TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Malte A1 - Féry, Caroline T1 - Introduction Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-0-19-957095-9 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Zimmermann, Alexander A1 - Lark, Richard M. A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Sampling procedures for throughfall monitoring : a simulation study N2 - What is the most appropriate sampling scheme to estimate event-based average throughfall? A satisfactory answer to this seemingly simple question has yet to be found, a failure which we attribute to previous efforts' dependence on empirical studies. Here we try to answer this question by simulating stochastic throughfall fields based on parameters for statistical models of large monitoring data sets. We subsequently sampled these fields with different sampling designs and variable sample supports. We evaluated the performance of a particular sampling scheme with respect to the uncertainty of possible estimated means of throughfall volumes. Even for a relative error limit of 20%, an impractically large number of small, funnel-type collectors would be required to estimate mean throughfall, particularly for small events. While stratification of the target area is not superior to simple random sampling, cluster random sampling involves the risk of being less efficient. A larger sample support, e.g., the use of trough-type collectors, considerably reduces the necessary sample sizes and eliminates the sensitivity of the mean to outliers. Since the gain in time associated with the manual handling of troughs versus funnels depends on the local precipitation regime, the employment of automatically recording clusters of long troughs emerges as the most promising sampling scheme. Even so, a relative error of less than 5% appears out of reach for throughfall under heterogeneous canopies. We therefore suspect a considerable uncertainty of input parameters for interception models derived from measured throughfall, in particular, for those requiring data of small throughfall events. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.agu.org/journals/wr/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2009wr007776 SN - 0043-1397 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Beate A1 - Papritz, Andreas A1 - Elsenbeer, Helmut T1 - Asymmetric response to disturbance and recovery : Changes of soil permeability under forest-pasture-forest transitions N2 - In the humid tropics, continuing high deforestation rates are seen alongside an increasing expansion of secondary forests. In order to understand and model the consequences of these dynamic land-use changes for regional water cycles, the response of soil hydraulic properties to forest disturbance and recovery has to be quantified.At a site in the Brazilian Amazonia, we annually monitored soil infiltrability and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s) at 12.5, 20 cm, and 50 cm soil depth after manual forest conversion to pasture (year zero to four after pasture establishment), and during secondary succession after pasture abandonment (year zero to seven after pasture abandonment). We evaluated the hydrological consequences of the detected changes by comparing the soil hydraulic properties with site-specific rainfall intensities and hydrometric observations. Within one year after grazing started, infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 and 20 cm depth decreased by up to one order of magnitude to levels which are typical for 20-year-old pasture. In the three subsequent monitoring years, infiltrability and K-s remained stable. Land use did not impact on subsoil permeability. Whereas infiltrability values are large enough to allow all rainwater to infiltrate even after the conversion, the sudden decline of near-surface K-s is of hydrological relevance as perched water tables and overland flow occur more often on pastures than in forests at our study site. After pasture abandonment and during secondary succession, seven years of recovery did not suffice to significantly increase infiltrability and K-s at 12.5 depth although a slight recovery is obvious. At 20 cm soil depth, we detected a positive linear increase within the seven-year time frame but annual means did not differ significantly. Although more than a doubling of infiltrability and K-s is still required to achieve pre-disturbance levels, which will presumably take more than a decade, the observed slight increases of K-s might already decrease the probability of perched water table generation and overland flow development well before complete recovery. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00167061 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.07.013 SN - 0016-7061 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Jötten, Sara T1 - Extraterritoriale Staatenpflichten und internationale Friedensmissionen JF - MenschenRechtsMagazin : MRM ; Informationen, Meinungen, Analysen N2 - Inhaltsübersicht I. Einleitung – Fragestellung II. Exterritoriale Staatenpflichten III. Zurechnung grund- und menschenrechtsrelevanten Verhaltens bei internationaler Kooperation im Rahmen von Militär- oder Polizeieinsätzen deutscher Staatsgewalt IV. Rules of Engagement V. Fazit Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44793 SN - 1434-2820 VL - 15 IS - 1 SP - 5 EP - 17 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Bäumler, Jelena T1 - Der Afrikanische Gerichtshof für Menschen- und Völkerrechte : aktuelle Herausforderungen Y1 - 2010 UR - http://www.kas.de/wf/de/33.20018/ SN - 0177-7521 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Die Wirksamkeit rechtlicher Hegung militärischer Gewalt : ausgewählte Aspekte der Anwendbarkeit und Systemkohärenz des humanitären Völkerrechts Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-3-8114-7725-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - International law scholarship in times of dictatorship and democracy : exemplified by life and work of Wilhelm Wengler Y1 - 2010 SN - 978-0-521-19252-1 ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Zimmering, Raina T1 - Die Zapatistas in Mexiko : der antisystemische und antietatistische Charakter einer populären Bewegung N2 - Wie kaum eine andere soziale Bewegung der letzten 25 Jahre erfuhren die Zapatisten eine weltweite, breite Rezeption. Von der medialen Präsenz der 1990er Jahre ist jedoch nicht viel übrig geblieben. Um die mexikanischen Guerillas ist es ruhig geworden. Wurden die Zapatistas vom Zeitgeist überholt? Verloren ihre postneoliberalen Ansätze durch den Wandel der Bewegung an Attraktivität? Das Papier geht den Ursprüngen der indigenen Aufstandsbewegung und deren Paradigmenwechsel nach und zeigt auf, wie trotz des neu eingeschlagenen Weges der antisystemische und antietatistische Charakter der Bewegung beibehalten wurde. T3 - WeltTrends Papiere - 13 KW - Zapatisten KW - Mexiko KW - Neoliberalismus Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41296 SN - 978-3-86956-046-5 PB - Universitätsvverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziemert, Nadine A1 - Ishida, Keishi A1 - Weiz, Annika A1 - Hertweck, Christian A1 - Dittmann-Thünemann, Elke T1 - Exploiting the natural diversity of microviridin gene clusters for discovery of novel tricyclic depsipeptides N2 - Microviridins are ribosomally synthesized tricyclic depsipeptides produced by different genera of cyanobacteria. The prevalence of the microviridin gene clusters and the natural diversity of microviridin precursor sequences are currently unknown. Screening of laboratory strains and field samples of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis via PCR revealed global occurrence of the microviridin pathway and an unexpected natural variety. We could detect 15 new variants of the precursor gene mdnA encoding microviridin backbones that differ in up to 4 amino acid positions from known isoforms of the peptide. The survey not only provides insights into the versatility of the biosynthetic enzymes in a closely related group of cyanobacteria, but also facilitates the discovery and characterization of cryptic microviridin variants. This is demonstrated for microviridin L in Microcystis aeruginosa strain NIES843 and heterologously produced variants. Y1 - 2010 UR - http://aem.asm.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02858-09 SN - 0099-2240 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jian A1 - Stoyanov, Hristiyan A1 - Kofod, Guggi A1 - Suo, Zhigang T1 - Large deformation and electromechanical instability of a dielectric elastomer tube actuator N2 - This paper theoretically analyzes a dielectric elastomer tube actuator (DETA). Subject to a voltage difference between the inner and outer surfaces, the actuator reduces in thickness and expands in length, so that the same voltage will induce an even higher electric field. This positive feedback may cause the actuator to thin down drastically, resulting in electrical breakdown. We obtain an analytical solution of the actuator undergoing finite deformation when the elastomer obeys the neo-Hookean model. The critical strain of actuation is calculated in terms of various parameters of design. We also discuss the effect of the strain-stiffening on electromechanical behavior of DETAs by using the model of freely joined links. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3490186] Y1 - 2010 UR - http://jap.aip.org/ U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3490186 SN - 0021-8979 ER -