TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abraham, Charles A1 - Scheinberger-Olwig, Renate T1 - Can safer-sex promotion leaflets change cognitive antecedents of condom use? : an experimental evaluation N2 - An experimental evaluation of a safer sex promotion leaflet was undertaken to assess its capacity to change antecedent cognitions of condom use. The leaflet was identified in a previous study as addressing research-based cognitive antecedents of condom use. A pre-post-test experimental study including three conditions was conducted: (a) presentation of the leaflet; (b) presentation of the leaflet plus incentive for systematic processing; (c) no-leaflet control. The leaflet was evaluated in terms of its capacity to change eight cognitive correlates of condom use identified in a recent meta-analysis. The sample consisted of 230 tenth-grade students. Following baseline assessments, leaflet-induced change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow up 4 weeks post-intervention. The target leaflet alone did not result in significant changes in the cognitive antecedents of condom use compared with the control condition. However, in combination with an incentive for systematic processing, the target leaflet had a greater impact on cognitive antecedents than the no-leaflet control condition. The findings are discussed with regard to the development and evaluation of research-based health-promotion materials Y1 - 2006 SN - 1359-107X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Current advances in SWIFT N2 - Models of eye movement control are very useful for gaining insights into the intricate connections of different cognitive and oculomotor subsystems involved in reading. The SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl (2002). Vision Research, 42, 621 - 636) proposed a unified mechanism to account for all types of eye movement patterns that might be observed in reading behavior. The model is based on the notion of spatially distributed, or parallel, processing of words in a sentence. We present a refined version of SWIFT introducing a letter-based approach that proposes a processing gradient in the shape of a smooth function. We show that SWIFT extents its capabilities by accounting for distributions of landing positions. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/13890417 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsys.2005.07.003 SN - 1389-0417 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laucht, Manfred A1 - Hohm, E. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Becker, Katja T1 - Association between ADHD and smoking in adolescence : shared genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors N2 - The present study aimed to examine the extent to which the co-occurrence of ADHD and smoking in adolescents could be attributed to common genetic, environmental and psychopathological factors. Data are from an ongoing prospective study of the outcome of early risk factors. At age 15 years, 305 adolescents completed self-report questionnaires measuring tobacco consumption and deviant peer affiliations. Lifetime psychiatric diagnoses were obtained using standardized interviews. DNA was genotyped for the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene exon III polymorphism. Adolescents with a lifetime diagnosis of ADHD displayed significantly higher smoking activity than non-ADHD controls. A major component of this association could be accounted for by deviant peer affiliations and the comorbidity with oppositional-defiant and conduct disorder, while a minor part was attributable to DRD4 in males but not in females. These findings suggest that the association of ADHD with smoking relies on risk factors shared by the two behaviors. Y1 - 2007 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/101493 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-007-0703-y SN - 0300-9564 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - On the relationship between the redundant signals effect and temporal order judgments: Parametric data and a new model N2 - Paradigms used to study the time course of the redundant signals effect (RSE; J. O. Miller, 1986) and temporal order judgments (TOJs) share many important similarities and address related questions concerning the time course of sensory processing. The author of this article proposes and tests a new aggregate diffusion-based model to quantitatively explain both the RSE and TOJs and the relationship between them. Parametric data (13 stimulus onset asynchronies) from an experiment with pairs of visual stimuli (626-nm LEDs) confirm that, relative to central signals (3 degrees), peripheral signals (35 degrees) yield slower reaction times, more strongly modulated RSE time-course functions, and flatter TOJ psychometric functions. All of these qualitative features are well captured, even in quantitative detail, by the aggregate diffusion model Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bates, Douglas T1 - International collaboration in psychology is on the rise N2 - There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise. Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/g5987481374222u7/fulltext.pdf U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-010-0299-0 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Flick-induced flips in perception N2 - Microsaccades are miniature eye movements produced involuntarily during visual fixation of stationary objects. Since their first description more than 40 years ago, the role of microsaccades in vision has been controversial. In this issue, Martinez-Conde and colleagues present a solution to the long-standing research problem connecting this basic oculomotor function to visual perception, by showing that microsaccades may control peripheral vision during visual fixation by inducing flips in bistable peripheral percepts in head-unrestrained viewing. Their study provides new insight into the functional connectivity between oculomotor function and visual perception Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.neuron.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.005 SN - 0896-6273 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Tracking the mind during reading : the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations N2 - Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye- mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes Y1 - 2006 UR - http://psycnet.apa.org/index.cfm?fa=browsePA.volumes&jcode=xge&vol=135&issue=1 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.135.1.12 SN - 0096-3445 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Göthe, Katrin T1 - Dual-task effects in working memory : interference between two processing tasks, between two memory demands, and between storage and processing N2 - Two experiments with a working-memory updating task investigated dual-task interference between short-term storage of numerical and spatial material, between execution of a numerical and a spatial updating operation, and between storage and processing. Participants memorised a set of digits and a set of spatial positions, updated elements of both sets by a sequence of operations, and then recalled the final values. In Experiment 1, a single element in each memory set had to be updated several times. There was little interference between storage of the two sets, and between storage and processing, but parallel execution of the two operations was not possible. In Experiment 2, all elements in both memory sets were updated in random order. There was substantial interference between memory for the numerical and the spatial sets, and between storage and processing. Parallel execution of two operations was again not possible. Moreover, trying to do two operations simultaneously resulted in impaired memory of final results. The results support the distinction between the activated part of long-term memory that can hold elements currently not needed for processing, and a more central, capacity-limited part of working memory that provides access to its contents for processing Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=0954-1446 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440500423038 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vollmeyer, Regina A1 - Rheinberg, Falko T1 - Motivational Effects on self-Regulated learning with different Tasks JF - Educational psychology review N2 - In our cognitive motivational process model (Vollmeyer & Rheinberg, Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 12:11–23, 1998) we assume that initial motivation affects performance via motivation during learning and learning strategies. These variables are also central for self-regulation theories (e.g., M. Boekaerts, European Psychologist, 1:100–122, 1996). In this article we discuss methods with which the model can be tested. Initial motivation with its four factors challenge, probability of success, interest, and anxiety was measured with the Questionnaire on Current Motivation (QCM; Rheinberg, Vollmeyer, & Burns, Diagnostica, 47:57–66, 2001). As an indicator for the functional state we assessed flow with the FKS (Rheinberg, Vollmeyer, & Engeser, Diagnostik von Motivation und Selbstkonzept [Diagnosis of Motivation and Self-Concept], Hogrefe, Göttingen, Germany, 261–279, 2003). We also used different tasks, including a linear system, a hypermedia program, and university-level classes. In general, our methods are valid and with them we found support for our model. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://springerlink.com/content/8447080584073022/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9017-0 SN - 1040-726X SN - 1573-336X VL - 18 IS - 3 SP - 239 EP - 253 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Oberauer, Klaus T1 - Is the focus of attention in working memory expanded through practice? N2 - This article reinvestigates the claim by P. Verhaeghen, J. Cerella, and C. Basak (2004) that the focus of attention in working memory can be expanded from 1 to 4 items through practice. Using a modified version of Verhaeghen et al.'s n-back paradigm, Experiments 1 and 3 show that a signature of a one-item focus, the time cost for switching between items in working memory, persists over practice. Verhaeghen et al. reported a shift over practice from a step function to a linear slope of reaction times over set size and argued that it reflects the expansion of the focus. With an improved counterbalancing scheme, a continuously increasing slope was found even without practice in Experiment 2. The results question the hypothesis that the focus is expanded through practice. They are in line with predictions from a model that distinguishes a one-item focus from a direct-access region holding about 4 items Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/xlm/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.2.197 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Shu, Hua T1 - Flexible saccade-target selection in Chinese reading N2 - As Chinese is written without orthographical word boundaries (i.e., spaces), it is unclear whether saccade targets are selected on the basis of characters or words and whether saccades are aimed at the beginning or the centre of words. Here, we report an experiment where 30 Chinese readers read 150 sentences while their eye movements were monitored. They exhibited a strong tendency to fixate at the word centre in single-fixation cases and at the word beginning in multiple-fixation cases. Different from spaced alphabetic script, initial fixations falling at the end of words were no more likely to be followed by a refixation than initial fixations at word centre. Further, single fixations were shorter than first fixations in two-fixation cases, which is opposite to what is found in Roman script. We propose that Chinese readers dynamically select the beginning or centre of words as saccade targets depending on failure or success with segmentation of parafoveal word boundaries. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t716100704~db=all U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210903114858 SN - 1747-0218 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Altwasser, Colette T1 - Changing negative attitudes towards persons with physical disabilities: an experimental intervention N2 - An experimental study was designed and tested to change negative attitudes towards the physically disabled. A pre-post-test intervention was conducted including three conditions: (a) cognitive intervention; (b) cognitive and behavioural intervention involving equal-status contact with the target group; (c) no-intervention control. The sample consisted of 70 ninth grade students. Following baseline assessments of attitudes, attitude change was measured immediately following the intervention and at a follow-up three months post-intervention. The cognitive intervention provided information about physical disability and challenged stereotypic conceptions about the physically disabled. The behavioural intervention consisted of engaging in three paralympic disciplines under the instruction of a group of disabled athletes. The cognitive intervention alone did not result in significant changes in attitudes towards the physically disabled. However, the combined cognitive-behavioural intervention resulted in greater attitude change than the no-intervention condition, both immediately post-intervention and at a three months follow-up. The findings are discussed with regard to models of attitude change through equal-status contact. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/jhome/5625 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.849 SN - 1052-9284 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wilhelm, Oliver A1 - Oberauer, Klaus T1 - Why are reasoning ability and working memory capacity related to mental speed? An investigation of stimulus- response compatibility in choice reaction time tasks N2 - A study with 114 young adults investigated the correlations of intelligence factors and working-memory capacity with reaction time (RT) tasks. Within two sets of four-choice RT tasks, stimulus-response compatibility was varied over three levels: compatible, incompatible, and arbitrary mappings. Two satisfactory measurement models for the RTs could be established: A general factor model without constraints on the loadings and a nested model with two correlated factors, distinguishing compatible from arbitrary mappings, with constraints on the loadings. Structural models additionally including factors for working memory and intelligence showed that the nested model with correlated factors is superior in fit. Working-memory capacity and fluid intelligence were correlated strongly with the nested factor for the RT tasks with arbitrary mappings, and less with the general RT factor. The results support the hypothesis that working memory is needed to maintain arbitrary bindings between stimulus representations and response representations, and this could explain the correlation of working-memory capacity with speed in choice RT tasks Y1 - 2006 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440500215921 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - On the relation between the redundant signals effect and temporal order judgments: Parametric data and a new model N2 - Paradigms used to study the time course of the redundant signals effect (RSE; J. O. Miller, 1986) and temporal order judgments (TOJs) share many important similarities and address related questions concerning the time course of sensory processing. The author of this article proposes and tests a new aggregate diffusion-based model to quantitatively explain both the RSE and TOJs and the relationship between them. Parametric data (13 stimulus onset asynchronies) from an experiment with pairs of visual stimuli (626-nm LEDs) confirm that, relative to central signals (3 degrees), peripheral signals (35 degrees) yield slower reaction times, more strongly modulated RSE time-course functions, and flatter TOJ psychometric functions. All of these qualitative features are well captured, even in quantitative detail, by the aggregate diffusion model. Y1 - 2006 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Toward a model of microsaccade generation : the case of microsaccadic inhibition Y1 - 2008 UR - http://www.journalofvision.org/content/by/year U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/8.11.5 SN - 1534-7362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Mergenthaler, Konstantin T1 - Microsaccades are triggered by low retinal image slip N2 - Even during visual fixation of a stationary target, our eyes perform rather erratic miniature movements, which represent a random walk. These "fixational" eye movements counteract perceptual fading, a consequence of fast adaptation of the retinal receptor systems to constant input. The most important contribution to fixational eye movements is produced by microsaccades; however, a specific function of microsaccades only recently has been found. Here we show that the occurrence of microsaccades is correlated with low retinal image slip approximate to 200 ms before microsaccade onset. This result suggests that microsaccades are triggered dynamically, in contrast to the current view that microsaccades are randomly distributed in time characterized by their rate-of-occurrence of 1 to 2 per second. As a result of the dynamic triggering mechanism, individual microsaccade rate can be predicted by the fractal dimension of trajectories. Finally, we propose a minimal computational model for the dynamic triggering of microsaccades Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.pnas.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509557103 SN - 0027-8424 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Effects of violent pornography Y1 - 2006 SN - 0952-8229 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Oculomotor control in a sequential search task N2 - Using a serial search paradigm, we observed several effects of within-object fixation position on spatial and temporal control of eye movements: the preferred viewing location, launch site effect, the optimal viewing position, and the inverted optimal viewing position of fixation duration. While these effects were first identified by eye-movement studies in reading, our approach permits an analysis of the functional relationships between the effects in a different paradigm. Our results demonstrate that the fixation position is an important predictor of the subsequent saccade by influencing both fixation duration and the selection of the next saccade target. Y1 - 2007 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2007.05.010 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Towards a perceptual-span theory of distributed processing in reading : a reply to Rayner, Pollatsek, Drieghe, Slattery, and Reichle Y1 - 2007 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Bleser, Ria A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang A1 - Burchert, Frank T1 - Quantitative neurosyntactic analyses : the final word? Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/0093934X U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2005.06.010 SN - 0093-934X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Viana-Wackermann, Paula C. A1 - Furtado, Erikson F. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Lower P300 amplitude in eight-year-old offspring of alcoholic fathers with a delinquent history N2 - The aim of the present study was to investigate the P300 amplitude as a possible vulnerability marker in children of alcoholic (COA) fathers with and without paternal delinquency. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of 122 children aged 8 years (63 boys, 59 girls) were compared depending on father's alcoholism subtype: 30 COAs without paternal delinquency, 10 COAs with paternal delinquency, and 82 children of non-alcoholic and non-delinquent fathers. ERPs were recorded from Fz, Cz, and Pz, using an auditory oddball paradigm. Sinus tones of 60 dB HL were presented binaurally at 1,000 Hz (standard stimulus) and 2,000 Hz (target stimulus), at a relative frequency ratio of 80:20. Two trial blocks of 250 stimuli each were collected. Results indicated that only COAs with paternal delinquency displayed significant differences from the control group, characterized by reduced P300 amplitude at frontal site and in the second trial block. Thus, the combination of fathers' alcoholism and delinquency was more likely to relate to attenuated P300 amplitude in the offspring than paternal alcoholism alone. Our results suggest that both alcoholic and delinquent family history appear to play a role in P300 amplitude reduction in the offspring. Y1 - 2006 UR - http://www.springerlink.com/content/101492 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-006-0709-8 SN - 0940-1334 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Osipov, Grigory V. A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Zhou, Changsong T1 - Synchronisation in Oscillatory Networks Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3-540-71268-8 PB - Springer-Verlag CY - Berlin ER - TY - BOOK ED - Kurths, Jürgen ED - Fradkov, Alexander ED - Chen, Guanrong T1 - The 3rd International IEEE Scientific Conference on Physics and Control (PhysCon 2007) : September 3rd-7th 2007 at the University of Potsdam Y1 - 2007 SN - 978-3-939469-89-6 PB - Univ.-Verl. Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Schwarz, Wolfgang T1 - 40 puzzles and problems in probability and mathematical statistics Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-0-387-73511-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-73512-2 PB - Springer Science+Business Media LLC CY - New York, NY ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Generating surrogates from recurrences N2 - In this paper, we present an approach to recover the dynamics from recurrences of a system and then generate (multivariate) twin surrogate (TS) trajectories. In contrast to other approaches, such as the linear-like surrogates, this technique produces surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i.e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system visiting the attractor in a different way. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronization, which makes it possible to systematically assess the reliability of synchronization analyses. We then apply the TS to study binocular fixational movements and find strong indications that the fixational movements of the left and right eye are phase synchronized. This result indicates that there might be only one centre in the brain that produces the fixational movements in both eyes or a close link between the two centres. Y1 - 2008 UR - http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/ SN - 1364-503X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias T1 - Syntactic variation in German wh-questions Y1 - 2008 ER - TY - THES A1 - Mahlstedt, Amelie T1 - The acquisition of case marking information as a cue to argument interpretation in German : an electrophysiological investigation with pre-school children T2 - MPI series in human cognitive and brain sciences Y1 - 2008 SN - 978-3-936816-73-0 VL - 99 PB - MPI for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences CY - Leipzig ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schuster, Isabell A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Ilabaca Baeza, Paola A1 - Munoz-Reyes, Jose Antonio T1 - Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration among Male and Female College Students in Chile JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Evidence on the prevalence of sexual aggression among college students is primarily based on studies from Western countries. In Chile, a South American country strongly influenced by the Catholic Church, little research on sexual aggression among college students is available. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration since the age of 14 (the legal age of consent) in a sample of male and female students aged between 18 and 29 years from five Chilean universities (N = 1135), to consider possible gender differences, and to study the extent to which alcohol was involved in the reported incidents of perpetration and victimization. Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration was measured with a Chilean Spanish version of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S), which includes three coercive strategies (use or threat of physical force, exploitation of an incapacitated state, and verbal pressure), three victim-perpetrator constellations (current or former partners, friends/acquaintances, and strangers), and four sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted sexual intercourse, completed sexual intercourse, and other sexual acts, such as oral sex). Overall, 51.9% of women and 48.0% of men reported at least one incident of sexual victimization, and 26.8% of men and 16.5% of women reported at least one incident of sexual aggression perpetration since the age of 14. For victimization, only few gender differences were found, but significantly more men than women reported sexual aggression perpetration. A large proportion of perpetrators also reported victimization experiences. Regarding victim-perpetrator relationship, sexual aggression victimization and perpetration were more common between persons who knew each other than between strangers. Alcohol use by the perpetrator, victim, or both was involved in many incidents of sexual aggression victimization and perpetration, particularly among strangers. The present data are the first to provide a systematic and detailed picture of sexual aggression among college students in Chile, including victimization and perpetration reports by both men and women and confirming the critical role of alcohol established in past research from Western countries. KW - sexual aggression KW - victimization KW - perpetration KW - prevalence KW - coercive strategies KW - relationship constellations KW - alcohol KW - Chile Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01354 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lobmaier, Janek S. A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Facial Feedback Affects Perceived Intensity but Not Quality of Emotional Expressions JF - Brain Sciences N2 - Motivated by conflicting evidence in the literature, we re-assessed the role of facial feedback when detecting quantitative or qualitative changes in others’ emotional expressions. Fifty-three healthy adults observed self-paced morph sequences where the emotional facial expression either changed quantitatively (i.e., sad-to-neutral, neutral-to-sad, happy-to-neutral, neutral-to-happy) or qualitatively (i.e. from sad to happy, or from happy to sad). Observers held a pen in their own mouth to induce smiling or frowning during the detection task. When morph sequences started or ended with neutral expressions we replicated a congruency effect: Happiness was perceived longer and sooner while smiling; sadness was perceived longer and sooner while frowning. Interestingly, no such congruency effects occurred for transitions between emotional expressions. These results suggest that facial feedback is especially useful when evaluating the intensity of a facial expression, but less so when we have to recognize which emotion our counterpart is expressing. KW - embodied cognition KW - emotional expression KW - emotion recognition KW - facial feedback KW - face morphing Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci5030357 SN - 2076-3425 VL - 5 IS - 3 SP - 357 EP - 368 PB - MDPI AG CY - Basel ER - TY - THES A1 - Lutz, Johannes T1 - Reducing anger and aggession through eliciting incompatible emotions BT - an affective-motivational approach to situated anger and aggression control Y1 - 2016 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The eye-voice span during reading aloud JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Although eye movements during reading are modulated by cognitive processing demands, they also reflect visual sampling of the input, and possibly preparation of output for speech or the inner voice. By simultaneously recording eye movements and the voice during reading aloud, we obtained an output measure that constrains the length of time spent on cognitive processing. Here we investigate the dynamics of the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eye and voice. We show that the EVS is regulated immediately during fixation of a word by either increasing fixation duration or programming a regressive eye movement against the reading direction. EVS size at the beginning of a fixation was positively correlated with the likelihood of regressions and refixations. Regression probability was further increased if the EVS was still large at the end of a fixation: if adjustment of fixation duration did not sufficiently reduce the EVS during a fixation, then a regression rather than a refixation followed with high probability. We further show that the EVS can help understand cognitive influences on fixation duration during reading: in mixed model analyses, the EVS was a stronger predictor of fixation durations than either word frequency or word length. The EVS modulated the influence of several other predictors on single fixation durations (SFDs). For example, word-N frequency effects were larger with a large EVS, especially when word N-1 frequency was low. Finally, a comparison of SFDs during oral and silent reading showed that reading is governed by similar principles in both reading modes, although EVS maintenance and articulatory processing also cause some differences. In summary, the EVS is regulated by adjusting fixation duration and/or by programming a regressive eye movement when the EVS gets too large. Overall, the EVS appears to be directly related to updating of the working memory buffer during reading. KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - eye-voice span KW - synchronization KW - working memory updating KW - psychologinguistics Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01432 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 1432 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Analysis of Attentional Bias towards Attractive and Unattractive Body Regions among Overweight Males and Females BT - an Eye-Movement Study JF - PLoS one N2 - Background Body image distortion is highly prevalent among overweight individuals. Whilst there is evidence that body-dissatisfied women and those suffering from disordered eating show a negative attentional bias towards their own unattractive body parts and others’ attractive body parts, little is known about visual attention patterns in the area of obesity and with respect to males. Since eating disorders and obesity share common features in terms of distorted body image and body dissatisfaction, the aim of this study was to examine whether overweight men and women show a similar attentional bias. Methods/Design We analyzed eye movements in 30 overweight individuals (18 females) and 28 normalweight individuals (16 females) with respect to the participants’ own pictures as well as gender- and BMI-matched control pictures (front and back view). Additionally, we assessed body image and disordered eating using validated questionnaires. Discussion The overweight sample rated their own body as less attractive and showed a more disturbed body image. Contrary to our assumptions, they focused significantly longer on attractive compared to unattractive regions of both their own and the control body. For one’s own body, this was more pronounced for women. A higher weight status and more frequent body checking predicted attentional bias towards attractive body parts. We found that overweight adults exhibit an unexpected and stable pattern of selective attention, with a distinctive focus on their own attractive body regions despite higher levels of body dissatisfaction. This positive attentional bias may either be an indicator of a more pronounced pattern of attentional avoidance or a self-enhancing strategy. Further research is warranted to clarify these results. Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140813 SN - 1932-6203 IS - 10 PB - Public Library of Science CY - Lawrence, Kan. ER - TY - THES A1 - Schönebeck, Maria T1 - Behavioural, visual, and electrophysiological correlates of infant reasoning about others' intentional actions BT - an integrative analysis of infant attention, encoding, and reproduction measures Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - THES A1 - Stutz, Franziska T1 - Reading motivation, reading amount, and reading comprehension in the early elementary years Y1 - 2014 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Gattei, Carolina A1 - Sigman, Mariano A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory differences in long-distance dependency resolution JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - There is a wealth of evidence showing that increasing the distance between an argument and its head leads to more processing effort, namely, locality effects; these are usually associated with constraints in working memory (DLT: Gibson, 2000; activation-based model: Lewis and Vasishth, 2005). In SOV languages, however, the opposite effect has been found: antilocality (see discussion in Levy et al., 2013). Antilocality effects can be explained by the expectation-based approach as proposed by Levy (2008) or by the activation-based model of sentence processing as proposed by Lewis and Vasishth (2005). We report an eye-tracking and a self-paced reading study with sentences in Spanish together with measures of individual differences to examine the distinction between expectation- and memory-based accounts, and within memory-based accounts the further distinction between DLT and the activation-based model. The experiments show that (i) antilocality effects as predicted by the expectation account appear only for high-capacity readers; (ii) increasing dependency length by interposing material that modifies the head of the dependency (the verb) produces stronger facilitation than increasing dependency length with material that does not modify the head; this is in agreement with the activation-based model but not with the expectation account; and (iii) a possible outcome of memory load on low-capacity readers is the increase in regressive saccades (locality effects as predicted by memory-based accounts) or, surprisingly, a speedup in the self-paced reading task; the latter consistent with good-enough parsing (Ferreira et al., 2002). In sum, the study suggests that individual differences in working memory capacity play a role in dependency resolution, and that some of the aspects of dependency resolution can be best explained with the activation-based model together with a prediction component. KW - locality KW - antilocality KW - working memory capacity KW - individual differences KW - Spanish KW - activation KW - DLT KW - expectation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00312 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 6 IS - 312 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER -