS, d.h. eine beobachtende, nicht-impulsive Haltung gegenüber Essenstriggern). Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass diese ME-Facetten vielversprechend sein könnten, um a) die zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen von Achtsamkeit und MBPs im Kontext von Essen zu untersuchen und b) maladaptives Essverhalten direkt oder im Rahmen der Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen korrekt und gewinnbringend zu adressieren. Zur Beantwortung der vierten Forschungsfrage (Paper 3) wurde ein Training zu einer klar umschriebenen, isolierten Übung ('9 Hunger') auf der Grundlage der zuvor identifizierten ME-Facette ATM konzipiert, um deren potenziellen Zusammenhang mit Veränderungen im maladaptiven Essverhalten zu erforschen und sich so einem möglichen Wirkmechanismus anzunähern. Die Online-Studie wurde in Form einer randomisiert kontrollierten Studie (RCT) durchgeführt. Latent Change Scores (LCS) über drei Messzeitpunkte (vor dem Training, direkt nach dem Training und drei Monate später) wurden zwischen der Interventionsgruppe (n = 211) und einer Wartelisten-Kontrollgruppe (n = 188) verglichen. Es konnten kurz- und längerfristige Effekte des Trainings auf maladaptives Essverhaltens (emotionales Essen, externes Essen, Essen mit Kontrollverlust) und assoziierte Outcomes (intuitives Essen, achtsames Essen, Selbstmitgefühl, Wohlbefinden) gefunden werden. Die Ergebnisse dienen als vorläufige empirische Unterstützung des bislang nur theoretisch angenommenen Mechanismus, dass MPBs maladaptives Essverhalten und damit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen durch ein verbessertes, nicht-wertendes Gewahrsein unterschiedlicher Essmotiven und Trigger sowie deren Unterscheidung beeinflussen könnten. Die Integration der Ergebnisse erlaubte die Ableitung mehrere Vorschläge, wie ME zukünftige Interventionen für maladaptives Essverhalten bereichern könnte, um die Gesundheit im Allgemeinen sowie die Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu verbessern. Die Stärken der Dissertation (z. B. aufeinander aufbauende, spezifische Methodik, Vielfalt von Designs und Methoden, großer Stichprobenumfang) werden hervorgehoben. Die wichtigsten Einschränkungen, insbesondere in Bezug auf die Stichprobencharakteristika der inkludierten Studien (z.B. höheres Bildungsniveau, weniger Männer, selbst-selektiert) werden kritisch diskutiert, um Ideen und Notwendigkeiten für kommende Forschung abzuleiten (z.B. Einschluss multimodaler und multimethodaler Ansätze, klinischer Essstörungsstichproben und Jugendlichenstichproben), um die zukünftige Forschung zu ME und den zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen von MBPs im Kontext von maladaptivem Essverhalten und assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu verbessern. Diese Arbeit bereichert die aktuelle Forschung zu Achtsamkeit im Kontext von Essverhalten und assoziierten Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen, indem sie Grundlagenforschung zum Kern des Konstrukts ME liefert. Dabei stellt sie ein reliables und valides Instrument zur umfassenden Erfassung von ME in zukünftigen Studien sowie eine operationale Definition zur Verfügung. Die Ergebnisse auf der Ebene der ME-Facetten können von Forschung und Praxis genutzt werden, maladaptives Essverhalten in der Prävention und Behandlung angemessen zugeschnitten zu adressieren. Der vorläufig identifizierte Wirkmechanismus von ATM sollte in repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichproben und spezifischen klinischen Stichproben weiter untersucht werden, um die Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse in diesen Gruppen zu prüfen und eine breitere Anwendung des Konzepts in der Allgemeinbevölkerung sowie in spezifischen Gruppen mit Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen zu rechtfertigen. Zusammenfassend können die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit dazu beitragen, die Forschung zu ME und zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen auf eine stärker evidenzbasierte Grundlage zu stellen. Dieses Wissen kann genutzt werden, um künftige MBPs in Prävention und Behandlung von Ess- und Gewichtsstörungen entsprechend anzupassen. KW - mindful eating KW - mindfulness KW - eating behavior KW - achtsames Essen KW - Achtsamkeit KW - Essverhalten Y1 - 2024 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-634515 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schindke, Corinna A1 - Gisch, Ulrike Alexandra A1 - Gumz, Antje T1 - Wie sollte Yoga in der Therapie der Anorexia nervosa ausgeführt werden? T1 - How should yoga in Anorexia nervosa treatment be applied? BT - eine qualitative Pilotstudie zu hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien aus Sicht von Patientinnen BT - a qualitative perspective JF - Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik, medizinische Psychologie : PPmP ; Organ des Deutschen Kollegiums für Psychosomatische Medizin N2 - An altered interoception is a central correlate of anorexia nervosa (AN) and addressing this issue offers a promising approach in the treatment of AN. First results have shown the effectiveness of yoga as a body-focused intervention in the treatment of AN. However, to date there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the question how yoga strategies and yoga elements (postures, relaxation, breath, meditation) should be applied. Against this background, we conducted a qualitative pilot study with n = 6 female patients with AN undergoing treatment in a specialist unit supporting re-insertion subsequent to a preceding inpatient AN treatment. Study participants received a weekly one-hour hatha-yoga intervention over at least 12 weeks. After the yoga intervention, semi-structured interviews (1/2 to 1 hour) were conducted to assess the experiences of the study participants during the yoga intervention. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory. At the upper level of analysis, four categories were differentiated: information regarding 1) study participants' symptoms, 2) aspects of the setting experienced to be beneficial, 3) yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial and 4) perceived consequences of yoga strategies. With regard to the yoga strategies perceived to be beneficial, analyses revealed 4 subcategories: features of 1) postures and movements, 2) breath and meditation exercises, 3) relaxation exercises and 4) general information about the setting. The results give first indications regarding the conceptualization of yoga in the treatment of AN and potential mechanisms. Further qualitative and quantitative studies are needed, e.g., with regard to effectiveness, contraindications, mediators or moderators to better evaluate the potential of yoga in the treatment of AN. N2 - Eine veränderte Interozeption ist ein zentrales Korrelat der Anorexia nervosa (AN) und stellt einen potentiellen Ansatz in der Genesung der AN dar. Erste Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit von Yoga als körperorientierte Methode in der Therapie der AN sind vielversprechend. Dennoch liegen bislang unzureichende empirische Befunde bezüglich der Frage vor, auf welche Weise Yoga-Strategien und Yoga-Elemente wie Körperhaltungen, Entspannungs-, Atem-, und Meditationsübungen eingesetzt werden sollten. Vor diesem Hintergrund führten wir eine qualitative Pilotstudie mit einer Stichprobe von n=6 Patientinnen mit AN durch, die sich im Anschluss an eine klinische stationäre Behandlung in einer pädagogisch-therapeutischen Facheinrichtung der Jugend- und Eingliederungshilfe (SGB VIII/XII) befanden. Die Studienteilnehmerinnen erhielten eine einstündige Hatha-Yoga-Intervention über mindestens 12 Wochen. Nach der Yoga-Intervention wurden ½- bis 1-stündige halbstrukturierte Leitfadeninterviews zu den Erfahrungen mit den verwendeten Yoga-Strategien durchgeführt. Die Interviews wurden mittels Grounded Theory ausgewertet. Auf der obersten Analyseebene wurden 4 Kategorien differenziert: Angaben 1) zum Beschwerdebild der Studienteilnehmerinnen, 2) zu als hilfreich erlebten Elementen des therapeutischen Rahmens, 3) zu als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien sowie 4) zu subjektiv wahrgenommenen Konsequenzen der Yoga-Strategien. Bezüglich der als hilfreich erlebten Yoga-Strategien ergaben die Analysen 4 Subkategorien: Merkmale 1) der Bewegungselemente, 2) der Meditations- und Atemübungen, 3) der Entspannungsübungen sowie 4) allgemeine Hinweise zur Durchführung. Die Ergebnisse geben erste Hinweise für die Konzeption von Yoga in der Therapie der AN und zu potentiellen Wirkmechanismen. Weiterführende qualitative sowie quantitative Studien zu u. a. Wirksamkeit, Kontraindikationen oder Mediator- sowie Moderatorvariablen sind erforderlich, um das Potenzial von Yoga in der Therapie der AN noch besser bewerten zu können. KW - yoga KW - psychotherapy KW - eating disorders KW - anorexia nervosa KW - interoception KW - Psychotherapie KW - Essstörungen KW - Interozeption Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1390-4450 SN - 0937-2032 SN - 1439-1058 VL - 71 IS - 11 SP - 446 EP - 455 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - GEN A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 860 KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-557882 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms JF - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017 SN - 2451-9022 SN - 2451-9030 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 269 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - GEN A1 - Urbach, Tina A1 - Fay, Doris T1 - Leader member exchange in leaders' support for voice BT - good relationships matter in situations of power threat T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - While previous research underscores the role of leaders in stimulating employee voice behaviour, comparatively little is known about what affects leaders' support for such constructive but potentially threatening employee behaviours. We introduce leader member exchange quality (LMX) as a central predictor of leaders' support for employees' ideas for constructive change. Apart from a general benefit of high LMX for leaders' idea support, we propose that high LMX is particularly critical to leaders' idea support if the idea voiced by an employee constitutes a power threat to the leader. We investigate leaders' attribution of prosocial and egoistic employee intentions as mediators of these effects. Hypotheses were tested in a quasi-experimental vignette study (N = 160), in which leaders evaluated a simulated employee idea, and a field study (N = 133), in which leaders evaluated an idea that had been voiced to them at work. Results show an indirect effect of LMX on leaders' idea support via attributed prosocial intentions but not via attributed egoistic intentions, and a buffering effect of high LMX on the negative effect of power threat on leaders' idea support. Results differed across studies with regard to the main effect of LMX on idea support. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 842 KW - proactive personality KW - work KW - consequences KW - behavior KW - performance KW - model KW - trust KW - metaanalysis KW - antecedents KW - supervisors Y1 - 2021 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-510904 SN - 1866-8364 VL - 70 IS - 2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina T1 - Pathways from child sexual and physical abuse to sexual and physical intimate partner violence victimization through attitudes toward intimate partner violence T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Although many studies have shown that victims of child abuse have an increased vulnerability to revictimization in intimate relationships, the underlying mechanisms are not yet sufficiently well understood. Therefore, this study aimed at examining this relationship for both sexual and physical forms of violence as well as investigating the potential mediating role of attitudes toward sexual and physical intimate partner violence (IPV). Also, the potential moderating role of gender was explored. Sexual and physical child abuse and IPV victimization in adulthood as well as attitudes toward the respective form of IPV were assessed among 716 participants (448 female) in an online survey. The path analyses showed that child sexual abuse was positively linked to sexual IPV victimization among both women and men, whereas child physical abuse was positively associated with physical IPV victimization among women only. Furthermore, the relationship between both forms of child abuse and IPV victimization was mediated through more supportive attitudes toward the respective forms of IPV, but only among men. This study provides novel insights regarding the links between sexual and physical child abuse and revictimization in adulthood, suggesting that supporting attitudes toward IPV may be seen as vulnerability factor for revictimization. The moderating role of gender is especially discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 843 KW - child abuse KW - intimate partner violence KW - attitudes toward intimate partner violence KW - gender Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-543396 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Marchewka, Juliette A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression? BT - A methodological study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 844 KW - self-report measures KW - experiences survey KW - risk-factors KW - victimization KW - rape KW - assault KW - women KW - perpetration KW - reliability KW - responses Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Predicting adolescents’ self-objectification from sexualized video game and Instagram use BT - A longitudinal study T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - A growing body of research has demonstrated negative effects of sexualization in the media on adolescents' body image, but longitudinal studies and research including interactive and social media are scarce. The current study explored the longitudinal associations of adolescents' use of sexualized video games (SVG) and sexualized Instagram images (SII) with body image concerns. Specifically, our study examined relations between adolescents' SVG and SII use and appearance comparisons, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. A sample of 660 German adolescents (327 female, 333 male;M-age = 15.09 years) participated in two waves with an interval of 6 months. A structural equation model showed that SVG and SII use at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. Furthermore, SVG and SII use indirectly predicted both thin- and muscular-ideal internalization through appearance comparisons at Time 1. In turn, thin-ideal internalization at Time 1 predicted body surveillance indirectly via valuing appearance over competence at Time 2. The results indicate that sexualization in video games and on Instagram can play an important role in increasing body image concerns among adolescents. We discuss the findings with respect to objectification theory and the predictive value of including appearance comparisons in models explaining the relation between sexualized media and self-objectification. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 845 KW - social media KW - computer games KW - Sexualization KW - body image KW - self-objectification Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541992 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 9-10 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 846 KW - associations KW - numbers KW - habits KW - spaces Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-545457 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 6 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gleich, Tobias A1 - Spitta, Gianna A1 - Butler, Oisin A1 - Zacharias, Kristin A1 - Aydin, Semiha A1 - Sebold, Miriam A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schubert, Florian A1 - Buchert, Ralph A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Gallinat, Jürgen T1 - Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk BT - towards a dimensional approach JF - Addiction Biology N2 - Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future. KW - alcohol KW - D2/3 receptors KW - dependence KW - dopamine KW - high risk KW - PET Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12915 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chen, Hao A1 - Nebe, Stephan A1 - Mojtahedzadeh, Negin A1 - Kuitunen-Paul, Soren A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Huys, Quentin J. M. A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Smolka, Michael N. T1 - Susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is associated with early hazardous alcohol use T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) tasks examine the influence of Pavlovian stimuli on ongoing instrumental behaviour. Previous studies reported associations between a strong PIT effect, high-risk drinking and alcohol use disorder. This study investigated whether susceptibility to interference between Pavlovian and instrumental control is linked to risky alcohol use in a community sample of 18-year-old male adults. Participants (N = 191) were instructed to 'collect good shells' and 'leave bad shells' during the presentation of appetitive (monetary reward), aversive (monetary loss) or neutral Pavlovian stimuli. We compared instrumental error rates (ER) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) brain responses between the congruent and incongruent conditions, as well as among high-risk and low-risk drinking groups. On average, individuals showed a substantial PIT effect, that is, increased ER when Pavlovian cues and instrumental stimuli were in conflict compared with congruent trials. Neural PIT correlates were found in the ventral striatum and the dorsomedial and lateral prefrontal cortices (lPFC). Importantly, high-risk drinking was associated with a stronger behavioural PIT effect, a decreased lPFC response and an increased neural response in the ventral striatum on the trend level. Moreover, high-risk drinkers showed weaker connectivity from the ventral striatum to the lPFC during incongruent trials. Our study links interference during PIT to drinking behaviour in healthy, young adults. High-risk drinkers showed higher susceptibility to Pavlovian cues, especially when they conflicted with instrumental behaviour, indicating lower interference control abilities. Increased activity in the ventral striatum (bottom-up), decreased lPFC response (top-down), and their altered interplay may contribute to poor interference control in the high-risk drinkers. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 855 KW - high‐risk drinking KW - interference control KW - Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-569609 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kühne, Franziska A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - What do laypersons believe characterises a competent psychotherapist? T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Aim Although research and clinical definitions of psychotherapeutic competence have been proposed, less is known about the layperson perspective. The aim was to explore the views of individuals with different levels of psychotherapy experience regarding what-in their views-constitutes a competent therapist. Method In an online survey, 375 persons (64% female, mean age 33.24 years) with no experience, with professional experience, or with personal pre-experience with psychotherapy participated. To provide low-threshold questions, we first presented two qualitative items (i.e. "In your opinion, what makes a good/competent psychotherapist?"; "How do you recognize that a psychotherapist is not competent?") and analysed them using inductive content analysis techniques (Mayring, 2014). Then, we gave participants a 16-item questionnaire including items from previous surveys and from the literature and analysed them descriptively. Results Work-relatedprinciples, professionalism, personalitycharacteristics, caringcommunication, empathy and understandingwere important categories of competence. Concerning the quantitative questions, most participants agreed with items indicating that a therapist should be open, listen well, show empathy and behave responsibly. Conclusion Investigating layperson perspectives suggested that effective and professional interpersonal behaviour of therapists plays a central role in the public's perception of psychotherapy. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 857 KW - client preferences KW - expectancies KW - psychotherapeutic competencies KW - psychotherapy process KW - public involvement Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-544304 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Jacobs, Ingo A1 - Wollny, Anna A1 - Seidler, Juliana A1 - Wochatz, Germar T1 - A trait emotional intelligence perspective on schema modes T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Schema modes (ormodes) are a key concept in the theory underlying schema therapy. Modes have rarely been related to established models of personality traits. The present study thus investigates the associations between trait emotional intelligence (TEI) and 14 modes, and tests a global TEI-mode factors-general psychological distress mediation model. The study draws on self-report data from 173 inpatients from a German clinic for psychosomatic medicine. Global TEI correlated positively with both healthy modes (happy child and healthy adult) and negatively with 10 maladaptive modes. When modes were regressed on the four TEI factors, six (emotionality), five (well-being), four (sociability), and four (self-control) significant partial effects on 10 modes emerged. In the parallel mediation model, the mode factors internalization and compulsivity fully mediated the global TEI-general psychological distress link. Implications of the results for the integration of modes with traits in general and with TEI in particular as well as implications of low TEI as a transdiagnostic feature of personality malfunctioning are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 858 KW - externalization KW - internalization KW - level of personality functioning KW - mentalization KW - psychological distress KW - schema modes KW - trait emotional intelligence Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-541857 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 2 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Changing cognitive risk factors for sexual aggression BT - Risky sexual scripts, low sexual self-esteem, perception of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Sexual aggression is a problem among college students worldwide, and a growing body of research has identified variables associated with an increased risk of victimization and perpetration. Among these, sexuality-related cognitions, such as sexual scripts, sexual self-esteem, perceived realism of pornography, and acceptance of sexual coercion, play a major role. The current experimental study aimed to show that these cognitive risk factors of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are amenable to change, which is a critical condition for evidence-based intervention efforts. College students in Germany (N = 324) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a treatment group designed to change participants' sexual scripts for consensual sex with regard to the role of alcohol consumption, casual sex, and ambiguous communication of sexual intentions as risk factors for sexual aggression (EG1), a treatment group designed to promote sexual self-esteem, challenge the perceived realism of pornography, and reduce the acceptance of sexual coercion (EG2), and a non-treatment control group (CG). Baseline (T1), post-experimental (T2), and follow-up (T3) measures were taken across an eight-week period. Sexual scripts contained fewer risk factors for sexual aggression in EG1 than in EG2 and CG at T3. Sexual self-esteem was enhanced in EG2 at T2 relative to the other two groups. Acceptance of sexual coercion was lower in EG2 than in EG1 and CG at T2 and T3. No effect was found for perceived realism of pornography. The findings are discussed in terms of targeting cognitive risk factors as a basis for intervention programs. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 859 KW - sexual aggression KW - sexual scripts KW - sexual self-esteem KW - sexual coercion KW - college students Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549072 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3-4 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Moore, Matthew A1 - Berggren, Nick A1 - de Gelder, Beatrice A1 - Derakshan, Nazanin A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Koster, Ernst H. W. A1 - Ladouceur, Cecile D. A1 - Okon-Singer, Hadas A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions BT - From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with the Human Affectome Project's emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were discussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory, (3) Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 862 KW - emotion KW - attention KW - perception KW - learning and memory KW - individual differences KW - training interventions KW - psychophysiology KW - neuroimaging KW - affective neuroscience KW - health and well-being KW - linguistics Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-516213 SN - 1866-8364 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Moore, Matthew A1 - Berggren, Nick A1 - de Gelder, Beatrice A1 - Derakshan, Nazanin A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Koster, Ernst H. W. A1 - Ladouceur, Cecile D. A1 - Okon-Singer, Hadas A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions BT - From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions JF - Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews N2 - Due to their ability to capture attention, emotional stimuli tend to benefit from enhanced perceptual processing, which can be helpful when such stimuli are task-relevant but hindering when they are task-irrelevant. Altered emotion-attention interactions have been associated with symptoms of affective disturbances, and emerging research focuses on improving emotion-attention interactions to prevent or treat affective disorders. In line with the Human Affectome Project's emphasis on linguistic components, we also analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation. These terms were discussed within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of (1) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Perception, (2) Emotion-Attention Interactions in Learning and Memory, (3) Individual Differences in Emotion-Attention Interactions, and (4) Training and Interventions to Optimize Emotion-Attention Interactions. This comprehensive approach enabled an integrative overview of the current knowledge regarding the mechanisms of emotion-attention interactions at multiple levels of analysis, and identification of emerging directions for future investigations. KW - emotion KW - attention KW - perception KW - learning and memory KW - individual differences KW - training interventions KW - psychophysiology KW - neuroimaging KW - affective neuroscience KW - health and well-being KW - linguistics Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017 SN - 0149-7634 SN - 1873-7528 VL - 108 SP - 559 EP - 601 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Köster, Moritz A1 - Kayhan, Ezgi A1 - Langeloh, Miriam A1 - Hoehl, Stefanie T1 - Making sense of the world BT - Infant learning from a predictive processing perspective T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - For human infants, the first years after birth are a period of intense exploration-getting to understand their own competencies in interaction with a complex physical and social environment. In contemporary neuroscience, the predictive-processing framework has been proposed as a general working principle of the human brain, the optimization of predictions about the consequences of one's own actions, and sensory inputs from the environment. However, the predictive-processing framework has rarely been applied to infancy research. We argue that a predictive-processing framework may provide a unifying perspective on several phenomena of infant development and learning that may seem unrelated at first sight. These phenomena include statistical learning principles, infants' motor and proprioceptive learning, and infants' basic understanding of their physical and social environment. We discuss how a predictive-processing perspective can advance the understanding of infants' early learning processes in theory, research, and application. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 864 KW - cognition KW - infant development KW - neuroscience KW - perception KW - social cognition Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-513717 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Köster, Moritz A1 - Kayhan, Ezgi A1 - Langeloh, Miriam A1 - Hoehl, Stefanie T1 - Making sense of the world BT - Infant learning from a predictive processing perspective JF - Perspectives on Psychological Science N2 - For human infants, the first years after birth are a period of intense exploration-getting to understand their own competencies in interaction with a complex physical and social environment. In contemporary neuroscience, the predictive-processing framework has been proposed as a general working principle of the human brain, the optimization of predictions about the consequences of one's own actions, and sensory inputs from the environment. However, the predictive-processing framework has rarely been applied to infancy research. We argue that a predictive-processing framework may provide a unifying perspective on several phenomena of infant development and learning that may seem unrelated at first sight. These phenomena include statistical learning principles, infants' motor and proprioceptive learning, and infants' basic understanding of their physical and social environment. We discuss how a predictive-processing perspective can advance the understanding of infants' early learning processes in theory, research, and application. KW - cognition KW - infant development KW - neuroscience KW - perception KW - social cognition Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619895071 SN - 1745-6916 SN - 1745-6924 VL - 15 IS - 3 SP - 562 EP - 571 PB - Sage CY - London ER - TY - GEN A1 - Backhaus, Daniel A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne T1 - Task-dependence in scene perception: Head unrestrained viewing using mobile eye-tracking T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Real-world scene perception is typically studied in the laboratory using static picture viewing with restrained head position. Consequently, the transfer of results obtained in this paradigm to real-word scenarios has been questioned. The advancement of mobile eye-trackers and the progress in image processing, however, permit a more natural experimental setup that, at the same time, maintains the high experimental control from the standard laboratory setting. We investigated eye movements while participants were standing in front of a projector screen and explored images under four specific task instructions. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile eye-tracking device and raw gaze data were transformed from head-centered into image-centered coordinates. We observed differences between tasks in temporal and spatial eye-movement parameters and found that the bias to fixate images near the center differed between tasks. Our results demonstrate that current mobile eye-tracking technology and a highly controlled design support the study of fine-scaled task dependencies in an experimental setting that permits more natural viewing behavior than the static picture viewing paradigm. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 871 KW - scene viewing KW - real-world scenarios KW - mobile eye-tracking KW - task influence KW - central fixation bias Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-519124 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 5 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Reich, Stefanie A1 - Wagener, Nina A1 - Hösch, Ingrid A1 - Ihle, Wolfgang A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - PoKI: Potsdamer Kinder-Interview für 6- bis 12-Jährige BT - Manual Y1 - 2017 UR - https://www.testzentrale.de/shop/potsdamer-kinder-interview-fuer-6-bis-12-jaehrige.html PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - THES A1 - Roth-Rawald, Julia T1 - Krankheitsängste in verschiedenen Populationen und die Effektivität ambulanter Verhaltenstheraphie Y1 - 2023 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gumbsch, Christian A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Butz, Martin V. T1 - Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference JF - Cognitive science N2 - From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants. KW - Infancy KW - Goal-anticipatory gaze KW - Computational model KW - Event cognition KW - Active inference Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13016 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 45 IS - 8 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arkes, Hal R. A1 - Aberegg, Scott K. A1 - Arpin, Kevin A. T1 - Analysis of physicians' probability estimates of a medical outcome based on a sequence of events JF - JAMA network open / American Medical Association N2 - IMPORTANCE The probability of a conjunction of 2 independent events is the product of the probabilities of the 2 components and therefore cannot exceed the probability of either component; violation of this basic law is called the conjunction fallacy. A common medical decision-making scenario involves estimating the probability of a final outcome resulting from a sequence of independent events; however, little is known about physicians' ability to accurately estimate the overall probability of success in these situations. OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether physicians are able to correctly estimate the overall probability of a medical outcome resulting from 2 independent events. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This survey study consisted of 3 separate substudies, in which 215 physicians were asked via internet-based survey to estimate the probability of success of each of 2 components of a diagnostic or prognostic sequence as well as the overall probability of success of the 2-step sequence. Substudy 1 was performed from April 2 to 4, 2021, substudy 2 from November 2 toll, 2021, and substudy 3 from May 13 to 19, 2021. All physicians were board certified or board eligible in the primary specialty germane to the substudy (ie, obstetrics and gynecology for substudies land 3 and pulmonology for substudy 2), were recruited from a commercial survey service, and volunteered to participate in the study. EXPOSURES Case scenarios presented in an online survey. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Respondents were asked to provide their demographic information in addition to 3 probability estimates. The first substudy included a scenario describing a brow presentation discovered during labor; the 2 conjuncts were the probabilities that the brow presentation would resolve and that the delivery would be vaginal. The second substudy involved a diagnostic evaluation of an incidentally discovered pulmonary nodule; the 2 conjuncts were the probabilities that the patient had a malignant condition and that a technically successful transthoracic needle biopsy would reveal a malignant condition. The third substudy included a modification of the first substudy in an attempt to debias the conjunction fallacy prevalent in the first substudy. Respondents' own probability estimates of the individual events were used to calculate the mathematically correct conjunctive probability. RESULTS Among 215 respondents, the mean (SD) age was 54.0 (9.5) years; 142 respondents (66.0%) were male. Data on race and ethnicity were not collected. A total of 168 physicians (78.1%) estimated the probability of the 2-step sequence to be greater than the probability of at least 1 of the 2 component events. Compared with the product of their 2 estimated components, respondents overestimated the combined probability by 12.8% (95% CI, 9.6%-16.1%; P < .001) in substudy 1, 19.8% (95% Cl, 16.6%-23.0%; P < .001) in substudy 2, and 18.0% (95% CI, 13.4%-22.5%; P < .001) in substudy 3, results that were mathematically incoherent (ie, formally illogical and mathematically incorrect). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this survey study of 215 physicians, respondents consistently overestimated the combined probability of 2 events compared with the probability calculated from their own estimates of the individual events. This biased estimation, consistent with the conjunction fallacy, may have substantial implications for diagnostic and prognostic decision-making. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.18804 SN - 2574-3805 VL - 5 IS - 6 PB - American Veterinary Medical Association CY - Chicago ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mioni, Giovanna A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel T1 - Heuristics and biases in the mental manipulation of magnitudes BT - Evidence from length and time production JF - Quarterly journal of experimental psychology / published in association with Experimental Psychology Society N2 - There is a debate about whether and why we overestimate addition and underestimate subtraction results (Operational Momentum or OM effect). Spatial-attentional accounts of OM compete with a model which postulates that OM reflects a weighted combination of multiple arithmetic heuristics and biases (AHAB). This study addressed this debate with the theoretically diagnostic distinction between zero problems (e.g., 3 + 0, 3 - 0) and non-zero problems (e.g., 2 + 1, 4 - 1) because AHAB, in contrast to all other accounts, uniquely predicts reverse OM for the latter problem type. In two tests (line-length production and time production), participants indeed produced shorter lines and under-estimated time intervals in non-zero additions compared with subtractions. This predicted interaction between operation and problem type extends OM to non-spatial magnitudes and highlights the strength of AHAB regarding different problem types and modalities during the mental manipulation of magnitudes. They also suggest that OM reflects methodological details, whereas reverse OM is the more representative behavioural signature of mental arithmetic. KW - Heuristics and biases KW - mental arithmetic KW - operational momentum KW - SNARC KW - effect Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021820967663 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 536 EP - 547 PB - SAGE Publishing CY - Thousand Oaks, CA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Boyadzhieva, Asena A1 - Kayhan, Ezgi T1 - Keeping the breath in mind BT - respiration, neural oscillations, and the free energy principle JF - Frontiers in neuroscience / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation. KW - interoception KW - respiration-entrained neural oscillations KW - controlled KW - breathing KW - free-energy principle KW - self-regulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2021.647579 SN - 1662-453X VL - 15 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miklashevsky, Alex A1 - Kulkova, Elena A1 - Michirev, Alexej A1 - Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A. A1 - Bertonatti, Matias T1 - Book review on: Raab, Markus: Judgment, decision-making, and embodied choices. - London ; San Diego ; Cambridge, MA ; Oxford: Academic Press, 2020. - xv, 155 pages. - ISBN: 978-0-12-823523-2 JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - embodied cognition KW - decision making KW - embodied choice KW - book review KW - mind-body Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.665728 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Teen dating violence BT - from analyzing the problem to finding solutions T2 - New directions for child and adolescent development Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20441 SN - 1534-8687 SN - 1520-3247 VL - 178 IS - Special Issue: Prevalence and predictors of teen dating violence: a European perspective SP - 169 EP - 175 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, New Jersey ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Lago, Sol A1 - Schad, Daniel T1 - Divergence point analyses of visual world data BT - applications to bilingual research JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Much work has shown that differences in the timecourse of language processing are central to comparing native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers. However, estimating the onset of experimental effects in timecourse data presents several statistical problems including multiple comparisons and autocorrelation. We compare several approaches to tackling these problems and illustrate them using an L1-L2 visual world eye-tracking dataset. We then present a bootstrapping procedure that allows not only estimation of an effect onset, but also of a temporal confidence interval around this divergence point. We describe how divergence points can be used to demonstrate timecourse differences between speaker groups or between experimental manipulations, two important issues in evaluating L2 processing accounts. We discuss possible extensions of the bootstrapping procedure, including determining divergence points for individual speakers and correlating them with individual factors like L2 exposure and proficiency. Data and an analysis tutorial are available at https://osf.io/exbmk/. KW - divergence point analyses KW - non-parametric approaches KW - bootstrapping KW - visual world eye-tracking KW - bilingualism Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000607 SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 5 SP - 833 EP - 841 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eiserbeck, Anna A1 - Enge, Alexander A1 - Rabovsky, Milena A1 - Abdel Rahman, Rasha T1 - Electrophysiological chronometry of graded consciousness during the attentional blink JF - Cerebral cortex N2 - One of the ongoing debates about visual consciousness is whether it can be considered as an all-or-none or a graded phenomenon. While there is increasing evidence for the existence of graded states of conscious awareness based on paradigms such as visual masking, only little and mixed evidence is available for the attentional blink paradigm, specifically in regard to electrophysiological measures. Thereby, the all-or-none pattern reported in some attentional blink studies might have originated from specifics of the experimental design, suggesting the need to examine the generalizability of results. In the present event-related potential (ERP) study (N = 32), visual awareness of T2 face targets was assessed via subjective visibility ratings on a perceptual awareness scale in combination with ERPs time-locked to T2 onset (components P1, N1, N2, and P3). Furthermore, a classification task preceding visibility ratings allowed to track task performance. The behavioral results indicate a graded rather than an all-or-none pattern of visual awareness. Corresponding graded differences in the N1, N2, and P3 components were observed for the comparison of visibility levels. These findings suggest that conscious perception during the attentional blink can occur in a graded fashion. KW - attentional blink KW - consciousness KW - event-related potentials KW - neural KW - correlates of consciousness KW - perceptual awareness scale Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhab289 SN - 1047-3211 SN - 1460-2199 VL - 32 IS - 6 SP - 1244 EP - 1259 PB - Oxford University Press CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - D'Ascenzo, Stefania A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Lugli, Luisa T1 - Number to me, space to you BT - joint representation of spatial-numerical associations JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - Recent work has shown that number concepts activate both spatial and magnitude representations. According to the social co-representation literature which has shown that participants typically represent task components assigned to others together with their own, we asked whether explicit magnitude meaning and explicit spatial coding must be present in a single mind, or can be distributed across two minds, to generate a spatial-numerical congruency effect. In a shared go/no-go task that eliminated peripheral spatial codes, we assigned explicit magnitude processing to participants and spatial processing to either human or non-human co-agents. The spatial-numerical congruency effect emerged only with human co-agents. We demonstrate an inter-personal level of conceptual congruency between space and number that arises from a shared conceptual representation not contaminated by peripheral spatial codes. Theoretical implications of this finding for numerical cognition are discussed. KW - Social co-representation KW - Conceptual congruency effect KW - Numerical KW - cognition KW - SNARC effect Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-02013-9 SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 485 EP - 491 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Gumbsch, Christian A1 - Butz, Martin V. A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - The impact of action effects on infants’ predictive gaze shifts for a non-human grasping action at 7, 11, and 18 months JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - During the observation of goal-directed actions, infants usually predict the goal at an earlier age when the agent is familiar (e.g., human hand) compared to unfamiliar (e.g., mechanical claw). These findings implicate a crucial role of the developing agentive self for infants' processing of others' action goals. Recent theoretical accounts suggest that predictive gaze behavior relies on an interplay between infants' agentive experience (top-down processes) and perceptual information about the agent and the action-event (bottom-up information; e.g., agency cues). The present study examined 7-, 11-, and 18-month-old infants' predictive gaze behavior for a grasping action performed by an unfamiliar tool, depending on infants' age-related action knowledge about tool-use and the display of the agency cue of producing a salient action effect. The results are in line with the notion of a systematic interplay between experience-based top-down processes and cue-based bottom-up information: Regardless of the salient action effect, predictive gaze shifts did not occur in the 7-month-olds (least experienced age group), but did occur in the 18-month-olds (most experienced age group). In the 11-month-olds, however, predictive gaze shifts occurred only when a salient action effect was presented. This sheds new light on how the developing agentive self, in interplay with available agency cues, supports infants' action-goal prediction also for observed tool-use actions. KW - infancy KW - predictive gaze behavior KW - eye tracking KW - tool-use actions KW - agency cues KW - developing agentive self KW - non-human grasping Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.695550 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Schrijver, Lotte A1 - Fomenko, Elizaveta A1 - Krahe, Barbara A1 - Roelens, Kristien A1 - Vander Beken, Tom A1 - Keygnaert, Ines T1 - Minority Identity, Othering-Based Stress, and Sexual Violence JF - International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH N2 - Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4632 persons, of whom 21.01% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by minority identification but linked to the socio-demographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple-minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single-minority respondents. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pan-/omnisexual, asexual, and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact. KW - sexual orientation KW - poverty KW - minority health KW - sexual and gender-based KW - violence KW - rape Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074221 SN - 1661-7827 SN - 1660-4601 VL - 19 IS - 7 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Butkovic, Ana A1 - Galesic, Mirta T1 - Relationship between COVID-19 threat beliefs and individual differences in demographics, personality, and related beliefs JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Individual differences in demographics, personality, and other related beliefs are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) threat beliefs. However, the relative contributions of these different types of individual differences to COVID-19 threat beliefs are not known. In this study, a total of 1,700 participants in Croatia (68% female; age 18-86 years) completed a survey that included questions about COVID-19 risks, questions about related beliefs including vaccination beliefs, trust in the health system, trust in scientists, and trust in the political system, the HEXACO 60 personality inventory, as well as demographic questions about gender, age, chronic diseases, and region. We used hierarchical regression analyses to examine the proportion of variance explained by demographics, personality, and other related beliefs. All three types of individual differences explained a part of the variance of COVID-19 threat beliefs, with related beliefs explaining the largest part. Personality facets explained a slightly larger amount of variance than personality factors. These results have implications for communication about COVID-19. KW - COVID-19 threat beliefs KW - individual differences KW - personality KW - trust; KW - vaccination Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.831199 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 13 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Zeissig, Anke A1 - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig T1 - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents BT - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena JF - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal N2 - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research. KW - hate speech KW - bullying KW - adolescents KW - children KW - youth KW - systematic review Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 2598 EP - 2615 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Hansen, Detlef T1 - Profiling linguistic disability in German-speaking children JF - Assessing Grammar : the Languages of LARSP Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-1-8476-9639-7 U6 - https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847696397-007 SP - 77 EP - 91 PB - Multilingual Matters CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Asselmann, Eva A1 - Holst, Elke A1 - Specht, Jule T1 - Longitudinal bidirectional associations between personality and becoming a leader JF - Journal of personality N2 - Objective Leaders differ in their personalities from non-leaders. However, when do these differences emerge? Are leaders "born to be leaders" or does their personality change in preparation for a leadership role and due to increasing leadership experience? Method Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, we examined personality differences between leaders (N = 2683 leaders, women: n = 967; 36.04%) and non-leaders (N = 33,663) as well as personality changes before and after becoming a leader. Results Already in the years before starting a leadership position, leaders-to-be were more extraverted, open, emotionally stable, conscientious, and willing to take risks, felt to have greater control, and trusted others more than non-leaders. Moreover, personality changed in emergent leaders: While approaching a leadership position, leaders-to-be (especially men) became gradually more extraverted, open, and willing to take risks and felt to have more control over their life. After becoming a leader, they became less extraverted, less willing to take risks, and less conscientious but gained self-esteem. Conclusions Our findings suggest that people are not simply "born to be leaders" but that their personalities change considerably in preparation for a leadership role and due to leadership experience. Some changes are transient, but others last for a long time. KW - Big Five KW - development KW - leadership KW - manager KW - occupational success Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12719 SN - 0022-3506 SN - 1467-6494 VL - 91 IS - 2 SP - 285 EP - 298 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Boston, Mass. [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulze, Susanne A1 - Merz, Sibille A1 - Thier, Anne A1 - Tallarek, Marie A1 - König, Franziska A1 - Uhlenbrock, Greta A1 - Nübling, Matthias A1 - Lincke, Hans-Joachim A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Spallek, Jacob A1 - Holmberg, Christine T1 - Psychosocial burden in nurses working in nursing homes during the Covid-19 pandemic BT - a cross-sectional study with quantitative and qualitative data JF - BMC health services research N2 - Background The Covid-19 pandemic led to increased work-related strain and psychosocial burden in nurses worldwide, resulting in high prevalences of mental health problems. Nurses in long-term care facilities seem to be especially affected by the pandemic. Nevertheless, there are few findings indicating possible positive changes for health care workers. Therefore, we investigated which psychosocial burdens and potential positive aspects nurses working in long-term care facilities experience during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods We conducted a mixed-methods study among nurses and nursing assistants working in nursing homes in Germany. The survey contained the third German version of the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ III). Using Welch's t-tests, we compared the COPSOQ results of our sample against a pre-pandemic reference group of geriatric nurses from Germany. Additionally, we conducted semi-structured interviews with geriatric nurses with a special focus on psychosocial stress, to reach a deeper understanding of their experiences on work-related changes and burdens during the pandemic. Data were analysed using thematic coding (Braun and Clarke). Results Our survey sample (n = 177) differed significantly from the pre-pandemic reference group in 14 out of 31 COPSOQ scales. Almost all of these differences indicated negative changes. Our sample scored significantly worse regarding the scales 'quantitative demands', 'hiding emotions', 'work-privacy conflicts', 'role conflicts', 'quality of leadership', 'support at work', 'recognition', 'physical demands', 'intention to leave profession', 'burnout', 'presenteeism' and 'inability to relax'. The interviews (n = 15) revealed six main themes related to nurses' psychosocial stress: 'overall working conditions', 'concern for residents', 'management of relatives', 'inability to provide terminal care', 'tensions between being infected and infecting others' and 'technicisation of care'. 'Enhanced community cohesion' (interviews), 'meaning of work' and 'quantity of social relations' (COPSOQ III) were identified as positive effects of the pandemic. Conclusions Results clearly illustrate an aggravation of geriatric nurses' situation and psychosocial burden and only few positive changes due to the Covid-19 pandemic. Pre-existing hardships seem to have further deteriorated and new stressors added to nurses' strain. The perceived erosion of care, due to an overemphasis of the technical in relation to the social and emotional dimensions of care, seems to be especially burdensome to geriatric nurses. KW - COPSOQ KW - Nurses KW - Nursing home KW - Psychosocial burden KW - Mixed-methods study KW - Covid-19 Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-022-08333-3 SN - 1472-6963 VL - 22 IS - 1 PB - BMC CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ekatushabe, Margaret A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich T1 - Relations between perceived teacher’s autonomy support, cognitive appraisals and boredom in physics learning among lower secondary school students JF - International journal of STEM education N2 - Background Boredom during learning activities has the potential of impeding attention, motivation, learning and eventually achievement. Yet, research focusing on its possible antecedents seems to have received less attention especially within the physics domain. Based on assumptions of the Control Value Theory of Achievement Emotions (CVTAE), this study aimed at examining gender differences and structural relationships between students' reported perceived teacher autonomy support (PTAS), cognitive appraisals (self-efficacy and task value) and learning-related boredom in physics. A sample of 375 (56% females) randomly selected 9(th) grade students (mean age = 15.03 years; SD = 1.02) from five secondary schools in Masaka district of Uganda took part in the study. Results Data collected from students' self-reports using standardised instruments revealed that higher levels of PTAS, self-efficacy, and task value were significantly associated with lower levels of boredom during physics learning. Females reported significantly greater task value for learning physics than the males. Self-efficacy (beta = - .10, p < .05) and task value (beta = - .09, p < .01) partially mediated the relationship between PTAS and boredom. PTAS showed significant direct negative contributions to boredom (beta = - .34, p < .001). Conclusion These findings provide support for theory and practice about the importance of promoting autonomy among students by adjusting instructional behaviours among teachers of physics. Teacher autonomy supportive behaviours influence formation of students' beliefs about ability, subjective value and learning-related boredom in physics. Implications and suggestions for further research are also discussed in this paper. KW - Teacher autonomy support KW - Cognitive appraisals KW - Self-efficacy KW - Task KW - value KW - Boredom KW - Gender KW - Physics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-021-00272-5 SN - 2196-7822 VL - 8 IS - 1 PB - SpringerOpen CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kawasaki, Yui A1 - Akamatsu, Rie A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko A1 - Omori, Mika A1 - Sugawara, Masumi A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki T1 - Later chronotype is associated with unhealthful plant-based diet quality in young Japanese women JF - Appetite : multidisciplinary research on eating and drinking N2 - Background: Having a late chronotype, that is, the tendency to go to sleep and wake up at later hours, influences an individual's physical and mental health. Despite a few studies noting the association of chronotype with healthy dietary patterns, this relationship remains unclear. Purpose: This study aimed to describe the association of chronotype with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality in female Japanese undergraduate students. Design: Cross-sectional. Participants and setting: A total of 218 female university students in Tokyo, Japan. Main outcome measures: Healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary index-Japanese version (hPDI-J and uPDIJ), calculated using the validated brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire. Statistical analyses performed: A five-model stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was conducted. Independent variables were hPDI-J and uPDI-J scores, and dependent variables were various lifestyle habits related to the circadian rhythm and demographic characteristics. Results: Mean (standard deviation) sleep duration, midpoint of sleep, sleep latency time, and social jetlag were 411 (60) min, 03:56 (00:57), 21 (27) min, and 50 (39) min, respectively. Chronotype and several variables, such as residential status, energy and alcohol intake, and nutritional knowledge, were associated with healthful and unhealthful plant-based diet quality. Individuals who had higher hPDI-J scores were more likely to have an earlier chronotype (13 = -0.168, P = 0.019) and better nutritional knowledge (13 = 0.164, P = 0.022) than those with lower hPDI-J scores. Individuals were more likely to have higher uPDI-J scores if they were living alone (13 = -0.301, P < 0.001), had a later chronotype (13 = 0.181, P = 0.001), higher frequency of snacking (13 = 0.164, P = 0.019), lower total energy (13 = -0.445, P < 0.001), and worse nutritional knowledge (13 = -0.172, P = 0.001). Conclusion: This study provided new evidence as to the relationship between sleep and dietary habits, the interaction of which may affect women's health. KW - Chronotype KW - Plant-based diet KW - Sustainability KW - University students KW - Female Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105468 SN - 0195-6663 SN - 1095-8304 VL - 166 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Semantic preview benefit and cost BT - evidence from parafoveal fast-priming paradigm JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - How is semantic information in the mental lexicon accessed and selected during reading? Readers process information of both the foveal and parafoveal words. Recent eye-tracking studies hint at bi-phasic lexical activation dynamics, demonstrating that semantically related parafoveal previews can either facilitate, or interfere with lexical processing of target words in comparison to unrelated previews, with the size and direction of the effect depending on exposure time to parafoveal previews. However, evidence to date is only correlational, because exposure time was determined by participants' pre-target fixation durations. Here we experimentally controlled parafoveal preview exposure duration using a combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms. We manipulated preview duration and examined the time course of parafoveal semantic activation during the oral reading of Chinese sentences in three experiments. Semantic previews led to faster lexical access of target words than unrelated previews only when the previews were presented briefly (80 ms in Experiments 1 and 3). Longer exposure time (100 ms or 150 ms) eliminated semantic preview effects, and full preview without duration limit resulted in preview cost, i.e., a reversal of preview benefit. Our results indicate that high-level semantic information can be obtained from parafoveal words and the size and direction of the parafoveal semantic effect depends on the level of lexical activation. KW - parafoveal KW - oral reading KW - Chinese KW - semantic preview cost Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104452 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 205 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bertok, Eva A1 - Meško, Gorazd A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina ED - Schuster, Isabell ED - Tomaszewska, Paulina T1 - Physical teen dating violence in high school students in Slovenia BT - prevalence and correlates JF - New directions for child and adolescent development N2 - Although teen dating violence (TDV) is internationally recognized as a serious threat to adolescents' health and well-being, almost no data is available for Slovenian youth. Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and predictors of TDV among Slovenian adolescents for the first time. Using data from the SPMAD study (Study of Parental Monitoring and Adolescent Delinquency), 330 high school students were asked about physical TDV victimization and perpetration as well as about their dating history, relationship conflicts, peers' antisocial behavior, and informal social control by family and school. A substantial number of female andmale adolescents reported victimization (16.7% of female and 12.7% of male respondents) and perpetration (21.1% of female and 6.0% of male respondents). Furthermore, the results revealed that lower age at the first relationship, relationship conflicts, and school informal social control were associated with victimization, whereas being female, relationship conflicts, having antisocial peers, and family informal social control were linked to perpetration. Implications of the study findings were discussed. KW - dating aggression KW - Slovenia KW - teen dating violence KW - victimization KW - youth Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20436 SN - 1534-8687 VL - 178 SP - 59 EP - 77 PB - Jossey-Bass CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rabovsky, Milena A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Abdel Rahman, Rasha T1 - Semantic richness and density effects on language production BT - Electrophysiological and behavioral evidence JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Language production ultimately aims to convey meaning. Yet words differ widely in the richness and density of their semantic representations, and these differences impact conceptual and lexical processes during speech planning. Here, we replicated the recent finding that semantic richness, measured as the number of associated semantic features according to semantic feature production norms, facilitates object naming. In contrast, intercorrelational semantic feature density, measured as the degree of intercorrelation of a concept's features, presumably resulting in the coactivation of closely related concepts, has an inhibitory influence. We replicated the behavioral effects and investigated their relative time course and electrophysiological correlates. Both the facilitatory effect of high semantic richness and the inhibitory influence of high feature density were reflected in an increased posterior positivity starting at about 250 ms, in line with previous reports of posterior positivities in paradigms employing contextual manipulations to induce semantic interference during language production. Furthermore, amplitudes at the same posterior electrode sites were positively correlated with object naming times between about 230 and 380 ms. The observed effects follow naturally from the assumption of conceptual facilitation and simultaneous lexical competition and are difficult to explain by language production theories dismissing lexical competition. KW - picture naming KW - ERPs KW - semantic richness KW - semantic features KW - lexical KW - competition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000940 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 47 IS - 3 SP - 508 EP - 517 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Schneider, Paula A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (TAVNS) on interoception T2 - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research KW - Interoception KW - Neurostimulation KW - Heart Rate Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13928 SN - 1469-8986 VL - 58 SP - S58 EP - S58 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lohse, Karoline A1 - Hildebrandt, Andrea A1 - Hildebrandt, Frauke T1 - Hypotheses in adult-child interactions stimulate children's reasoning and verbalizations JF - Early childhood research quarterly N2 - Adult-child interactions can support children's development and are established as predictors of program quality in early childhood settings. However, the linguistic components that constitute positive interactions have not yet been studied in detail. This study investigates the effects of hypotheses proposed by adults on children's responses in a dyadic picture-book viewing situation. In 2 experiments, adults' use of hypotheses (e.g., "Maybe this is a dwarf's door") was tested against the use of instructive statements ("This is a dwarf's door") and in combination with open questions ("What do you think, why is the door so small?"). In Experiment 1, hypotheses differed from instructions only by the modal marker "maybe". Children's responses to hypotheses were longer and contained more self-generated explanations as compared to responses to instructions. The use of hypotheses also seemed to encourage children to attach more importance to their own explanations. In Experiment 2, combining hypotheses with open-ended why questions elicited longer responses but no more self-generated explanations in children than openended questions alone. Results indicate that subtle differences in adults' utterances can directly influence children's reasoning and children's contributions to dialogues. KW - adult-child interactions KW - sustained shared thinking KW - hypotheses KW - open KW - questions Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.09.014 SN - 0885-2006 VL - 58 SP - 254 EP - 263 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Spinath, Birgit A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - How-to für M.Sc. Psychologie-Studiengänge BT - Empfehlungen und Ressourcen BT - Recommendations and resources JF - Psychologische Rundschau : offizielles Organ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie N2 - Aufgrund der Neuregelung der Psychotherapieausbildung dürften derzeit an fast allen Psychologie-Ausbildungsstandorten die Beratungen über zukünftige Masterstudiengänge in vollem Gang sein. Da die Ausgestaltung der Studiengänge für unser Fach von großer Bedeutung ist, haben DGPs und Fakultätentag zahlreiche Empfehlungen gegeben, die dazu beitragen sollen, dass sich das Psychologie-Studium auch zukünftig an geteilten Standards orientiert. Basierend auf Beratungen in der DGPs-Kommission „Studium und Lehre“ stellt der vorliegende Beitrag die zentralen Empfehlungen und Ressourcen in übersichtlicher Form zusammen und liefert so ein How-to für die Konzeption psychologischer Masterstudiengänge. Gleichzeitig werden die wichtigsten Argumente für die Empfehlungen dargelegt. T2 - How-to for M.Sc. Psychology Courses Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0033-3042/a000538 SN - 0033-3042 SN - 2190-6238 VL - 72 IS - 2 SP - 150 EP - 153 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba T1 - The Relationship between Motivation for, and Interest in, Learning Physics among Lower Secondary School Students in Uganda JF - African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education N2 - Motivation and interest affect students' learning especially in Physics, a subject learners perceive as abstract. The present study was guided by three objectives: (a) to adapt and validate the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II) for the Ugandan context; (b) to examine whether there are significant differences in motivation for learning Physics with respect to students' gender; and (c) to establish the extent to which students' interest predicts their motivation to learn Physics. The sample comprised 374 randomly selected students from five schools in central Uganda who responded to anonymous questionnaires that included scales from the SMQ-II and the Individual Interest Questionnaire. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses, t-tests and structural equation modelling in SPSS-25 and Mplus-8. The five-factor model solution of the SMQ-II fitted adequately with the present data, with deletion of one item. The modified SMQ-II exhibited invariant factor loadings and intercepts (i.e. strong measurement invariance) when administered to boys and girls. Furthermore, motivation for learning Physics did not vary with gender. Students' interest was related to motivation for learning Physics. Lastly, although students' interest significantly predicted all motivational constructs, we noted considerable predictive strength of interest on students' self-efficacy and self-determination in learning Physics. Implications of these findings for the teaching and learning of Physics at lower secondary school are discussed in the paper. KW - Confirmatory factor analyses KW - interest in learning physics KW - lower KW - secondary school KW - measurement invariance KW - science motivation KW - questionnaire Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-605353 SN - 1811-7295 SN - 2469-7656 VL - 24 IS - 3 SP - 435 EP - 446 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wright, Michelle F. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian T1 - Adolescents' emotional reactions for not intervening in cyberbullying as moderators in the longitudinal association between witnessing cyberbullying and health issues JF - Current psychology N2 - Not much is known about how bystanders' emotional reactions after not intervening in cyberbullying might impact their health issues. Narrowing this gap in the literature, the present study focused on examining the moderating effects of emotional reactions (i.e., guilt, sadness, anger) after not intervening in cyberbullying on the longitudinal relationship between cyberbullying bystanding and health issues (i.e., subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, non-suicidal self-harm). Participants were 1,067 adolescents between 12 and 15 years old included in this study (M-age = 13.67; 51% girls). The findings showed a positive association between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 health issues. Guilt moderated the positive relationships among Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding, Time 2 subjective health complaints, suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-harm. Time 1 sadness also moderated the relationship between Time 1 cyberbullying bystanding and Time 2 suicidal ideation and non-suicidal self-harm. However, anger did not moderate any of the associations. KW - Bystanding KW - Cyberbullying KW - Guilt KW - Anger KW - Sadness KW - Health Issues; KW - Suicidal ideation KW - Self-harm Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03773-w SN - 1046-1310 SN - 1936-4733 SP - 19378 EP - 19385 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael A1 - Maiwald, Lisa Marie A1 - Foral, Annika A1 - Kühne, Franziska T1 - Wie erleben Psychotherapeut_innen in Ausbildung ihre Selbsterfahrung? BT - eine qualitative Untersuchung BT - a qualitative analysis JF - Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie N2 - Background: Self-experiential work is a central component of psychotherapy training. However, research on this matter has not received a lot of attention. Objective: This study explores the conditions and effects of helpful self-experiential work. Method: We interviewed 14 psychotherapists in training using a semistructured interview guide and applied qualitative content analysis according to Mayring (2015). Results: Different characteristics were associated with helpful self-experiential work: characteristics of the instructor (e. g., implementation skills), organization, willingness of the trainees to learn, topics and methods applied, and a sustainable working atmosphere. Among the positive effects reported was the promotion of the trainees' interpersonal competencies. Furthermore, we found some side effects and negative impact (e. g.. exhaustion). Conclusions: We were able to extract conditions that can guide the execution of helpful self-experiential work and the effects of self-experiential work from the perspective of the trainees. N2 - Theoretischer Hintergrund: Selbsterfahrung ist zentraler Bestandteil der Psychotherapieausbildung. Gleichzeitig wurde Selbsterfahrung selten empirisch untersucht. Fragestellung: Ziel unserer Studie war es, Bedingungen und Effekte hilfreicher Selbsterfahrung zu explorieren. Methode: Vierzehn verhaltenstherapeutische Ausbildungskandidat_innen wurden anhand halbstrukturierter Leitfadeninterviews befragt. Die Auswertung erfolgte mittels qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring (2015). Ergebnisse: Verschiedene Bedingungen wurden mit hilfreich erlebter Selbsterfahrung in Zusammenhang gebracht: Merkmale der Selbsterfahrungsleitung (u. a. Durchführungskompetenz), der Organisation, der Teilnehmer_innen (Lernbereitschaft), die behandelten Themen und die eingesetzten Techniken, sowie eine tragfähige Arbeitsbeziehung. Berichtete positive Effekte waren u. a. die Förderung interpersoneller Kompetenzen. Zudem wurden Nebenwirkungen und negative Effekte formuliert (u. a. Erschöpfung). Schlussfolgerungen: Bedingungen zur Durchführung von als hilfreich erlebter Selbsterfahrung und Effekte von Selbsterfahrung wurden aus Sicht der Teilnehmer_innen extrahiert. T2 - How do psychotherapists in training experience their own self-experiential work? KW - personal practice KW - psychotherapy training KW - qualitative content analysis KW - Selbsterfahrung KW - Psychotherapeutische Ausbildung KW - Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000626 SN - 1616-3443 SN - 2190-6297 VL - 50 IS - 2 SP - 78 EP - 89 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - D'Agostini, Martina A1 - Burger, Andreas M. A1 - Franssen, Mathijs A1 - Claes, Nathalie A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Leupoldt, Andreas von A1 - Van Diest, Ilse T1 - Effects of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on reversal learning, tonic pupil size, salivary alpha-amylase, and cortisol JF - Psychophysiology : journal of the Society for Psychophysiological Research N2 - This study investigated whether transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) enhances reversal learning and augments noradrenergic biomarkers (i.e., pupil size, cortisol, and salivary alpha-amylase [sAA]). We also explored the effect of taVNS on respiratory rate and cardiac vagal activity (CVA). Seventy-one participants received stimulation of either the cymba concha (taVNS) or the earlobe (sham) of the left ear. After learning a series of cue-outcome associations, the stimulation was applied before and throughout a reversal phase in which cue-outcome associations were changed for some (reversal), but not for other (distractor) cues. Tonic pupil size, salivary cortisol, sAA, respiratory rate, and CVA were assessed at different time points. Contrary to our hypothesis, taVNS was not associated with an overall improvement in performance on the reversal task. Compared to sham, the taVNS group performed worse for distractor than reversal cues. taVNS did not increase tonic pupil size and sAA. Only post hoc analyses indicated that the cortisol decline was steeper in the sham compared to the taVNS group. Exploratory analyses showed that taVNS decreased respiratory rate but did not affect CVA. The weak and unexpected effects found in this study might relate to the lack of parameters optimization for taVNS and invite to further investigate the effect of taVNS on cortisol and respiratory rate. KW - cortisol KW - noradrenaline KW - pupillometry KW - reversal learning KW - salivary KW - alpha-amylase KW - transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13885 SN - 1469-8986 SN - 1540-5958 VL - 58 IS - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kawasaki, Yui A1 - Akamatsu, Rie A1 - Fujiwara, Yoko A1 - Omori, Mika A1 - Sugawara, Masumi A1 - Yamazaki, Yoko A1 - Matsumoto, Satoko A1 - Iwakabe, Shigeru A1 - Kobayashi, Tetsuyuki T1 - Is mindful eating sustainable and healthy? BT - a focus on nutritional intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns among lean and normal-weight female university students in Japan JF - Eating and weight disorders : studies on anorexia, bulimia and obesity N2 - Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the correlation between mindful eating and nutritional intake, food consumption, and healthful and unhealthful plant-based dietary patterns in young Japanese women. Methods: The sample comprised 215 female undergraduates who responded to a two-questionnaire anonymous survey conducted in Tokyo, Japan in 2018 and 2019 from November to December. We measured mindful eating status using the Expanded Mindful Eating Scale (EMES) and used Japanese plant-based dietary indices to determine plant-based dietary patterns. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to determine the correlation of mindful eating with energy and nutrient intake, food consumption, and plant-based dietary patterns, after adjusting for demographics and body mass index. Results: Participants with higher sub-scores in "health of the planet" and "awareness and appreciation for food" ate higher quantities of several micronutrients and plant-based foods and were more likely to have a healthful plant-based dietary pattern. They were also less likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. In contrast, participants with higher scores in "non-judgmental awareness" ate less protein, whole grains, and vegetables, and were likely to have an unhealthful plant-based dietary pattern. Conclusion: This study is the first to show that young Japanese women with normal or lean body weight were more likely to consume healthful plant-based foods when they ate mindfully. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on descriptive studies, narrative reviews, clinical experience, or reports of expert committees. KW - Mindful eating KW - Dietary intake KW - Sustainability KW - Plant-based diet KW - Undergraduate students Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01093-1 SN - 1590-1262 VL - 26 IS - 7 SP - 2183 EP - 2199 PB - Springer International Publ. CY - Cham ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Marchewka, Juliette A1 - Tomaszewska, Paulina A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Unacknowledged and missed cases of sexual victimization BT - a comparison of responses to broad versus behaviorally specific questions JF - Aggressive behavior : a multidisciplinary journal devoted to the experimental and observational analysis of conflict in humans and animals N2 - From the beginning of systematic research on sexual victimization, it has been recognized that a substantial proportion of women report nonconsensual sexual experiences meeting the defining criteria of rape in response to behaviorally specific items, but do not acknowledge their experience as rape in response to broad questions about whether they have ever been raped. Recent studies suggest that rates of unacknowledged rape may be as high or even higher among men than among women. This study examined rates of unacknowledged female and male victims of rape and sexual assault by comparing responses to behaviorally specific items of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S) with responses to broad questions using the labels of sexual assault and rape (SARA) in 593 participants (303 women) in Germany. As predicted, more women and men were classified as rape victims based on behaviorally specific items than on the basis of the broad rape item. The rates of unacknowledged rape were about 60% for women and 75% for men. The gender difference was not significant. Against our prediction, no significant differences in acknowledgement of sexual assault were found in relation to coercive strategy and victim-perpetrator relationship. Few cases of rape and sexual assault identified by the SARA items were missed by the behaviorally specific questions. The implications for establishing prevalence rates of rape and sexual assault and for comparing victims and nonvictims in terms of vulnerability factors and outcomes of sexual victimization are discussed. KW - Germany KW - rape KW - Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale KW - sexual assault KW - sexual victimization KW - unacknowledged victims Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22043 SN - 0096-140X SN - 1098-2337 VL - 48 IS - 6 SP - 573 EP - 582 PB - Wiley-Liss CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Morriss, Jayne T1 - An examination of intolerance of uncertainty and contingency instruction on multiple indices during threat acquisition and extinction training JF - International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology N2 - Individuals who score high in self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) tend to find uncertainty aversive. Prior research has demonstrated that under uncertainty individuals with high IU display difficulties in updating learned threat associations to safety associations. Importantly, recent research has shown that providing contingency instructions about threat and safety contingencies (i.e. reducing uncertainty) to individuals with high IU promotes the updating of learned threat associations to safety associations. Here we aimed to conceptually replicate IU and contingency instruction-based effects by conducting a secondary analysis of self-reported IU, ratings, skin conductance, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training (n = 48). Generally, no significant associations were observed between self-reported IU and differential responding to learned threat and safety cues for any measure during uninstructed/instructed blocks of threat acquisition and threat extinction training. There was some tentative evidence that higher IU was associated with greater ratings of unpleasantness and arousal to the safety cue after the experiment and greater skin conductance response to the safety cue during extinction generally. Potential explanations for these null effects and directions for future research are discussed. KW - Acquisition KW - Extinction KW - Threat KW - Instructions KW - Intolerance of KW - Uncertainty KW - Skin conductance KW - fMRI Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.005 SN - 0167-8760 SN - 1872-7697 VL - 177 SP - 171 EP - 178 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rudolph, Almut A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela A1 - Schütz, Astrid T1 - I like myself, I really do (at least right now) BT - development and validation of a brief and revised (German-language) version of the State Self-Esteem Scale JF - European journal of psychological assessment : EJPA N2 - In five studies, we evaluated the psychometric properties of a revised German version of the State Self-Esteem Scale (SSES; Heatherton & Polivy, 1991). In Study 1, the results of a confirmatory factor analysis on the original scale revealed poor model fit and poor construct validity in a student sample that resembled those in the literature; thus, a revised 15-item version was developed (i.e., the SSES-R) and thoroughly validated. Study 2 showed a valid three-factor structure (Performance, Social, and Appearance) and good internal consistency of the SSES-R. Correlations between subscales of trait and state SE empirically supported the scale's construct validity. Temporal stability and intrapersonal sensitivity of the scale to naturally occurring events were investigated in Study 3. Intrapersonat sensitivity of the scale to experimentally induced changes in state SE was uncovered in Study 4 via social feedback (acceptance vs. rejection) and performance feedback (positive vs. negative). In Study 5, the scale's interpersonal sensitivity was confirmed by comparing depressed and healthy individuals. Finally, the usefulness of the SSES-R was demonstrated by assessing SE instability as calculated from repeated measures of state SE. KW - self-esteem KW - state self-esteem KW - State Self-Esteem Scale KW - positive affect KW - negative affect Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000501 SN - 1015-5759 SN - 2151-2426 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 196 EP - 206 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Giraudier, Manon A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Lischke, Alexander A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Memory advantage for untrustworthy faces BT - replication across lab- and web-based studies JF - PLoS one N2 - The Covid-19 pandemic imposed new constraints on empirical research and forced researchers to transfer from traditional laboratory research to the online environment. This study tested the validity of a web-based episodic memory paradigm by comparing participants' memory performance for trustworthy and untrustworthy facial stimuli in a supervised laboratory setting and an unsupervised web setting. Consistent with previous results, we observed enhanced episodic memory for untrustworthy compared to trustworthy faces. Most importantly, this memory bias was comparable in the online and the laboratory experiment, suggesting that web-based procedures are a promising tool for memory research. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264034 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 17 IS - 2 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Samaan, Mareike A1 - Sauer, Elena A1 - Müller, Marie A1 - Fydrich, Thomas A1 - Diefenbacher, Albert A1 - Burian, Ronald A1 - Schade, Christoph A1 - Weck, Florian T1 - Entwicklung und Validierung von Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz im transdiagnostischen Gruppensetting für ACT und KVT JF - Zeitschrift für klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie : Forschung und Praxis N2 - Zusammenfassung Theoretischer Hintergrund: Therapeutische Adhärenz ist eine zentrale Voraussetzung zur Sicherung der Validität von Psychotherapiestudien. Bisher existieren im deutschsprachigen Raum keine Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz im Bereich der Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie (ACT). Fragestellung: Ziel war es, Skalen zur Erfassung der Adhärenz von Therapeut_innen für ACT und der Kognitiven Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) zu entwickeln und deren Gütekriterien zu überprüfen. Methode Die Validierung der Adhärenzskalen basierte auf n=38 ACT- und n=31 KVT-Gruppentherapiesitzungen zur Behandlung von depressiven und gemischten Störungsbildern. Die Adhärenz wurde durch zwei Rater_innen anhand von Audioaufzeichnungen bewertet. Ergebnisse: Sowohl für die ACT-Adhärenzskala (ICC=.96) als auch für die KVT-Adhärenzskala (ICC=.98) konnten hohe Interraterreliabilitäten erreicht werden. Die konvergente Validität konnte anhand einer negativen Korrelation zwischen den beiden Skalen sichergestellt werden (r=-.95). Schlussfolgerungen Beide Adhärenzskalen bieten eine erste Möglichkeit, um manualgetreues Therapeut_innenverhalten in ACT- und KVT-Gruppentherapien für Patient_innen mit gemischten Störungsbildern zu erfassen. Zudem geben die Ergebnisse einen Hinweis darauf, dass sich die beiden Methoden voneinander differenzieren lassen. N2 - Background Therapeutic adherence is a central condition for ensuring the validity of psychotherapy studies. To date no German scales to assess adherence in the area of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) exist. Objective: The aim was to develop scales to measure the adherence of therapists to ACT and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and to examine their psychometric properties. Methods Validation of the adherence scales was based on n=38 ACT and n=31 CBT group therapies for the treatment of depressive and mixed disorders. Therapists’ adherence was evaluated by two raters using audio recordings. Results Both ACT adherence scale (ICC=.96) and CBT adherence scale (ICC=.98) achieved high interrater-reliabilities. Convergent validity could be ensured by a negative correlation between both scales (r=-.95). Conclusions: Both adherence scales offer a first possibility to measure adherent therapist behavior in ACT and CBT groups for patients with mixed disorders. Moreover, the results indicate that both psychotherapeutic approaches can be differentiated from each other. T2 - Development and validation of scales to assess adherence of transdiagnostic group settings for ACT and CBT KW - Akzeptanz- und Commitmenttherapie (ACT) KW - Kognitive Verhaltenstherapie (KVT) KW - Adhärenz KW - Behandlungsintegrität KW - Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), KW - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) KW - Adherence KW - Treatment Integrity Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/1616-3443/a000566 SN - 1616-3443 SN - 2190-6297 VL - 49 IS - 1 SP - 63 EP - 71 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kayser, Daniela Niesta T1 - Lehrkräftegesundheit und Umgang mit Beanspruchungsfolgen im Praxissemester BT - Die Bedeutung von Ressourcenwissen und Ressourcennutzung zur Bewältigung von Anforderungen und zur Gesunderhaltung während der Corona-Pandemie JF - PSI-Potsdam: Ergebnisbericht zu den Aktivitäten im Rahmen der Qualitätsoffensive Lehrerbildung (2019-2023) (Potsdamer Beiträge zur Lehrerbildung und Bildungsforschung ; 3) N2 - Mit Blick auf den Schuldienst existieren viele Studien zur Arbeitsbelastung und Arbeitsbeanspruchung von Lehrkräften. Bereits die Praxisphasen im Lehramtsstudium sind geprägt von zahlreichen Anforderungen für Lehramtsanwärter:innen, weshalb Wissen und Kenntnisse um eigene Ressourcen eine erhebliche Bedeutung für die Ressourcennutzung zur Bewältigung der Anforderungen und zur Gesunderhaltung darstellen. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt den Gesundheitsbegriff sowie die theoretischen Grundlagen der Ressourcen zur Gesundheitsförderung anhand repräsentativer Studien innerhalb sowie außerhalb des Potsdamer Praxissemesters vor. Insbesondere wird sich den Anforderungen im Praxissemester, die durch die Corona-Pandemie geprägt waren, gewidmet. Ziel ist es, angehenden Lehrkräften die wichtigsten Methoden bzw. Strategien der Gesundheitsförderung zu vermitteln und sie damit zur Stärkung ihrer eigenen Gesundheit auch in Zeiten erhöhter Belastung bzw. in Krisenzeiten zu befähigen. Erste empirische Ergebnisse aus einer qualitativen Erhebung zeigen, dass die Teilnehmenden in Bezug auf innere Ressourcen die zentrale Rolle von produktiven Überzeugungssystemen und produktiven Bewältigungsstrategien betonen. Ein Mentoringprogramm, angelegt analog zur Potsdamer AG der Mentor:innenqualifzierung, könnte dazu dienen, inhaltliche Eckpunkte zur Gesundheitsförderung im Unterricht des Praxissemesters zu verankern und angehende Lehrkräfte zu begleiten. N2 - With regard to the teaching profession, many studies exist on the workload and work stress of teachers. The practical phases of teacher training are already characterized by numerous requirements for trainee teachers, which is why knowledge and understanding of one’s own resources are of considerable importance for the use of resources to cope with the requirements and to maintain health. This paper presents the concept of health as well as the theoretical basis of resources for health promotion based on representative studies within as well as outside of the Potsdam internship semester. In particular, it addresses the demands of the internship semester, which were shaped by the Corona pandemic. The aim is to teach prospective teachers the most important methods and strategies of health promotion and thus enable them to strengthen their own health, even in times of increased stress or in times of crisis. Initial empirical results from a qualitative survey show that participants emphasize the central role of productive belief systems and productive coping strategies with regard to inner resources. A mentoring program analogous to the Potsdam AG of mentor qualification could serve to anchor content-related cornerstones of health promotion in the teaching of the internship semester and to accompany prospective teachers. KW - Beanspruchungserleben KW - Resilienz KW - innere Ressourcen KW - Gesundheitsförderung KW - Praxisphasen KW - resilience KW - internal resources KW - health promotion KW - practical phases Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-618643 SN - 978-3-86956-568-2 SN - 2626-3556 SN - 2626-4722 IS - 3 SP - 375 EP - 393 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hettinger, Katharina A1 - Lazarides, Rebecca A1 - Rubach, Charlott A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich T1 - Teacher classroom management self-efficacy BT - longitudinal relations to perceived teaching behaviors and student enjoyment JF - Teaching and teacher education : an international journal of research and studies N2 - This study examined the relations between teacher-reported classroom management self-efficacy, stu-dent-reported teaching quality and students' enjoyment in mathematics. Data were collected from German ninth and tenth-grade students (N = 779) and their teachers (N = 40) at the beginning and the middle of the school year. Multilevel models showed that teachers' self-efficacy at time 1 significantly and positively related to class-level monitoring and relatedness at time 2. Class-level relatedness at time 2 was significantly and positively associated with enjoyment at time 2. Teacher-reported self-efficacy at time 1 was indirectly related to enjoyment at time 2 through relatedness at time 2. KW - teacher self-efficacy KW - teaching quality KW - classroom management KW - achievement emotions Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103349 SN - 0742-051X SN - 1879-2480 VL - 103 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schulz, Anika D. A1 - Schöllgen, Ina A1 - Wendsche, Johannes A1 - Fay, Doris A1 - Wegge, Jürgen T1 - The dynamics of social stressors and detachment BT - long term mechanisms impacting well-being JF - International journal of stress management N2 - This study examines the long-term dynamics of social stressors at work, psychological detachment, and their impact on employee well-being. Previous research has shown that social stressors are detrimental for employee well-being and the ability to mentally detach from work. However, longitudinal studies in this field are scarce, and typically, they only explore whether the level of stressors, or of detachment, at a given point in time has an effect on outcomes. That stressors and detachment may change over time, and that this change may have an independent effect in the process, has rarely been taken into consideration. Thus, it is unclear to what extent long-term dynamic effects also play a role in these relations. To address this question, we investigated whether change in detachment explains the long-term indirect relationship of change in perceived social stressors with change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of N = 246 registered nurses with up to 3 measurements over 1 year. Analyses were conducted with latent difference scores using a proportional change model. Results revealed that a decline in psychological detachment mediated the long-term effects of increases in social stressors at the workplace on subsequent change in emotional exhaustion and mental well-being. Thus, our study provides initial evidence for the underlying long-term dynamic nature of relationships among social stressors, detachment, and employee well-being, highlighting the incremental explanatory power of change in social stressors and in detachment, above and beyond their respective levels, in predicting change in well-being. KW - psychological detachment KW - job stress KW - emotional exhaustion KW - well-being KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000216 SN - 1072-5245 SN - 1573-3424 VL - 28 IS - 3 SP - 207 EP - 219 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Birke, Joseph A1 - Bondü, Rebecca T1 - From fantasy to reality BT - self-reported aggression-related sexual fantasies predict sexually sadistic behavior beyond indirect and direct measures of sexual preference JF - The journal of sex research N2 - Aggression-related sexual fantasies (ASF) have been related to various forms of harmful sexual behavior in both sex offender and community samples. However, more research is needed to fully understand this relation, particularly whether ASF is associated with harmful sexual behavior beyond hostile sexism against women and a sexual preference for violence and sexual violence. In the present study, N = 428 participants (61.9% women) between 18 and 83 years of age (M = 28.17, SD = 9.7) reported their ASF and hostile sexism. They rated their sexual arousal by erotic, violent, and sexually violent pictures as a direct measure of sexual preference. Response latencies between stimulus presentation and arousal ratings were used as an indirect measure of sexual preference. ASF and the directly and indirectly assessed sexual preference for violent and sexually violent stimuli were positively correlated. They were unrelated to hostile sexism against women. ASF showed the strongest associations with self-reported sexually sadistic behavior and presumably non-consensual sexual sadism beyond these preferences and hostile sexism in the total group and separately among men and women. The findings indicate that ASF and sexual preference are not equivalent constructs and further underscore the potential relevance of ASF for harmful sexual behavior. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2021.2022588 SN - 0022-4499 SN - 1559-8519 VL - 60 IS - 4 SP - 558 EP - 573 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ewert, Christina A1 - Hoffmann, Cosma Frauke Antonia A1 - Schröder-Abé, Michela T1 - Stress processing mediates the link between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being JF - Mindfulness N2 - Objectives While the positive effects of trait self-compassion on affective well-being are widely known, within-person effects of state self-compassion and underlying mechanisms between state self-compassion and affective well-being have rarely been investigated. The current study aimed at examining whether perceived stress and healthier coping responses are mediators in the relation between momentary self-compassion and affective well-being. Methods A total of 213 participants completed measures of momentary self-compassion, momentary perceived stress, and engagement and disengagement coping responses, as well as affective well-being (i.e., presence of positive and absence of negative affect) via their smartphones. The ambulatory assessment design included three measurements per day (morning, afternoon, evening) for 7 days. Results Multilevel modeling revealed that within-persons, momentary levels of self-compassion were related to momentary levels of stress, coping responses, and affective well-being components. 1-1-1 multilevel mediation analyses were conducted and demonstrated that, at the within-person level, momentary self-compassion was related to more positive and less negative affect via perceived stress and facilitating healthy coping responses. The within-person relations of the original 1-1-1 multilevel mediation could partially be replicated in an alternative model with momentary self-compassion one occasion prior and positive affect. However, the link between self-compassion one occasion prior and negative affect was only mediated by perceived stress. Conclusions This work helps to understand the processes underlying the adaptive effects of momentary self-compassion on momentary affective well-being on a given occasion. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. KW - Self-compassion KW - Stress processing KW - Coping KW - Affective well-being Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-022-01954-z SN - 1868-8527 SN - 1868-8535 VL - 13 IS - 9 SP - 2269 EP - 2281 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fatfouta, Ramzi A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric T1 - Do bigger egos mean bigger presence? Facets of grandiose narcissism and mindfulness JF - Current Psychology N2 - Broad sections of the population try to be more mindful, often with quite self-centered motives. It is therefore not surprising that there is growing interest in the investigation of narcissism and mindfulness. Despite theoretical and empirical ties, however, existing research on this association is scarce. In two studies (N = 3,134 and 403) with English- and German-speaking participants, we apply structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between facets of grandiose narcissism and trait mindfulness. Across both studies and, using different narcissism and mindfulness measures, SEM consistently revealed opposing patterns for agentic and antagonistic narcissism, with agentic narcissism being positively related to trait mindfulness, and antagonistic narcissism being negatively related to it. Findings highlight the necessity to acknowledge the conceptual heterogeneity of narcissism when examining its relationship with trait mindfulness. Practical implications regarding how agentic and antagonistic narcissists might profit differently from mindfulness practice are discussed. KW - Narcissism KW - Mindfulness KW - Meditation KW - Structural equation modeling KW - Self-enhancement Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03115-w SN - 1046-1310 SN - 1936-4733 VL - 42 SP - 19795 EP - 19807 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Treatment for pediatric functional abdominal pain BT - an initial examination of reciprocal associations between pain, functional impairment, and parental distress JF - Journal of pediatric psychology N2 - Objective While cross-sectional studies underline that child and parent factors in pediatric chronic pain are reciprocally related, so far, little is known on their prospective relationship, especially in treatment contexts. This study aims to analyze directions of influence between child and parental outcomes using data from an intervention study. Methods The sample covered 109 families with children aged 7-13 years diagnosed with functional abdominal pain (FAP). Child outcomes included pain and impairment, and parental outcomes covered caregiver-specific distress including both parental personal time burden (i.e., less time available for personal needs) and emotional burden due to child's pain (i.e., increased worries). Cross-lagged panel analyses examined the directions of the relations between child and parental outcomes across time (pretreatment T1, post-treatment T2, and 3-month follow-up and 12-month follow-up T3/T4). Results First, a significant improvement over time in all measures was observed. Cross-lagged effects were found for less parental personal time burden at T2, predicting both less pain (beta = -0.254, p = .004) and less impairment (beta = -0.150, p = .039) at T3. Higher baseline pain was predictive for higher parental emotional burden after treatment (beta = -0.130, p = .049) and, reversely, for less emotional burden at 12-month follow-up (beta = 0.261, p = .004). Conclusions Addressing parental personal time burden in FAP treatment might possibly support the improvement on the child level. Replication of results in larger samples is warranted to gain more insight into the directions of influence and, in that way, to optimize treatment for pediatric FAP. KW - chronic or recurrent pain KW - intervention outcome KW - parent psychosocial KW - functioning KW - parents Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsac011 SN - 0146-8693 SN - 1465-735X VL - 47 IS - 4 SP - 483 EP - 496 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Stone, Kate A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban T1 - Does entropy modulate the prediction of German long-distance verb particles? JF - PLOS ONE N2 - In this paper we examine the effect of uncertainty on readers' predictions about meaning. In particular, we were interested in how uncertainty might influence the likelihood of committing to a specific sentence meaning. We conducted two event-related potential (ERP) experiments using particle verbs such as turn down and manipulated uncertainty by constraining the context such that readers could be either highly certain about the identity of a distant verb particle, such as turn the bed [...] down, or less certain due to competing particles, such as turn the music [...] up/down. The study was conducted in German, where verb particles appear clause-finally and may be separated from the verb by a large amount of material. We hypothesised that this separation would encourage readers to predict the particle, and that high certainty would make prediction of a specific particle more likely than lower certainty. If a specific particle was predicted, this would reflect a strong commitment to sentence meaning that should incur a higher processing cost if the prediction is wrong. If a specific particle was less likely to be predicted, commitment should be weaker and the processing cost of a wrong prediction lower. If true, this could suggest that uncertainty discourages predictions via an unacceptable cost-benefit ratio. However, given the clear predictions made by the literature, it was surprisingly unclear whether the uncertainty manipulation affected the two ERP components studied, the N400 and the PNP. Bayes factor analyses showed that evidence for our a priori hypothesised effect sizes was inconclusive, although there was decisive evidence against a priori hypothesised effect sizes larger than 1 mu Vfor the N400 and larger than 3 mu V for the PNP. We attribute the inconclusive finding to the properties of verb-particle dependencies that differ from the verb-noun dependencies in which the N400 and PNP are often studied. Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267813 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 17 IS - 8 PB - PLOS CY - San Francisco, California, US ER - TY - THES A1 - Förstner, Bernd Rainer T1 - Transdiagnostic assessment of mental disorders using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach: relationship to disease severity N2 - Traditionally, mental disorders have been identified based on specific symptoms and standardized diagnostic systems such as the DSM-5 and ICD-10. However, these symptom-based definitions may only partially represent neurobiological and behavioral research findings, which could impede the development of targeted treatments. A transdiagnostic approach to mental health research, such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) approach, maps resilience and broader aspects of mental health to associated components. By investigating mental disorders in a transnosological way, we can better understand disease patterns and their distinguishing and common factors, leading to more precise prevention and treatment options. Therefore, this dissertation focuses on (1) the latent domain structure of the RDoC approach in a transnosological sample including healthy controls, (2) its domain associations to disease severity in patients with anxiety and depressive disorders, and (3) an overview of the scientific results found regarding Positive (PVS) and Negative Valence Systems (NVS) associated with mood and anxiety disorders. The following main results were found: First, the latent RDoC domain structure for PVS and NVS, Cognitive Systems (CS), and Social Processes (SP) could be validated using self-report and behavioral measures in a transnosological sample. Second, we found transdiagnostic and disease-specific associations between those four domains and disease severity in patients with depressive and anxiety disorders. Third, the scoping review showed a sizable amount of RDoC research conducted on PVS and NVS in mood and anxiety disorders, with research gaps for both domains and specific conditions. In conclusion, the research presented in this dissertation highlights the potential of the transnosological RDoC framework approach in improving our understanding of mental disorders. By exploring the latent RDoC structure and associations with disease severity and disease-specific and transnosological associations for anxiety and depressive disorders, this research provides valuable insights into the full spectrum of psychological functioning. Additionally, this dissertation highlights the need for further research in this area, identifying both RDoC indicators and research gaps. Overall, this dissertation represents an important contribution to the ongoing efforts to improve our understanding and the treatment of mental disorders, particularly within the commonly comorbid disease spectrum of mood and anxiety disorders. N2 - Traditionell werden psychische Störungen auf der Grundlage spezifischer Symptome und standardisierter Diagnosesysteme wie DSM-5 und ICD-10 diagnostiziert. Diese symptombasierten Definitionen entsprechen jedoch nur teilweise den Erkenntnissen der neurobiologischen und Verhaltensforschung, was die Entwicklung gezielter Behandlungen behindern kann. Ein transdiagnostischer Ansatz zur Erforschung psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. der Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) Ansatz, ordnet umfassendere Aspekte psychischer Gesundheit, wie z. B. Resilienz, den entsprechenden Komponenten zu. Durch die Untersuchung psychischer Störungen aus einer transnosologischen Perspektive können wir Krankheitsbilder und ihre gemeinsamen und unterscheidenden Faktoren besser verstehen, was zu präziseren Präventions- und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten führt. Daher konzentriert sich diese Dissertation auf (1) die latente Domänenstruktur des RDoC-Ansatzes in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe einschließlich gesunder Kontrollen, (2) die domänenspezifischen Assoziationen zur Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen und (3) einen Überblick über die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse zu Positiven (PVS) und Negativen Valenzsystemen (NVS), die mit Affektiven Störungen assoziiert sind. Die folgenden Hauptergebnisse wurden gefunden: Erstens konnte die latente RDoC-Domänenstruktur für PVS und NVS, Kognitive Systeme (CS) und Soziale Prozesse (SP) anhand von Selbstberichten und Verhaltensmessungen in einer transnosologischen Stichprobe validiert werden. Zweitens fanden wir transdiagnostische und krankheitsspezifische Assoziationen zwischen diesen vier Domänen und der Krankheitsschwere bei Patienten mit Angst- und depressiven Störungen. Drittens zeigte die durchgeführte Übersichtsarbeit eine beträchtliche Menge an RDoC-Forschung zu PVS und NVS bei affektiven Störungen, mit Forschungslücken für beide Domänen und spezifische Bedingungen. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die in dieser Dissertation vorgestellten Forschungsergebnisse das Potenzial des transnosologischen RDoC-Konzepts zur Verbesserung unseres Verständnisses psychischer Störungen unterstreichen. Durch die Untersuchung der latenten RDoC-Struktur und der Assoziationen mit dem Krankheitsschweregrad sowie der krankheitsspezifischen und transnosologischen Assoziationen für Angst- und depressive Störungen liefert diese Forschungsarbeit wertvolle Einblicke in das gesamte Spektrum psychischer Funktionsweisen. Darüber hinaus zeigt diese Dissertation den Bedarf an weiterer Forschung in diesem Bereich auf, indem sie sowohl RDoC-Indikatoren als auch Forschungslücken identifiziert. Insgesamt stellt diese Dissertation einen wichtigen Beitrag zu den laufenden Bemühungen um ein besseres Verständnis und eine bessere Behandlung psychischer Störungen dar, insbesondere innerhalb des häufig komorbiden Krankheitsspektrums der affektiven Störungen. KW - diagnosis and classification KW - Research Domain Criteria KW - RDoC KW - transdiagnostic KW - positive valence systems KW - negative valence systems KW - disease severity KW - Diagnose und Klassifikation KW - transdiagnostisch KW - positives Valenzsystem KW - negatives Valenzsystem KW - Krankheitsschwere Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-611150 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Ssenyonga, Joseph A1 - Muwonge, Charles Magoba T1 - Secondary school students’ motivation profiles for physics learning BT - Relations with cognitive learning strategies, gender, attitudes and individual interest JF - African journal of research in mathematics, science and technology education : official journal of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education N2 - For efficient and effective pedagogical interventions to address Uganda's alarmingly poor performance in Physics, it is vital to understand students' motivation patterns for Physics learning. Latent profile analysis (LPA)-a person-centred approach-can be used to investigate these motivation patterns. Using a three-step approach to LPA, we sought to answer the following research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students' cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students' gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? The sample comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda. Data were collected using standardised questionnaires. Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students, 6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade-introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. Lastly, unlike gender, individual interest and students' attitudes towards Physics learning predicted profile membership. Teachers should provide an interesting autonomous Physics classroom climate and give students clear instructions in self-reliant behaviours that promote intrinsic motivation. KW - Motivation profiles KW - physics learning KW - latent profile analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/18117295.2021.1956720 SN - 1028-8457 VL - 25 IS - 2 SP - 197 EP - 210 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Schachner, Maja Katharina A1 - Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor T1 - The Identity Project intervention in Germany BT - creating a climate for reflection, connection, and adolescent identity development JF - New directions for child and adolescent development N2 - We examined whether German adolescents who participated in an adapted 8-week school-based intervention, the Identity Project, reported greater changes in heritage and global identities and perceptions of classroom cultural climate. We used a longitudinal, wait-list control design pooling eight classrooms across the school years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020. The sample included 195 seventh graders (M-age = 12.35 years, SD =.79, 39% female, 83% of migration background). Findings showed moderate support for more heritage identity exploration and greater perceptions of unequal treatment and critical consciousness climate in the intervention group. There were also important differences across conditions regarding how identity and climate related to adolescent outcomes. We conclude that the Identity Project can be adapted and applied in other cultural contexts such as Germany. It provides a necessary space for adolescents to engage in discussions about diversity, cultural heritage, social inequities, and their relevance to one's identities. KW - adolescent KW - diversity climate KW - Germany KW - identity KW - intervention KW - school Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/cad.20379 SN - 1534-8687 VL - 173 SP - 65 EP - 82 PB - Wiley CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Zähle, Tino T1 - Editorial: New frontiers in noninvasive brain stimulation BT - cognitive, affective and neurobiological effects of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation KW - vagus nerve stimulation KW - tVNS KW - neuromodulation KW - cognition KW - affective KW - neurobiological Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.694723 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Betancourt, Michael A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Toward a principled Bayesian workflow in cognitive science JF - Psychological methods N2 - Experiments in research on memory, language, and in other areas of cognitive science are increasingly being analyzed using Bayesian methods. This has been facilitated by the development of probabilistic programming languages such as Stan, and easily accessible front-end packages such as brms. The utility of Bayesian methods, however, ultimately depends on the relevance of the Bayesian model, in particular whether or not it accurately captures the structure of the data and the data analyst's domain expertise. Even with powerful software, the analyst is responsible for verifying the utility of their model. To demonstrate this point, we introduce a principled Bayesian workflow (Betancourt, 2018) to cognitive science. Using a concrete working example, we describe basic questions one should ask about the model: prior predictive checks, computational faithfulness, model sensitivity, and posterior predictive checks. The running example for demonstrating the workflow is data on reading times with a linguistic manipulation of object versus subject relative clause sentences. This principled Bayesian workflow also demonstrates how to use domain knowledge to inform prior distributions. It provides guidelines and checks for valid data analysis, avoiding overfitting complex models to noise, and capturing relevant data structure in a probabilistic model. Given the increasing use of Bayesian methods, we aim to discuss how these methods can be properly employed to obtain robust answers to scientific questions. KW - workflow KW - prior predictive checks KW - posterior predictive checks KW - model KW - building KW - Bayesian data analysis Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000275 SN - 1082-989X SN - 1939-1463 VL - 26 IS - 1 SP - 103 EP - 126 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Skowronski, Marika A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Links between exposure to sexualized Instagram images and body image concerns in girls and boys JF - Journal of media psychology N2 - The current study examined the links between viewing female and male sexualized Instagram images (SII) and body image concerns within the three-step process of self-objectification among adolescents aged 13-18 years from Germany (N = 300, 61% female). Participants completed measures of SII use, thin- and muscular-ideal internalization, valuing appearance over competence, and body surveillance. Structural equation modeling revealed that SII use was associated with body image concerns for boys and girls via different routes. Specifically, female SII use was indirectly associated with higher body surveillance via thin-ideal internalization and subsequent valuing appearance over competence for girls. For both girls and boys, male SII use was indirectly linked to higher body surveillance via muscular-ideal internalization. Implications for the three-step model of self-objectification by sexualized social media are discussed. KW - social media KW - sexualization KW - body image concerns KW - self-objectification; KW - body surveillance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000296 SN - 1864-1105 SN - 2151-2388 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 55 EP - 62 PB - Hogrefe & Huber Publ. [u.a.] CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schad, Daniel A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - The posterior probability of a null hypothesis given a statistically significant result JF - The quantitative methods for psychology N2 - When researchers carry out a null hypothesis significance test, it is tempting to assume that a statistically significant result lowers Prob(H0), the probability of the null hypothesis being true. Technically, such a statement is meaningless for various reasons: e.g., the null hypothesis does not have a probability associated with it. However, it is possible to relax certain assumptions to compute the posterior probability Prob(H0) under repeated sampling. We show in a step-by-step guide that the intuitively appealing belief, that Prob(H0) is low when significant results have been obtained under repeated sampling, is in general incorrect and depends greatly on: (a) the prior probability of the null being true; (b) type-I error rate, (c) type-II error rate, and (d) replication of a result. Through step-by-step simulations using open-source code in the R System of Statistical Computing, we show that uncertainty about the null hypothesis being true often remains high despite a significant result. To help the reader develop intuitions about this common misconception, we provide a Shiny app (https://danielschad.shinyapps.io/probnull/). We expect that this tutorial will help researchers better understand and judge results from null hypothesis significance tests. KW - Null hypothesis significance testing KW - Bayesian inference KW - statistical KW - power Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.18.2.p011 SN - 1913-4126 SN - 2292-1354 VL - 18 IS - 2 SP - 130 EP - 141 PB - University of Montreal, Department of Psychology CY - Montreal ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Felisatti, Arianna A1 - Aagten-Murphy, David A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - The brain’s asymmetric frequency tuning BT - asymmetric behavior originates from asymmetric perception JF - Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) N2 - To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches. KW - asymmetry KW - global KW - local KW - spatial frequencies KW - temporal frequencies KW - embodied cognition Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122083 SN - 2073-8994 VL - 12 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Adam, Maurits T1 - Infants’ goal prediction for simple action events BT - the role of experience and agency cues JF - Topics in cognitive science / Cognitive Science Society N2 - Looking times and gaze behavior indicate that infants can predict the goal state of an observed simple action event (e.g., object-directed grasping) already in the first year of life. The present paper mainly focuses on infants' predictive gaze-shifts toward the goal of an ongoing action. For this, infants need to generate a forward model of the to-be-obtained goal state and to disengage their gaze from the moving agent at a time when information about the action event is still incomplete. By about 6 months of age, infants show goal-predictive gaze-shifts, but mainly for familiar actions that they can perform themselves (e.g., grasping) and for familiar agents (e.g., a human hand). Therefore, some theoretical models have highlighted close relations between infants' ability for action-goal prediction and their motor development and/or emerging action experience. Recent research indicates that infants can also predict action goals of familiar simple actions performed by non-human agents (e.g., object-directed grasping by a mechanical claw) when these agents display agency cues, such as self-propelled movement, equifinality of goal approach, or production of a salient action effect. This paper provides a review on relevant findings and theoretical models, and proposes that the impacts of action experience and of agency cues can be explained from an action-event perspective. In particular, infants' goal-predictive gaze-shifts are seen as resulting from an interplay between bottom-up processing of perceptual information and top-down influences exerted by event schemata that store information about previously executed or observed actions. KW - Action events KW - Infant action‐ goal prediction KW - Infant gaze KW - behavior KW - Eye tracking KW - Feedforward processes KW - Perception of KW - agency  cues Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/tops.12494 SN - 1756-8765 VL - 13 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 62 PB - Wiley CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brandt, Naemi D. A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Tetzner, Julia A1 - Brunner, Martin A1 - Kuhl, Poldi A1 - Maaz, Kai T1 - Personality across the lifespan exploring measurement invariance of a short Big Five Inventory from ages 11 to 84 JF - European journal of psychological assessment N2 - Personality is a relevant predictor for important life outcomes across the entire lifespan. Although previous studies have suggested the comparability of the measurement of the Big Five personality traits across adulthood, the generalizability to childhood is largely unknown. The present study investigated the structure of the Big Five personality traits assessed with the Big Five Inventory-SOEP Version (BFI-S; SOEP = Socio-Economic Panel) across a broad age range spanning 11-84 years. We used two samples of N = 1,090 children (52% female, M-age = 11.87) and N = 18,789 adults (53% female, M-age = 51.09), estimating a multigroup CFA analysis across four age groups (late childhood: 11-14 years; early adulthood: 17-30 years; middle adulthood: 31-60 years; late adulthood: 61-84 years). Our results indicated the comparability of the personality trait metric in terms of general factor structure, loading patterns, and the majority of intercepts across all age groups. Therefore, the findings suggest both a reliable assessment of the Big Five personality traits with the BFI-S even in late childhood and a vastly comparable metric across age groups. KW - personality traits KW - measurement invariance KW - ESEM KW - lifespan KW - late KW - childhood Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000490 SN - 1015-5759 SN - 2151-2426 VL - 36 IS - 1 SP - 162 EP - 173 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tseng, Chiao-I A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Bateman, John A. T1 - The impact of multimodal cohesion on attention and interpretation in film JF - Discourse, context & media N2 - This article presents results of an exploratory investigation combining multimodal cohesion analysis and eye-tracking studies. Multimodal cohesion, as a tool of multimodal discourse analysis, goes beyond lin-guistic cohesive mechanisms to enable the construction of cross-modal discourse structures that system-atically relate technical details of audio, visual and verbal modalities. Patterns of multimodal cohesion from these discourse structures were used to design eye-tracking experiments and questionnaires in order to empirically investigate how auditory and visual cohesive cues affect attention and comprehen-sion. We argue that the cross-modal structures of cohesion revealed by our method offer a strong methodology for addressing empirical questions concerning viewers' comprehension of narrative settings and the comparative salience of visual, verbal and audio cues. Analyses are presented of the beginning of Hitchcock's The Birds (1963) and a sketch from Monty Python filmed in 1971. Our approach balances the narrative-based issue of how narrative elements in film guide meaning interpretation and the recipient -based question of where a film viewer's attention is directed during viewing and how this affects comprehension. KW - Film KW - Cohesion KW - Discourse semantics KW - Multimodality KW - Eye-tracking KW - Attention Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcm.2021.100544 SN - 2211-6958 VL - 44 PB - Amsterdam [u.a.] CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gamez-Guadix, Manuel A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Wright, Michelle F. T1 - "Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents JF - Psicothema N2 - Background: Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being. Conclusion: Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed. KW - cybervictimization KW - hate speech KW - well-being Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2020.219 SN - 0214-9915 SN - 1886-144X VL - 32 IS - 4 SP - 567 EP - 574 PB - Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias CY - Oviedo ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate A1 - Henning, Anne A1 - Haake, Tim Woody A1 - Cornetz, Kathrin A1 - Olbrich, Dieter T1 - Mental health problem or workplace problem or something else BT - what contributes to work perception? JF - Disability and rehabilitation : an international, multidisciplinary journal N2 - Purpose: Work perception is an important predictor for work ability and, therefore, of interest for rehabilitation. Until now it is unclear to which extent different psychological aspects explain work perception. This study investigates in which way workplace problems on the one hand, and mental health and coping on the other hand, contribute to work perception. Methods: A heterogeneous sample of 384 persons in working age with and without mental health problems was recruited. Participants gave self-reports on workplace problems, mental health problems, work-coping, work-anxiety, and work perception. Results: Persons with mental health problems and workplace problems (M + W) perceive the highest degree of work demands, followed by persons with workplace problems but without mental health problems (NM + W). Work-anxiety appeared as the strongest factor explaining perception of high work demands, whereas general mental health problems did not contribute significantly to variance explanation. Conclusions: Persons with specific mental health problems in terms of work-anxiety may be expected to perceive higher work demands. They may be detected when asking for work perception, e.g., within the frame of return-to-work interventions in rehabilitation, or in occupational health settings by mental hazard analysis. KW - work ability KW - work anxiety KW - workplace KW - mental disorders KW - rehabilitation KW - work perception Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2018.1501099 SN - 0963-8288 SN - 1464-5165 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 502 EP - 509 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hoferichter, Frances A1 - Kulakow, Stefan A1 - Hufenbach, Miriam Catrin T1 - Support from parents, peers, and teachers is differently associated with middle school students’ well-being JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Parents, peers, and teachers provide a powerful context for school students' well-being. However, a detailed and systematic analysis of how parental, peer, and teacher support relate to students' well-being, measured by the dimensions self-worth, psychological and physical well-being, is still missing. To address this research gap, the following study investigates 733 adolescent German students from grades 7 and 8 (M-age = 13.97, SD = 0.41, 52% girls) with respect to their perceived supportive relationships at home and within the school context. The study considers gender, socioeconomic status, and school form as potential confounders. The results of the structural equation model, analyzed with the statistical software R, indicate that perceived teacher support was positively related to students' self-worth and physical well-being, while peer support was related to psychological well-being. Students who perceived their parents as supportive reported higher well-being with respect to all three dimensions investigated. KW - social support KW - teachers KW - peers KW - parents KW - middle school students KW - well-being Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.758226 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Wirkner, Janine A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Item and source memory for emotional associates is mediated by different retrieval processes JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - Recent event-related potential (ERP) data showed that neutral objects encoded in emotional background pictures were better remembered than objects encoded in neutral contexts, when recognition memory was tested one week later. In the present study, we investigated whether this long-term memory advantage for items is also associated with correct memory for contextual source details. Furthermore, we were interested in the possibly dissociable contribution of familiarity and recollection processes (using a Remember/Know procedure). The results revealed that item memory performance was mainly driven by the subjective experience of familiarity, irrespective of whether the objects were previously encoded in emotional or neutral contexts. Correct source memory for the associated background picture, however, was driven by recollection and enhanced when the content was emotional. In ERPs, correctly recognized old objects evoked frontal ERP Old/New effects (300-500 ms), irrespective of context category. As in our previous study (Ventura-Bort et al., 2016b), retrieval for objects from emotional contexts was associated with larger parietal Old/New differences (600-800 ms), indicating stronger involvement of recollection. Thus, the results suggest a stronger contribution of recollection-based retrieval to item and contextual background source memory for neutral information associated with an emotional event. KW - event-related potentials KW - emotion KW - source memory KW - remember/know KW - old/new KW - effect Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.12.015 SN - 0028-3932 SN - 1873-3514 VL - 145 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Witthöft, Michael A1 - Kühne, Franziska T1 - Assessment of counseling self-efficacy BT - validation of the German Counselor Activity self-efficacy scales-revised JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Background: Many authors regard counseling self-efficacy (CSE) as important in therapist development and training. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the German version of the Counselor Activity Self-Efficacy Scales-Revised (CASES-R). Method: The sample consisted of 670 German psychotherapy trainees, who completed an online survey. We examined the factor structure by applying exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to the instrument as a whole. Results: A bifactor-exploratory structural equation modeling model with one general and five specific factors provided the best fit to the data. Omega hierarchical coefficients indicated optimal reliability for the general factor, acceptable reliability for the Action Skills-Revised (AS-R) factor, and insufficient estimates for the remaining factors. The CASES-R scales yielded significant correlations with related measures, but also with therapeutic orientations. Conclusion: We found support for the reliability and validity of the German CASES-R. However, the subdomains (except AS-R) should be interpreted with caution, and we do not recommend the CASES-R for comparisons between psychotherapeutic orientations. KW - counselor activity self-efficacy scales KW - counseling self-efficacy KW - psychotherapy training KW - assessment KW - factor structure KW - validation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.780088 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Felisatti, Arianna A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Kulkova, Elena A1 - Kühne, Katharina A1 - Michirev, Alexej T1 - Separation/connection procedures BT - from cleansing behavior to numerical cognition JF - Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary N2 - Lee and Schwarz (L&S) suggest that separation is the grounded procedure underlying cleansing effects in different psychological domains. Here, we interpret L&S's account from a hierarchical view of cognition that considers the influence of physical properties and sensorimotor constraints on mental representations. This approach allows theoretical integration and generalization of L&S's account to the domain of formal quantitative reasoning. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X20000461 SN - 1469-1825 VL - 44 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Ewert, Christina T1 - The role of self-compassion in effective stress processing T1 - Die Rolle von Selbstmitgefühl bei einer effektiven Stressverarbeitung BT - a multimethod approach BT - eine multimethodische Analyse N2 - Background: The concept self-compassion (SC), a special way of being compassionate with oneself while dealing with stressful life circumstances, has attracted increasing attention in research over the past two decades. Research has already shown that SC has beneficial effects on affective well-being and other mental health outcomes. However, little is known in which ways SC might facilitate our affective well-being in stressful situations. Hence, a central concern of this dissertation was to focus on the question which underlying processes might influence the link between SC and affective well-being. Two established components in stress processing, which might also play an important role in this context, could be the amount of experienced stress and the way of coping with a stressor. Thus, using a multi-method approach, this dissertation aimed at finding to which extent SC might help to alleviate the experienced stress and promotes the use of more salutary coping, while dealing with stressful circumstances. These processes might ultimately help improve one’s affective well-being. Derived from that, it was hypothesized that more SC is linked to less perceived stress and intensified use of salutary coping responses. Additionally, it was suggested that perceived stress and coping mediate the relation between SC and affective well-being. Method: The research questions were targeted in three single studies and one meta-study. To test my assumptions about the relations of SC and coping in particular, a systematic literature search was conducted resulting in k = 136 samples with an overall sample size of N = 38,913. To integrate the z-transformed Pearson correlation coefficients, random-effects models were calculated. All hypotheses were tested with a three-wave cross-lagged design in two short-term longitudinal online studies assessing SC, perceived stress and coping responses in all waves. The first study explored the assumptions in a student sample (N = 684) with a mean age of 27.91 years over a six-week period, whereas the measurements were implemented in the GESIS Panel (N = 2934) with a mean age of 52.76 years analyzing the hypotheses in a populationbased sample across eight weeks. Finally, an ambulatory assessment study was designed to expand the findings of the longitudinal studies to the intraindividual level. Thus, a sample of 213 participants completed questionnaires of momentary SC, perceived stress, engagement and disengagement coping, and affective well-being on their smartphones three times per day over seven consecutive days. The data was processed using 1-1-1 multilevel mediation analyses. Results: Results of the meta-analysis indicated that higher SC is significantly associated with more use of engagement coping and less use of disengagement coping. Considering the relations between SC and stress processing variables in all three single studies, cross-lagged paths from the longitudinal data, as well as multilevel modeling paths from the ambulatory assessment data indicated a notable relation between all relevant stress variables. As expected, results showed a significant negative relation between SC and perceived stress and disengagement coping, as well as a positive connection with engagement coping responses at the dispositional and intra-individual level. However, considering the mediational hypothesis, the most promising pathway in the link between SC and affective well-being turned out to be perceived stress in all three studies, while effects of the mediational pathways through coping responses were less robust. Conclusion: Thus, a more self-compassionate attitude and higher momentary SC, when needed in specific situations, can help to engage in effective stress processing. Considering the underlying mechanisms in the link between SC and affective well-being, stress perception in particular seemed to be the most promising candidate for enhancing affective well-being at the dispositional and at the intraindividual level. Future research should explore the pathways between SC and affective well-being in specific contexts and samples, and also take into account additional influential factors. N2 - Hintergrund: In den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten erregte das Konzept Selbstmitgefühl (SMG), eine besondere Art des Mitgefühls um sich im Umgang mit stressigen Lebensumständen zurechtzufinden, zunehmend Aufmerksamkeit in der Forschung. Zahlreiche Untersuchungen haben bereits gezeigt, dass SMG positive Auswirkungen auf das affektive Wohlbefinden sowie auf die psychische Gesundheit im Allgemeinen hat. Allerdings ist wenig darüber bekannt wie SMG unser affektives Wohlbefinden in Stresssituationen verbessern kann. Daher war es ein zentrales Anliegen dieser Dissertation, die Frage zu beantworten, welche zugrundeliegenden Prozesse den Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden beeinflussen können. Zwei etablierte Komponenten im Stressverarbeitungsprozess, die in diesem Zusammenhang ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle spielen könnten, sind die Menge an erlebtem Stress sowie die Art und Weise, wie mit einem Stressor umgegangen wird (Coping). Unter Verwendung eines Multimethodenansatzes, war es demnach Ziel dieser Dissertation herauszufinden, inwieweit SMG dazu beitragen kann, den erlebten Stress abzumildern und eine heilsamere Bewältigung im Umgang mit stressigen Situationen zu fördern. Diese Prozesse könnten letztendlich dazu beitragen, das affektive Wohlbefinden zu verbessern. Daraus abgeleitet, wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass mehr SMG mit weniger wahrgenommenem Stress und einem intensiveren Gebrauch von protektiven Bewältigungsreaktionen verbunden ist. Darüber hinaus wurde vermutet, dass wahrgenommener Stress und Coping den Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden vermitteln. Methode: Zur Beantwortung der Forschungsfragen wurden drei Einzelstudien und eine Metastudie konzipiert. Um die Annahmen über die Zusammenhänge von SMG und Bewältigungsstrategien zu überprüfen, wurde eine systematische Literaturrecherche durchgeführt. Die durchgeführte Suche ergab k = 136 Stichproben mit einer Gesamtstichprobengröße von N = 38.913. Zur Integration der z-transformierten Pearson-Korrelationskoeffizienten wurden Random-Effects-Modelle berechnet. In zwei Längsschnittstudien wurden alle Hypothesen mit einem Drei-Wellen-Cross-Lagged-Design überprüft, um die Zusammenhänge von SMG, wahrgenommenem Stress und Bewältigungsreaktionen zu bewerten. Die erste Studie untersuchte über einen Zeitraum von 12 Wochen die Annahmen anhand einer Stichprobe von Studenten (N = 684) mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 27,91 Jahren. Die zweite Studie fand im Rahmen einer bevölkerungsbasierten Paneluntersuchung (GESIS) in einem Zeitraum von 4 Monaten statt. An der Befragung nahmen N = 2934 mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 52,76 Jahren teil. Abschließend wurde eine Ambulante Assessmentstudie konzipiert, mit Hilfe dieser sollten die Hypothesen auf der intraindividuellen Ebene überprüft werden. 213 TeilnehmerInnen füllten Fragebögen zu momentanem SC, wahrgenommenem Stress, verwendeten Copingstrategien und affektivem Wohlbefinden dreimal täglich auf ihren Smartphones an sieben aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen aus. Die Daten wurden mithilfe von 1-1-1-Multilevel-Mediationsanalysen analysiert. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse der Metaanalyse zeigten, dass eine Ausprägung in SMG signifikant mit mehr Einsatz von Annäherungscoping und weniger Einsatz von Vermeidungscoping verbunden ist. Sowohl die cross-lagged Pfade der Längstschnittstudien als auch die Pfade der Mehrebenenanalysen des Ambulanten Assessments zeigten erwartete Zusammenhänge zwischen SMG und allen relevanten Stressvariablen. Wie erwartet, zeigte sich ein signifikant negativer Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und wahrgenommenem Stress sowie Vermeidungscoping sowohl auf dispositioneller als auch intraindividueller Ebene. Des Weiteren wurde ein positiver Zusammenhang mit Annäherungscoping auf beiden Ebenen gefunden. Die Mediationshypothese konnte nur teilweise bestätigt werden. So erwies sich der Mediator wahrgenommener Stress als konsistent im Zusammenhang zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden in allen drei Studien, während die Mediationspfade für Coping weniger robust waren. Fazit: Eine selbstmitfühlendere Haltung sowie höheres momentanes SMG kann in bestimmten Situationen dabei helfen, Stress effektiver zu bewältigen. Insbesondere weniger Stresswahrnehmung scheint ein vielversprechender Kandidat in der Vermittlung des Zusammenhangs zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden auf dispositionell und auf intraindividueller Ebene zu sein. Personen mit mehr SMG erleben in anspruchsvollen Situationen weniger Stress, was schon von Beginn des stressigen Erlebnisses für das AWB förderlich sein kann, ohne dass weitere Bewältigungsreaktionen erforderlich werden. Zukünftige Forschung sollte zugrundeliegende Mechanismen zwischen SMG und affektivem Wohlbefinden in spezifischen Kontexten und Stichproben untersuchen, und auch weitere Einflussfaktoren berücksichtigen. KW - self-compassion KW - Selbstmitgefühl KW - stress processing KW - Stressverarbeitung KW - coping KW - Coping KW - well-being KW - Wohlbefinden Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607486 ER - TY - THES A1 - Kwarikunda, Diana T1 - Interest, motivation, and learning strategies use during physics learning T1 - Interesse, Motivation und Einsatz von Lernstrategien beim Physikunterricht N2 - The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the developmental dynamics between interest, motivation, and learning strategy use during physics learning. The target population was lower secondary school students from a developing country, given that there is hardly in research that studies the above domain-specific concepts in the context of developing countries. The aim was addressed in four parts. The first part of the study was guided by three objectives: (a) to adapt and validate the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ-II) for the Ugandan context; (b) to examine whether there are significant differences in motivation for learning Physics with respect to students’ gender; and (c) to establish the extent to which students’ interest predicts their motivation to learn Physics. Being a pilot study, the sample comprised 374 randomly selected students from five schools in central Uganda who responded to anonymous questionnaires that included scales from the SMQ-II and the Individual Interest Questionnaire. Data were analysed using confirmatory factor analyses, t-tests and structural equation modelling in SPSS-25 and Mplus-8. The five-factor model solution of the SMQ-II fitted adequately with the study data, with deletion of one item. The modified SMQ-II exhibited invariant factor loadings and intercepts (i.e., strong measurement invariance) when administered to boys and girls. Furthermore, on assessing whether motivation for learning Physics varied with gender, no significant differences were noted. On assessing the predictive effects of individual interest on students’ motivation, individual interest significantly predicted all motivational constructs, with stronger predictive strength on students’ self-efficacy and self-determination in learning Physics. In the second part whilst using comprised 934 Grade 9 students from eight secondary schools in Uganda, Latent profile analysis (LPA) - a person-centred approach was used to investigate motivation patterns that exist in lower secondary school students during physics learning. A three-step approach to LPA was used to answer three research questions: RQ1, which profiles of secondary school students exist with regards to their motivation for Physics learning; RQ2, are there differences in students’ cognitive learning strategies in the identified profiles; and RQ3, does students’ gender, attitudes, and individual interest predict membership in these profiles? Six motivational profiles were identified: (i) low-quantity motivation profile (101 students; 10.8%); (ii) moderate-quantity motivation profile (246 students; 26.3%); (iii) high-quantity motivation profile (365 students; 39.1%); (iv) primarily intrinsically motivated profile (60 students,6.4%); (v) mostly extrinsically motivated profile (88 students, 9.4%); and (vi) grade-introjected profile (74 students, 7.9%). Low-quantity and grade introjected motivated students mostly used surface learning strategies whilst the high-quantity and primarily intrinsically motivated students used deep learning strategies. On examining the predictive effect of gender, individual interest, and students’ attitudes on the profile membership, unlike gender, individual interest and students’ attitudes towards Physics learning strongly predicted profile membership. In the third part of the study, the occurrence of different secondary school learner profiles depending on their various combinations of cognitive and metacognitive learning strategy use, as well as their differences in perceived autonomy support, intrinsic motivation, and gender was examined. Data were collected from 576 9th grade student. Four learner profiles were identified: competent strategy user, struggling user, surface-level learner, and deep-level learner profiles. Gender differences were noted in students’ use of elaboration and organization strategies to learn Physics, in favour of girls. In terms of profile memberships, significant differences in gender, intrinsic motivation and perceived autonomy support were also noted. Girls were 2.4 - 2.7 times more likely than boys to be members of the competent strategy user and surface-level learner profiles. Additionally, higher levels of intrinsic motivation predicted an increased likelihood membership into the deep-level learner profile, whilst higher levels of perceived teacher autonomy predicted an increased likelihood membership into the competent strategy user profile as compared to other profiles. Lastly, in the fourth part, changes in secondary school students’ physics motivation and cognitive learning strategies use during physics learning across time were examined. Two waves of data were collected from initially 954 9th students through to their 10th grade. A three-step approach to Latent transition analysis was used. Generally, students’ motivation decreased from 9th to 10th grade. Qualitative students’ motivation profiles indicated strong with-in person stability whilst the quantitative profiles were relatively less stable. Mostly, students moved from the high quantity motivation profile to the extrinsically motivated profiles. On the other hand, the cognitive learning strategies use profiles were moderately stable; with higher with-in person stability in the deep-level learner profile. None of the struggling users and surface-level learners transitioned into the deep-level learners’ profile. Additionally, students who perceived increased support for autonomy from their teachers had higher membership likelihood into the competent users’ profiles whilst those with an increase in individual interest score had higher membership likelihood into the deep-level learner profile. N2 - Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die Entwicklungsdynamik zwischen Interesse, Motivation und dem Einsatz von Lernstrategien während des Physikunterrichts zu untersuchen. Die Zielpopulation waren Schüler der Sekundarstufe I aus einem Entwicklungsland, da es in der Forschung kaum Forschung gibt, die die oben genannten domänenspezifischen Konzepte im Kontext von Entwicklungsländern Ländern untersucht. Das Ziel wurde in vier Teilen verfolgt. Der erste Teil der Studie wurde von drei Zielen geleitet: (a) Anpassung und Validierung des Fragebogens zur Wissenschaftsmotivation (SMQ-II) für den ugandischen Kontext; (b) die Untersuchung ob es signifikante Unterschiede in der Motivation für das Lernen von Physik in Bezug auf das Geschlecht der SchülerInnen gibt; und (c) das Ausmaß, in dem das Interesse der SchülerInnen ihre Motivation zum Lernen von Physik vorhersagt. Da es sich um eine Pilotstudie handelt, umfasste die Stichprobe 374 zufällig ausgewählte von fünf Schulen in Zentraluganda, die anonyme Fragebögen beantworteten die Skalen aus dem SMQ-II und dem Fragebogen zum individuellen Interesse enthielten. Die Daten wurden mittels konfirmatorischer Faktorenanalysen, t-Tests und Strukturgleichungsmodellen in SPSS-25 und Mplus-8. Die Lösung des Fünf-Faktoren-Modells der SMQ-II passte adäquat zu den Studiendaten, wobei ein Item gestrichen wurde. Die modifizierte SMQ-II wies invariante Faktorladungen Ladungen und Achsenabschnitte (d. h. starke Messinvarianz), wenn er an Jungen und Mädchen. Darüber hinaus wurden bei der Beurteilung der Frage, ob die Motivation für das Lernen von Physik mit dem Geschlecht variiert, wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede festgestellt. Bei der Bewertung der prädiktiven Effekte des individuellen Interesse auf die Motivation der Schüler ergab, dass das individuelle Interesse alle Motivationskonstrukte signifikant vorhersagte, wobei die Konstrukte vor, wobei die Vorhersagekraft für die Selbstwirksamkeit und die Selbstbestimmung der Schüler beim Lernen von Physik. Im zweiten Teil, der 934 Schüler der Klasse 9 aus acht Sekundarschulen in Uganda umfasste Schulen in Uganda, wurde die latente Profilanalyse (LPA) - ein personenzentrierter Ansatz - verwendet, um Motivationsmuster zu untersuchen, die bei Schülern der Sekundarstufe I während des Physik lernen. Die LPA wurde in drei Schritten durchgeführt, um drei Forschungsfragen zu beantworten: RQ1, Welche Profile von Sekundarschülern gibt es in Bezug auf ihre Motivation für das Physiklernen? lernen; RQ2, gibt es Unterschiede in den kognitiven Lernstrategien der Schüler in den identifizierten Profilen; und RQ3, sagt das Geschlecht, die Einstellung und das individuelle Interesse der Schüler die Zugehörigkeit zu diesen Profilen vor? Es wurden sechs Motivationsprofile identifiziert: (i) Profil mit geringer QuantitätMotivationsprofil (101 Studierende; 10,8 %); (ii) Motivationsprofil mit mittlerer Quantität (246Studenten; 26,3%); (iii) Motivationsprofil mit hohem Bedarf (365 Studenten; 39,1%); (iv) primär intrinsisch motiviertes Profil (60 Studierende, 6,4%); (v) überwiegend extrinsisch motiviertes Profil (88 Schüler, 9,4 %); und (vi) ein Profil, das von der Note abhängt (74 Schüler, 7,9 %). Geringfügig und Grade-introjizierte motivierte Studierende verwendeten hauptsächlich oberflächliche Lernstrategien, während die hochquantitativen und hauptsächlich intrinsisch motivierten Studierenden tiefgehende Lernstrategien verwendeten. Auf Untersuchung des prädiktiven Effekts des Geschlechts, des individuellen Interesses und der Einstellung der Studierenden auf die Profilzugehörigkeit: Im Gegensatz zum Geschlecht haben das individuelle Interesse und die Einstellung der Schüler zum Physik eine starke Vorhersage der Profilzugehörigkeit. Im dritten Teil der Studie wird das Auftreten unterschiedlicher Lernerprofile in der Sekundarstufe Lernenden der Sekundarstufe in Abhängigkeit von den verschiedenen Kombinationen kognitiver und metakognitiver und metakognitiven Lernstrategien sowie die Unterschiede in der wahrgenommenen Autonomieunterstützung, der intrinsischen Motivation und Geschlecht untersucht. Es wurden Daten von 576 Schülern der 9. Klasse erhoben. Vier Lernende wurden vier Lernerprofile identifiziert: kompetente Strategieanwender, schwierige Anwender, oberflächliche Lerner und Profile mit tiefem Lernniveau. Es wurden geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei der Verwendung von Elaborations- und Organisationsstrategien für das Erlernen von Physik, wobei Mädchen bevorzugt wurden. In Bezug auf die Zugehörigkeit zu den Profilen, wurden signifikante Unterschiede in Bezug auf Geschlecht, intrinsische Motivation und wahrgenommene Autonomieunterstützung wurden ebenfalls festgestellt. Mädchen gehörten mit 2,4 bis 2,7-mal höherer Wahrscheinlichkeit als Jungen zu den kompetenten Strategieanwender- und Oberflächenniveau-Lernprofilen. Darüber hinaus sagten höhere Werte der intrinsischen Motivation eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Zugehörigkeit zum Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden voraus, während ein höheres Maß an wahrgenommener Lehrerautonomie eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine Zugehörigkeit zum Profil des kompetenten Strategieanwenders im Vergleich zu den anderen Profilen. Im vierten Teil schließlich wurden die Veränderungen in der Physikmotivation von Sekundarschülern und die Verwendung kognitiver Lernstrategien während des Physikunterrichts im Laufe der Zeit untersucht. In zwei Wellen wurden die Daten von ursprünglich 954 Schülern der 9. bis zur 10. Es wurde ein dreistufiger Ansatz der latenten Übergangsanalyse verwendet. Im Allgemeinen nahm die Motivation der Schüler von der 9. zur 10.Klasse ab. Die qualitativen Motivationsprofile der Schüler zeigten eine starke Stabilität innerhalb der Person, während die quantitativen Profile relativ weniger stabil waren. Meistens, wechselten die Schüler vom Profil der hohen quantitativen Motivation zu den extrinsisch motivierten Profilen. Andererseits waren die Profile für die Nutzung kognitiver Lernstrategien mäßig stabil, wobei das Profil der tiefgründig Lernenden eine höhere Stabilität aufwies. Keiner der schwierigen Nutzer und der oberflächlichen Lernenden ging in das Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden über. Darüber hinaus hatten Schüler, die von ihren Lehrern eine stärkere Unterstützung der Autonomie wahrnahmen eine höhere Zugehörigkeitswahrscheinlichkeit zu den Profilen der kompetenten Nutzer, während die Schüler mit einer höheren individuellem Interesse eine höhere Zugehörigkeitswahrscheinlichkeit zum Profil der tiefgründigen Lernenden hatten Profil aufwiesen. KW - individual interest KW - motivation KW - cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies KW - person-centered approaches KW - individuelle Interessen KW - Motivation KW - kognitive und metakognitive Lernstrategien KW - personenzentrierte Ansätze Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-609311 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Miller, Jeff A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - Delta plots for conflict tasks BT - an activation-suppression race model JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - We describe a mathematically simple yet precise model of activation suppression that can explain the negative-going delta plots often observed in standard Simon tasks. The model postulates a race between the identification of the relevant stimulus attribute and the suppression of irrelevant location-based activation, with the irrelevant activation only having an effect if the irrelevant activation is still present at the moment when central processing of the relevant attribute starts. The model can be fitted by maximum likelihood to observed distributions of RTs in congruent and incongruent trials, and it provides good fits to two previously-reported data sets with plausible parameter values. R and MATLAB software for use with the model is provided. KW - Delta plots KW - RT models KW - Simon effect KW - Activation suppression model Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-021-01900-5 SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1776 EP - 1795 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weck, Florian A1 - Junga, Yvonne Marie A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Hahn, Daniela A1 - Brucker, Katharina A1 - Witthöft, Michael T1 - Effects of competence feedback on therapist competence and patient outcome BT - a randomized controlled trial JF - Journal of consulting and clinical psychology N2 - Objective: Therapist competence is considered essential for the success of psychotherapy. Feedback is an intervention which has the potential to improve therapist competence. The present study investigated whether competence feedback leads to an improvement of therapist competence and patient outcome. Method: Sixty-seven master-level clinical trainees were randomly assigned to either a competence feedback group (CFG) or a control group (CG). Patients with a diagnosis of major depression (N = 114) were randomly assigned to CFG or CG. Treatment included 20 individual sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). In CFG, therapists received, parallel to the treatment, five competence feedbacks, based on videotaped therapy sessions. Independent raters assessed therapist competence with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS) and provided the competence feedback. Patient outcome was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and therapeutic alliance (Helping Alliance Questionnaire [HAQ]) from both therapist's (HAQ-T) and patient's (HAQ-P) perspective were evaluated after each of the 20 sessions. Results: (a) Therapist competence (CTS) increased significantly more for CFG than CG. (b) Depression (BDI-II) decreased significantly across sessions for both groups, but without evidence for a group-differential benefit for the CFG. (c) Therapeutic alliance (HAQ-T/P) increased significantly across sessions for both groups from both perspectives, but without group differences. (d) There is a positive effect of BDI-II on CTS at the beginning and a negative effect of CTS on BDI-II at the end of therapy. Conclusion: Competence feedback improves therapists' independently rated competence, but there is no evidence that competence feedback in CBT leads to better outcome. What is the public health significance of this article? This study suggests the substantial value of systematic competence feedback for improving therapist competence in the psychotherapy of depression. No significant effect of competence feedback on the reduction of reported depressive symptoms was found. KW - feedback KW - outcome KW - major depression KW - therapeutic alliance KW - therapeutic KW - competencies Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000686 SN - 0022-006X SN - 1939-2117 VL - 89 IS - 11 SP - 885 EP - 897 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hyönä, Jukka A1 - Heikkilä, Timo T. A1 - Vainio, Seppo A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parafoveal access to word stem during reading BT - an eye movement study JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Morphological complexity KW - Parafoveal processing KW - Display change KW - Initial fixation location Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 208 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Yan, Ming T1 - Phonological consistency effects in Chinese sentence reading JF - Scientific studies of reading N2 - In two eye-tracking experiments, we investigated the processing of information about phonological consistency of Chinese phonograms during sentence reading. In Experiment 1, we adopted the error disruption paradigm in silent reading and found significant effects of phonological consistency and homophony in the foveal vision, but only in a late processing stage. Adding oral reading to Experiment 2, we found both effects shifted to earlier indices of parafoveal processing. Specifically, low-consistency characters led to a better homophonic foveal recovery effect in Experiment 1 and stronger homophonic preview benefits in Experiment 2. These findings suggest that phonological consistency information can be obtained during sentence reading, and compared to the low-consistency previews the high-consistency previews are processed faster, which leads to greater interference to the recognition of target characters. Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/10888438.2020.1789146 SN - 1088-8438 SN - 1532-799X VL - 25 IS - 4 SP - 335 EP - 350 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Heinze, Peter Eric T1 - An exploration of activity and therapist preferences and their predictors in German-speaking samples T1 - Exploration von Aktivitäts- und Therapeut:innenpräferenzen und deren Prädiktoren in deutschsprachigen Stichproben N2 - According to current definitions of evidence-based practice, patients’ preferences play an important role for the psychotherapeutic process and outcomes. However, whereas a significant body of research investigated preferences regarding specific treatments, research on preferred activities or therapist characteristics is rare, investigated heterogeneous aspects with inconclusive results, lacked validated assessment tools, and neglected relevant preferences, their predictors as well as the perspective of mental health professionals. Therefore, the three studies of this dissertation aimed to address the most fundamental drawbacks in current preference research by providing a validated questionnaire, focus efforts on activity and therapist preferences and add preferences of psychotherapy trainees. To this end, Paper I reports the translation and validation of the 18-item Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preference (C-NIP) in a broad, heterogeneous sample of N = 969 laypeople, resulting in good to acceptable reliabilities and first evidence of validity. However, the original factor structure was not replicated. Paper II assesses activity preferences of psychotherapists in training using the C-NIP and compares them with the initial laypeople sample. There were significant differences between both samples, with trainees preferring a more patient-directed, emotionally intense and confrontational approach than laypeople. CBT trainees preferred a more therapist-directed, present-focused, challenging and less emotional intense approach than psychodynamic or -analytic trainees. Paper III explores therapist preferences and tests predictors for specific preference choices. For most characteristics, more than half of the participants did not have specific preferences. Results pointed towards congruency effects (i.e., preference for similar characteristics), especially for members of marginalized groups. The dissertation provides both researchers and practitioners with a validated questionnaire, shows potentially obstructive differences between patients and therapists and underlines the importance of therapist characteristics for marginalized groups, thereby laying the foundation for future applications and implementations in research and practice. N2 - Aktuelle Definitionen von evidenzbasierter Psychotherapie betonen neben Faktoren wie Therapiearten, Interventionen, Therapeut:inneneffekte, Beziehungseffekte und Patient:innenfaktoren die Relevanz von Präferenzen für den Therapieprozess und -erfolg. Während Behandlungspräferenzen bereits in vielen Studien untersucht wurden, gibt es nur wenige heterogene Ergebnisse zu Präferenzen bezüglich des psychotherapeutischen Vorgehens sowie gewünschter Eigenschaften von Psychotherapeut:innen. Zudem fehlen ein validierter Fragebogen, wichtige Präferenzen und deren Prädiktoren sowie die Perspektive der Behandler:innen. Die Dissertation greift daher die größten Lücken der Präferenzforschung im Rahmen von drei Studien zu Aktivitäts- und Therapeut:innenpräferenzen auf. Paper I stellt die Übersetzung und Validierung des Cooper-Norcross Inventory of Preferences in einer breiten Bevölkerungsstichprobe (N = 969) dar. Obwohl die Originalfaktorstruktur nicht repliziert werden konnte, erfasst die Skala vier Faktoren der Aktivitätspräferenz reliabel und valide. Paper II ergänzt eine Stichprobe von N = 466 Psychotherapeut:innen in Ausbildung (PiA) und vergleicht diese mit der ursprünglichen Bevölkerungsstichprobe. PiAs präferierten dabei einen signifikant stärkeren patientengeleiteten, emotional fordernden und konfrontativen Ansatz. PiAs der KVT präferierten im Vergleich zu PiAs der Psychoanalyse oder -dynamik einen therapeutengeleiteten, gegenwärtigen, konfrontativen und weniger emotional fordernden Ansatz. Paper III untersuchte Präferenzen hinsichtlich mehrerer Therapeut:inneneigenschaften und deren Prädiktoren. Für die meisten Eigenschaften gaben mehr als die Hälfte der Proband:innen an, keine spezifischen Präferenzen zu haben. Es zeigten sich jedoch Kongruenzeffekte, insbesondere für Personen aus marginalisierten Gruppen. Die Dissertation legt den Grundstein für künftige Anwendungen von Präferenzen für Forschende und Behandelnde, indem ein validierter Fragebogen vorgestellt, potentiell hinderliche Unterschiede zwischen Patient:innen und Therapeut:innen beschrieben und die Relevanz von Therapeut:inneneigenschaften für marginalisierte Gruppen dargestellt wird. KW - psychotherapy KW - preferences KW - preference assessment KW - psychotherapy training KW - respondent pool KW - Psychotherapie KW - Präferenzen KW - Präferenzmessung KW - Psychotherapieausbildung KW - Panelstichprobe Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607534 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hodapp, Alice A1 - Grimm, Sabine T1 - Neural signatures of temporal regularity and recurring patterns in random tonal sound sequences JF - European journal of neuroscience : EJN / European Neuroscience Association N2 - The auditory system is highly sensitive to recurring patterns in the acoustic input - even in otherwise unstructured material, such as white noise or random tonal sequences. Electroencephalography (EEG) research revealed a characteristic negative potential to periodically recurring auditory patterns - a response, which has been interpreted as memory trace-related and specific, rather than as a sign of periodicity-driven entrainment. Here, we aim to disentangle these two possible contributions by investigating the influence of a periodic sound sequence's inherent temporal regularity on event-related potentials. Participants were presented continuous sequences of short tones of random pitch, with some sequences containing a recurring pattern, and asked to indicate whether they heard a repetition. Patterns were either spaced equally across the random sequence (isochronous condition) or with a temporal jitter (jittered condition), which enabled us to differentiate between event-related potentials (and thus processing operations associated with a memory trace for a repeated pattern) and the periodic nature of the repetitions. A negative recurrence-related component could be observed independently of temporal regularity, was pattern-specific, and modulated by across trial repetition of the pattern. Critically, isochronous pattern repetition induced an additional early periodicity-related positive component, which started to build up already before the pattern onset and which was elicited undampedly even when the repeated pattern was occasionally not presented. This positive component likely reflects a sensory driven entrainment process that could be the foundation of a behavioural benefit in detecting temporally regular repetitions. KW - auditory sensory memory KW - entrainment KW - ERP KW - pattern detection KW - repetition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.15123 SN - 0953-816X SN - 1460-9568 VL - 53 IS - 8 SP - 2740 EP - 2754 PB - Wiley CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wood, Danielle A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Turn the beat around: Commentary on "Slow and fast beat sequences are represented differently through space" (De Tommaso & Prpic, 2020, in Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics) JF - Attention, perception, & psychophysics : AP&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc. N2 - There has been increasing interest in the spatial mapping of various perceptual and cognitive magnitudes, such as expanding the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect into domains outside of numerical cognition. Recently, De Tommaso and Prpic (Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 82, 2765-2773, 2020) reported in this journal that only fast tempos over 104 beats per minute have spatial associations, with more right-sided associations and faster responses for faster tempos. After discussing the role of perceived loudness and possible response strategies, we propose and recommend methodological improvements for further research. KW - Distance effect KW - Music cognition KW - Pitch KW - magnitude association KW - Semantic KW - congruity effect KW - SMARC KW - Sound recognition KW - Spatial cognition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-021-02247-8 SN - 1943-3921 SN - 1943-393X VL - 83 IS - 4 SP - 1518 EP - 1521 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Schwetlick, Lisa T1 - Data assimilation for neurocognitive models of eye movement T1 - Datenassimilation für Neurokognitive Modelle in der Blickbewegungsforschung N2 - Visual perception is a complex and dynamic process that plays a crucial role in how we perceive and interact with the world. The eyes move in a sequence of saccades and fixations, actively modulating perception by moving different parts of the visual world into focus. Eye movement behavior can therefore offer rich insights into the underlying cognitive mechanisms and decision processes. Computational models in combination with a rigorous statistical framework are critical for advancing our understanding in this field, facilitating the testing of theory-driven predictions and accounting for observed data. In this thesis, I investigate eye movement behavior through the development of two mechanistic, generative, and theory-driven models. The first model is based on experimental research regarding the distribution of attention, particularly around the time of a saccade, and explains statistical characteristics of scan paths. The second model implements a self-avoiding random walk within a confining potential to represent the microscopic fixational drift, which is present even while the eye is at rest, and investigates the relationship to microsaccades. Both models are implemented in a likelihood-based framework, which supports the use of data assimilation methods to perform Bayesian parameter inference at the level of individual participants, analyses of the marginal posteriors of the interpretable parameters, model comparisons, and posterior predictive checks. The application of these methods enables a thorough investigation of individual variability in the space of parameters. Results show that dynamical modeling and the data assimilation framework are highly suitable for eye movement research and, more generally, for cognitive modeling. N2 - Die visuelle Wahrnehmung ist einer der komplexesten Sinne, die dem Menschen zur Verfügung stehen. Jede Sekunde werden 108 - 109 bits Information von Lichtrezeptoren in den Augen aufgenommen und verarbeitet. Dieser Verarbeitung liegen komplexe und dynamische Prozesse zugrunde, die diese große Menge an Informationen in ein kohärentes Perzept verwandeln. Da nur ein kleiner Bereich, die Fovea, hohe Auflösung aufnehmen kann, bildet die Anordnung der Lichtrezeptoren in der Retina den ersten Filtermechanismus dieses Systems. Um trotzdem das gesamte visuelle Feld scharf sehen zu können, bewegen sich die Augen nach und nach über die verschiedenen Elemente der visuellen Welt. Dabei werden interessante oder relevante Inhalte in den Fokus gerückt. Die Bewegung erfolgt in einer Reihe von schnellen Bewegungen (Sakkaden) und relativen Ruheperioden (Fixationen). Während der Fixationen ist das Auge allerdings nicht still, stattdessen sorgen mikroskopische Bewegungen, ein langsamer Drift und schnelle Mikrosakkaden, für eine konstante Bewegung des Auges. Die Auswahl der Fixationsorte sowie die Bewegung an sich bieten Hinweise auf die Verarbeitungsprozesse, die der visuellen Wahrnehmung zugrunde liegen. Wahrnehmung und Handlung sind besonders im Falle der Blickbewegung eng verknüpft und voneinander abhängig: die Bewegung beeinflusst, welche visuelle Information auf die Rezeptoren trifft und die Wahrnehmung ist entscheidend für die Auswahl der Bewegung. In meiner Dissertation entwickele ich einen dynamischen Ansatz zur Modellierung von kognitiven Prozessen, der die Entfaltung von Wahrnehmung und Handlung über die Zeit in den Vordergrund stellt. Darüber hinaus sind die angewendeten Modelle mechanistisch, d.h. sie stützen sich auf biologisch plausible Mechanismen zur Erzeugung von Verhalten. Ein mechanistischer, dynamischer Modellierungsansatz birgt einige entscheidende Vorteile für den wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisgewinn. Ergebnisse aus der Literatur und der experimentellen Forschung dienen als Grundlage, um Verhalten zu erklären. Zeigt das Modell auf Basis dieser Mechanismen tatsächlich das erwartete Verhalten, so ist dies ein starkes Indiz für die aufgestellten Hypothesen für dessen Ursache. Des Weiteren entsteht komplexes Verhalten zumeist nicht monokausal, sondern aus einer Zusammenkunft an Ursachen oder als emergente Eigenschaft. Die Modellieung erlaubt es uns, solche komplexen Prozesse durch Variationen und Veränderungen des Modells im Detail besser zu verstehen. Der methodische Rahmen des Modellierungsansatzes stützt sich auf die umfangreiche Literatur zur dynamischen Modellierung und die Bayes’sche Likelihood-basierte Parameterinferenz. Modelle werden mithilfe dieser statistischen Methoden optimiert, sodass die statistisch bestmögliche Passung von Modell und Daten erreicht wird. Möglich gemacht wird diese Optimierung durch die Likelihood Funktion des Modells, d.h. es wird die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Daten gegeben des Modells errechnet. Zudem werden durch das Variieren der Parameter oder durch analytische Verfahren jene Parameter gewählt, welche die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit ergeben. Darüberhinaus kann mit Hilfe eines Bays’schen Ansatzes auch eine Approximation der Wahrscheinlichkeitsverteilung (Marginal Posterior) pro Parameter errechnet werden. Wenn durch das Modell eine Likelihood Funktion definiert wird, existiert eine gute statistische Grundlage, die starke Inferenzen erlaubt. Wenn eine solche Likelihood Funktion für ein gegebenes Modell nicht formuliert werden kann, muss die Parameterinferenz anhand von anderen Qualitätsmetriken erfolgen. Obwohl dies in der Vergangenheit in den Kognitionswissenschaften häufig der Standard war, bietet die Likelihood-basierte Modellierung doch klare Vorteile, so zum Beispiel die Unabhängigkeit von der Wahl der Metrik und eine starke statistische Basis. Modellparameter in einem mechanistischen Modell haben außerdem typischerweise eine eindeutige Bedeutung für die Mechanismen des Modells. Sie repräsentieren zum Beispiel die Größe der räumlichen Aufmerksamkeitsspanne oder die zeitliche Gedächtnisspanne. Die statistische Parameterinferenz erlaubt daher auch direkte Rückschlüsse auf die Ausprägung der Mechanismen. Zudem sind die hier behandelten Modelle auch generativ, sodass es möglich ist, Daten zu simulieren. Mithilfe von sogenannten Posterior Predictive Checks ist es möglich, das Modellverhalten direkt mit experimentell beobachtetem Verhalten zu vergleichen. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird der beschriebene Modellierungsansatz auf zwei Modelle menschlicher Blickbewegungen angewandt. Das erste Modell beschreibt dabei die Auswahl der Fixationsorte bei der Betrachtung von Szenen. Es modelliert explizit die Dynamik der Aufmerksamkeit und deren Auswirkungen auf die Blickbewegung. Das zweite Modell beschreibt die mikroskopischen fixationalen Driftbewegungen mithilfe eines Self-Avoiding Walks. Beide Modelle sind dynamische Modelle mit interpretierbaren Parametern und einer Likelihood Funktion. Somit kann für beide Modelle Bayes’sche Parameterinferenz auf Versuchspersonenebene ermöglicht werden. In der ersten im Rahmen dieser Dissertation präsentierten Arbeit verwenden wir das SceneWalk Modell. Dieses besteht grundsätzlich aus einer Aktivations- und einer Inhibitionskomponente, die sich jeweils über die Zeit mittels einer Differenzialgleichung entwickeln. Die Summe beider Komponenten ergibt für jeden Punkt auf einem diskreten Gitter die Wahrscheinlichkeit eine Sakkade zu diesem Punkt. Experimentelle Forschung zeigt, dass die visuelle Aufmerksamkeit kurz vor einer Sakkade bereits auf den nächsten Fixationsort verlagert wird. Des Weiteren gibt es nach der Sakkade Evidenz für eine Verschiebung der Aufmerksamkeit in die Richtung der Sakkade, aber über den intendierten Fixationsort hinaus. Hier erweitern wir das SceneWalk Modell, indem wir Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse rund um den Zeitpunkt der Sakkade implementieren. Diese Aufmerksamkeitsprozesse erwirken bei den Modiellierungergebnissen eine verbesserte Passung zwischen Daten und Modell und bieten einen Erklärungsansatz für die charakteristischen Winkelverteilungen von aufeinanderfolgenden Sakkaden. In dieser Arbeit zeigen wir außerdem, dass es möglich ist, mittels Bayes’scher Inferenz, separate und aussagekräftige Parameter für einzelne Individuen zu schätzen. In der zweiten Arbeit wenden wir dasselbe Modell, SceneWalk, und die Bayes’sche Inferenz nicht nur auf die Modellierung von verschiedenen Individuen, sondern auch verschiedenen Aufgaben an. Wir zeigen hier Evidenz für systematische Unterschiede in den dynamischen Aufmerksamkeitsparametern, die durch das Modell erfasst werden können. Überdies erweitern wir das SceneWalk Modell in dieser Arbeit um eine zeitliche Komponente (Spatiotemporal Likelihood), sodass jetzt auch die Fixationsdauer im Rahmen des Modells miterfasst wird. Mithilfe dieser Erweiterung finden wir Evidenz für eine Kopplung von Fixationsdauer und Salienz. Die dritte Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit einem Modell für fixationale Driftbewegungen. Das SAW-Modell verwendet einen statistischen Self-Avoiding Random Walk, d.h. eine quasi-zufällige Bewegung auf einem diskreten Gitter, die statistisch ihre eigene Trajektorie vermeidet. Das Gedächtnis der eigenen Trajektorie ist durch einen Parameter definiert. Diese Bewegung wird durch ein Potential daran gehindert, sich zu weit von ihrem Ausgangspunkt zu entfernen. Wir verwenden die selbe Methode der Bayes’schen Parameterinferenz und schätzen so Parameter für Individuen. Des Weiteren stellen wir eine explorative Analyse vor, die einen Zusammenhang zwischen der latenten Aktivierung des Models und Mikrosakkaden findet. In dieser Dissertation wird ein dynamischer Ansatz zur Modellierung von Kognition untersucht, wobei der Schwerpunkt auf Blickbewegungen und visueller Wahrnehmung liegt. Die Arbeit basiert auf der Beobachtung, dass Wahrnehmung und Handlung voneinander abhängig sind und sich im Laufe der Zeit dynamisch entfalten und, dass biologische und neurophysiologische Erkenntnisse die Randbedingungen für verhaltensbezogene Erklärungen liefern sollten. Beide vorgestellten Modelle erfassen zentrale Aspekte des Blickverhaltens sowie individuelle Unterschiede. Die Modelle erlauben eine Untersuchung der zeitlichen Dynamik ihrer jeweiligen Prozesse und können zur Simulation verschiedener Bedingungen und Aufgaben verwendet werden, um deren Auswirkungen auf das Verhalten zu analysieren. Der vorgestellte Modellierungsansatz beinhaltet die Verwendung von dynamischen und mechanistischen Modellen, statistische Inferenz von Parametern, Vergleich von statistischen Eigenschaften simulierter und experimenteller Daten und ermöglicht auch objektive Modellvergleiche. Der dynamische Ansatz zur Modellierung von Kognition ist eine plausible und adäquate Methode um die Interdependenz von Wahrnehmung und Handlung zu beschreiben. Sie bietet die Möglichkeit, Verhalten unter Verwendung theoriebasierter und experimentell fundierter Mechanismen zu erzeugen. Die hier vorgestellten Modelle zeigen das Potenzial dieses Ansatzes und können als Grundlage für weitere Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der kognitiven Modellierung dienen. KW - eye movement KW - mathematical modeling KW - dynamical models KW - data assimilation KW - scan paths KW - attention KW - Aufmerksamkeit KW - Datenassimilation KW - dynamische Modelle KW - Blickbewegungen KW - mathematische Modellierung KW - Blickpfade Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-598280 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lindborg, Alma A1 - Andersen, Tobias S. T1 - Bayesian binding and fusion models explain illusion and enhancement effects in audiovisual speech perception JF - PLoS one N2 - Speech is perceived with both the ears and the eyes. Adding congruent visual speech improves the perception of a faint auditory speech stimulus, whereas adding incongruent visual speech can alter the perception of the utterance. The latter phenomenon is the case of the McGurk illusion, where an auditory stimulus such as e.g. "ba" dubbed onto a visual stimulus such as "ga" produces the illusion of hearing "da". Bayesian models of multisensory perception suggest that both the enhancement and the illusion case can be described as a two-step process of binding (informed by prior knowledge) and fusion (informed by the information reliability of each sensory cue). However, there is to date no study which has accounted for how they each contribute to audiovisual speech perception. In this study, we expose subjects to both congruent and incongruent audiovisual speech, manipulating the binding and the fusion stages simultaneously. This is done by varying both temporal offset (binding) and auditory and visual signal-to-noise ratio (fusion). We fit two Bayesian models to the behavioural data and show that they can both account for the enhancement effect in congruent audiovisual speech, as well as the McGurk illusion. This modelling approach allows us to disentangle the effects of binding and fusion on behavioural responses. Moreover, we find that these models have greater predictive power than a forced fusion model. This study provides a systematic and quantitative approach to measuring audiovisual integration in the perception of the McGurk illusion as well as congruent audiovisual speech, which we hope will inform future work on audiovisual speech perception. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246986 SN - 1932-6203 VL - 16 IS - 2 PB - PLoS CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ventura-Bort, Carlos A1 - Wirkner, Janine A1 - Wendt, Julia A1 - Hamm, Alfons O. A1 - Weymar, Mathias T1 - Establishment of emotional memories is mediated by vagal nerve activation BT - evidence from noninvasive taVNS JF - The journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience N2 - Emotional memories are better remembered than neutral ones, but the mechanisms leading to this memory bias are not well under-stood in humans yet. Based on animal research, it is suggested that the memory-enhancing effect of emotion is based on central nor-adrenergic release, which is triggered by afferent vagal nerve activation. To test the causal link between vagus nerve activation and emotional memory in humans, we applied continuous noninvasive transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) during exposure to emotional arousing and neutral scenes and tested subsequent, long-term recognition memory after 1 week. We found that taVNS, compared with sham, increased recollection-based memory performance for emotional, but not neutral, material. These findings were complemented by larger recollection-related brain potentials (parietal ERP Old/New effect) during retrieval of emotional scenes encoded under taVNS, compared with sham. Furthermore, brain potentials recorded during encoding also revealed that taVNS facilitated early attentional discrimination between emotional and neutral scenes. Extending animal research, our behavioral and neu-ral findings confirm a modulatory influence of the vagus nerve in emotional memory formation in humans. KW - emotion KW - ERPs KW - memory KW - Old KW - New effect KW - LPP KW - vagus nerve KW - tVNS Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2329-20.2021 SN - 1529-2401 VL - 41 IS - 36 SP - 7636 EP - 7648 PB - Society for Neuroscience CY - Washington, DC ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raith, Anna-Marie A1 - Hämmerling, Marie A1 - Klein, Sabrina A1 - Peitz, Diana A1 - Knaevelsrud, Christine A1 - Zagorscak, Pavle T1 - Selbstwertförderung in der universellen Prävention von Essstörungen BT - Pilotierung einer internetbasierten Intervention an einer studentischen Stichprobe JF - Psychotherapeut N2 - Background Eating disorders are prevalent, often have chronic courses and relapses are frequent even after effective treatment approaches. Therefore, prevention is decisive; however, many of the current prevention programs are resource intensive. Internet-based interventions can represent cost-effective and low threshold alternatives but only few approaches have so far been investigated. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an internet-based unaccompanied preventive intervention. Material and methods The intervention was newly developed based on behavior therapeutic techniques and piloted in a group of 200 students using a randomized waiting list control group design. Data on eating disorder-specific pathology (eating disorder examination questionnaire, EDE-Q), self-esteem (Rosenberg self-esteem scale, RSES), and well-being (World Health Organization-five well-being index, WHO-5) were collected before and after the intervention or the waiting period. Data were evaluated based on variance analysis. Results A total of 43% of participants completed the intervention. Self-esteem increases were stronger in the intervention group in comparison to the waiting control group with large effect sizes (eta(2)(p) p = 0.33). There were no significant differences between the groups for the other variables. Conclusion Unaccompanied online self-help appears to provide a promising approach for improving self-esteem thus contributing to the prevention of eating disorders. Investigations in larger and more heterogeneous groups are necessary in the future to identify possibly present smaller preventive effects. N2 - Hintergrund Essstörungen sind prävalent, chronifizieren häufig und gehen trotz wirksamer Behandlungsansätze oft mit Rückfällen einher. Prävention ist daher entscheidend, jedoch sind viele aktuelle Präventionsprogramme ressourcenintensiv. Internetbasierte Interventionen können eine kostengünstige und niedrigschwellige Alternative darstellen, sind jedoch bislang nur wenig untersucht. Fragestellung Wie wirksam ist ein internetbasiertes, unbegleitetes Präventionsangebot? Material und Methode Die Intervention wurde auf Basis verhaltenstherapeutischer Techniken neu entwickelt und im Rahmen eines randomisierten Wartekontrollgruppendesigns an 200 Studierenden pilotiert. Vor und nach der Intervention bzw. Wartezeit wurden Daten zu essstörungsspezifischer Pathologie (Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, EDE‑Q), Wohlbefinden (WHO-Five Well-Being Index, WHO-5) sowie Selbstwert (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, RSES) erhoben und varianzanalytisch untersucht. Ergebnisse Die Intervention wurde von 43 % der Teilnehmenden vollständig durchlaufen. Der Selbstwert nahm in der Interventionsgruppe im Vergleich zur Wartekontrollgruppe stärker zu (η2p= 0,33). Auf den anderen Variablen ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen. Schlussfolgerung Unbegleitete Online-Selbsthilfe erscheint vielversprechend, um den Selbstwert zu verbessern und damit einen Beitrag zur Prävention von Essstörungen zu leisten. Untersuchungen in größeren, heterogenen Gruppen sind künftig nötig, um ggf. vorhandene, kleinere Präventionseffekte zu entdecken. T2 - Promotion of self-esteem in the universal prevention of eating disorders. Pilot study of an internet-based intervention in a sample of students KW - Internet-based Interventions KW - Self-care KW - Treatment adherence KW - Treatment KW - efficacy KW - Randomized controlled trial KW - Internetbasierte Interventionen KW - Selbsthilfe KW - Behandlungsadhärenz KW - Behandlungswirksamkeit KW - Randomisierte kontrollierte Studie Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-021-00515-4 SN - 0935-6185 SN - 1432-2080 VL - 66 IS - 4 SP - 275 EP - 281 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hilbert, Anja A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Adipositas – Aktuelle Forschung zu Grundlagen und Therapie JF - Psychotherapeut T2 - Obesity - Current research on principles and treatment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00278-020-00479-x SN - 0935-6185 SN - 1432-2080 VL - 66 IS - 1-2 SP - 1 EP - 2 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhou, Yuefang A1 - Kornher, Tristan A1 - Mohnke, Janett A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Tactile interaction with a humanoid robot BT - effects on physiology and subjective impressions JF - International journal of social robotics N2 - This study investigated how touching and being touched by a humanoid robot affects human physiology, impressions of the interaction, and attitudes towards humanoid robots. 21 healthy adult participants completed a 3 (touch style: touching, being touched, pointing) x 2 (body part: hand vs buttock) within-subject design using a Pepper robot. Skin conductance response (SCR) was measured during each interaction. Perceived impressions of the interaction (i.e., friendliness, comfort, arousal) were measured per questionnaire after each interaction. Participants' demographics and their attitude towards robots were also considered. We found shorter SCR rise times in the being touched compared to the touching condition, possibly reflecting psychological alertness to the unpredictability of robot-initiated contacts. The hand condition had shorter rise times than the buttock condition. Most participants evaluated the hand condition as most friendly and comfortable and the robot-initiated interactions as most arousing. Interacting with Pepper improved attitudes towards robots. Our findings require future studies with larger samples and improved procedures. They have implications for robot design in all domains involving tactile interactions, such as caring and intimacy. KW - Human– robot tactile interaction KW - Skin conductance KW - Buttocks KW - Robot Pepper KW - Human– robot intimate relationships Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-021-00749-x SN - 1875-4791 SN - 1875-4805 VL - 13 IS - 7 SP - 1657 EP - 1677 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Bogdan, Paul C. A1 - Shen, Chen A1 - Jun, Suhnyoung A1 - Buetti, Simona A1 - Lleras, Alejandro A1 - Bost, Kelly Freeman A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Dolcos, Sanda T1 - The impact of focused attention on subsequent emotional recollection BT - a functional MRI investigation JF - Neuropsychologia : an international journal in behavioural and cognitive neuroscience N2 - In his seminal works, Endel Tulving argued that functionally distinct memory systems give rise to subjective experiences of remembering and knowing (i.e., recollection- vs. familiarity-based memory, respectively). Evidence shows that emotion specifically enhances recollection, and this effect is subserved by a synergistic mechanism involving the amygdala (AMY) and hippocampus (HC). In extreme circumstances, however, uncontrolled recollection of highly distressing memories may lead to symptoms of affective disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that can diminish such detrimental effects. Here, we investigated the effects of Focused Attention (FA) on emotional recollection. FA is an emotion regulation strategy that has been proven quite effective in reducing the impact of emotional responses associated with the recollection of distressing autobiographical memories, but its impact during emotional memory encoding is not known. Functional MRI and eye-tracking data were recorded while participants viewed a series of composite negative and neutral images with distinguishable foreground (FG) and background (BG) areas. Participants were instructed to focus either on the FG or BG content of the images and to rate their emotional responses. About 4 days later, participants' memory was assessed using the R/K procedure, to indicate whether they Recollected specific contextual details about the encoded images or the images were just familiar to them - i.e., participants only Knew that they saw the pictures without being able to remember specific contextual details. First, results revealed that FA was successful in decreasing memory for emotional pictures viewed in BG Focus condition, and this effect was driven by recollection-based retrieval. Second, the BG Focus condition was associated with decreased activity in the AMY, HC, and anterior parahippocampal gyrus for subsequently recollected emotional items. Moreover, correlation analyses also showed that reduced activity in these regions predicted greater reduction in emotional recollection following FA. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of FA in mitigating emotional experiences and emotional recollection associated with unpleasant emotional events. KW - affect KW - emotion control KW - emotional memory KW - MTL KW - emotion-cognition KW - interaction KW - functional magnetic resonance imaging Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107338 SN - 0028-3932 SN - 1873-3514 VL - 138 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER -