TY - JOUR A1 - Tait, Claudia E. A1 - Reckwitz, Anna A1 - Arvind, Malavika A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Bittl, Robert A1 - Behrends, Jan T1 - Spin-spin interactions and spin delocalisation in a doped organic semiconductor probed by EPR spectroscopy JF - Physical chemistry, chemical physics : PCCP ; a journal of European chemical societies N2 - The enhancement and control of the electrical conductivity of organic semiconductors is fundamental for their use in optoelectronic applications and can be achieved by molecular doping, which introduces additional charge carriers through electron transfer between a dopant molecule and the organic semiconductor. Here, we use Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to characterise the unpaired spins associated with the charges generated by molecular doping of the prototypical organic semiconductor poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F(4)TCNQ) and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF). The EPR results reveal the P3HT radical cation as the only paramagnetic species in BCF-doped P3HT films and show evidence for increased mobility of the detected spins at high doping concentrations as well as formation of antiferromagnetically coupled spin pairs leading to decreased spin concentrations at low temperatures. The EPR signature for F(4)TCNQ-doped P3HT is found to be determined by spin exchange between P3HT radical cations and F(4)TCNQ radical anions. Results from continuous-wave and pulse EPR measurements suggest the presence of the unpaired spin on P3HT in a multitude of environments, ranging from free P3HT radical cations with similar properties to those observed in BCF-doped P3HT, to pairs of dipolar and exchange-coupled spins on P3HT and the dopant anion. Characterisation of the proton hyperfine interactions by ENDOR allowed quantification of the extent of spin delocalisation and revealed reduced delocalisation in the F(4)TCNQ-doped P3HT films. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/d1cp02133h SN - 1463-9076 SN - 1463-9084 VL - 23 IS - 25 SP - 13827 EP - 13841 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Silvia-Lucretia, Nicola T1 - Die politisch-militärische Lage in Sintschar JF - Ferman 74 : Der Genozid an den Jesiden 2014/15 Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-95650-850-9 SN - 978-3-95650-851-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956508516-79 SP - 79 EP - 94 PB - Ergon CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Eckart T1 - Der Genozid des sogenannten Islamistischen Staates an den irakischen Jesiden aus der Sicht des Völkerrecht JF - Ferman 74 : Der Genozid an den Jesiden 2014/15 Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-95650-850-9 SN - 978-3-95650-851-6 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/9783956508516-51 SP - 51 EP - 77 PB - Ergon CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xie, Chao A1 - Jia, Tianye A1 - Rolls, Edmund T. A1 - Robbins, Trevor W. A1 - Sahakian, Barbara J. A1 - Zhang, Jie A1 - Liu, Zhaowen A1 - Cheng, Wei A1 - Luo, Qiang A1 - Zac Lo, Chun-Yi A1 - Schumann, Gunter A1 - Feng, Jianfeng A1 - Wang, He A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Barker, Gareth J. A1 - Bokde, Arun L.W. A1 - Büchel, Christian A1 - Quinlan, Erin Burke A1 - Desrivières, Sylvane A1 - Flor, Herta A1 - Grigis, Antoine A1 - Garavan, Hugh A1 - Gowland, Penny A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Hohmann, Sarah A1 - Ittermann, Bernd A1 - Martinot, Jean-Luc A1 - Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure A1 - Nees, Frauke A1 - Papadopoulos Orfanos, Dimitri A1 - Paus, Tomáš A1 - Poustka, Luise A1 - Fröhner, Juliane H. A1 - Smolka, Michael N. A1 - Walter, Henrik A1 - Whelan, Robert T1 - Reward versus nonreward sensitivity of the medial versus lateral orbitofrontal cortex relates to the severity of depressive symptoms JF - Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging N2 - BACKGROUND: The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in depression. The hypothesis investigated was whether the OFC sensitivity to reward and nonreward is related to the severity of depressive symptoms. METHODS: Activations in the monetary incentive delay task were measured in the IMAGEN cohort at ages 14 years (n = 1877) and 19 years (n = 1140) with a longitudinal design. Clinically relevant subgroups were compared at ages 19 (high-severity group: n = 116; low-severity group: n = 206) and 14. RESULTS: The medial OFC exhibited graded activation increases to reward, and the lateral OFC had graded activation increases to nonreward. In this general population, the medial and lateral OFC activations were associated with concurrent depressive symptoms at both ages 14 and 19 years. In a stratified high-severity depressive symptom group versus control group comparison, the lateral OFC showed greater sensitivity for the magnitudes of activations related to nonreward in the high-severity group at age 19 (p = .027), and the medial OFC showed decreased sensitivity to the reward magnitudes in the high-severity group at both ages 14 (p = .002) and 19 (p = .002). In a longitudinal design, there was greater sensitivity to nonreward of the lateral OFC at age 14 for those who exhibited high depressive symptom severity later at age 19 (p = .003). CONCLUSIONS: Activations in the lateral OFC relate to sensitivity to not winning, were associated with high depressive symptom scores, and at age 14 predicted the depressive symptoms at ages 16 and 19. Activations in the medial OFC were related to sensitivity to winning, and reduced reward sensitivity was associated with concurrent high depressive symptom scores. KW - adolescents KW - depression KW - monetary incentive delay task KW - nonreward sensitivity KW - orbitofrontal cortex KW - reward anticipation KW - reward sensitivity KW - ventral striatum Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.08.017 SN - 2451-9022 SN - 2451-9030 VL - 6 IS - 3 SP - 259 EP - 269 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Codeço, Marta S. A1 - Weis, Philipp A1 - Trumbull, Robert B. A1 - Van Hinsberg, Vincent A1 - Pinto, Filipe A1 - Lecumberri-Sanchez, Pilar A1 - Schleicher, Anja Maria T1 - The imprint of hydrothermal fluids on trace-element contents in white mica and tourmaline from the Panasqueira W–Sn–Cu deposit, Portugal JF - Mineralium Deposita N2 - White mica and tourmaline are the dominant hydrothermal alteration minerals at the world-class Panasqueira W-Sn-Cu deposit in Portugal. Thus, understanding the controls on their chemical composition helps to constrain ore formation processes at this deposit and determine their usefulness as pathfinder minerals for mineralization in general. We combine whole-rock geochemistry of altered and unaltered metasedimentary host rocks with in situ LA-ICP-MS measurements of tourmaline and white mica from the alteration halo. Principal component analysis (PCA) is used to better identify geochemical patterns and trends of hydrothermal alteration in the datasets. The hydrothermally altered metasediments are enriched in As, Sn, Cs, Li, W, F, Cu, Rb, Zn, Tl, and Pb relative to unaltered samples. In situ mineral analyses show that most of these elements preferentially partition into white mica over tourmaline (Li, Rb, Cs, Tl, W, and Sn), whereas Zn is enriched in tourmaline. White mica has distinct compositions in different settings within the deposit (greisen, vein selvages, wall rock alteration zone, late fault zone), indicating a compositional evolution with time. In contrast, tourmaline from different settings overlaps in composition, which is ascribed to a stronger dependence on host rock composition and also to the effects of chemical zoning and microinclusions affecting the LA-ICP-MS analyses. Hence, in this deposit, white mica is the better recorder of the fluid composition. The calculated trace-element contents of the Panasqueira mineralizing fluid based on the mica data and estimates of mica-fluid partition coefficients are in good agreement with previous fluid-inclusion analyses. A compilation of mica and tourmaline trace-element compositions from Panasqueira and other W-Sn deposits shows that white mica has good potential as a pathfinder mineral, with characteristically high Li, Cs, Rb, Sn, and W contents. The trace-element contents of hydrothermal tourmaline are more variable. Nevertheless, the compiled data suggest that high Sn and Li contents are distinctive for tourmaline from W-Sn deposits. KW - alteration geochemistry KW - tourmaline KW - white mica KW - Panasqueira KW - Tungsten–tin deposits KW - magmatic-hydrothermal systems KW - trace elements Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00984-8 SN - 1432-1866 SN - 0026-4598 VL - 56 IS - 3 SP - 481 EP - 508 PB - Springer CY - Berlin; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Machatschek, Rainhard Gabriel A1 - Saretia, Shivam A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Assessing the influence of temperature-memory creation on the degradation of copolyesterurethanes in ultrathin films JF - Advanced materials interfaces N2 - Copolyesterurethanes (PDLCLs) based on oligo(epsilon-caprolactone) (OCL) and oligo(omega-pentadecalactone) (OPDL) segments are biodegradable thermoplastic temperature-memory polymers. The temperature-memory capability in these polymers with crystallizable control units is implemented by a thermomechanical programming process causing alterations in the crystallite arrangement and chain organization. These morphological changes can potentially affect degradation. Initial observations on the macroscopic level inspire the hypothesis that switching of the controlling units causes an accelerated degradation of the material, resulting in programmable degradation by sequential coupling of functions. Hence, detailed degradation studies on Langmuir films of a PDLCL with 40 wt% OPDL content are carried out under enzymatic catalysis. The temperature-memory creation procedure is mimicked by compression at different temperatures. The evolution of the chain organization and mechanical properties during the degradation process is investigated by means of polarization-modulated infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, interfacial rheology and to some extend by X-ray reflectivity. The experiments on PDLCL Langmuir films imply that degradability is not enhanced by thermal switching, as the former depends on the temperature during cold programming. Nevertheless, the thin film experiments show that the leaching of OCL segments does not induce further crystallization of the OPDL segments, which is beneficial for a controlled and predictable degradation. KW - block copolymers KW - degradation KW - Langmuir monolayers KW - rheology KW - temperature-memory polymers Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202001926 SN - 2196-7350 VL - 8 IS - 6 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eckert, Sebastian A1 - Vaz da Cruz, Vinícius A1 - Ochmann, Miguel A1 - Ahnen, Inga von A1 - Föhlisch, Alexander A1 - Huse, Nils T1 - Breaking the symmetry of pyrimidine BT - solvent effects and core-excited state dynamics JF - The journal of physical chemistry letters N2 - Symmetry and its breaking crucially define the chemical properties of molecules and their functionality. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering is a local electronic structure probe reporting on molecular symmetry and its dynamical breaking within the femtosecond scattering duration. Here, we study pyrimidine, a system from the C-2v point group, in an aqueous solution environment, using scattering though its 2a(2) resonance. Despite the absence of clean parity selection rules for decay transitions from in-plane orbitals, scattering channels including decay from the 7b(2) and 11a(1) orbitals with nitrogen lone pair character are a direct probe for molecular symmetry. Computed spectra of explicitly solvated molecules sampled from a molecular dynamics simulation are combined with the results of a quantum dynamical description of the X-ray scattering process. We observe dominant signatures of core-excited Jahn-Teller induced symmetry breaking for resonant excitation. Solvent contributions are separable by shortening of the effective scattering duration through excitation energy detuning. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01865 SN - 1948-7185 VL - 12 IS - 35 SP - 8637 EP - 8643 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Friedrich, Thomas A1 - Oberkofler, Vicky A1 - Trindade, Inês A1 - Altmann, Simone A1 - Brzezinka, Krzysztof A1 - Lämke, Jörn S. A1 - Gorka, Michal A1 - Kappel, Christian A1 - Sokolowska, Ewelina A1 - Skirycz, Aleksandra A1 - Graf, Alexander A1 - Bäurle, Isabel T1 - Heteromeric HSFA2/HSFA3 complexes drive transcriptional memory after heat stress in Arabidopsis JF - Nature Communications N2 - Adaptive plasticity in stress responses is a key element of plant survival strategies. For instance, moderate heat stress (HS) primes a plant to acquire thermotolerance, which allows subsequent survival of more severe HS conditions. Acquired thermotolerance is actively maintained over several days (HS memory) and involves the sustained induction of memory-related genes. Here we show that FORGETTER3/ HEAT SHOCK TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A3 (FGT3/HSFA3) is specifically required for physiological HS memory and maintaining high memory-gene expression during the days following a HS exposure. HSFA3 mediates HS memory by direct transcriptional activation of memory-related genes after return to normal growth temperatures. HSFA3 binds HSFA2, and in vivo both proteins form heteromeric complexes with additional HSFs. Our results indicate that only complexes containing both HSFA2 and HSFA3 efficiently promote transcriptional memory by positively influencing histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) hyper-methylation. In summary, our work defines the major HSF complex controlling transcriptional memory and elucidates the in vivo dynamics of HSF complexes during somatic stress memory. Moderate heat stress primes plants to acquire tolerance to subsequent, more severe heat stress. Here the authors show that the HSFA3 transcription factor forms a heteromeric complex with HSFA2 to sustain activated transcription of genes required for acquired thermotolerance by promoting H3K4 hyper-methylation. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23786-6 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group UK CY - [London] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Santamans, Carla Daniela A1 - Cordoba, Francisco E. A1 - Franco, María G. A1 - Vignoni, Paula A1 - Lupo, Liliana C. T1 - Hydro-climatological variability in Lagunas de Vilama System, Argentinean Altiplano-Puna Plateau, Southern Tropical Andes (22 degrees S) and its response to large-scale climate forcings JF - The science of the total environment : an international journal for scientific research into the environment and its relationship with man N2 - The Altiplano-Puna Plateau holds several shallow lakes, which are very sensitive to climate changes. This work is focused on a high-altitude lake system called Lagunas de Vilama (LVS), located in a complex climatic transition area with scarcity of continuous and homogeneous instrumental records. The objective of this study is to determine the regional spatial-temporal variability of precipitation and evaluate the seasonal and interannual lake responses. We use a lake-surfaces record derived from Landsat images to investigate links with regional precipitations and different climatic forcings. The results reveal that austral summer and autumn precipitations control the variability of the annual lake-surfaces. Also, we found intra-annual and interannual lags in the lake responses to precipitations, and identified several wet and dry stages. Our results show negative trends in precipitations and lake-surfaces, whose were strengthened by a shift to a warm phase of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in the 1990s. The El Nino Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Southern Annular Mode also exert a strong influence in the region. This study demonstrates that the variability of LVS lakes is strongly related to the South American Monsoon System dynamics and large-scale climate fordngs from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This work provides novel indices which demonstrated to be good indicators of regional hydroclimatological variability for this region of South America. KW - Lake-surfaces variability KW - Precipitation variability KW - Hydro-meteorological indices KW - Regional forcings KW - South American Monsoon KW - System KW - Andean plateau Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144926 SN - 0048-9697 SN - 1879-1026 VL - 767 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Eshghi, Nasim A1 - Mach, Thomas A1 - Reichel, Lothar T1 - New matrix function approximations and quadrature rules based on the Arnoldi process JF - Journal of computational and applied mathematics N2 - The Arnoldi process can be applied to inexpensively approximate matrix functions of the form f (A)v and matrix functionals of the form v*(f (A))*g(A)v, where A is a large square non-Hermitian matrix, v is a vector, and the superscript * denotes transposition and complex conjugation. Here f and g are analytic functions that are defined in suitable regions in the complex plane. This paper reviews available approximation methods and describes new ones that provide higher accuracy for essentially the same computational effort by exploiting available, but generally not used, moment information. Numerical experiments show that in some cases the modifications of the Arnoldi decompositions proposed can improve the accuracy of v*(f (A))*g(A)v about as much as performing an additional step of the Arnoldi process. KW - Arnoldi process KW - Matrix function approximation KW - Quadrature rule Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cam.2021.113442 SN - 0377-0427 SN - 1879-1778 VL - 391 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Carpio Arias, Tannia Valeria A1 - Arias Mogrovejo, Diana Carolina A1 - Nicolalde Cifuentes, Tomás Marcelo A1 - Tapia Veloz, Estephany Carolina A1 - Zeeuw, Chris I. de A1 - Vinueza Veloz, Maria Fernanda T1 - Sleep quality does not mediate the negative effects of chronodisruption on body composition and metabolic syndrome in healthcare workers in Ecuador JF - Diabetes & metabolic syndrome : clinical research & reviews ; the official journal of DiabetesIndia N2 - Background and aims: The objective of the present work was to determine to what extent sleep quality may mediate the association between chronodisruption (CD) and metabolic syndrome (MS), and between CD and body composition (BC). Methodology: Cross-sectional study which included 300 adult health workers, 150 of whom were night shift workers and thereby exposed to CD. Diagnosis of MS was made based on Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage, and visceral fat percentage were measured as indicators of body composition (BC). Data were analyzed using logistic, linear regression and structural equation models. Results: The odds of health workers exposed to CD to suffer MS was 22.13 (IC95 8.68-66.07) when the model was adjusted for age, gender, physical activity and energy consumption. CD was also significantly associated with an increase in fat mass and visceral fat percentages, but not to BMI. Surprisingly, there was not enough evidence supporting the hypothesis that sleep quality contributes to the association between CD and MS or between CD and BC. Conclusions: Sleep quality does not mediate the negative effects of CD on MS nor on BC. KW - Shift work KW - Metabolic syndrome KW - Sleep quality KW - Chronodisruption KW - Body composition Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.01.017 SN - 1871-4021 SN - 1878-0334 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 397 EP - 402 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klose, Ann Kristin A1 - Wunderling, Nico A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda A1 - Donges, Jonathan T1 - What do we mean, 'tipping cascade'? JF - Environmental research letters : ERL N2 - Based on suggested interactions of potential tipping elements in the Earth's climate and in ecological systems, tipping cascades as possible dynamics are increasingly discussed and studied. The activation of such tipping cascades would impose a considerable risk for human societies and biosphere integrity. However, there are ambiguities in the description of tipping cascades within the literature so far. Here we illustrate how different patterns of multiple tipping dynamics emerge from a very simple coupling of two previously studied idealized tipping elements. In particular, we distinguish between a two phase cascade, a domino cascade and a joint cascade. A mitigation of an unfolding two phase cascade may be possible and common early warning indicators are sensitive to upcoming critical transitions to a certain degree. In contrast, a domino cascade may hardly be stopped once initiated and critical slowing down-based indicators fail to indicate tipping of the following element. These different potentials for intervention and anticipation across the distinct patterns of multiple tipping dynamics should be seen as a call to be more precise in future analyses of cascading dynamics arising from tipping element interactions in the Earth system. KW - tipping cascade KW - domino effect KW - tipping interactions KW - cascading regime KW - shifts KW - early warning indicators Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac3955 SN - 1748-9326 VL - 16 IS - 12 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pilz, Marco A1 - Isken, Marius Paul A1 - Fleming, Kevin A1 - Orunbaev, Sagynbek A1 - Moldobekov, Bolot T1 - Long- and short-term monitoring of a dam in response to seasonal changes and ground motion loading BT - the test case of the Kurpsai Dam, Western Kyrgyz Republic JF - Pure and applied geophysics : PAGEOPH ; continuation of Geofisica pura e applicata N2 - An experimental multi-parameter structural monitoring system has been installed on the Kurpsai dam, western Kyrgyz Republic. This system consists of equipment for seismic and strain measurements for making longer- (days, weeks, months) and shorter- (minutes, hours) term observations, dealing with, for example seasonal (longer) effects or the response of the dam to ground motion from noise or seismic events. Fibre-optic strain sensors allow the seasonal and daily opening and closing of the spaces between the dam's segments to be tracked. For the seismic data, both amplitude (in terms of using differences in amplitudes in the Fourier spectra for mapping the modes of vibration of the dam) and their time-frequency distribution for a set of small to moderate seismic events are investigated and the corresponding phase variabilities (in terms of lagged coherency) are evaluated. Even for moderate levels of seismic-induced ground motion, some influence on the structural response can be detected, which then sees the dam quickly return to its original state. A seasonal component was identified in the strain measurements, while levels of noise arising from the operation of the dam's generators and associated water flow have been provisionally identified. KW - Structural health monitoring KW - Dam engineering KW - Operational and environmental effects KW - Strong-motion KW - Strain KW - Elastic response KW - Kurpsai dam Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02861-5 SN - 0033-4553 SN - 1420-9136 VL - 178 IS - 10 SP - 4001 EP - 4020 PB - Birkhäuser CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - McNamara, James ED - Geue, Tom ED - Giusti, Elena T1 - Lost in Germania BT - the absence of history in Tacitus' ethnography JF - Unspoken Rome: Absences in Latin Texts N2 - Tacitus’ Germania is notable for its absences: lacking a preface and programmatic statements, and being the only ethnographic monograph to have survived from Greco-Roman antiquity, readers have often leapt to fill in its perceived blanks. This chapter aims at redressing the effects of overdetermined readings by interpreting the text’s absences as significant in their own right. KW - Tacitus KW - Germania KW - Ethnography KW - Ethnographie KW - Historiography KW - Geschichtsschreibung KW - Absence KW - Latin literature KW - Lateinische Literatur Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-11-0884-304-1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108913843.012 SP - 201 EP - 218 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vasyura-Bathke, Hannes A1 - Dettmer, Jan A1 - Dutta, Rishabh A1 - Mai, Paul Martin A1 - Jónsson, Sigurjón T1 - Accounting for theory errors with empirical Bayesian noise models in nonlinear centroid moment tensor estimation JF - Geophysical journal international / the Royal Astronomical Society, the Deutsche Geophysikalische Gesellschaft and the European Geophysical Society N2 - Centroid moment tensor (CMT) parameters can be estimated from seismic waveforms. Since these data indirectly observe the deformation process, CMTs are inferred as solutions to inverse problems which are generally underdetermined and require significant assumptions, including assumptions about data noise. Broadly speaking, we consider noise to include both theory and measurement errors, where theory errors are due to assumptions in the inverse problem and measurement errors are caused by the measurement process. While data errors are routinely included in parameter estimation for full CMTs, less attention has been paid to theory errors related to velocity-model uncertainties and how these affect the resulting moment-tensor (MT) uncertainties. Therefore, rigorous uncertainty quantification for CMTs may require theory-error estimation which becomes a problem of specifying noise models. Various noise models have been proposed, and these rely on several assumptions. All approaches quantify theory errors by estimating the covariance matrix of data residuals. However, this estimation can be based on explicit modelling, empirical estimation and/or ignore or include covariances. We quantitatively compare several approaches by presenting parameter and uncertainty estimates in nonlinear full CMT estimation for several simulated data sets and regional field data of the M-1 4.4, 2015 June 13 Fox Creek, Canada, event. While our main focus is at regional distances, the tested approaches are general and implemented for arbitrary source model choice. These include known or unknown centroid locations, full MTs, deviatoric MTs and double-couple MTs. We demonstrate that velocity-model uncertainties can profoundly affect parameter estimation and that their inclusion leads to more realistic parameter uncertainty quantification. However, not all approaches perform equally well. Including theory errors by estimating non-stationary (non-Toeplitz) error covariance matrices via iterative schemes during Monte Carlo sampling performs best and is computationally most efficient. In general, including velocity-model uncertainties is most important in cases where velocity structure is poorly known. KW - Inverse theory KW - Probability distributions KW - Waveform inversion KW - Earthquake source observations KW - Seismic noise Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab034 SN - 0956-540X SN - 1365-246X VL - 225 IS - 2 SP - 1412 EP - 1431 PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andjelković, Marko A1 - Chen, Junchao A1 - Simevski, Aleksandar A1 - Schrape, Oliver A1 - Krstić, Miloš A1 - Kraemer, Rolf T1 - Monitoring of particle count rate and LET variations with pulse stretching inverters JF - IEEE transactions on nuclear science : a publication of the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society N2 - This study investigates the use of pulse stretching (skew-sized) inverters for monitoring the variation of count rate and linear energy transfer (LET) of energetic particles. The basic particle detector is a cascade of two pulse stretching inverters, and the required sensing area is obtained by connecting up to 12 two-inverter cells in parallel and employing the required number of parallel arrays. The incident particles are detected as single-event transients (SETs), whereby the SET count rate denotes the particle count rate, while the SET pulsewidth distribution depicts the LET variations. The advantage of the proposed solution is the possibility to sense the LET variations using fully digital processing logic. SPICE simulations conducted on IHP's 130-nm CMOS technology have shown that the SET pulsewidth varies by approximately 550 ps over the LET range from 1 to 100 MeV center dot cm(2) center dot mg(-1). The proposed detector is intended for triggering the fault-tolerant mechanisms within a self-adaptive multiprocessing system employed in space. It can be implemented as a standalone detector or integrated in the same chip with the target system. KW - Particle detector KW - pulse stretching inverters KW - single-event transient KW - (SET) count rate KW - SET pulsewidth distribution Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2021.3076400 SN - 0018-9499 SN - 1558-1578 VL - 68 IS - 8 SP - 1772 EP - 1781 PB - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scharnweber, Inga Kristin A1 - Chaguaceda, Fernando A1 - Eklöv, Peter T1 - Fatty acid accumulation in feeding types of a natural freshwater fish population JF - Oecologia / in cooperation with the International Association for Ecology, Intecol N2 - Fatty acids are widely used to study trophic interactions in food web assemblages. Generally, it is assumed that there is a very small modification of fatty acids from one trophic step to another, making them suitable as trophic biomarkers. However, recent literature provides evidence that many fishes possess genes encoding enzymes with a role in bioconversion, thus the capability for bioconversion might be more widespread than previously assumed. Nonetheless, empirical evidence for biosynthesis occurring in natural populations remains scarce. In this study, we investigated different feeding types of perch (Perca fluviatilis) that are specialized on specific resources with different levels of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), and analyzed the change between HUFA proportions in perch muscle tissue compared to their resources. Perch showed matching levels to their resources for EPA, but ARA and especially DHA were accumulated. Compound-specific stable isotope analyses helped us to identify the origin of HUFA carbon. Our results suggest that perch obtain a substantial amount of DHA via bioconversion when feeding on DHA-poor benthic resources. Thus, our data indicate the capability of bioconversion of HUFAs in a natural freshwater fish population. KW - Fatty acid conversion KW - Compound-specific stable isotope analysis KW - Docosahexaenoic acid KW - Bioconversion KW - Trophic upgrading Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04913-y SN - 0029-8549 SN - 1432-1939 VL - 196 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 63 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schlosser, Rainer A1 - Chenavaz, Régis Y. A1 - Dimitrov, Stanko T1 - Circular economy BT - joint dynamic pricing and recycling investments JF - International journal of production economics N2 - In a circular economy, the use of recycled resources in production is a key performance indicator for management. Yet, academic studies are still unable to inform managers on appropriate recycling and pricing policies. We develop an optimal control model integrating a firm's recycling rate, which can use both virgin and recycled resources in the production process. Our model accounts for recycling influence both at the supply- and demandsides. The positive effect of a firm's use of recycled resources diminishes over time but may increase through investments. Using general formulations for demand and cost, we analytically examine joint dynamic pricing and recycling investment policies in order to determine their optimal interplay over time. We provide numerical experiments to assess the existence of a steady-state and to calculate sensitivity analyses with respect to various model parameters. The analysis shows how to dynamically adapt jointly optimized controls to reach sustainability in the production process. Our results pave the way to sounder sustainable practices for firms operating within a circular economy. KW - Dynamic pricing KW - Recycling investments KW - Optimal control KW - General demand function KW - Circular economy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2021.108117 SN - 0925-5273 SN - 1873-7579 VL - 236 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nakoudi, Konstantina A1 - Ritter, Christoph A1 - Stachlewska, Iwona Sylwia T1 - Properties of cirrus clouds over the European Arctic (Ny-Alesund, Svalbard) JF - Remote sensing / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) N2 - Cirrus is the only cloud type capable of inducing daytime cooling or heating at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the sign of its radiative effect highly depends on its optical depth. However, the investigation of its geometrical and optical properties over the Arctic is limited. In this work the long-term properties of cirrus clouds are explored for the first time over an Arctic site (Ny-Alesund, Svalbard) using lidar and radiosonde measurements from 2011 to 2020. The optical properties were quality assured, taking into account the effects of specular reflections and multiple-scattering. Cirrus clouds were generally associated with colder and calmer wind conditions compared to the 2011-2020 climatology. However, the dependence of cirrus properties on temperature and wind speed was not strong. Even though the seasonal cycle was not pronounced, the winter-time cirrus appeared under lower temperatures and stronger wind conditions. Moreover, in winter, geometrically- and optically-thicker cirrus were found and their ice particles tended to be more spherical. The majority of cirrus was associated with westerly flow and westerly cirrus tended to be geometrically-thicker. Overall, optically-thinner layers tended to comprise smaller and less spherical ice crystals, most likely due to reduced water vapor deposition on the particle surface. Compared to lower latitudes, the cirrus layers over Ny-Alesund were more absorbing in the visible spectral region and they consisted of more spherical ice particles. KW - Arctic clouds KW - cirrus clouds KW - ice clouds KW - lidar Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13224555 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 13 IS - 22 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kreuzer, Lucas A1 - Widmann, Tobias A1 - Geiger, Christina A1 - Wang, Peixi A1 - Vagias, Apostolos N. A1 - Heger, Julian Eliah A1 - Haese, Martin A1 - Hildebrand, Viet A1 - Laschewsky, André A1 - Papadakis, Christine M. A1 - Müller-Buschbaum, Peter T1 - Salt-dependent phase transition behavior of doubly thermoresponsive poly(sulfobetaine)-based diblock copolymer thin films JF - Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids / American Chemical Society N2 - The water vapor-induced swelling, as well as subsequent phase-transition kinetics, of thin films of a diblock copolymer (DBC) loaded with different amounts of the salt NaBr, is investigated in situ. In dilute aqueous solution, the DBC features an orthogonally thermoresponsive behavior. It consists of a zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine) block, namely, poly(4-(N-(3'-methacrylamidopropyl)-N, N-dimethylammonio) butane-1-sulfonate) (PSBP), showing an upper critical solution temperature, and a nonionic block, namely, poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM), exhibiting a lower critical solution temperature. The swelling kinetics in D2O vapor at 15 degrees C and the phase transition kinetics upon heating the swollen film to 60 degrees C and cooling back to 15 degrees C are followed with simultaneous time-of-flight neutron reflectometry and spectral reflectance measurements. These are complemented by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The collapse temperature of PNIPMAM and the swelling temperature of PSBP are found at lower temperatures than in aqueous solution, which is attributed to the high polymer concentration in the thin-film geometry. Upon inclusion of sub-stoichiometric amounts (relative to the monomer units) of NaBr in the films, the water incorporation is significantly increased. This increase is mainly attributed to a salting-in effect on the zwitterionic PSBP block. Whereas the addition of NaBr notably shifts the swelling temperature of PSBP to lower temperatures, the collapse temperature of PNIPMAM remains unaffected by the presence of salt in the films. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01342 SN - 0743-7463 SN - 1520-5827 VL - 37 IS - 30 SP - 9179 EP - 9191 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tönjes, Ralf A1 - Fiore, Carlos E. A1 - Pereira da Silva, Tiago T1 - Coherence resonance in influencer networks JF - Nature Communications N2 - Complex networks are abundant in nature and many share an important structural property: they contain a few nodes that are abnormally highly connected (hubs). Some of these hubs are called influencers because they couple strongly to the network and play fundamental dynamical and structural roles. Strikingly, despite the abundance of networks with influencers, little is known about their response to stochastic forcing. Here, for oscillatory dynamics on influencer networks, we show that subjecting influencers to an optimal intensity of noise can result in enhanced network synchronization. This new network dynamical effect, which we call coherence resonance in influencer networks, emerges from a synergy between network structure and stochasticity and is highly nonlinear, vanishing when the noise is too weak or too strong. Our results reveal that the influencer backbone can sharply increase the dynamical response in complex systems of coupled oscillators. Influencer networks include a small set of highly-connected nodes and can reach synchrony only via strong node interaction. Tonjes et al. show that introducing an optimal amount of noise enhances synchronization of such networks, which may be relevant for neuroscience or opinion dynamics applications. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-20441-4 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 12 IS - 1 PB - Nature Publishing Group UK CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, George D. A1 - D'Aloisio, Anson A1 - Christenson, Holly M. A1 - Zhu, Yongda A1 - Worseck, Gábor A1 - Bolton, James S. T1 - The mean free path of ionizing photons at 5 < z < 6 BT - evidence for rapid evolution near reionization JF - Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society N2 - The mean free path of ionizing photons, lambda(mfp), is a key factor in the photoionization of the intergalactic medium (IGM). At z greater than or similar to 5, however, lambda(mfp) may be short enough that measurements towards QSOs are biased by the QSO proximity effect. We present new direct measurements of lambda(mfp) that address this bias and extend up to z similar to 6 for the first time. Our measurements at z similar to 5 are based on data from the Giant Gemini GMOS survey and new Keck LRIS observations of low-luminosity QSOs. At z similar to 6 we use QSO spectra from Keck ESI and VLT X-Shooter. We measure lambda(mfp) = 9.09(-1.28)(+1.62) proper Mpc and 0.75(-0.45)(+0.65) proper Mpc (68 percent confidence) at z = 5.1 and 6.0, respectively. The results at z = 5.1 are consistent with existing measurements, suggesting that bias from the proximity effect is minor at this redshift. At z = 6.0, however, we find that neglecting the proximity effect biases the result high by a factor of two or more. Our measurement at z = 6.0 falls well below extrapolations from lower redshifts, indicating rapid evolution in lambda(mfp) over 5 < z < 6. This evolution disfavours models in which reionization ended early enough that the IGM had time to fully relax hydrodynamically by z = 6, but is qualitatively consistent with models wherein reionization completed at z = 6 or even significantly later. Our mean free path results are most consistent with late reionization models wherein the IGM is still 20 percent neutral at z = 6, although our measurement at z = 6.0 is even lower than these models prefer. KW - intergalactic medium KW - quasars: absorption lines KW - cosmology: observations KW - dark ages KW - large-scale structure of Universe KW - reionization KW - first stars Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2696 SN - 0035-8711 SN - 1365-2966 VL - 508 IS - 2 SP - 1853 EP - 1869 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Monhonval, Arthur A1 - Strauss, Jens A1 - Mauclet, Elisabeth A1 - Hirst, Catherine A1 - Bemelmans, Nathan A1 - Grosse, Guido A1 - Schirrmeister, Lutz A1 - Fuchs, Matthias A1 - Opfergelt, Sophie T1 - Iron redistribution upon thermokarst processes in the Yedoma domain JF - Frontiers in Earth Science N2 - Ice-rich permafrost has been subject to abrupt thaw and thermokarst formation in the past and is vulnerable to current global warming. The ice-rich permafrost domain includes Yedoma sediments that have never thawed since deposition during the late Pleistocene and Alas sediments that were formed by previous thermokarst processes during the Lateglacial and Holocene warming. Permafrost thaw unlocks organic carbon (OC) and minerals from these deposits and exposes OC to mineralization. A portion of the OC can be associated with iron (Fe), a redox-sensitive element acting as a trap for OC. Post-depositional thaw processes may have induced changes in redox conditions in these deposits and thereby affected Fe distribution and interactions between OC and Fe, with knock-on effects on the role that Fe plays in mediating present day OC mineralization. To test this hypothesis, we measured Fe concentrations and proportion of Fe oxides and Fe complexed with OC in unthawed Yedoma and previously thawed Alas deposits. Total Fe concentrations were determined on 1,292 sediment samples from the Yedoma domain using portable X-ray fluorescence; these concentrations were corrected for trueness using a calibration based on a subset of 144 samples measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry after alkaline fusion (R (2) = 0.95). The total Fe concentration is stable with depth in Yedoma deposits, but we observe a depletion or accumulation of total Fe in Alas deposits, which experienced previous thaw and/or flooding events. Selective Fe extractions targeting reactive forms of Fe on unthawed and previously thawed deposits highlight that about 25% of the total Fe is present as reactive species, either as crystalline or amorphous oxides, or complexed with OC, with no significant difference in proportions of reactive Fe between Yedoma and Alas deposits. These results suggest that redox driven processes during past thermokarst formation impact the present-day distribution of total Fe, and thereby the total amount of reactive Fe in Alas versus Yedoma deposits. This study highlights that ongoing thermokarst lake formation and drainage dynamics in the Arctic influences reactive Fe distribution and thereby interactions between Fe and OC, OC mineralization rates, and greenhouse gas emissions. KW - permafrost KW - thaw KW - redox processes KW - carbon stabilization KW - arctic KW - subarctic Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.703339 SN - 2296-6463 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Degen, Denise A1 - Spooner, Cameron A1 - Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena A1 - Cacace, Mauro T1 - How biased are our models? BT - a case study of the alpine region JF - Geoscientific model development : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union N2 - Geophysical process simulations play a crucial role in the understanding of the subsurface. This understanding is required to provide, for instance, clean energy sources such as geothermal energy. However, the calibration and validation of the physical models heavily rely on state measurements such as temperature. In this work, we demonstrate that focusing analyses purely on measurements introduces a high bias. This is illustrated through global sensitivity studies. The extensive exploration of the parameter space becomes feasible through the construction of suitable surrogate models via the reduced basis method, where the bias is found to result from very unequal data distribution. We propose schemes to compensate for parts of this bias. However, the bias cannot be entirely compensated. Therefore, we demonstrate the consequences of this bias with the example of a model calibration. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-7133-2021 SN - 1991-959X SN - 1991-9603 VL - 14 IS - 11 SP - 7133 EP - 7153 PB - Copernicus CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneidemesser, Erika von A1 - Sibiya, Bheki A1 - Caseiro, Alexandre A1 - Butler, Tim A1 - Lawrence, Mark A1 - Leitao, Joana A1 - Lupaşcu, Aura A1 - Salvador, Pedro T1 - Learning from the COVID-19 lockdown in Berlin BT - Observations and modelling to support understanding policies to reduce NO2 JF - Atmospheric environment: X N2 - Urban air pollution is a substantial threat to human health. Traffic emissions remain a large contributor to air pollution in urban areas. The mobility restrictions put in place in response to the COVID-19 pandemic provided a large-scale real-world experiment that allows for the evaluation of changes in traffic emissions and the corresponding changes in air quality. Here we use observational data, as well as modelling, to analyse changes in nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and particulate matter resulting from the COVID-19 restrictions at the height of the lockdown period in Spring of 2020. Accounting for the influence of meteorology on air quality, we found that reduction of ca. 30-50 % in traffic counts, dominated by changes in passenger cars, corresponded to reductions in median observed nitrogen dioxide concentrations of ca. 40 % (traffic and urban background locations) and a ca. 22 % increase in ozone (urban background locations) during weekdays. Lesser reductions in nitrogen dioxide concentrations were observed at urban background stations at weekends, and no change in ozone was observed. The modelled reductions in median nitrogen dioxide at urban background locations were smaller than the observed reductions and the change was not significant. The model results showed no significant change in ozone on weekdays or weekends. The lack of a simulated weekday/weekend effect is consistent with previous work suggesting that NOx emissions from traffic could be significantly underestimated in European cities by models. These results indicate the potential for improvements in air quality due to policies for reducing traffic, along with the scale of reductions that would be needed to result in meaningful changes in air quality if a transition to sustainable mobility is to be seriously considered. They also confirm once more the highly relevant role of traffic for air quality in urban areas. KW - Urban areas KW - Air pollution KW - Emissions KW - COVID-19 KW - Nitrogen dioxide KW - Ozone KW - Europe Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeaoa.2021.100122 SN - 2590-1621 VL - 12 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zu, Fengshuo A1 - Warby, Jonathan A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin A1 - Li, Jinzhao A1 - Shin, Dongguen A1 - Unger, Eva A1 - Koch, Norbert T1 - Photoinduced energy-level realignment at interfaces between organic semiconductors and metal-halide perovskites JF - Physical review letters N2 - In contrast to the common conception that the interfacial energy-level alignment is affixed once the interface is formed, we demonstrate that heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and metal-halide perovskites exhibit huge energy-level realignment during photoexcitation. Importantly, the photoinduced level shifts occur in the organic component, including the first molecular layer in direct contact with the perovskite. This is caused by charge-carrier accumulation within the organic semiconductor under illumination and the weak electronic coupling between the junction components. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.246401 SN - 0031-9007 SN - 1079-7114 VL - 127 IS - 24 PB - American Physical Society CY - College Park ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kulahci, Gullu Deniz A1 - Cichy, Sarah Bettina A1 - Temel, Abidin A1 - Spallanzani, Roberta T1 - Pre-eruptive PTX fluid-conditions of the Afyon Volcanic Complex (Western Anatolia, Turkey) BT - Studies of natural rocks and phase equilibria experiments JF - Lithos : an international journal of mineralogy, petrology, and geochemistry N2 - This study is trying to understand the pre-eruptive magma storage and crystallization conditions of the Middle Miocene aged, silica-saturated trachytic rocks of the Afyon Volcanic Complex (AVC) in Western Anatolia, Turkey. Those rocks can be divided by their high K2O, K2O/Na2O ratio and Mg# into two groups, namely the intermediate-potassic (IPG) and the ultrapotassic (UPG). Here we are comparing calculated pressure (P) - temperature (T) conditions derived from geothermobarometric calculations of natural samples with results of high-pressure, high-temperature phase equilibria experiments. IPG samples are richer in silica (57-64 wt% SiO2), whereas UPG samples show intermediate SiO2 contents of 56-58 wt%. UPG are having high K2O contents ((>)9 wt %), K2O/Na2O ratios ((>)10 wt%) and Mg# values (75-77). IPG phenocrysts comprise plagioclase + biotite + amphibole + clinopyroxene +/- orthopyroxene +/- sanidine +/- phlogopite and oxides, while UPG mineralogical assemblage consists of amphibole + phlogopite + clinopyroxene + olivine + sanidine and oxides. IPG and UPG are enriched in Large-Ion Lithophile Elements (LILE), and both have negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, Zr and Ti elements. Additionally, IPG shows positive anomalies in Pb. Both IPG and UPG display enrichment in Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE), while IPG shows a more significant negative anomaly in Eu when compared to UPG. Plagioclase fractionation may play a role in magma generation. In IPG samples Ni and Cr values range between (3.3-18.8 ppm) and (2.6-27.8 ppm), respectively; whereas UPG samples have (119.1-120.7 ppm) Ni and (212.1-219.9 ppm) Cr. Dy/Yb ratios of IPG and UPG are higher than 2 and may indicate that garnet was present in the source. Geothermobarometric calculations for natural IPG clinopyroxene-melt pairs imply higher PT conditions (Dogan-Kulahci et al., 2015), while in this study high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) phase equilibria experiments recreated the natural mineral assemblage at 2-4 kbar, 6-9 km and c. 900 degrees C. New plagioclase-melt calculations have confirmed lower mean magma storage temperatures, which are closer to the experimental results but still slightly elevated. Thus, trace element results of the natural rocks and experimental data may imply that a deep garnet-bearing magma source mixed with shallower magmas (IPG) was feeding the volcanic eruption. KW - Afyon volcanics KW - Geothermobarometry KW - Experimental petrology KW - High-pressure KW - High-temperature experiments Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106297 SN - 0024-4937 SN - 1872-6143 VL - 398 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Heike A1 - Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen R. A1 - Kruse, Stefan A1 - Nürnberg, Dirk A1 - Tiedemann, Ralf A1 - Herzschuh, Ulrike T1 - Sedimentary ancient DNA from the subarctic North Pacific BT - How sea ice, salinity, and insolation dynamics have shaped diatom composition and richness over the past 20,000 years JF - Paleoceanography and paleoclimatology N2 - We traced diatom composition and diversity through time using diatom-derived sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) from eastern continental slope sediments off Kamchatka (North Pacific) by applying a short, diatom-specific marker on 63 samples in a DNA metabarcoding approach. The sequences were assigned to diatoms that are common in the area and characteristic of cold water. SedaDNA allowed us to observe shifts of potential lineages from species of the genus Chaetoceros that can be related to different climatic phases, suggesting that pre-adapted ecotypes might have played a role in the long-term success of species in areas of changing environmental conditions. These sedaDNA results complement our understanding of the long-term history of diatom assemblages and their general relationship to environmental conditions of the past. Sea-ice diatoms (Pauliella taeniata [Grunow] Round & Basson, Attheya septentrionalis [ostrup] R. M. Crawford and Nitzschia frigida [Grunow]) detected during the late glacial and Younger Dryas are in agreement with previous sea-ice reconstructions. A positive correlation between pennate diatom richness and the sea-ice proxy IP25 suggests that sea ice fosters pennate diatom richness, whereas a negative correlation with June insolation and temperature points to unfavorable conditions during the Holocene. A sharp increase in proportions of freshwater diatoms at similar to 11.1 cal kyr BP implies the influence of terrestrial runoff and coincides with the loss of 42% of diatom sequence variants. We assume that reduced salinity at this time stabilized vertical stratification which limited the replenishment of nutrients in the euphotic zone. KW - Bacillariophyceae KW - DNA metabarcoding KW - glacial / interglacial transition KW - northwestern Pacific KW - richness KW - sedaDNA Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004091 SN - 2572-4525 VL - 36 IS - 4 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fischer, Saskia M. A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig T1 - Teachers’ empathy and likelihood of intervention in hypothetical relational and retrospectively reported bullying situations JF - European journal of developmental psychology N2 - Prior research suggests that teachers with higher levels of empathy are more willing to intervene in bullying among students. However, these findings are based on hypothetical bullying situations and teachers' self-reports. In this study with 2,071 German students and their 556 teachers, we analysed reactions to hypothetical relational bullying situations as well as retrospectively reported bullying situations both from the teachers' as well as the students' perspectives. Results showed that teachers with higher levels of empathy reported stronger intentions to intervene in hypothetical relational bullying situations but were not more likely to intervene in retrospectively reported bullying situations. From the students' perspective, teachers' empathy was neither connected to the teachers' intention to intervene nor to the likelihood of intervention in the retrospectively reported situations. These different results could be taken as an opportunity to investigate whether existing findings could be influenced by methodological aspects such as teachers' self-reports. Implications for future research are discussed. KW - Bullying KW - empathy KW - teacher KW - likelihood of intervention KW - school Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2020.1869538 SN - 1740-5629 SN - 1740-5610 VL - 18 IS - 6 SP - 896 EP - 911 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - London [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nwosu, Ebuka Canisius A1 - Roeser, Patricia Angelika A1 - Yang, Sizhong A1 - Pinkerneil, Sylvia A1 - Ganzert, Lars A1 - Dittmann, Elke A1 - Brauer, Achim A1 - Wagner, Dirk A1 - Liebner, Susanne T1 - Species-level spatio-temporal dynamics of cyanobacteria in a hard-water temperate lake in the Southern Baltics JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - Cyanobacteria are important primary producers in temperate freshwater ecosystems. However, studies on the seasonal and spatial distribution of cyanobacteria in deep lakes based on high-throughput DNA sequencing are still rare. In this study, we combined monthly water sampling and monitoring in 2019, amplicon sequence variants analysis (ASVs; a proxy for different species) and quantitative PCR targeting overall cyanobacteria abundance to describe the seasonal and spatial dynamics of cyanobacteria in the deep hard-water oligo-mesotrophic Lake Tiefer See, NE Germany. We observed significant seasonal variation in the cyanobacterial community composition (p < 0.05) in the epi- and metalimnion layers, but not in the hypolimnion. In winter-when the water column is mixed-picocyanobacteria (Synechococcus and Cyanobium) were dominant. With the onset of stratification in late spring, we observed potential niche specialization and coexistence among the cyanobacteria taxa driven mainly by light and nutrient dynamics. Specifically, ASVs assigned to picocyanobacteria and the genus Planktothrix were the main contributors to the formation of deep chlorophyll maxima along a light gradient. While Synechococcus and different Cyanobium ASVs were abundant in the epilimnion up to the base of the euphotic zone from spring to fall, Planktothrix mainly occurred in the metalimnetic layer below the euphotic zone where also overall cyanobacteria abundance was highest in summer. Our data revealed two potentially psychrotolerant (cold-adapted) Cyanobium species that appear to cope well under conditions of lower hypolimnetic water temperature and light as well as increasing sediment-released phosphate in the deeper waters in summer. The potential cold-adapted Cyanobium species were also dominant throughout the water column in fall and winter. Furthermore, Snowella and Microcystis-related ASVs were abundant in the water column during the onset of fall turnover. Altogether, these findings suggest previously unascertained and considerable spatiotemporal changes in the community of cyanobacteria on the species level especially within the genus Cyanobium in deep hard-water temperate lakes. KW - Cyanobium KW - picocyanobacteria diversity KW - amplicon sequencing KW - lake monitoring KW - ecological succession KW - lake stratification KW - psychrotolerant Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.761259 SN - 1664-302X VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lozada-Gobilard, Sissi Donna A1 - Jeltsch, Florian A1 - Zhu, Jinlei T1 - High matrix vegetation decreases mean seed dispersal distance but increases long wind dispersal probability connecting local plant populations in agricultural landscapes JF - Agriculture, ecosystems & environment : an international journal for scientific research on the relationship of agriculture and food production to the biosphere N2 - Seed dispersal plays an important role in population dynamics in agricultural ecosystems, but the effects of surrounding vegetation height on seed dispersal and population connectivity on the landscape scale have rarely been studied. Understanding the effects of surrounding vegetation height on seed dispersal will provide important information for land-use management in agricultural landscapes to prevent the spread of undesired weeds or enhance functional connectivity. We used two model species, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, growing in small natural ponds known as kettle holes, in an agricultural landscape to evaluate the effects of surrounding vegetation height on wind dispersal and population connectivity between kettle holes. Seed dispersal distance and the probability of long-distance dispersal (LDD) were simulated with the mechanistic WALD model under three scenarios of "low", "dynamic" and "high" surrounding vegetation height. Connectivity between the origin and target kettle holes was quantified with a connectivity index adapted from Hanski and Thomas (1994). Our results show that mean seed dispersal distance decreases with the height of surrounding matrix vegetation, but the probability of long-distance dispersal (LDD) increases with vegetation height. This indicates an important vegetation-based trade-off between mean dispersal distance and LDD, which has an impact on connectivity. Matrix vegetation height has a negative effect on mean seed dispersal distance but a positive effect on the probability of LDD. This positive effect and its impact on connectivity provide novel insights into landscape level (meta-)population and community dynamics - a change in matrix vegetation height by land-use or climatic changes could strongly affect the spread and connectivity of wind-dispersed plants. The opposite effect of vegetation height on mean seed dispersal distance and the probability of LDD should therefore be considered in management and analyses of future land-use and climate change effects. KW - Seed dispersal by wind KW - Long-distance seed dispersal KW - Matrix vegetation KW - Kettle holes KW - Agricultural landscapes KW - Metapopulation dynamics Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2021.107678 SN - 0167-8809 SN - 1873-2305 VL - 322 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Otto, Antje A1 - Kern, Kristine A1 - Haupt, Wolfgang A1 - Eckersley, Peter A1 - Thieken, Annegret T1 - Ranking local climate policy BT - assessing the mitigation and adaptation activities of 104 German cities JF - Climatic change : an interdisciplinary, international journal devoted to the description, causes and implications of climatic change N2 - Climate mitigation and climate adaptation are crucial tasks for urban areas and can involve synergies as well as trade-offs. However, few studies have examined how mitigation and adaptation efforts relate to each other in a large number of differently sized cities, and therefore we know little about whether forerunners in mitigation are also leading in adaptation or if cities tend to focus on just one policy field. This article develops an internationally applicable approach to rank cities on climate policy that incorporates multiple indicators related to (1) local commitments on mitigation and adaptation, (2) urban mitigation and adaptation plans and (3) climate adaptation and mitigation ambitions. We apply this method to rank 104 differently sized German cities and identify six clusters: climate policy leaders, climate adaptation leaders, climate mitigation leaders, climate policy followers, climate policy latecomers and climate policy laggards. The article seeks explanations for particular cities' positions and shows that coping with climate change in a balanced way on a high level depends on structural factors, in particular city size, the pathways of local climate policies since the 1990s and funding programmes for both climate mitigation and adaptation. N2 - Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung sind zentrale Aufgaben für Städte und können sowohl Synergien bilden als auch in Konflikt zueinander stehen. Allerdings haben weltweit nur wenige Studien bislang untersucht, wie Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung in einer großen Anzahl an Städten unterschiedlicher Größe zueinander stehen; für Deutschland wurde dies bisher noch gar nicht unterssucht. Daher ist bisher wenig darüber bekannt, ob Vorreiterstädte im Klimaschutz auch das Feld in der Klimaanpassung anführen oder ob sich Städte eher nur auf eines der beiden Politikthemen fokussieren. Dieser Artikel entwickelt daher einen international anwendbaren Ansatz, um Städte hinsichtlich ihrer Klimapolitik zu bewerten. In diesem Ansatz werden mehrere Indikatoren zusammengeführt, die sich hinsichtlich Klimaschutz und -anpassung auf (1) den lokalen Willen und das Engagement, (2) die veröffentlichten Konzepte und (3) die verfolgten Ambitionen beziehen. Diesen Ansatz wenden wir an, um 104 unterschiedlich große deutsche Städte zu bewerten und identifizieren darauf aufbauend sechs Cluster: Vorreiter in der Klimapolitik, Vorreiter in der Klimaanpassung, Vorreiter im Klimaschutz, Aufsteiger in der Klimapolitik, Nachahmer in der Klimapolitik und Nachzügler in der Klimapolitik. Der Artikel diskutiert Erklärungsansätze für einzelne Städtepositionen und arbeitet heraus, dass eine ausgewogene Klimapolitik auf hohem Niveau von strukturellen Faktoren abhängt. Insbesondere die Stadtgröße, Pfade der lokalen Klimapolitik seit den 1990ern und Förderprogramme für Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung spielen hierbei eine Rolle. KW - Climate mitigation KW - Climate adaptation KW - Climate policy integration KW - Urban planning KW - City ranking KW - Germany KW - Deutschland KW - Klimaanpassung KW - Klimapolitische Integration KW - Klimaschutz KW - Stadtplanung KW - Stadtranking Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-021-03142-9 SN - 0165-0009 SN - 1573-1480 VL - 167 IS - 1-2 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Palma-Muñoz, Ignacio A1 - Ramírez-Campillo, Rodrigo A1 - Azocar-Gallardo, Jairo A1 - Álvarez, Cristian A1 - Asadi, Abbas A1 - Moran, Jason A1 - Chaabene, Helmi T1 - Effects of progressed and nonprogressed volume-based overload plyometric training on components of physical fitness and body composition variables in youth male basketball players JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - This study examined the effect of 6 weeks of progressed and nonprogressed volume-based overload plyometric training (PT) on components of physical fitness and body composition measures in young male basketball players, compared with an active control group. Subjects were randomly assigned to a progressed PT (PPT, n = 7; age = 14.6 +/- 1.1 years), a non-PPT (NPPT, n = 8, age = 13.8 +/- 2.0 years), or a control group (CG, n = 7, age = 14.0 +/- 2.0 years). Before and after training, body composition measures (muscle mass and fat mass), countermovement jump with arms (CMJA) and countermovement jump without arms (CMJ), horizontal bilateral (HCMJ) and unilateral jump with right leg (RJ) and left leg (LJ), 20-cm drop jump (DJ20), sprint speed (10 m sprint), and change of direction speed (CODS [i.e., T-test]) were tested. Significant effects of time were observed for muscle and fat mass, all jump measures, and CODS (all p < 0.01; d = 0.37-0.83). Significant training group x time interactions were observed for all jump measures (all p < 0.05; d = 0.24-0.41). Post hoc analyses revealed significant pre-post performance improvements for the PPT (RJ and LJ: increment 18.6%, d = 0.8 and increment 22.7%, d = 0.9, respectively; HCMJ: increment 16.4%, d = 0.8; CMJ: increment 22.4%, d = 0.7; CMJA: increment 23.3%, d = 0.7; and DJ20: increment 39.7%, d = 1.1) and for the NPPT group (LJ: increment 14.1%, d = 0.4; DJ20: increment 32.9%, d = 0.8) with greater changes after PPT compared with NPPT for all jump measures (all p < 0.05; d = 0.21-0.81). The training efficiency was greater (p < 0.05; d = 0.22) after PPT (0.015% per jump) compared with NPPT (0.0053% per-jump). The PPT induced larger performance improvements on measures of physical fitness as compared to NPPT. Therefore, in-season progressive volume-based overload PT in young male basketball players is recommended. KW - stretch-shortening cycle KW - young KW - team sports KW - athletic performance KW - anthropometry Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002950 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 35 IS - 6 SP - 1642 EP - 1649 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ghani, Humaad A1 - Sobel, Edward A1 - Zeilinger, Gerold A1 - Glodny, Johannes A1 - Irum, Irum A1 - Sajid, Muhammad T1 - Spatio-temporal structural evolution of the Kohat fold and thrust belt of Pakistan JF - Journal of structural geology N2 - The Kohat fold and thrust belt in Pakistan shows a significantly different structural style due to the structural evolution on the double décollement compared to the rest of the Subhimalaya. In order to better understand the spatio-temporal structural evolution of the Kohat fold and thrust belt, we combine balanced cross sections with apatite (U?Th-Sm)/He (AHe) and apatite fission track (AFT) dating. The AHe and AFT ages appear to be totally reset, allowing us to date exhumation above structural ramps. The results suggest that deformation began on the frontal Surghar thrust at-15 Ma, predating or coeval with the development of the Main Boundary thrust at-12 Ma. Deformation propagated southward from the Main Boundary thrust on double de?collements between 10 Ma and 2 Ma, resulting in a disharmonic structural style inside the Kohat fold and thrust belt. Thermal modeling of the thermochronologic data suggest that samples inside Kohat fold and thrust belt experienced cooling due to formation of the duplexes; this deformation facilitated tectonic thickening of the wedge and erosion of the Miocene to Pliocene foreland strata. The spatial distribution of AHe and AFT ages in combination with the structural forward model suggest that, in the Kohat fold and thrust belt, the wedge deformed in-sequence as a supercritical wedge (-15-12 Ma), then readjusted by out-sequence deformation (-12-0 Ma) within the Kohat fold and thrust belt into a sub-critical wedge. KW - Balanced cross section KW - Fold and thrust belt KW - Duplex KW - Exhumation KW - Décollement Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2021.104310 SN - 0191-8141 SN - 1873-1201 VL - 145 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Belaid, Mohamed Karim A1 - Rabus, Maximilian A1 - Krestel, Ralf T1 - CrashNet BT - an encoder-decoder architecture to predict crash test outcomes JF - Data mining and knowledge discovery N2 - Destructive car crash tests are an elaborate, time-consuming, and expensive necessity of the automotive development process. Today, finite element method (FEM) simulations are used to reduce costs by simulating car crashes computationally. We propose CrashNet, an encoder-decoder deep neural network architecture that reduces costs further and models specific outcomes of car crashes very accurately. We achieve this by formulating car crash events as time series prediction enriched with a set of scalar features. Traditional sequence-to-sequence models are usually composed of convolutional neural network (CNN) and CNN transpose layers. We propose to concatenate those with an MLP capable of learning how to inject the given scalars into the output time series. In addition, we replace the CNN transpose with 2D CNN transpose layers in order to force the model to process the hidden state of the set of scalars as one time series. The proposed CrashNet model can be trained efficiently and is able to process scalars and time series as input in order to infer the results of crash tests. CrashNet produces results faster and at a lower cost compared to destructive tests and FEM simulations. Moreover, it represents a novel approach in the car safety management domain. KW - Predictive models KW - Time series analysis KW - Supervised deep neural KW - networks KW - Car safety management Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10618-021-00761-9 SN - 1384-5810 SN - 1573-756X VL - 35 IS - 4 SP - 1688 EP - 1709 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zeitz, Maria A1 - Reese, Ronja A1 - Beckmann, Johanna A1 - Krebs-Kanzow, Uta A1 - Winkelmann, Ricarda T1 - Impact of the melt-albedo feedback on the future evolution of the Greenland Ice Sheet with PISM-dEBM-simple JF - The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union N2 - Surface melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet contributes a large amount to current and future sea level rise. Increased surface melt may lower the reflectivity of the ice sheet surface and thereby increase melt rates: the so-called melt-albedo feedback describes this self-sustaining increase in surface melting. In order to test the effect of the melt-albedo feedback in a prognostic ice sheet model, we implement dEBM-simple, a simplified version of the diurnal Energy Balance Model dEBM, in the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM). The implementation includes a simple representation of the melt-albedo feedback and can thereby replace the positive-degree-day melt scheme. Using PISM-dEBM-simple, we find that this feedback increases ice loss through surface warming by 60 % until 2300 for the high-emission scenario RCP8.5 when compared to a scenario in which the albedo remains constant at its present-day values. With an increase of 90 % compared to a fixed-albedo scenario, the effect is more pronounced for lower surface warming under RCP2.6. Furthermore, assuming an immediate darkening of the ice surface over all summer months, we estimate an upper bound for this effect to be 70 % in the RCP8.5 scenario and a more than 4-fold increase under RCP2.6. With dEBM-simple implemented in PISM, we find that the melt-albedo feedback is an essential contributor to mass loss in dynamic simulations of the Greenland Ice Sheet under future warming. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-5739-2021 SN - 1994-0416 SN - 1994-0424 VL - 15 IS - 12 SP - 5739 EP - 5764 PB - Copernicus CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goetz, Jason A1 - Kohrs, Robin A1 - Parra Hormazábal, Eric A1 - Bustos Morales, Manuel A1 - Araneda Riquelme, María Belén A1 - Henríquez Ruiz, Cristian A1 - Brenning, Alexander T1 - Optimizing and validating the Gravitational Process Path model for regional debris-flow runout modelling JF - Natural hazards and earth system sciences : NHESS / European Geophysical Society N2 - Knowing the source and runout of debris flows can help in planning strategies aimed at mitigating these hazards. Our research in this paper focuses on developing a novel approach for optimizing runout models for regional susceptibility modelling, with a case study in the upper Maipo River basin in the Andes of Santiago, Chile. We propose a two-stage optimization approach for automatically selecting parameters for estimating runout path and distance. This approach optimizes the random-walk and Perla et al.'s (PCM) two-parameter friction model components of the open-source Gravitational Process Path (GPP) modelling framework. To validate model performance, we assess the spatial transferability of the optimized runout model using spatial crossvalidation, including exploring the model's sensitivity to sample size. We also present diagnostic tools for visualizing uncertainties in parameter selection and model performance. Although there was considerable variation in optimal parameters for individual events, we found our runout modelling approach performed well at regional prediction of potential runout areas. We also found that although a relatively small sample size was sufficient to achieve generally good runout modelling performance, larger samples sizes (i.e. >= 80) had higher model performance and lower uncertainties for estimating runout distances at unknown locations. We anticipate that this automated approach using the open-source R software and the System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses geographic information system (SAGA-GIS) will make process-based debris-flow models more readily accessible and thus enable researchers and spatial planners to improve regional-scale hazard assessments. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-2543-2021 SN - 1561-8633 SN - 1684-9981 VL - 21 IS - 8 SP - 2543 EP - 2562 PB - European Geophysical Society CY - Katlenburg-Lindau ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Botsch, Gideon T1 - Ein nach rechts verzerrtes Bild? BT - antisemitische Vorfälle zwischen Polizeistatistik, Monitoring und Betroffenenperspektive JF - Neue Kriminalpolitik Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0934-9200-2021-4-456 SN - 0934-9200 SN - 2942-1624 VL - 33 IS - 4 SP - 456 EP - 473 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Botsch, Gideon T1 - Taking nativism to the streets BT - historical perspectives on right-wing extremist protest campaigns against immigration in germany JF - Moving the social N2 - In this article, I give an overview on nativist street protests in Germany from the early nineteenth century to the present from an historical perspective. In a preliminary re-mark, I will reflect on some recent developments in Germany, where nativist protest campaigns against immigration took place in the streets when voters were turning towards the populist radical right party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD). In the first section, I will outline an older tradition of anti-immigration protest in nineteenth and early twentieth century Germany, which is closely connected to modern antisemitism. In sections two and three, I will retrace how, from the late 1960s onward, the far right in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) discovered concerns about immigra-tion in the German population, addressed them in protest campaigns and developed narratives to integrate such sentiments into a broader right-wing extremist ideology, itself deeply rooted in antisemitism. Studying nativism and the radical right from an actor-oriented perspective, I will focus on traditionalist movements, including the Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands (NPD) and neo-Nazi groups. KW - Antisemitism KW - racism KW - nativism KW - radical KW - right parties and movements KW - protest KW - violence KW - terrorism KW - Germany KW - nineteenth and twentieth century KW - history Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-3-8375-2491-8 U6 - https://doi.org/10.46586/mts.66.2021.43-62 SN - 2197-0386 SN - 2197-0394 VL - 66 SP - 43 EP - 62 PB - Institute for Social Movements CY - Bochum ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Bogin, Barry A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Catch-up growth is a better indicator of undernutrition than thresholds for stunting JF - Public health nutrition : PHN / The Nutrition Society N2 - Objective: Stunting (height-for-age < −2 SD) is one of the forms of undernutrition and is frequent among children of low- and middle-income countries. But stunting perSe is not a synonym of undernutrition. We investigated association between body height and indicators of energetic undernutrition at three critical thresholds for thinness used in public health: (1) BMI SDS < −2; (2) mid-upper arm circumference divided by height (MUAC (mm) × 10/height (cm) < 1·36) and (3) mean skinfold thickness (SF) < 7 mm and to question the reliability of thresholds as indicators of undernutrition. Design: Cross-sectional study; breakpoint analysis. Setting: Rural and urban regions of Indonesia and Guatemala – different socio-economic status (SES). Participants: 1716 Indonesian children (6·0–13·2 years) and 3838 Guatemalan children (4·0–18·9 years) with up to 50 % stunted children. Results: When separating the regression of BMI, MUAC or SF, on height into distinguishable segments (breakpoint analysis), we failed to detect relevant associations between height, and BMI, MUAC or SF, even in the thinnest and shortest children. For BMI and SF, the breakpoint analysis either failed to reach statistical significance or distinguished at breakpoints above critical thresholds. For MUAC, the breakpoint analysis yielded negative associations between MUAC/h and height in thin individuals. Only in high SES Guatemalan children, SF and height appeared mildly associated with R2 = 0·017. Conclusions: Currently used lower thresholds of height-for-age (stunting) do not show relevant associations with anthropometric indicators of energetic undernutrition. We recommend using the catch-up growth spurt during early re-feeding instead as immediate and sensitive indicator of past undernourishment. We discuss the primacy of education and social-economic-political-emotional circumstances as responsible factors for stunting. KW - no threshold for stunting KW - catch-up growth KW - social-economic-political-emotional KW - (SEPE) factors Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020003067 SN - 1475-2727 SN - 1368-9800 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 52 EP - 61 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ; New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jannasch, Franziska A1 - Nickel, Daniela A1 - Schulze, Matthias Bernd T1 - The reliability and relative validity of predefined dietary patterns were higher than that of exploratory dietary patterns in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam population JF - British journal of nutrition : BJN : an international journal of nutritional science / published on behalf of The Nutrition Society N2 - The aim of this study was to assess the ability of the FFQ to describe reliable and valid dietary pattern (DP) scores. In a total of 134 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study aged 35-67 years, the FFQ was applied twice (baseline and after 1 year) to assess its reliability. Between November 1995 and March 1997, twelve 24-h dietary recalls (24HDR) as reference instrument were applied to assess the validity of the FFQ. Exploratory DP were derived by principal component analyses. Investigated predefined DP were the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and two Mediterranean diet indices. From dietary data of each FFQ, two exploratory DP were retained, but differed in highly loading food groups, resulting in moderate correlations (r 0 center dot 45-0 center dot 58). The predefined indices showed higher correlations between the FFQ (r(AHEI) 0 center dot 62, r(Mediterranean Diet Pyramid Index (MedPyr)) 0 center dot 62 and r(traditional Mediterranean Diet Score (tMDS)) 0 center dot 51). From 24HDR dietary data, one exploratory DP retained differed in composition to the first FFQ-based DP, but showed similarities to the second DP, reflected by a good correlation (r 0 center dot 70). The predefined DP correlated moderately (r 0 center dot 40-0 center dot 60). To conclude, long-term analyses on exploratory DP should be interpreted with caution, due to only moderate reliability. The validity differed extensively for the two exploratory DP. The investigated predefined DP showed a better reliability and a moderate validity, comparable to other studies. Within the two Mediterranean diet indices, the MedPyr performed better than the tMDs in this middle-aged, semi-urban German study population. KW - dietary patterns KW - reliability KW - validity Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003517 SN - 1475-2662 SN - 0007-1145 VL - 125 IS - 11 SP - 1270 EP - 1280 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dannemann, Udo A1 - Girnus, Luisa T1 - Räume unterschiedlicher Diversität BT - am Beispiel genderreflektierter sozialwissenschaftlicher Bildung JF - Politik unterrichten KW - Gender KW - Politische Bildung KW - Sozialwissenschaften KW - Vielfalt Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.dvpb-nds.de/wp-content/uploads/PU_2021_02.pdf SN - 0930-2107 VL - 36 IS - 2 SP - 33 EP - 45 PB - Deutsche Vereinigung für die Politische Bildung, Landesgruppe Niedersachsen CY - Oldenburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rüdian, Sylvio Leo A1 - Vladova, Gergana T1 - Kostenfreie Onlinekurse nachhaltig mit personalisiertem Marketing finanzieren BT - ein Vorschlag zur synergetischen Kombination zweier datengetriebener Geschäftsmodelle JF - HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik N2 - Selbstbestimmtes Lernen mit Onlinekursen findet zunehmend mehr Akzeptanz in unserer Gesellschaft. Lernende können mithilfe von Onlinekursen selbst festlegen, was sie wann lernen und Kurse können durch vielfältige Adaptionen an den Lernfortschritt der Nutzer angepasst und individualisiert werden. Auf der einen Seite ist eine große Zielgruppe für diese Lernangebote vorhanden. Auf der anderen Seite sind die Erstellung von Onlinekursen, ihre Bereitstellung, Wartung und Betreuung kostenintensiv, wodurch hochwertige Angebote häufig kostenpflichtig angeboten werden müssen, um als Anbieter zumindest kostenneutral agieren zu können. In diesem Beitrag erörtern und diskutieren wir ein offenes, nachhaltiges datengetriebenes zweiseitiges Geschäftsmodell zur Verwertung geprüfter Onlinekurse und deren kostenfreie Bereitstellung für jeden Lernenden. Kern des Geschäftsmodells ist die Nutzung der dabei entstehenden Verhaltensdaten, die daraus mögliche Ableitung von Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen und Interessen und deren Nutzung im kommerziellen Kontext. Dies ist eine bei der Websuche bereits weitläufig akzeptierte Methode, welche nun auf den Lernkontext übertragen wird. Welche Möglichkeiten, Herausforderungen, aber auch Barrieren überwunden werden müssen, damit das Geschäftsmodell nachhaltig und ethisch vertretbar funktioniert, werden zwei unabhängige, jedoch synergetisch verbundene Geschäftsmodelle vorgestellt und diskutiert. Zusätzlich wurde die Akzeptanz und Erwartung der Zielgruppe für das vorgestellte Geschäftsmodell untersucht, um notwendige Kernressourcen für die Praxis abzuleiten. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung zeigen, dass das Geschäftsmodell von den Nutzer*innen grundlegend akzeptiert wird. 10 % der Befragten würden es bevorzugen, mit virtuellen Assistenten – anstelle mit Tutor*innen zu lernen. Zudem ist der Großteil der Nutzer*innen sich nicht darüber bewusst, dass Persönlichkeitsmerkmale anhand des Nutzerverhaltens abgeleitet werden können. KW - Onlinekurse KW - Big Data KW - Geschäftsmodell KW - Werbung KW - Marketing KW - Canvas Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s40702-021-00720-4 SN - 1436-3011 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 507 EP - 520 PB - Springer Vieweg CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaller, Jörg A1 - Scherwietes, Eric A1 - Gerber, Lukas A1 - Vaidya, Shrijana A1 - Kaczorek, Danuta A1 - Pausch, Johanna A1 - Barkusky, Dietmar A1 - Sommer, Michael A1 - Hoffmann, Mathias T1 - Silica fertilization improved wheat performance and increased phosphorus concentrations during drought at the field scale JF - Scientific reports N2 - Drought and the availability of mineable phosphorus minerals used for fertilization are two of the important issues agriculture is facing in the future. High phosphorus availability in soils is necessary to maintain high agricultural yields. Drought is one of the major threats for terrestrial ecosystem performance and crop production in future. Among the measures proposed to cope with the upcoming challenges of intensifying drought stress and to decrease the need for phosphorus fertilizer application is the fertilization with silica (Si). Here we tested the importance of soil Si fertilization on wheat phosphorus concentration as well as wheat performance during drought at the field scale. Our data clearly showed a higher soil moisture for the Si fertilized plots. This higher soil moisture contributes to a better plant performance in terms of higher photosynthetic activity and later senescence as well as faster stomata responses ensuring higher productivity during drought periods. The plant phosphorus concentration was also higher in Si fertilized compared to control plots. Overall, Si fertilization or management of the soil Si pools seem to be a promising tool to maintain crop production under predicted longer and more serve droughts in the future and reduces phosphorus fertilizer requirements. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-00464-7 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 11 IS - 1 PB - Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature CY - [London] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Perdigón-Toro, Lorena A1 - Le Quang Phuong, A1 - Zeiske, Stefan A1 - Vandewal, Koen A1 - Armin, Ardalan A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter T1 - Excitons dominate the emission from PM6 BT - Y6 solar cells, but this does not help the open-circuit voltage of the device JF - ACS energy letters / American Chemical Society N2 - Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are far more emissive than their fullerene-based counterparts. Here, we study the spectral properties of photocurrent generation and recombination of the blend of the donor polymer PM6 with the NFA Y6. We find that the radiative recombination of free charges is almost entirely due to the re-occupation and decay of Y6 singlet excitons, but that this pathway contributes less than 1% to the total recombination. As such, the open-circuit voltage of the PM6:Y6 blend is determined by the energetics and kinetics of the charge-transfer (CT) state. Moreover, we find that no information on the energetics of the CT state manifold can be gained from the low-energy tail of the photovoltaic external quantum efficiency spectrum, which is dominated by the excitation spectrum of the Y6 exciton. We, finally, estimate the charge-separated state to lie only 120 meV below the Y6 singlet exciton energy, meaning that this blend indeed represents a high-efficiency system with a low energetic offset. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c02572 SN - 2380-8195 VL - 6 IS - 2 SP - 557 EP - 564 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Loss, Julika A1 - Boklage, Evgeniya A1 - Jordan, Susanne A1 - Jenny, Mirjam A. A1 - Weishaar, Heide A1 - El Bcheraoui, Charbel T1 - Risikokommunikation bei der Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie BT - Herausforderungen und Erfolg versprechende Ansätze BT - challenges and promising approaches JF - Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz N2 - Risk communication plays a central role in public health emergencies: it must enable informed decisions, promote protective or life-sustaining behaviour, and maintain trust in public institutions. In addition, uncertainties in knowledge must be named transparently; irrational fears and rumours must be refuted. Success factors for risk communication are the participation of citizens as well as the continuous recording of risk perception and risk competence in population groups. The current COVID-19 (corona virus disease 2019) pandemic poses specific challenges for risk communication. The state of knowledge on many important aspects concerning COVID-19 was and is often uncertain or preliminary, e.g. on transmission, symptoms, long-term effects and immunity. Communication is characterised by scientific language and an array of figures and statistics, which can render the content difficult to understand. Alongside the official announcements and statements by experts, COVID-19 is widely communicated on social media, spreading misinformation and speculation; this "infodemic" can complicate risk communication. Various national and international scientific projects will help tailor risk communication on COVID-19 to target groups and thereby render it more effective. These projects include explorative studies on how people deal with COVID-19-related information; the COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO) project, a regularly conducted online survey on risk perception and protective behaviour; and an interdisciplinary qualitative study that compares the design, implementation and effectiveness of risk communication strategies in four countries. N2 - Risikokommunikation spielt eine zentrale Rolle in Public-Health-Notlagen: Sie muss informierte Entscheidungen ermöglichen, schützendes bzw. lebenserhaltendes Verhalten fördern und das Vertrauen in öffentliche Institutionen bewahren. Zudem müssen Unsicherheiten über wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse transparent benannt werden, irrationale Ängste und Gerüchte entkräftet werden. Risikokommunikation sollte die Bevölkerung partizipativ einbeziehen. Ihre Risikowahrnehmung und -kompetenz müssen kontinuierlich erfasst werden. In der aktuellen Pandemie der Coronavirus-Krankheit 2019 (COVID-19) ergeben sich spezifische Herausforderungen für die Risikokommunikation. Der Wissensstand zu vielen wichtigen Aspekten, die COVID-19 betreffen, war und ist oftmals unsicher oder vorläufig, z. B. zu Übertragung, Symptomen, Langzeitfolgen und Immunität. Die Kommunikation ist durch wissenschaftliche Sprache sowie eine Vielzahl von Kennzahlen und Statistiken geprägt, was die Verständlichkeit erschweren kann. Neben offiziellen Mitteilungen und Einschätzungen von Expertinnen und Experten wird über COVID-19 in großem Umfang in sozialen Medien kommuniziert, dabei werden auch Fehlinformationen und Spekulationen verbreitet; diese „Infodemie“ erschwert die Risikokommunikation. Nationale wie internationale Forschungsprojekte sollen helfen, die Risikokommunikation zu COVID-19 zielgruppenspezifischer und effektiver zu machen. Dazu gehören u. a. explorative Studien zum Umgang mit COVID-19-bezogenen Informationen, das COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring (COSMO), ein regelmäßig durchgeführtes Onlinesurvey zu Risikowahrnehmung und Schutzverhalten sowie eine interdisziplinäre qualitative Studie, die die Konzeption, Umsetzung und Wirksamkeit von Risikokommunikationsstrategien vergleichend in 4 Ländern untersucht. T2 - Risk communication in the containment of the COVID-19 pandemic KW - Risk perception KW - Risk competence KW - SARS-CoV‑ 2 KW - Crisis management KW - Media Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00103-021-03283-3 SN - 1436-9990 SN - 1437-1588 VL - 64 IS - 3 SP - 294 EP - 303 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ; Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Omranian, Sara A1 - Angeleska, Angela A1 - Nikoloski, Zoran T1 - Efficient and accurate identification of protein complexes from protein-protein interaction networks based on the clustering coefficient JF - Computational and structural biotechnology journal N2 - Identification of protein complexes from protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks is a key problem in PPI mining, solved by parameter-dependent approaches that suffer from small recall rates. Here we introduce GCC-v, a family of efficient, parameter-free algorithms to accurately predict protein complexes using the (weighted) clustering coefficient of proteins in PPI networks. Through comparative analyses with gold standards and PPI networks from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Homo sapiens, we demonstrate that GCC-v outperforms twelve state-of-the-art approaches for identification of protein complexes with respect to twelve performance measures in at least 85.71% of scenarios. We also show that GCC-v results in the exact recovery of similar to 35% of protein complexes in a pan-plant PPI network and discover 144 new protein complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana, with high support from GO semantic similarity. Our results indicate that findings from GCC-v are robust to network perturbations, which has direct implications to assess the impact of the PPI network quality on the predicted protein complexes. (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Research Network of Computational and Structural Biotechnology. KW - Protein complexes KW - Protein-protein interaction KW - Network clustering KW - Species comparison Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2021.09.014 SN - 2001-0370 VL - 19 SP - 5255 EP - 5263 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schachner, Theresa A1 - Gross, Christoph A1 - Hasl, Andrea A1 - Wangenheim, Florian von A1 - Kowatsch, Tobias T1 - Deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles for conversational agents in digital health BT - procedure and validation through a web-based experiment JF - Journal of medical internet research : international scientific journal for medical research, information and communication on the internet ; JMIR N2 - Background: Recent years have witnessed a constant increase in the number of people with chronic conditions requiring ongoing medical support in their everyday lives. However, global health systems are not adequately equipped for this extraordinarily time-consuming and cost-intensive development. Here, conversational agents (CAs) can offer easily scalable and ubiquitous support. Moreover, different aspects of CAs have not yet been sufficiently investigated to fully exploit their potential. One such trait is the interaction style between patients and CAs. In human-to-human settings, the interaction style is an imperative part of the interaction between patients and physicians. Patient-physician interaction is recognized as a critical success factor for patient satisfaction, treatment adherence, and subsequent treatment outcomes. However, so far, it remains effectively unknown how different interaction styles can be implemented into CA interactions and whether these styles are recognizable by users. Objective: The objective of this study was to develop an approach to reproducibly induce 2 specific interaction styles into CA-patient dialogs and subsequently test and validate them in a chronic health care context. Methods: On the basis of the Roter Interaction Analysis System and iterative evaluations by scientific experts and medical health care professionals, we identified 10 communication components that characterize the 2 developed interaction styles: deliberative and paternalistic interaction styles. These communication components were used to develop 2 CA variations, each representing one of the 2 interaction styles. We assessed them in a web-based between-subject experiment. The participants were asked to put themselves in the position of a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. These participants were randomly assigned to interact with one of the 2 CAs and subsequently asked to identify the respective interaction style. Chi-square test was used to assess the correct identification of the CA-patient interaction style. Results: A total of 88 individuals (42/88, 48% female; mean age 31.5 years, SD 10.1 years) fulfilled the inclusion criteria and participated in the web-based experiment. The participants in both the paternalistic and deliberative conditions correctly identified the underlying interaction styles of the CAs in more than 80% of the assessments (X-1(,8)8(2)=38.2; P<.001; phi coefficient r(phi)=0.68). The validation of the procedure was hence successful. Conclusions: We developed an approach that is tailored for a medical context to induce a paternalistic and deliberative interaction style into a written interaction between a patient and a CA. We successfully tested and validated the procedure in a web-based experiment involving 88 participants. Future research should implement and test this approach among actual patients with chronic diseases and compare the results in different medical conditions. This approach can further be used as a starting point to develop dynamic CAs that adapt their interaction styles to their users. KW - conversational agents KW - chatbots KW - human-computer interaction KW - physician-patient relationship KW - interaction styles KW - deliberative KW - interaction KW - paternalistic interaction KW - digital health KW - chronic KW - conditions KW - COPD Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2196/22919 SN - 1438-8871 VL - 23 IS - 1 PB - Healthcare World CY - Richmond, Va. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hampf, Anna A1 - Nendel, Claas A1 - Strey, Simone A1 - Strey, Robert T1 - Biotic yield losses in the Southern Amazon, Brazil BT - making use of smartphone-assisted plant disease diagnosis data JF - Frontiers in plant science : FPLS N2 - Pathogens and animal pests (P&A) are a major threat to global food security as they directly affect the quantity and quality of food. The Southern Amazon, Brazil's largest domestic region for soybean, maize and cotton production, is particularly vulnerable to the outbreak of P&A due to its (sub)tropical climate and intensive farming systems. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of P&A and the related yield losses. Machine learning approaches for the automated recognition of plant diseases can help to overcome this research gap. The main objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (ConvNets) in classifying P&A, (2) map the spatial distribution of P&A in the Southern Amazon, and (3) quantify perceived yield and economic losses for the main soybean and maize P&A. The objectives were addressed by making use of data collected with the smartphone application Plantix. The core of the app's functioning is the automated recognition of plant diseases via ConvNets. Data on expected yield losses were gathered through a short survey included in an "expert" version of the application, which was distributed among agronomists. Between 2016 and 2020, Plantix users collected approximately 78,000 georeferenced P&A images in the Southern Amazon. The study results indicate a high performance of the trained ConvNets in classifying 420 different crop-disease combinations. Spatial distribution maps and expert-based yield loss estimates indicate that maize rust, bacterial stalk rot and the fall armyworm are among the most severe maize P&A, whereas soybean is mainly affected by P&A like anthracnose, downy mildew, frogeye leaf spot, stink bugs and brown spot. Perceived soybean and maize yield losses amount to 12 and 16%, respectively, resulting in annual yield losses of approximately 3.75 million tonnes for each crop and economic losses of US$2 billion for both crops together. The high level of accuracy of the trained ConvNets, when paired with widespread use from following a citizen-science approach, results in a data source that will shed new light on yield loss estimates, e.g., for the analysis of yield gaps and the development of measures to minimise them. KW - plant pathology KW - animal pests KW - pathogens KW - machine learning KW - digital KW - image processing KW - disease diagnosis KW - crowdsourcing KW - crop losses Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.621168 SN - 1664-462X VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Büyükakpınar, Pınar A1 - Aktar, Mustafa A1 - Petersen, Gesa Maria A1 - Köseoğlu, Ayşegül T1 - Orientations of broadband stations of the KOERI seismic network (Turkey) from two independent methods BT - P- and Rayleigh-wave polarization JF - Seismological research letters / Seismological Society of America N2 - The correct orientation of seismic sensors is critical for studies such as full moment tensor inversion, receiver function analysis, and shear-wave splitting. Therefore, the orientation of horizontal components needs to be checked and verified systematically. This study relies on two different waveform-based approaches, to assess the sensor orientations of the broadband network of the Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research Institute (KOERI). The network is an important backbone for seismological research in the Eastern Mediterranean Region and provides a comprehensive seismic data set for the North Anatolian fault. In recent years, this region became a worldwide field laboratory for continental transform faults. A systematic survey of the sensor orientations of the entire network, as presented here, facilitates related seismic studies. We apply two independent orientation tests, based on the polarization of P waves and Rayleigh waves to 123 broadband seismic stations, covering a period of 15 yr (2004-2018). For 114 stations, we obtain stable results with both methods. Approximately, 80% of the results agree with each other within 10 degrees. Both methods indicate that about 40% of the stations are misoriented by more than 10 degrees. Among these, 20 stations are misoriented by more than 20 degrees. We observe temporal changes of sensor orientation that coincide with maintenance work or instrument replacement. We provide time-dependent sensor misorientation correction values for the KOERI network in the supplemental material. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200362 SN - 0895-0695 SN - 1938-2057 VL - 92 IS - 3 SP - 1512 EP - 1521 PB - Seismological Society of America CY - Boulder, Colo. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaurasia, Swami Vivekanandji A1 - Dietrich, Tim A1 - Rosswog, Stephan T1 - Black hole-neutron star simulations with the BAM code BT - first tests and simulations JF - Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology N2 - The first detections of black hole-neutron star mergers (GW200105 and GW200115) by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra Collaboration mark a significant scientific breakthrough. The physical interpretation of pre- and postmerger signals requires careful cross-examination between observational and theoretical modelling results. Here we present the first set of black hole-neutron star simulations that were obtained with the numerical-relativity code BAM. Our initial data are constructed using the public LORENE spectral library, which employs an excision of the black hole interior. BAM, in contrast, uses the moving-puncture gauge for the evolution. Therefore, we need to "stuff" the black hole interior with smooth initial data to evolve the binary system in time. This procedure introduces constraint violations such that the constraint damping properties of the evolution system are essential to increase the accuracy of the simulation and in particular to reduce spurious center-of-mass drifts. Within BAM we evolve the Z4c equations and we compare our gravitational-wave results with those of the SXS collaboration and results obtained with the SACRA code. While we find generally good agreement with the reference solutions and phase differences less than or similar to 0.5 rad at the moment of merger, the absence of a clean convergence order in our simulations does not allow for a proper error quantification. We finally present a set of different initial conditions to explore how the merger of black hole neutron star systems depends on the involved masses, spins, and equations of state. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.084010 SN - 2470-0010 SN - 2470-0029 VL - 104 IS - 8 PB - American Physical Society CY - Ridge, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kaiser, Soraya A1 - Grosse, Guido A1 - Boike, Julia A1 - Langer, Moritz T1 - Monitoring the transformation of Arctic landscapes BT - automated shoreline change detection of lakes using very high resolution imagery JF - Remote sensing / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI) N2 - Water bodies are a highly abundant feature of Arctic permafrost ecosystems and strongly influence their hydrology, ecology and biogeochemical cycling. While very high resolution satellite images enable detailed mapping of these water bodies, the increasing availability and abundance of this imagery calls for fast, reliable and automatized monitoring. This technical work presents a largely automated and scalable workflow that removes image noise, detects water bodies, removes potential misclassifications from infrastructural features, derives lake shoreline geometries and retrieves their movement rate and direction on the basis of ortho-ready very high resolution satellite imagery from Arctic permafrost lowlands. We applied this workflow to typical Arctic lake areas on the Alaska North Slope and achieved a successful and fast detection of water bodies. We derived representative values for shoreline movement rates ranging from 0.40-0.56 m yr(-1) for lake sizes of 0.10 ha-23.04 ha. The approach also gives an insight into seasonal water level changes. Based on an extensive quantification of error sources, we discuss how the results of the automated workflow can be further enhanced by incorporating additional information on weather conditions and image metadata and by improving the input database. The workflow is suitable for the seasonal to annual monitoring of lake changes on a sub-meter scale in the study areas in northern Alaska and can readily be scaled for application across larger regions within certain accuracy limitations. KW - change detection KW - shoreline movement rate KW - shoreline movement direction KW - arctic water bodies KW - permafrost lowlands KW - automated monitoring KW - North KW - Slope KW - very high resolution imagery Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13142802 SN - 2072-4292 VL - 13 IS - 14 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Andres, Maximilian A1 - Bruttel, Lisa A1 - Friedrichsen, Jana T1 - The leniency rule revisited BT - experiments on cartel formation with open communication JF - International journal of industrial organization N2 - The experimental literature on antitrust enforcement provides robust evidence that communication plays an important role for the formation and stability of cartels. We extend these studies through a design that distinguishes between innocuous communication and communication about a cartel, sanctioning only the latter. To this aim, we introduce a participant in the role of the competition authority, who is properly incentivized to judge the communication content and price setting behavior of the firms. Using this novel design, we revisit the question whether a leniency rule successfully destabilizes cartels. In contrast to existing experimental studies, we find that a leniency rule does not affect cartelization. We discuss potential explanations for this contrasting result. KW - cartel KW - judgment of communication KW - corporate leniency program KW - price competition KW - experiment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2021.102728 SN - 0167-7187 VL - 76 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Graeber, Daniel A1 - Kritikos, Alexander A1 - Seebauer, Johannes T1 - COVID-19 BT - a crisis of the female self-employed JF - Journal of population economics N2 - We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship. KW - self-employed KW - COVID-19 KW - income KW - gender KW - representative real-time survey data KW - decomposition methods Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y SN - 0933-1433 SN - 1432-1475 VL - 34 IS - 4 SP - 1141 EP - 1187 PB - Springer CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Benz, Eleanor A1 - Kahl, Verena T1 - Das Urteil im Fall Lhaka Honhat BT - die Ausweitung der direkten Justiziabilität von DESCA und die unerfüllte Hoffnung der Konkretisierung des Rechts auf eine gesunde Umwelt JF - Archiv des Völkerrechts N2 - In February 2020, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) delivered a landmark decision in which it held Argentina responsible for the violation of several rights of 132 indigenous communities inhabiting a certain area in the province of Salta. In the Case of the Indigenous Communities of the Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association v. Argentina the IACtHR declared for the first time an autonomous violation of the right to a healthy environment and other DESCA (Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental rights). Thereby, it further developed its case law on the direct justiciability of DESCA on the basis of Article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) that was first established in Lagos del Campo in 2017. Focusing on the right to a healthy environment and the right to water the authors critically examine how the Court derived the direct justiciability of DESCA. In the following, the contribution examines to what extent the right to a healthy environment has been specified in the current judgment compared to the initial outline of this right by the Court in its Advisory Opinion No. 23. The analysis also deals with the question whether the facts of the case were at all suitable for such a specification and what general value could be added by an autonomous examination of DESCA. Finally, the contribution ends with a mixed conclusion on the significance of the judgment and a thoughtful outlook on the future development of the case law on Art. 26 ACHR. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1628/avr-2021-0011 SN - 0003-892X SN - 1868-7121 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 199 EP - 226 PB - Mohr Siebeck CY - Tübingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neffe, Axel T. A1 - Löwenberg, Candy A1 - Julich-Gruner, Konstanze K. A1 - Behl, Marc A1 - Lendlein, Andreas T1 - Thermally-induced shape-memory behavior of degradable gelatin-based networks JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - Shape-memory hydrogels (SMH) are multifunctional, actively-moving polymers of interest in biomedicine. In loosely crosslinked polymer networks, gelatin chains may form triple helices, which can act as temporary net points in SMH, depending on the presence of salts. Here, we show programming and initiation of the shape-memory effect of such networks based on a thermomechanical process compatible with the physiological environment. The SMH were synthesized by reaction of glycidylmethacrylated gelatin with oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) alpha,omega-dithiols of varying crosslinker length and amount. Triple helicalization of gelatin chains is shown directly by wide-angle X-ray scattering and indirectly via the mechanical behavior at different temperatures. The ability to form triple helices increased with the molar mass of the crosslinker. Hydrogels had storage moduli of 0.27-23 kPa and Young's moduli of 215-360 kPa at 4 degrees C. The hydrogels were hydrolytically degradable, with full degradation to water-soluble products within one week at 37 degrees C and pH = 7.4. A thermally-induced shape-memory effect is demonstrated in bending as well as in compression tests, in which shape recovery with excellent shape-recovery rates R-r close to 100% were observed. In the future, the material presented here could be applied, e.g., as self-anchoring devices mechanically resembling the extracellular matrix. KW - shape-memory hydrogel KW - active polymer KW - biopolymer KW - mechanical KW - properties KW - degradation Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115892 SN - 1422-0067 SN - 1661-6596 VL - 22 IS - 11 PB - Molecular Diversity Preservation International CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Valerian A1 - Rybacki, Erik A1 - Bonnelye, Audrey A1 - Dresen, Georg T1 - Authors’ Reply to the Discussion by Crisci et al. (2021): Experimental deformation of Opalinus Clay at elevated temperature and pressure conditions BT - mechanical properties and the influence of rock fabric JF - Rock mechanics and rock engineering KW - opalinus clay KW - testing procedure KW - pore pressure generation KW - strain rate KW - drying-induced micro cracks Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02675-w SN - 0723-2632 SN - 1434-453X VL - 55 SP - 467 EP - 469 PB - Springer CY - Wien ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pauzon, Camille A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei A1 - Dubiez-Le Goff, Sophie A1 - Murugesan, Saravanakumar A1 - Bruno, Giovanni A1 - Hryha, Eduard T1 - Residual stresses and porosity in Ti-6Al-4V produced by laser powder bed fusion as a function of process atmosphere and component design JF - Additive manufacturing N2 - The influence of the process gas, laser scan speed, and sample thickness on the build-up of residual stresses and porosity in Ti-6Al-4V produced by laser powder bed fusion was studied. Pure argon and helium, as well as a mixture of those (30% helium), were employed to establish process atmospheres with a low residual oxygen content of 100 ppm O-2. The results highlight that the subsurface residual stresses measured by X-ray diffraction were significantly lower in the thin samples (220 MPa) than in the cuboid samples (645 MPa). This difference was attributed to the shorter laser vector length, resulting in heat accumulation and thus in-situ stress relief. The addition of helium to the process gas did not introduce additional subsurface residual stresses in the simple geometries, even for the increased scanning speed. Finally, larger deflection was found in the cantilever built under helium (after removal from the baseplate), than in those produced under argon and an argon-helium mixture. This result demonstrates that complex designs involving large scanned areas could be subjected to higher residual stress when manufactured under helium due to the gas's high thermal conductivity, heat capacity, and thermal diffusivity. KW - Residual stresses KW - Laser powder bed fusion KW - Process atmosphere KW - Helium KW - Ti-6Al-4V Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2021.102340 SN - 2214-8604 VL - 47 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brede, Nuria A1 - Botta, Nicola T1 - On the correctness of monadic backward induction JF - Journal of functional programming N2 - In control theory, to solve a finite-horizon sequential decision problem (SDP) commonly means to find a list of decision rules that result in an optimal expected total reward (or cost) when taking a given number of decision steps. SDPs are routinely solved using Bellman's backward induction. Textbook authors (e.g. Bertsekas or Puterman) typically give more or less formal proofs to show that the backward induction algorithm is correct as solution method for deterministic and stochastic SDPs. Botta, Jansson and Ionescu propose a generic framework for finite horizon, monadic SDPs together with a monadic version of backward induction for solving such SDPs. In monadic SDPs, the monad captures a generic notion of uncertainty, while a generic measure function aggregates rewards. In the present paper, we define a notion of correctness for monadic SDPs and identify three conditions that allow us to prove a correctness result for monadic backward induction that is comparable to textbook correctness proofs for ordinary backward induction. The conditions that we impose are fairly general and can be cast in category-theoretical terms using the notion of Eilenberg-Moore algebra. They hold in familiar settings like those of deterministic or stochastic SDPs, but we also give examples in which they fail. Our results show that backward induction can safely be employed for a broader class of SDPs than usually treated in textbooks. However, they also rule out certain instances that were considered admissible in the context of Botta et al. 's generic framework. Our development is formalised in Idris as an extension of the Botta et al. framework and the sources are available as supplementary material. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956796821000228 SN - 1469-7653 SN - 0956-7968 VL - 31 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fitzner, Maria A1 - Fricke, Anna A1 - Schreiner, Monika A1 - Baldermann, Susanne T1 - Utilization of regional natural brines for the indoor cultivation of Salicornia europaea JF - Sustainability / Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) N2 - Scaling agriculture to the globally rising population demands new approaches for future crop production such as multilayer and multitrophic indoor farming. Moreover, there is a current trend towards sustainable local solutions for aquaculture and saline agriculture. In this context, halophytes are becoming increasingly important for research and the food industry. As Salicornia europaea is a highly salt-tolerant obligate halophyte that can be used as a food crop, indoor cultivation with saline water is of particular interest. Therefore, finding a sustainable alternative to the use of seawater in non-coastal regions is crucial. Our goal was to determine whether natural brines, which are widely distributed and often available in inland areas, provide an alternative water source for the cultivation of saline organisms. This case study investigated the potential use of natural brines for the production of S. europaea. In the control group, which reflects the optimal growth conditions, fresh weight was increased, but there was no significant difference between the treatment groups comparing natural brines with artificial sea water. A similar pattern was observed for carotenoids and chlorophylls. Individual components showed significant differences. However, within treatments, there were mostly no changes. In summary, we showed that the influence of the different chloride concentrations was higher than the salt composition. Moreover, nutrient-enriched natural brine was demonstrated to be a suitable alternative for cultivation of S. europaea in terms of yield and nutritional quality. Thus, the present study provides the first evidence for the future potential of natural brine waters for the further development of aquaculture systems and saline agriculture in inland regions. KW - carotenoids KW - glasswort KW - land-based aquaculture KW - seawater KW - phytochemicals KW - halophytes KW - salt composition KW - chlorophylls KW - artificial KW - salt KW - saline agriculture Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112105 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 13 IS - 21 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caserta, Giorgio A1 - Zhang, Xiaorong A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Supala, Eszter A1 - Wollenberger, Ulla A1 - Gyurcsányi, Róbert E. A1 - Zebger, Ingo A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - Insights in electrosynthesis, target binding, and stability of peptide-imprinted polymer nanofilms JF - Electrochimica acta : the journal of the International Society of Electrochemistry (ISE) N2 - Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanofilms have been successfully implemented for the recognition of different target molecules: however, the underlying mechanistic details remained vague. This paper provides new insights in the preparation and binding mechanism of electrosynthesized peptide-imprinted polymer nanofilms for selective recognition of the terminal pentapeptides of the beta-chains of human adult hemoglobin, HbA, and its glycated form HbA1c. To differentiate between peptides differing solely in a glucose adduct MIP nanofilms were prepared by a two-step hierarchical electrosynthesis that involves first the chemisorption of a cysteinyl derivative of the pentapeptide followed by electropolymerization of scopoletin. This approach was compared with a random single-step electrosynthesis using scopo-letin/pentapeptide mixtures. Electrochemical monitoring of the peptide binding to the MIP nanofilms by means of redox probe gating revealed a superior affinity of the hierarchical approach with a Kd value of 64.6 nM towards the related target. Changes in the electrosynthesized non-imprinted polymer and MIP nanofilms during chemical, electrochemical template removal and rebinding were substantiated in situ by monitoring the characteristic bands of both target peptides and polymer with surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy. This rational approach led to MIPs with excellent selectivity and provided key mechanistic insights with respect to electrosynthesis, rebinding and stability of the formed MIPs. KW - SEIRA spectroelectrochemistry KW - peptide imprinting KW - electrosynthesis KW - MIP KW - glycated peptide Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138236 SN - 0013-4686 SN - 1873-3859 VL - 381 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pranav, Manasi A1 - Benduhn, Johannes A1 - Nyman, Mathias A1 - Hosseini, Seyed Mehrdad A1 - Kublitski, Jonas A1 - Shoaee, Safa A1 - Neher, Dieter A1 - Leo, Karl A1 - Spoltore, Donato T1 - Enhanced charge selectivity via anodic-C60 layer reduces nonradiative losses in organic solar cells JF - ACS applied materials & interfaces N2 - Interfacial layers in conjunction with suitable charge-transport layers can significantly improve the performance of optoelectronic devices by facilitating efficient charge carrier injection and extraction. This work uses a neat C-60 interlayer on the anode to experimentally reveal that surface recombination is a significant contributor to nonradiative recombination losses in organic solar cells. These losses are shown to proportionally increase with the extent of contact between donor molecules in the photoactive layer and a molybdenum oxide (MoO3) hole extraction layer, proven by calculating voltage losses in low- and high-donor-content bulk heterojunction device architectures. Using a novel in-device determination of the built-in voltage, the suppression of surface recombination, due to the insertion of a thin anodic-C-60 interlayer on MoO3, is attributed to an enhanced built-in potential. The increased built-in voltage reduces the presence of minority charge carriers at the electrodes-a new perspective on the principle of selective charge extraction layers. The benefit to device efficiency is limited by a critical interlayer thickness, which depends on the donor material in bilayer devices. Given the high popularity of MoO3 as an efficient hole extraction and injection layer and the increasingly popular discussion on interfacial phenomena in organic optoelectronic devices, these findings are relevant to and address different branches of organic electronics, providing insights for future device design. KW - nonradiative losses KW - molybdenum oxide KW - organic solar cells KW - interfacial layers KW - charge selectivity Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c00049 SN - 1944-8244 SN - 1944-8252 VL - 13 IS - 10 SP - 12603 EP - 12609 PB - American Chemical Society CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Falkowski, Sarah A1 - Ehlers, Todd A1 - Madella, Andrea A1 - Glotzbach, Christoph A1 - Georgieva, Viktoria A1 - Strecker, Manfred T1 - Glacial catchment erosion from detrital zircon (U-Th)/He thermochronology BT - Patagonian Andes JF - GR / AGU, American Geophysical Union: Earth surface N2 - Alpine glacial erosion exerts a first-order control on mountain topography and sediment production, but its mechanisms are poorly understood. Observational data capable of testing glacial erosion and transport laws in glacial models are mostly lacking. New insights, however, can be gained from detrital tracer thermochronology. Detrital tracer thermochronology works on the premise that thermochronometer bedrock ages vary systematically with elevation, and that detrital downstream samples can be used to infer the source elevation sectors of sediments. We analyze six new detrital samples of different grain sizes (sand and pebbles) from glacial deposits and the modern river channel integrated with data from 18 previously analyzed bedrock samples from an elevation transect in the Leones Valley, Northern Patagonian Icefield, Chile (46.7 degrees S). We present 622 new detrital zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) single-grain analyses and 22 new bedrock ZHe analyses for two of the bedrock samples to determine age reproducibility. Results suggest that glacial erosion was focused at and below the Last Glacial Maximum and neoglacial equilibrium line altitudes, supporting previous modeling studies. Furthermore, grain age distributions from different grain sizes (sand, pebbles) might indicate differences in erosion mechanisms, including mass movements at steep glacial valley walls. Finally, our results highlight complications and opportunities in assessing glacigenic environments, such as dynamics of sediment production, transport, transient storage, and final deposition, that arise from settings with large glacio-fluvial catchments. KW - ZHe tracer thermochronology KW - glacial erosion KW - sediment production KW - grain KW - size fractions KW - Leones Glacier KW - Northern Patagonian Icefield Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006141 SN - 2169-9003 SN - 2169-9011 VL - 126 IS - 10 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken, NJ ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Grum, Marcus A1 - Hiessl, Werner A1 - Maresch, Karl A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Design of a neuronal training modeling language BT - exemplified with the AI-based dynamic GUI adaption JF - AIS-Transactions on enterprise systems N2 - As the complexity of learning task requirements, computer infrastruc- tures and knowledge acquisition for artificial neuronal networks (ANN) is in- creasing, it is challenging to talk about ANN without creating misunderstandings. An efficient, transparent and failure-free design of learning tasks by models is not supported by any tool at all. For this purpose, particular the consideration of data, information and knowledge on the base of an integration with knowledge- intensive business process models and a process-oriented knowledge manage- ment are attractive. With the aim of making the design of learning tasks express- ible by models, this paper proposes a graphical modeling language called Neu- ronal Training Modeling Language (NTML), which allows the repetitive use of learning designs. An example ANN project of AI-based dynamic GUI adaptation exemplifies its use as a first demonstration. KW - AI and business informatics KW - development of AI-based systems KW - AI-based decision support system KW - cooperative AI (human-in-the-loop) KW - process-oriented knowledge acquisition KW - modeling language Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.aes-journal.com/index.php/ais-tes/article/view/20/18 U6 - https://doi.org/10.30844/aistes.v5i1.20 SN - 1867-7134 VL - 5 IS - 1 PB - GITO-Publ., Verl. für Industrielle Informationstechnik und Organisation CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bruckmaier, Georg A1 - Krauss, Stefan A1 - Binder, Karin A1 - Hilbert, Sven Lars A1 - Brunner, Martin T1 - Tversky and Kahneman’s cognitive illusions BT - who can solve them, and why? JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - In the present paper we empirically investigate the psychometric properties of some of the most famous statistical and logical cognitive illusions from the "heuristics and biases" research program by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, who nearly 50 years ago introduced fascinating brain teasers such as the famous Linda problem, the Wason card selection task, and so-called Bayesian reasoning problems (e.g., the mammography task). In the meantime, a great number of articles has been published that empirically examine single cognitive illusions, theoretically explaining people's faulty thinking, or proposing and experimentally implementing measures to foster insight and to make these problems accessible to the human mind. Yet these problems have thus far usually been empirically analyzed on an individual-item level only (e.g., by experimentally comparing participants' performance on various versions of one of these problems). In this paper, by contrast, we examine these illusions as a group and look at the ability to solve them as a psychological construct. Based on an sample of N = 2,643 Luxembourgian school students of age 16-18 we investigate the internal psychometric structure of these illusions (i.e., Are they substantially correlated? Do they form a reflexive or a formative construct?), their connection to related constructs (e.g., Are they distinguishable from intelligence or mathematical competence in a confirmatory factor analysis?), and the question of which of a person's abilities can predict the correct solution of these brain teasers (by means of a regression analysis). KW - statistical reasoning KW - logical thinking KW - cognitive illusion KW - Monty Hall KW - problem KW - Wason task KW - Linda problem KW - hospital problem KW - Bayesian reasoning Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.584689 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Orland, Andreas A1 - Rostam-Afschar, Davud T1 - Flexible work arrangements and precautionary behavior BT - Theory and experimental evidence JF - Journal of economic behavior & organization N2 - In the past years, work-time in many industries has become more flexible, opening up a new channel for intertemporal substitution: workers might, instead of saving, adjust their work-time to smooth consumption. To study this channel, we set up a two-period consumption/saving model with wage uncertainty. This extends the standard saving model by also allowing a worker to allocate a fixed time budget between two work-shifts. To test the comparative statics implied by these two different channels, we conduct a laboratory experiment. A novel feature of our experiments is that we tie income to a real-effort style task. In four treatments, we turn on and off the two channels for consumption smoothing: saving and time allocation. Our main finding is that savings are strictly positive for at least 85 percent of subjects. We find that a majority of subjects also uses time allocation to smooth consumption and use saving and time shifting as substitutes, though not perfect substitutes. Part of the observed heterogeneity of precautionary behavior can be explained by risk preferences and motivations different from expected utility maximization. (c) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Precautionary saving KW - Labor supply KW - Intertemporal substitution KW - Experiment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.015 SN - 0167-2681 SN - 1879-1751 VL - 191 SP - 442 EP - 481 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yarman, Aysu A1 - Kurbanoğlu, Sevinç A1 - Zebger, Ingo A1 - Scheller, Frieder W. T1 - Simple and robust BT - the claims of protein sensing by molecularly imprinted polymers JF - Sensors and actuators : B, Chemical : an international journal devoted to research and development of chemical transducers N2 - A spectrum of 7562 publications on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) has been presented in literature within the last ten years (Scopus, September 7, 2020). Around 10 % of the papers published on MIPs describe the recognition of proteins. The straightforward synthesis of MIPs is a significant advantage as compared with the preparation of enzymes or antibodies. MIPs have been synthesized from only one up to six functional monomers while proteins are made up of 20 natural amino acids. Furthermore, they can be synthesized against structures of low immunogenicity and allow multi-analyte measurements via multi-target synthesis. Electrochemical methods allow simple polymer synthesis, removal of the template and readout. Among the different sensor configurations electrochemical MIP-sensors provide the broadest spectrum of protein analytes. The sensitivity of MIP-sensors is sufficiently high for biomarkers in the sub-nanomolar region, nevertheless the cross-reactivity of highly abundant proteins in human serum is still a challenge. MIPs for proteins offer innovative tools not only for clinical and environmental analysis, but also for bioimaging, therapy and protein engineering. KW - Molecularly imprinted polymer KW - Plastibodies KW - Functional scaffolds KW - Biomimetic sensors KW - Proteins Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2020.129369 SN - 0925-4005 SN - 1873-3077 VL - 330 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bochove, Bas van A1 - Grijpma, Dirk W. A1 - Lendlein, Andreas A1 - Seppälä, Jukka T1 - Designing advanced functional polymers for medicine JF - European polymer journal : EPJ Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110573 SN - 0014-3057 VL - 155 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Keller, Lena A1 - Preckel, Franzis A1 - Brunner, Martin T1 - Nonlinear relations between achievement and academic self-concepts in elementary and secondary school BT - an integrative data analysis across 13 countries JF - Journal of educational psychology / American Psychological Association N2 - It is well-documented that academic achievement is associated with students' self-perceptions of their academic abilities, that is, their academic self-concepts. However, low-achieving students may apply self-protective strategies to maintain a favorable academic self-concept when evaluating their academic abilities. Consequently, the relation between achievement and academic self-concept might not be linear across the entire achievement continuum. Capitalizing on representative data from three large-scale assessments (i.e., TIMSS, PIRLS, PISA; N = 470,804), we conducted an integrative data analysis to address nonlinear trends in the relations between achievement and the corresponding self-concepts in mathematics and the verbal domain across 13 countries and 2 age groups (i.e., elementary and secondary school students). Polynomial and interrupted regression analyses showed nonlinear relations in secondary school students, demonstrating that the relations between achievement and the corresponding self-concepts were weaker for lower achieving students than for higher achieving students. Nonlinear effects were also present in younger students, but the pattern of results was rather heterogeneous. We discuss implications for theory as well as for the assessment and interpretation of self-concept. KW - academic achievement KW - academic self-concept KW - mathematics KW - reading KW - nonlinear relations Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000533 SN - 0022-0663 SN - 1939-2176 VL - 113 IS - 3 SP - 585 EP - 604 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ackfeld, Viola A1 - Rohloff, Tobias A1 - Rzepka, Sylvi T1 - Increasing personal data contributions for the greater public good BT - a field experiment on an online education platform JF - Behavioural public policy N2 - Personal data increasingly serve as inputs to public goods. Like other types of contributions to public goods, personal data are likely to be underprovided. We investigate whether classical remedies to underprovision are also applicable to personal data and whether the privacy-sensitive nature of personal data must be additionally accounted for. In a randomized field experiment on a public online education platform, we prompt users to complete their profiles with personal information. Compared to a control message, we find that making public benefits salient increases the number of personal data contributions significantly. This effect is even stronger when additionally emphasizing privacy protection, especially for sensitive information. Our results further suggest that emphasis on both public benefits and privacy protection attracts personal data from a more diverse set of contributors. KW - field experiment KW - personal data KW - public good KW - privacy Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/bpp.2021.39 SN - 2398-063X SN - 2398-0648 SP - 1 EP - 27 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petrishcheva, Vasilisa A1 - Riener, Gerhard A1 - Schildberg-Hörisch, Hannah T1 - Loss aversion in social image concerns JF - Experimental economics : a journal of the Economic Science Association N2 - Does loss aversion apply to social image concerns? In a laboratory experiment, we first induce social image in a relevant domain, intelligence, through public ranking. In a second stage, subjects experience a change in rank and are offered scope for lying to improve their final, also publicly reported rank. Subjects who care about social image and experience a decline in rank lie more than those experiencing gains. Moreover, we document a discontinuity in lying behavior when moving from rank losses to gains. Our results are in line with loss aversion in social image concerns. KW - loss aversion KW - social image concerns KW - lying behavior KW - laboratory experiment Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10683-022-09782-7 SN - 1386-4157 SN - 1573-6938 VL - 26 IS - 3 SP - 622 EP - 645 PB - Springer Science + Business Media B.V. CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Margaryan, Shushanik A1 - Paul, Annemarie A1 - Siedler, Thomas T1 - Does education affect attitudes towards immigration? JF - Journal of human resources N2 - Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and exploiting the staggered implementation of a compulsory schooling reform in West Germany, this article finds that an additional year of schooling lowers the probability of being very concerned about immigration to Germany by around six percentage points (20 percent). Furthermore, our findings imply significant spillovers from maternal education to immigration attitudes of her offspring. While we find no evidence for returns to education within a range of labor market outcomes, higher social trust appears to be an important mechanism behind our findings. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.56.2.0318-9372R1 SN - 0022-166X SN - 1548-8004 VL - 56 IS - 2 SP - 446 EP - 479 PB - University of Wisconsin Press CY - Madison ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wigger, Dominik A1 - Schumacher, Fabian A1 - Schneider-Schaulies, Sibylle A1 - Kleuser, Burkhard T1 - Sphingosine 1-phosphate metabolism and insulin signaling JF - Cellular signalling N2 - Insulin is the main anabolic hormone secreted by 13-cells of the pancreas stimulating the assimilation and storage of glucose in muscle and fat cells. It modulates the postprandial balance of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins via enhancing lipogenesis, glycogen and protein synthesis and suppressing glucose generation and its release from the liver. Resistance to insulin is a severe metabolic disorder related to a diminished response of peripheral tissues to the insulin action and signaling. This leads to a disturbed glucose homeostasis that precedes the onset of type 2 diabetes (T2D), a disease reaching epidemic proportions. A large number of studies reported an association between elevated circulating fatty acids and the development of insulin resistance. The increased fatty acid lipid flux results in the accumulation of lipid droplets in a variety of tissues. However, lipid intermediates such as diacylglycerols and ceramides are also formed in response to elevated fatty acid levels. These bioactive lipids have been associated with the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. More recently, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), another bioactive sphingolipid derivative, has also been shown to increase in T2D and obesity. Although many studies propose a protective role of S1P metabolism on insulin signaling in peripheral tissues, other studies suggest a causal role of S1P on insulin resistance. In this review, we critically summarize the current state of knowledge of S1P metabolism and its modulating role on insulin resistance. A particular emphasis is placed on S1P and insulin signaling in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle cells, adipocytes and pancreatic 13-cells. In particular, modulation of receptors and enzymes that regulate S1P metabolism can be considered as a new therapeutic option for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2D. KW - Insulin resistance KW - Type 2 diabetes KW - Sphingolipids KW - Hepatocytes KW - Adipocytes KW - Skeletal muscle cells Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109959 SN - 0898-6568 SN - 1873-3913 VL - 82 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Tran, V. Phuong A1 - Tamura, Yui A1 - Pham, Van-Cuong A1 - Elhussiny, Mohamed Z. A1 - Han, Guofeng A1 - Sur Chowdhury, Vishwajit A1 - Furuse, Mitsuhiro T1 - Neuropeptide Y modifies a part of diencephalic catecholamine but not indolamine metabolism in chicks depending on feeding status JF - Neuropeptides N2 - The role of the monoaminergic system in the feeding behavior of neonatal chicks has been reported, but the functional relationship between the metabolism of monoamines and appetite-related neuropeptides is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the changes in catecholamine and indolamine metabolism in response to the central action of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in different feeding statuses and the underlying mechanisms. In Experiment 1, the diencephalic concentrations of amino acids and monoamines following the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NPY (375 pmol/10 mu l/chick), saline solution under ad libitum, and fasting conditions for 30 min were determined. Central NPY significantly decreased L-tyrosine concentration, the precursor of catecholamines under feeding condition, but not under fasting condition. Central NPY significantly increased dopamine metabolites, including 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and homovanillic acid (HVA). The concentration of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol was significantly reduced under feeding condition, but did not change under fasting condition by NPY. However, no effects of NPY on indolamine metabolism were found in either feeding status. Therefore, the mechanism of action of catecholamines with central NPY under feeding condition was elucidated in Experiment 2. Central NPY significantly attenuated diencephalic gene expression of catecholaminergic synthetic enzymes, such as tyrosine hydroxylase, L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, and GTP cyclohydrolase I after 30 min of feeding. In Experiment 3, co-injection of alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase with NPY, moderately attenuated the orexigenic effect of NPY, accompanied by a significant positive correlation between food intake and HVA levels. In Experiment 4, there was a significant interaction between NPY and clorgyline, an inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A with ICV co-injection which implies that co-existence of NPY and clorgyline enhances the orexigenic effect of NPY. In conclusion, central NPY modifies a part of catecholamine metabolism, which is illustrated by the involvement of dopamine transmission and metabolism under feeding but not fasting conditions. KW - Neuropeptide Y KW - Feeding behavior KW - Neonatal chick KW - CNS KW - Catecholamines Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.npep.2021.102169 SN - 0143-4179 SN - 1532-2785 VL - 89 PB - Elsevier CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gumbsch, Christian A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Butz, Martin V. T1 - Emergent goal-anticipatory gaze in infants via event-predictive learning and inference JF - Cognitive science N2 - From about 7 months of age onward, infants start to reliably fixate the goal of an observed action, such as a grasp, before the action is complete. The available research has identified a variety of factors that influence such goal-anticipatory gaze shifts, including the experience with the shown action events and familiarity with the observed agents. However, the underlying cognitive processes are still heavily debated. We propose that our minds (i) tend to structure sensorimotor dynamics into probabilistic, generative event-predictive, and event boundary predictive models, and, meanwhile, (ii) choose actions with the objective to minimize predicted uncertainty. We implement this proposition by means of event-predictive learning and active inference. The implemented learning mechanism induces an inductive, event-predictive bias, thus developing schematic encodings of experienced events and event boundaries. The implemented active inference principle chooses actions by aiming at minimizing expected future uncertainty. We train our system on multiple object-manipulation events. As a result, the generation of goal-anticipatory gaze shifts emerges while learning about object manipulations: the model starts fixating the inferred goal already at the start of an observed event after having sampled some experience with possible events and when a familiar agent (i.e., a hand) is involved. Meanwhile, the model keeps reactively tracking an unfamiliar agent (i.e., a mechanical claw) that is performing the same movement. We qualitatively compare these modeling results to behavioral data of infants and conclude that event-predictive learning combined with active inference may be critical for eliciting goal-anticipatory gaze behavior in infants. KW - Infancy KW - Goal-anticipatory gaze KW - Computational model KW - Event cognition KW - Active inference Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.13016 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 45 IS - 8 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden, Mass. ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Juang, Linda P. A1 - Moffitt, Ursula Elinor A1 - Schachner, Maja A1 - Pevec-Zimmer, Sharleen T1 - Understanding ethnic-racial identity in a context where "race" is taboo JF - Identity : an international journal of theory and research ; the journal of the Society for Research on Identity Formation N2 - Ethnic-racial identity (ERI) is an important aspect of youth development and has been well-studied for the last several decades. One issue less discussed is how the construct of ERI translates across different countries and cultures. The purpose of our paper is to describe the sociohistorical context of Germany and implications for the study of ethnic-racial identity in Europe. We discuss the German adaption of the Identity Project, an 8-week school-based ethnic-racial identity exploration intervention developed in the United States. We use this as a concrete example of how we thought through the focal construct of ERI to figure out how and whether it is a salient social identity category for youth in Germany where, in response to the history of racially motivated genocide, discussions of "race" are taboo. Digging into the ways ERI may not be directly transferable to different contexts can help us understand its nature as a socially constructed identity with real-life implications. Our hope with this paper is to further discussion, question our conceptualizations, and acknowledge how a detailed understanding of sociohistorical contexts is needed for the study of ERI. KW - Ethnic-racial identity KW - race KW - Germany KW - intervention Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/15283488.2021.1932901 SN - 1528-3488 SN - 1532-706X VL - 21 IS - 3 SP - 185 EP - 199 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia, PA ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rüdiger, Günther A1 - Schultz, Manfred A1 - Hollerbach, Rainer T1 - Destabilization of super-rotating Taylor-Couette flows by current-free helical magnetic fields JF - Journal of plasma physics N2 - In an earlier paper we showed that the combination of azimuthal magnetic fields and super-rotation in Taylor-Couette flows of conducting fluids can be unstable against non-axisymmetric perturbations if the magnetic Prandtl number of the fluid is Pm not equal 1. Here we demonstrate that the addition of a weak axial field component allows axisymmetric perturbation patterns for Pm of order unity depending on the boundary conditions. The axisymmetric modes only occur for magnetic Mach numbers (of the azimuthal field) of order unity, while higher values are necessary for the non-axisymmetric modes. The typical growth time of the instability and the characteristic time scale of the axial migration of the axisymmetric mode are long compared with the rotation period, but short compared with the magnetic diffusion time. The modes travel in the positive or negative z direction along the rotation axis depending on the sign of B phi Bz. We also demonstrate that the azimuthal components of flow and field perturbations travel in phase if vertical bar B phi vertical bar >> vertical bar B-z vertical bar, independent of the form of the rotation law. Within a short-wave approximation for thin gaps it is also shown (in an appendix) that for ideal fluids the considered helical magnetorotational instability only exists for rotation laws with negative shear. KW - plasma instabilities KW - astrophysical plasmas Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022377821000295 SN - 1469-7807 VL - 87 IS - 2 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Steinmayr, Ricarda A1 - Lazarides, Rebecca A1 - Weidinger, Anne Franziska A1 - Christiansen, Hanna T1 - Teaching and learning during the first COVID-19 school lockdown: Realization and associations with parent-perceived students' academic outcomes BT - a study and preliminary overview BT - eine empirische Studie und ein erster Literaturüberblick JF - Zeitschrift für pädagogische Psychologie N2 - Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all schools in Germany were locked down for several months in 2020. How schools realized teaching during the school lockdown greatly varied from school to school. N = 2,647 parents participated in an online survey and rated the following activities of teachers in mathematics, language arts (German), English, and science / biology during the school lockdown: frequency of sending task assignments, task solutions and requesting for solutions, giving task-related feedback, grading tasks, providing lessons per videoconference, and communicating via telecommunication tools with students and / or parents. Parents also reported student academic outcomes during the school lockdown (child's learning motivation, competent and independent learning, learning progress). Parents further reported student characteristics and social background variables: child's negative emotionality, school engagement, mathematical and language competencies, and child's social and cultural capital. Data were separately analyzed for elementary and secondary schools. In both samples, frequency of student-teacher communication was associated with all academic outcomes, except for learning progress in elementary school. Frequency of parent-teacher communication was associated with motivation and learning progress, but not with competent and independent learning, in both samples. Other distant teaching activities were differentially related to students' academic outcomes in elementary vs. secondary school. School engagement explained most additional variance in all students' outcomes during the school lockdown. Parent's highest school leaving certificate incrementally predicted students' motivation, and competent and independent learning in secondary school, as well as learning progress in elementary school. The variable "child has own bedroom" additionally explained variance in students' competent and independent learning during the school lockdown in both samples. Thus, both teaching activities during the school lockdown as well as children's characteristics and social background were independently important for students' motivation, competent and independent learning, and learning progress. Results are discussed with regard to their practical implications for realizing distant teaching. N2 - Aufgrund der COVID-19-Pandemie waren alle Schulen in Deutschland in 2020 für mehrere Monate geschlossen. Wie die einzelnen Schulen den Fernunterricht realisierten, variierte stark zwischen den Schulen. N = 2,647 Eltern nahmen an einer Online-Befragung teil und schätzten die folgenden Aktivitäten der Mathematik-, Deutsch-, Englisch-, und Sachunterricht-/Biologielehrkraft im Fernunterricht ein: Häufigkeit, mit der Aufgaben und Lösungen geschickt, Lösungen des Kindes angefordert, Feedback zu den Lösungen des Kindes gegeben, Aufgaben benotet, Unterricht per Videokonferenz abgehalten und mit dem Kind bzw. den Eltern via Telefon o.Ä. kommuniziert wurde. Außerdem schätzten die Eltern die schulischen Outcomes ihres Kindes während des Fernunterrichts ein (d.h. Motivation, kompetentes und selbstständiges Lernverhalten und den Lernfortschritt). Schließlich machten die Eltern Angaben zu den folgenden Eigenschaften und soziodemografischen Merkmalen ihres Kindes: negative Emotionalität, schulisches Engagement, mathematische und sprachliche Kompetenzen, soziales und kulturelles Kapital. Die Daten wurden separat für Grund- und weiterführenden Schulen ausgewertet. In beiden Stichproben war die Schülerinnen und Schüler-Lehrkraft-Kommunikation mit allen Schülerinnen und Schüleroutcomes assoziiert, außer mit dem Lernfortschritt in der Grundschule. Die Häufigkeit der Eltern-Lehrkraft-Kommunikation war in beiden Stichproben mit der Motivation und dem Lernfortschritt, jedoch nicht mit dem kompetenten und selbstständigen Lernverhalten assoziiert. Die Bedeutung weiterer Lehraktivitäten im Fernunterricht unterschied sich zwischen Grund- und weiterführender Schule. Das schulische Engagement der Kinder erklärte die meiste zusätzliche Varianz in den Schülerinnen und Schüleroutcomes im Fernunterricht. Der höchste Schulabschluss der Eltern erklärte inkrementell Varianz in der Schülerinnen und Schülermotivation und in dem kompetenten und selbstständigen Lernverhalten an der weiterführenden Schule sowie im Lernfortschritt an der Grundschule. Ein eigenes Kinderzimmer erklärte in beiden Stichproben zusätzlich Varianz im kompetenten und selbstständigen Lernverhalten während des Fernunterrichts. Also waren die Lehraktivitäten während des Fernunterrichts, die Eigenschaften der Schülerinnen und Schüler und der soziale Hintergrund unabhängig voneinander wichtig für Motivation, kompetentes und selbstständiges Lernverhalten und Lernfortschritt während des Fernunterrichts. Die Ergebnisse werden in Bezug auf ihre praktischen Implikationen für die Realisierung von Fernunterricht diskutiert. T2 - Lehren und Lernen während des ersten COVID-19-Schullockdowns: Realisierung und Zusammenhänge mit den durch Eltern eingeschätzten leistungsrelevanten Merkmalen von Schülerinnen und Schülern KW - COVID-19 KW - distant teaching KW - teaching quality KW - motivation KW - academic KW - competencies KW - COVID-19-Pandemie KW - Fernunterricht KW - Instruktionsqualität KW - Motivation KW - schulische Kompetenzen Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1010-0652/a000306 SN - 1010-0652 SN - 1664-2910 VL - 35 IS - 2-3 SP - 85 EP - 106 PB - Hogrefe Verlag CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hwang, Jinyeon A1 - Zhang, Wuyong A1 - Youk, Sol A1 - Schutjajew, Konstantin A1 - Oschatz, Martin T1 - Understanding structure-property relationships under experimental conditions for the optimization of lithium-ion capacitor anodes based on all-carbon-composite materials JF - Energy technology : generation, conversion, storage, distribution N2 - The nanoscale combination of a conductive carbon and a carbon-based material with abundant heteroatoms for battery electrodes is a method to overcome the limitation that the latter has high affinity to alkali metal ions but low electronic conductivity. The synthetic protocol and the individual ratios and structures are important aspects influencing the properties of such multifunctional compounds. Their interplay is, herein, investigated by infiltration of a porous ZnO-templated carbon (ZTC) with nitrogen-rich carbon obtained by condensation of hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) at 550-1000 degrees C. The density of lithiophilic sites can be controlled by HAT-CN content and condensation temperature. Lithium storage properties are significantly improved in comparison with those of the individual compounds and their physical mixtures. Depending on the uniformity of the formed composite, loading ratio and condensation temperature have different influence. Most stable operation at high capacity per used monomer is achieved with a slowly dried composite with an HAT-CN:ZTC mass ratio of 4:1, condensed at 550 degrees C, providing more than 400 mAh g(-1) discharge capacity at 0.1 A g(-1) and a capacity retention of 72% after 100 cycles of operation at 0.5 A g(-1) due to the homogeneity of the composite and high content of lithiophilic sites. KW - anodes KW - hybrid materials KW - nitrogen-doped carbon KW - porous carbon KW - lithium-ion capacitors Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202001054 SN - 2194-4296 VL - 9 IS - 3 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mahlkow, Hendrik A1 - Petersen, Thieß A1 - Wanner, Joschka T1 - Folgen eines höheren CO2-Preises in der EU BT - wer gewinnt, wer verliert? JF - Wirtschaftsdienst N2 - Damit die EU ihre ambitionierten Klimaschutzziele erreichen kann, werden die Preise für Treibhausgasemissionen in den nächsten Jahren spürbar steigen. Das hat ökonomische Auswirkungen für die EU-Mitgliedsländer, aber auch den Rest der Welt. Einzelne Sektoren und auch Volkswirtschaften werden davon unterschiedlich stark getroffen. N2 - If the EU is to achieve its ambitious climate protection targets, prices for greenhouse gas emissions will rise noticeably in the next few years. This has economic implications not only for the EU member countries, but also for the rest of the world. This article presents the results of simulations covering 141 countries/regions and 65 economic sectors. The economic impact of the EU increasing its carbon price by $50 is calculated. In addition to the effects on real GDP and sectoral production, the consequences for the volume of emissions are also calculated. The carbon price increase is found to effectively bring down emissions, though with non-negligible leakage effects and at very heterogenous costs, both across countries and across sectors. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10273-021-3048-5 SN - 0043-6275 SN - 1613-978X VL - 101 IS - 11 SP - 870 EP - 877 PB - ZBW CY - Hamburg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Crozet, Matthieu A1 - Hinz, Julian A1 - Stammann, Amrei A1 - Wanner, Joschka T1 - Worth the pain? BT - firms’ exporting behaviour to countries under sanctions JF - European economic review N2 - How do exporting firms react to sanctions? Specifically, which firms are willing — or capable — to serve the market of a sanctioned country? We investigate this question for four sanctions episodes using monthly data on the universe of French exporting firms. We draw on recent econometric advances in the estimation of dynamic fixed effects binary choice models. We find that the introduction of new sanctions in Iran and Russia significantly lowered firm-level probabilities of serving these sanctioned markets, while the (temporary) lifting of the U.S. sanctions on Cuba and the removal of sanctions against Myanmar had no or only small trade-inducing effects, respectively. Additionally, the impact of sanctions is very heterogeneous along firm dimensions and by case particularities. Firms that depend more on trade finance instruments are more strongly affected, while prior experience in the sanctioned country considerably softens the blow of sanctions, and firms can be partly immune to the sanctions effect if they are specialized in serving “crisis countries”. Finally, we find suggestive evidence for sanctions avoidance by exporting indirectly via neighboring countries. KW - sanctions KW - trade KW - foreign policy KW - extensive margin KW - firm behaviour Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2021.103683 SN - 0014-2921 SN - 1873-572X VL - 134 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kürschner, Tobias A1 - Scherer, Cédric A1 - Radchuk, Viktoriia A1 - Blaum, Niels A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie T1 - Movement can mediate temporal mismatches between resource availability and biological events in host-pathogen interactions JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Global change is shifting the timing of biological events, leading to temporal mismatches between biological events and resource availability. These temporal mismatches can threaten species' populations. Importantly, temporal mismatches not only exert strong pressures on the population dynamics of the focal species, but can also lead to substantial changes in pairwise species interactions such as host-pathogen systems. We adapted an established individual-based model of host-pathogen dynamics. The model describes a viral agent in a social host, while accounting for the host's explicit movement decisions. We aimed to investigate how temporal mismatches between seasonal resource availability and host life-history events affect host-pathogen coexistence, that is, disease persistence. Seasonal resource fluctuations only increased coexistence probability when in synchrony with the hosts' biological events. However, a temporal mismatch reduced host-pathogen coexistence, but only marginally. In tandem with an increasing temporal mismatch, our model showed a shift in the spatial distribution of infected hosts. It shifted from an even distribution under synchronous conditions toward the formation of disease hotspots, when host life history and resource availability mismatched completely. The spatial restriction of infected hosts to small hotspots in the landscape initially suggested a lower coexistence probability due to the critical loss of susceptible host individuals within those hotspots. However, the surrounding landscape facilitated demographic rescue through habitat-dependent movement. Our work demonstrates that the negative effects of temporal mismatches between host resource availability and host life history on host-pathogen coexistence can be reduced through the formation of temporary disease hotspots and host movement decisions, with implications for disease management under disturbances and global change. KW - classical swine fever KW - dynamic landscapes KW - global change KW - host– pathogen dynamics KW - individual‐ based model KW - movement ecology Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7478 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 11 IS - 10 SP - 5728 EP - 5741 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gamage, Dilrukshi A1 - Staubitz, Thomas A1 - Whiting, Mark T1 - Peer assessment in MOOCs BT - Systematic literature review JF - Distance education N2 - We report on a systematic review of the landscape of peer assessment in massive open online courses (MOOCs) with papers from 2014 to 2020 in 20 leading education technology publication venues across four databases containing education technology-related papers, addressing three research issues: the evolution of peer assessment in MOOCs during the period 2014 to 2020, the methods used in MOOCs to assess peers, and the challenges of and future directions in MOOC peer assessment. We provide summary statistics and a review of methods across the corpus and highlight three directions for improving the use of peer assessment in MOOCs: the need for focusing on scaling learning through peer evaluations, the need for scaling and optimizing team submissions in team peer assessments, and the need for embedding a social process for peer assessment. KW - MOOC KW - peer assessment KW - peer evaluation KW - peer review KW - literature review KW - social interaction Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2021.1911626 SN - 0158-7919 SN - 1475-0198 VL - 42 IS - 2 SP - 268 EP - 289 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Monod, Emmanuel A1 - Köster, Antonia A1 - Joyce, Elisabeth A1 - Khalil, Sabine A1 - Korotkova, Nataliia T1 - Digital transformation consulting BT - toward a human-technology performance model digital transformat JF - Academy of management proceedings N2 - As the focus on digital transformation and its unexplored opportunities is prospering, consulting firms have also turned their attention to it. Despite this increased attention, digital transformation project failure rate remains high, thereby reaffirming the “IT productivity paradox” or “AI productivity paradox. The purpose of this paper is to holistically scrutinize the current approach of digital transformation consulting. A deductive qualitative study draws upon the Human Technology Performance model to elucidate papers on digital transformation published by four major management consulting firms in 2014-2019. Whereas the focus on customer-centricity and some measures of corporate performance is prominent in the consulting approaches, the study results have revealed several “blind spots” that are still either neglected or poorly covered. Three main blind spots are particularly prominent from the analysis. First of all, consulting firms often apply a “one size fits all” approach, thereby neglecting contextual factors, such as age, size, or industry. Secondly, they neglect process level in the return on investment of IT. Thirdly, the suitability of IS development methods remains poorly considered. Hence, the paper argues that, while consulting firms purport to support digital transformation exigences and efforts, they, in fact, adhere to traditional approaches to business consulting. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2021.12737abstract SN - 0065-0668 IS - 1 PB - Academy of Management CY - Briarcliff Manor ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bender, Benedict A1 - Körppen, Tim T1 - Data Warehouse, Data Lake oder Data Platform BT - eine Übersicht analyseorientierter Datenhaltungslösungen JF - ERP-Management : Auswahl, Einführung und Betrieb von ERP-Systemen N2 - Die Digitalisierung des deutschen Mittelstandes schreitet weiterhin schleppend voran. So verfügt zwar ein wachsender Teil dieser Unternehmen über vereinzelte Informations- und Kommunikationssysteme, die zielführende Vernetzung und Integration dieser Systeme stellt jedoch weiterhin eine große Aufgabe dar [1]. Besonders vor dem Hintergrund wachsender Bedürfnisse für Informationen und Transparenz sehen sich Unternehmen zunehmend mit der analyseorientierten Nutzbarmachung der Unternehmensdaten konfrontiert [2]. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.wiso-net.de/document/ERP__ffa066cd51fc1133cb63f47337a74ecee09b97a2 SN - 1860-6725 VL - 17 IS - 6 SP - 34 EP - 37 PB - GITO mbH Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ullrich, André A1 - Teichmann, Malte A1 - Gronau, Norbert T1 - Fast trainable capabilities in software engineering-skill development in learning factories JF - Ji suan ji jiao yu = Computer Education / Qing hua da xue N2 - The increasing demand for software engineers cannot completely be fulfilled by university education and conventional training approaches due to limited capacities. Accordingly, an alternative approach is necessary where potential software engineers are being educated in software engineering skills using new methods. We suggest micro tasks combined with theoretical lessons to overcome existing skill deficits and acquire fast trainable capabilities. This paper addresses the gap between demand and supply of software engineers by introducing an actionoriented and scenario-based didactical approach, which enables non-computer scientists to code. Therein, the learning content is provided in small tasks and embedded in learning factory scenarios. Therefore, different requirements for software engineers from the market side and from an academic viewpoint are analyzed and synthesized into an integrated, yet condensed skills catalogue. This enables the development of training and education units that focus on the most important skills demanded on the market. To achieve this objective, individual learning scenarios are developed. Of course, proper basic skills in coding cannot be learned over night but software programming is also no sorcery. KW - learning factory KW - programming skills KW - software engineering KW - training Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.16512/j.cnki.jsjjy.2020.12.002 SN - 1672-5913 IS - 12 SP - 2 EP - 10 PB - [Verlag nicht ermittelbar] CY - Bei jing shi ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Apelt, Maja A1 - Binder, Beate A1 - Kuster, Friederike T1 - Einleitung JF - Feministische Studien Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/fs-2021-0027 SN - 0723-5186 VL - 39 IS - 2 SP - 197 EP - 201 PB - De Gruyter Oldenbourg CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lass, Sander A1 - Jonas-Kops, Jörg E. T1 - Assisted Reality - mehr als nur das Smart Glass JF - Fabriksoftware : die digitale Fabrik realisieren N2 - Der nutzbringenden Einsatz einer Datenbrille besteht nicht nur aus der Brille selbst. Die potenzielle ressourcenschonende Assistenz bei der Abarbeitung von komplexen Workflows bedarf eine ausreichende Integration in die Anwendungssystemlandschaft. Implikation sind demnach zwei Hauptelemente: die Brille selbst und die Integrationssoftware. Beide Komponenten sind in geeigneter Form auszulegen und auf die intendierten Anwendungsfälle zu konfigurieren. Dieser Beitrag fasst die Erfahrungen aus zahlreichen Projekten zusammen und liefert einen Überblick über die Herausforderungen bei AR-Einführungen. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://www.wiso-net.de/document/PPS__4ae320609d0d4479d1887da5f48ea6c91f3b9041 SN - 2569-7692 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 27 EP - 29 PB - GITO mbH - Verlag für Industrielle Informationstechnik und Organisation CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lass, Sander T1 - ControlCenter 4.0 BT - erleichterte Inbetriebnahme und Steuerung der Simulationsumgebung JF - Fabriksoftware : die digitale Fabrik realisieren Y1 - 2021 SN - 2569-7692 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 30 EP - 31 PB - GITO mbH - Verlag für Industrielle Informationstechnik und Organisation CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Körppen, Tim A1 - Ullrich, André A1 - Bertheau, Clementine T1 - Durchblick statt Bauchgefühl – Transformation zur Data-Driven Organization JF - Wirtschaftsinformatik & Management N2 - Um in der digitalisierten Wirtschaft mitzuspielen, müssen Unternehmen, Markt und insbesondere Kunden detailliert verstanden werden. Neben den „Big Playern“ aus dem Silicon Valley sieht der deutsche Mittelstand, der zu großen Teilen noch auf gewachsenen IT-Infrastrukturen und Prozessen agiert, oft alt aus. Um in den nächsten Jahren nicht gänzlich abgehängt zu werden, ist ein Umbruch notwendig. Sowohl Leistungserstellungsprozesse als auch Leistungsangebot müssen transparent und datenbasiert ausgerichtet werden. Nur so können Geschäftsvorfälle, das Marktgeschehen sowie Handeln der Akteure integrativ bewertet und fundierte Entscheidungen getroffen werden. In diesem Beitrag wird das Konzept der Data-Driven Organization vorgestellt und aufgezeigt, wie Unternehmen den eigenen Analyticsreifegrad ermitteln und in einem iterativen Transformationsprozess steigern können. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1365/s35764-021-00370-7 SN - 1867-5905 VL - 13 IS - 6 SP - 452 EP - 459 PB - Springer Gabler CY - Wiesbaden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ullrich, Andre A1 - Bertheau, Clementine A1 - Wiedmann, Miriam A1 - Sultanow, Eldar A1 - Körppen, Tim A1 - Bente, Stefan T1 - Roles, tasks and skills of the enterprise architect in the VUCA world JF - 2021 IEEE 25th International Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops : EDOCW 2021 : 25-29 October 2021, Gold Coast, Australia : proceedings N2 - For the last 20 years, enterprise architecture management (EAM) was primarily an instrument for harmonizing and consolidating IT landscapes and is lived as a transformation and governance discipline. It, however, is rather related to IT strategy than aligned to the actual corporate strategy and the work of the enterprise architect is characterized by tasks like prescribing, monitoring, documenting, and controlling. As digital transformation continues apace, companies are facing new challenges that lead to a volatile, uncertain, complex, and ambiguous (VUCA) world. To face these challenges, vision, understanding, clarity and agility allow to anticipative and implement necessary changes. This, of course, has implications for the role of the enterprise architect. S/he needs to start actively supporting innovation and taking more of an advisory role instead of just being driven by the current state of the enterprise architecture. This paper investigates the role of the enterprise architect in the VUCA world. Based on current literature and expert interviews, a survey was conducted among consultants who work as (or with) enterprise architects. Survey results include the evaluation of statements on current tasks of enterprise architects, their influence on projects and companies as well as future requirements on the roles of the enterprise architect. The results from the survey were synthesized with the findings from literature to derive the roles, tasks and skills of enterprise architect in the VUCA world. KW - enterprise architecture management KW - skills KW - roles KW - enterprise architect KW - VUCA Y1 - 2021 SN - 978-1-6654-4488-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1109/EDOCW52865.2021.00057 SP - 261 EP - 270 PB - IEEE CY - Piscataway ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gautam, Khem Raj A1 - Zhang, Guoqiang A1 - Landwehr, Niels A1 - Adolphs, Julian T1 - Machine learning for improvement of thermal conditions inside a hybrid ventilated animal building JF - Computers and electronics in agriculture : COMPAG online ; an international journal N2 - In buildings with hybrid ventilation, natural ventilation opening positions (windows), mechanical ventilation rates, heating, and cooling are manipulated to maintain desired thermal conditions. The indoor temperature is regulated solely by ventilation (natural and mechanical) when the external conditions are favorable to save external heating and cooling energy. The ventilation parameters are determined by a rule-based control scheme, which is not optimal. This study proposes a methodology to enable real-time optimum control of ventilation parameters. We developed offline prediction models to estimate future thermal conditions from the data collected from building in operation. The developed offline model is then used to find the optimal controllable ventilation parameters in real-time to minimize the setpoint deviation in the building. With the proposed methodology, the experimental building's setpoint deviation improved for 87% of time, on average, by 0.53 degrees C compared to the current deviations. KW - Animal building KW - Natural ventilation KW - Automatically controlled windows KW - Machine learning KW - Optimization Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106259 SN - 0168-1699 SN - 1872-7107 VL - 187 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hölzle, Katharina A1 - Björk, Jennie A1 - Boer, Harry T1 - Light at the end of the tunnel JF - Creativity and innovation management Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12427 SN - 0963-1690 SN - 1467-8691 VL - 30 IS - 1 SP - 3 EP - 5 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Oxford [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Jan P. A1 - Hahn, Michelle A1 - Hölscher, Ines A1 - Höschel, Heike A1 - Janzen, Stella A1 - Kögel, Lukas T1 - Automatisierung von Routinetätigkeiten im öffentlichen Dienst JF - Verwaltung & Management N2 - Auf Basis einer Umfrage unter 300 Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst untersucht dieser Beitrag, welche möglichen Auswirkungen die Digitale Transformation auf das Tätigkeitsprofil von Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern im öffentlichen Sektor haben kann. Zum einen finden sich erste Hinweise auf signifikante Effizienzpotenziale durch Automatisierung im öffentlichen Sektor. Zum anderen wird deutlich, dass die Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter dieser Entwicklung mehrheitlich positiv gegenüberstehen und sie aktiv an der Verbesserung von Dienstleistungen mitwirken wollen. Aus diesen Erkenntnissen können zahlreiche Handlungsimplikationen für Veränderungsprojekte in der Praxis abgeleitet werden. Gleichzeitig ruft dieser Beitrag dazu auf, die Folgen der Digitalen Transformation für Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter noch besser zu erforschen. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5771/0947-9856-2021-1-39 SN - 0947-9856 SN - 2942-352X VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 48 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Tübbicke, Stefan T1 - Design and effectiveness of start-up subsidies BT - evidence from a policy reform in Germany JF - Economic analysis and policy N2 - While a growing body of literature finds positive impacts of Start-Up Subsidies (SUS) on labor market outcomes of participants, little is known about how the design of these programs shapes their effectiveness and hence how to improve policy. As experimental variation in program design is unavailable, we exploit the 2011 reform of the current German SUS program for the unemployed which strengthened caseworkers' discretionary power, increased entry requirements and reduced monetary support. We estimate the impact of the reform on the program's effectiveness using samples of participants and non-participants from before and after the reform. To control for time-constant unobserved heterogeneity as well as differential selection patterns based on observable characteristics over time, we combine Difference-in-Differences with inverse probability weighting using covariate balancing propensity scores. Holding participants' observed characteristics as well as macroeconomic conditions constant, the results suggest that the reform was successful in raising employment effects on average. As these findings may be contaminated by changes in selection patterns based on unobserved characteristics, we assess our results using simulation-based sensitivity analyses and find that our estimates are highly robust to changes in unobserved characteristics. Hence, the reform most likely had a positive impact on the effectiveness of the program, suggesting that increasing entry requirements and reducing support increased the program's impacts while reducing the cost per participant. (C) 2021 Economic Society of Australia, Queensland. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - start-up subsidies KW - institutions KW - policy reform KW - difference-in-differences Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2021.02.015 SN - 0313-5926 VL - 70 SP - 333 EP - 340 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonnentag, Michael T1 - Fluggastrechte bei Buchung eines Firmentarifs BT - VO (EG) Nr. 261/2004 (Fluggastrechte-VO) Art. 3 III JF - Neue juristische Wochenschrift N2 - Ein vergünstigter Tarif, den ein Luftfahrtunternehmen für Geschäftsreisen von Mitarbeitern eines Unternehmens gewährt, das eine entsprechende Rahmenvereinbarung geschlossen hat, ist im Sinne des Art. 3 III 1 Fluggastrechte-VO für die Öffentlichkeit verfügbar. Y1 - 2021 UR - https://beck-online.beck.de/Bcid/Y-300-Z-NJW-B-2021-S-3659-N-1 SN - 0341-1915 VL - 74 IS - 50 SP - 3659 EP - 3663 PB - C.H. Beck CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sonnentag, Michael A1 - Bischof, Manuela T1 - ZR-Anfängerhausarbeit zum BGB-AT und Schuldrecht BT - der verflixte Schallplattenkauf JF - Juristische Ausbildung N2 - Die Hausarbeit beinhaltet Probleme des Allgemeinen Teils des BGB sowie des Schuldrechts. Sie wurde in geringfügig abgewandelter Form als Ferienhausarbeit für Anfänger im Bürgerlichen Recht im Wintersemester 2018/2019 an der Universität Würzburg gestellt. Der Notendurchschnitt lag bei 6,25 Punkten, die Hausarbeit wurde von 18,75 % der Studierenden nicht bestanden. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/jura-2020-2510 SN - 0170-1452 SN - 1612-7021 VL - 43 IS - 11 SP - 1346 EP - 1356 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Navarro, Marisa A1 - Orejas, Fernando A1 - Pino, Elvira A1 - Lambers, Leen T1 - A navigational logic for reasoning about graph properties JF - Journal of logical and algebraic methods in programming N2 - Graphs play an important role in many areas of Computer Science. In particular, our work is motivated by model-driven software development and by graph databases. For this reason, it is very important to have the means to express and to reason about the properties that a given graph may satisfy. With this aim, in this paper we present a visual logic that allows us to describe graph properties, including navigational properties, i.e., properties about the paths in a graph. The logic is equipped with a deductive tableau method that we have proved to be sound and complete. KW - Graph logic KW - Algebraic methods KW - Formal modelling KW - Specification Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlamp.2020.100616 SN - 2352-2208 SN - 2352-2216 VL - 118 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam [u.a.] ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neuharth, Derek A1 - Brune, Sascha A1 - Glerum, Anne A1 - Morley, Chris K. A1 - Yuan, Xiaoping A1 - Braun, Jean T1 - Flexural strike-slip basins JF - Geology : a venture in earth science reporting / the Geological Society of America N2 - Strike-slip faults are classically associated with pull-apart basins where continental crust is thinned between two laterally offset fault segments. We propose a subsidence mechanism to explain the formation of a new type of basin where no substantial segment offset or synstrike-slip thinning is observed. Such "flexural strike-slip basins" form due to a sediment load creating accommodation space by bending the lithosphere. We use a two-way coupling between the geodynamic code ASPECT and surface-processes code FastScape to show that flexural strike-slip basins emerge if sediment is deposited on thin lithosphere close to a strike slip fault. These conditions were met at the Andaman Basin Central fault (Andaman Sea, Indian Ocean), where seismic reflection data provide evidence of a laterally extensive flexural basin with a depocenter located parallel to the strike-slip fault trace. Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1130/G49351.1 SN - 0091-7613 SN - 1943-2682 VL - 50 IS - 3 SP - 361 EP - 365 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Boulder ER -