TY - JOUR A1 - Peitsch, Helmut T1 - "... wie mitten in den Wildnissen von Amerika die Eingeborenen und die Abkömmlingen der Europäer sich näher : Georg Forsters Bild einer neuen Kultur in Editionen und Rezensionen von Reisebeschreibungen über Nordamerika Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-89971-877-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dunst, Alexander T1 - "Android gods : Philipp K. Dick after postmodernism" Y1 - 2011 SN - 0950-236X ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunow, Rüdiger T1 - "Chronologically gifted? 'Old Age' in american culture" Y1 - 2011 SN - 0340-2827 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dunst, Alexander A1 - Edwards, Caroline T1 - "Collective subjects, emancipatory cultures, and political transformation" Y1 - 2011 SN - 1755-6341 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ette, Ottmar T1 - "Der Mensch muss das Grosse und Gute wollen" : die Neue Welt Alexander von Humboldts Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-7757- 3215-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ette, Ottmar T1 - "El hombre debe ambicionar lo excelso y noble." El Nuevo Mundo de Alexander von Humboldt Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-7757- 3215-4 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goese, Frank T1 - "Fern vom Kaiser?" Mittel- und norddeutsche Reichsterritorien 1450-1650 - eine Einführung Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunow, Rüdiger A1 - Hartung, Heike T1 - "Introduction : Age Studies " Y1 - 2011 SN - 0340-2827 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Petsche, Hans-Joachim T1 - "It's all coming together now..." : converging networks and the network of convergence Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-86644-731-8 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Weber, Nancy A1 - Tiersch, Brigitte A1 - Unterlass, Miriam M. A1 - Heilig, Anneliese A1 - Tauer, Klaus T1 - "Schizomorphic" Emulsion Copolymerization Particles JF - Macromolecular rapid communications N2 - Cryo-electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and light microscopy investigations provide experimental evidence that amphiphilic emulsion copolymerization particles change their morphology in dependence on concentration. The shape of the particles is spherical at solids content above 1%, but it changes to rod-like, ring-like, and web-like structures at lower concentrations. In addition, the shape and morphology of these particles at low concentrations are not fixed but very flexible and vary with time between spheres, flexible pearlnecklace structures, and stretched rods. KW - amphiphilic particles KW - emulsion polymerization KW - morphology Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201100491 SN - 1022-1336 VL - 32 IS - 23 SP - 1925 EP - 1929 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kunow, Rüdiger T1 - "Unavoidably side by side" : Mobility Studies-Concepts and Issues Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-86956-090-8 ER - TY - BOOK ED - Diemling, Patrick ED - Westermann, Juri T1 - "Und was machst Du später damit?" : Berufsperspektiven für Religionswissenschaftler und Absolventen anderer kleiner Fächer N2 - Und was machst Du später damit? Wer kennt sie nicht, diese Frage aller Fragen, die sich nicht zuletzt auch viele Studierende selbst stellen? Sie scheint sich gerade bei Fächern, die das Berufsziel nicht unmittelbar nahelegen, unweigerlich aufzudrängen und impliziert, dass man es für unwahrscheinlich hält, mithilfe eines Studienabschlusses in dem betreffenden Fach einen erfüllenden und lukrativen Beruf zu finden. Dass Studierende eines kleinen Fachs zahlreiche Berufsperspektiven haben, soll dieser Band deutlich machen. Neben bekannten Berufsfeldern (Wissenschaft, Medienwesen) werden unterbeleuchtete, vor allem freiberufliche Perspektiven (beispielsweise im Stiftungswesen und Projektmanagement) aufgezeigt, um der offensichtlich verbreiteten Unsicherheit und Ratlosigkeit entgegenzuwirken. In dem Band erzählen Geisteswissenschaftler verschiedenster Fachrichtungen davon, wie sie ihren Platz im Berufsleben gefunden haben. Sie wollen Mut machen und bieten durch ihre Erfahrungen praktische Hilfestellung für einen erfolgreichen Berufseinstieg. Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-631-61367-2 PB - Lang CY - Frankfurt am Main ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goese, Frank T1 - "Und weil ich den orthen etwas weit entsessen". Zum Verhältnis Kurfürst Joachims II. zu Kaiser und Reich in der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raphael-Hernandez, Heike T1 - "White America graciously giving way to its non-white future" : when Hollywood attempts to go postcolonial Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-631-60743-5 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Prickett, David James T1 - 'We will show you Berlin' space, leisure, flanerie and sexuality JF - Leisure studies : the journal of the Leisure Studies Association N2 - Both the seat of the German government and the capitol of queer German culture, Berlin has been that spatial nexus of politics, sexuality and gender, work and leisure that has enabled the development of multifarious sexual and gender identities. This has caused celebration and consternation among Germans and foreigners alike. Contemporary studies of urban homosexual space cite an erosion of its 'authenticity' when cities market homosexual space in order to attract tourists. My literary analysis shows that Berlin's homosexual male culture and space had already been subject to commoditisation in the Weimar period (1918-1933), when Berliners discovered marketing potential in the French slight la vice allemand [the German vice] - male homosexuality. This article's examination of Weimar Berlin's spatial binary as 'sexy space' and 'sexualised place' in literature by Klaus Mann and Curt Moreck engages with current debates in leisure studies on the gendering and sexing of geography and leisure. Central to this re-evaluation of leisure and tourism in Weimar Berlin is my discussion of flanerie: the figure of the flaneuse indicates that flanerie was not the lone dominion of heterosexual men. In the context of urban leisure and male homosexuality, I argue that Weimar Berlin consistently and successfully negotiated its dual function of sexy space (allowing self-fashioning for homosexual men in Berlin) and sexualised place (voyeurism and sexual exploration for Berlin's newcomers and tourists). KW - tourism KW - consumer culture KW - gender KW - geography KW - history KW - arts Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2010.523836 SN - 0261-4367 VL - 30 IS - 2 SP - 157 EP - 177 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Beilke, Steffen T1 - ... und fortzuentwickeln : Optionen zur Fortentwicklung der hergebrachten Grundsätze des Berufsbeamtentums T2 - Schriften zum öffentlichen Dienstrecht Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-8329-6240-1 VL - 1 PB - Nomos CY - Baden-Baden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zebger-Gong, Hong A1 - Mueller, Dominik A1 - Diercke, Michaela A1 - Haffner, Dieter A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Verberckmoes, Steven A1 - Schmidt, Sven A1 - D'Haese, Patrick C. A1 - Querfeld, Uwe T1 - 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3-induced aortic calcifications in experimental uremia: up-regulation of osteoblast markers, calcium-transporting proteins and osterix JF - Journal of hypertension N2 - Background and objective Whether treatment with vitamin D receptor activators contributes to cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic kidney disease is a matter of debate. We studied mechanisms involved in vitamin D-related vascular calcifications in vivo and in vitro. Methods Aortic calcifications were induced in subtotally nephrectomized (SNX) rats by treatment with a high dose (0.25 mu g/kg per day) of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-3 (calcitriol) given for 6 weeks. Likewise, primary rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were incubated with calcitriol at concentrations ranging from 10(-11) to 10(-7) mol/l. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the aortic expression of osteopontin, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein was significantly increased in calcitriol-treated SNX rats compared to untreated SNX controls. In addition, aortic expression of the transient receptor potential vanilloid calcium channel 6 (TRPV6) and calbindin D9k was significantly up-regulated by treatment with calcitriol. Furthermore, calcitriol significantly increased expression of the osteogenic transcription factor osterix. In-vitro studies showed similar results, confirming that these effects could be attributed to treatment with calcitriol. Conclusions High-dose calcitriol treatment induces an osteoblastic phenotype in VSMC both in SNX rats and in vitro, associated with up-regulation of proteins regulating mineralization and calcium transport, and of the osteogenic transcription factor osterix. KW - calbindin D9k KW - calcitriol KW - calcium transport KW - osteoblast KW - osterix KW - TRPV5 KW - TRPV6 KW - vascular calcification Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0b013e328340aa30 SN - 0263-6352 VL - 29 IS - 2 SP - 339 EP - 348 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pihlaja, Kalevi A1 - Sinkkonen, Jari A1 - Stajer, Geza A1 - Koch, Andreas A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - 1-Oxo-1,3-dithiolanes - synthesis and stereochemistry JF - Magnetic resonance in chemistry N2 - 1-Oxo-1,3-dithiolane (4) and its cis- and trans-2-methyl (5,6), -4-methyl (7,8) and -5-methyl (9,10) derivatives were prepared by oxidizing the corresponding 1,3-dithiolanes (1-3) with NaIO(4) in water. The oxides were purified and their isomers separated using thin layer chromatography. The structural characterization was carried out with (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The sulfoxides 4-6 and 8-10 attain two S(1) type envelopes (sometimes slightly distorted) the S=O(ax) envelope greatly dominating. Cis-4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dithiolane is a special case exhibiting both two closely related S=O(ax) (30 and 27%) as well as S=O(eq) (21 and 22%) forms [S(1) and C(4) envelopes, respectively]. The relative energies of these conformations, the values of (1)H-(1)H coupling constants and (1)H and (13)C chemical shifts were estimated by computational methods and they support well the conclusions based on the experimental data. KW - NMR KW - (1)H NMR KW - (13)C NMR KW - sulfur heterocycles KW - conformational analysis KW - computational chemistry Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.2764 SN - 0749-1581 VL - 49 IS - 7 SP - 443 EP - 449 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich A1 - Pihlaja, Kalevi A1 - Sinkkonen, Jari A1 - Stájer, Gezá A1 - Koch, Andreas T1 - 1-Oxo-1,3-dithiolanesùsynthesis and stereochemistry N2 - 1-Oxo-1,3-dithiolane (4) and its cis- andtrans-2-methyl (5,6), -4-methyl (7,8) and -5-methyl (9,10) derivatives were prepared by oxidizing the corresponding 1,3-dithiolanes (1-3) with NaIO4 in water. The oxides were purified and their isomers separated using thin layer chromatography. The structural characterization was carried out with 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and molecular modelling. The sulfoxides 4-6 and 8-10 attain two S(1) type envelopes (sometimes slightly distorted) the S=Oax envelope greatly dominating. Cis-4-methyl-1-oxo-1,3-dithiolane is a special case exhibiting both two closely related S=Oax (30 and 27%) as well as S=Oeq (21 and 22%) forms [S(1) and C(4) envelopes, respectively]. The relative energies of these conformations, the values of 1H-1H coupling constants and 1H and 13C chemical shifts were estimated by computational methods and they support well the conclusions based on the experimental data. Y1 - 2011 SN - 0749-1581 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schreiber, Ulrike A1 - Hosemann, Benjamin A1 - Beuermann, Sabine T1 - 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyl-Acrylate-Containing block copolymers from ARGET ATRP JF - Macromolecular chemistry and physics N2 - Block copolymers of 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate (AC8) were obtained from ARGET ATRP. To obtain block copolymers of low dispersity the PAC8 block was synthesized in anisole with a CuBr(2)/PMDETA catalyst in the presence of tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as a reducing agent. The PAC8 block was subsequently used as macroinitiator for copolymerization with butyl and tert-butyl acrylate carried out in scCO(2). To achieve catalyst solubility in CO(2) two fluorinated ligands were employed. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography and DSC. KW - atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) KW - block copolymers KW - fluoropolymers KW - supercritical carbon dioxide Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201000307 SN - 1022-1352 VL - 212 IS - 2 SP - 168 EP - 179 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Streich, Rita A1 - Becken, Michael A1 - Ritter, Oliver T1 - 2.5D controlled-source EM modeling with general 3D source geometries JF - Geophysics N2 - Most 2.5D controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) modeling algorithms presented to date explicitly consider only sources that are point dipoles oriented parallel or perpendicular to the direction of constant conductivity. This makes simulations of complex source geometries expensive, requiring separate evaluations of many point dipole fields, and thus limits the practical applicability of such schemes for simulating and interpreting field data. We present a novel 2.5D CSEM modeling scheme that overcomes this limitation and permits efficient simulations of sources with general shape and orientation by evaluating fields for the entire source at once. We accommodate general sources by using a secondary field approach, in which primary fields are computed for the general source and a 1D background conductivity model. To carry out the required Fourier transforms between space and wavenumber domain using the same fast cosine and sine transform filters as in conventional algorithms, we split the primary and secondary fields into their symmetric and antisymmetric parts. For complex 3D source geometries, this approach is significantly more efficient than previous 2.5D algorithms. Our finite-difference algorithm also includes novel approaches for divergence correction at low frequencies and EM field interpolation across conductivity discontinuities. We describe the modeling scheme and demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency by comparisons of 2.5D-simulated data with 1D and 3D results. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1190/GEO2011-0111.1 SN - 0016-8033 VL - 76 IS - 6 SP - F387 EP - F393 PB - Society of Exploration Geophysicists CY - Tulsa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wiederkehr, Michael A1 - Bousquet, Romain A1 - Ziemann, Martin Andreas A1 - Berger, Alfons A1 - Schmid, Stefan M. T1 - 3-D assessment of peak-metamorphic conditions by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material an example from the margin of the Lepontine dome (Swiss Central Alps) JF - International journal of earth sciences N2 - This study monitors regional changes in the crystallinity of carbonaceous matter (CM) by applying Micro-Raman spectroscopy to a total of 214 metasediment samples (largely so-called Bundnerschiefer) dominantly metamorphosed under blueschist- to amphibolite-facies conditions. They were collected within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and easterly adjacent areas of the Swiss Central Alps. Three-dimensional mapping of isotemperature contours in map and profile views shows that the isotemperature contours associated with the Miocene Barrow-type Lepontine metamorphic event cut across refolded nappe contacts, both along and across strike within the northeastern margin of the Lepontine dome and adjacent areas. Further to the northeast, the isotemperature contours reflect temperatures reached during the Late Eocene subduction-related blueschist-facies event and/or during subsequent near-isothermal decompression; these contours appear folded by younger, large-scale post-nappe-stacking folds. A substantial jump in the recorded maximum temperatures across the tectonic contact between the frontal Adula nappe complex and surrounding metasediments indicates that this contact accommodated differential tectonic movement of the Adula nappe with respect to the enveloping Bundnerschiefer after maximum temperatures were reached within the northern Adula nappe, i.e. after Late Eocene time. KW - HP-metamorphism KW - Barrovian metamorphism KW - Graphitization KW - Metasediments KW - Micro-Raman spectroscopy KW - Central Alps Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0622-2 SN - 1437-3254 VL - 100 IS - 5 SP - 1029 EP - 1063 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Awad, Duha Jawad A1 - Schilde, Uwe A1 - Strauch, Peter T1 - 4,4 '-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2 '-bipyridinedichlorometal(II) - Synthesis, structure and EPR spectroscopy JF - Inorganica chimica acta : the international inorganic chemistry journal N2 - Due to the better solubility of the 4,4'-substituted bipyridine ligand a series of 4,4'0-bis(tert-butyl)-2,2'-bipyridinedichlorometal(II) complexes, [M(tbbpy)Cl(2)], with M = Cu, Ni, Zn, Pd, Pt was synthesised and characterised. The blue copper complex 4,4'-bis(tert-butyl)-2,2'-bipyridinedichlorocopper(II) was isolated in two different polymorphic forms, as prisms 1 with a solvent inclusion and solvent-free as needles 2. Both structures were determined by X-ray structure analysis. They crystallise in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with four molecules in the unit cell, but with different unit cells and packing motifs. Whereas in the prisms 1, with the unit cell parameters a = 12.1613(12), b = 10.6363(7), c = 16.3074(15) angstrom, eta = 94.446(8)degrees, the packing is dominated by intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds, in the needles 2, with a = 7.738(1), b = 18. 333(2), c = 13.291(3) angstrom, beta = 97.512(15)degrees, only intramolecular hydrogen bonds appear and the complex molecules are arranged in columns which are stabilised by p-p-stacking interactions. In both complexes the copper has a tetrahedrally distorted coordination sphere. These copper complexes were also studied by EPR spectroscopy in solution, as frozen glass and diamagnetically diluted powder with the analogue [Pd(tbbpy)Cl(2)] as host lattice. KW - 4,4 '-Bis(tert-butyl)-2,2 '-bipyridine KW - X-ray structure KW - EPR KW - Copper(II) KW - Transition metals Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2010.08.035 SN - 0020-1693 VL - 365 IS - 1 SP - 127 EP - 132 PB - Elsevier CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Senge, Mathias O. A1 - Ryppa, Claudia A1 - Fazekas, Marijana A1 - Zawadzka, Monika A1 - Dahms, Katja T1 - 5,10-A2B2-Type meso-Substituted PorphyrinsuA Unique Class of Porphyrins with a Realigned Dipole Moment JF - Chemistry - a European journal N2 - Current applications in porphyrin chemistry require the use of unsymmetrically substituted porphyrins. Many current industrial interests in optics and biomedicine require systems with either pushpull (electron-donating and -withdrawing groups) or amphiphilic systems (hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups). In this context we present the class of 5,10-A2B2-type porphyrins for which two different substituents are positioned in diagonally opposite meso positions. Thus, the intramolecular dipole moment in these tetrapyrroles is positioned along a beta-beta vector passing through two pyrrole rings. This is opposite to the situation of the frequently used 5,15-A2BC porphyrins for which the dipole moment is oriented along a mesomeso axis. We have elaborated syntheses of the 5,10-A2B2 porphyrins by using transition-metal-catalyzed transformations of 5,10-A2 porphyrins or direct substitutions reactions thereof; this gives the target molecules in 2277% overall yields. The compounds exhibit interesting structural, spectroscopic, and optical features and can serve as building blocks for new porphyrin arrays and applications. KW - macrocycles KW - nitrogen heterocycles KW - nonlinear optics KW - porphyrinoids KW - tetrapyrroles Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201101934 SN - 0947-6539 VL - 17 IS - 48 SP - 13562 EP - 13573 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mackenbach, Werner T1 - ? De la identidad a la sociabilidad? representationes de la convivencia en las literaturas centroamericanas y caribeñas Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-3-938944-54-7 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mulder, Christian A1 - Boit, Alice A1 - Bonkowski, Michael A1 - De Ruiter, Peter C. A1 - Mancinelli, Giorgio A1 - Van der Heijden, Marcel G. A. A1 - Van Wijnen, Harm J. A1 - Vonk, J. Arie A1 - Rutgers, Michiel ED - Woodward, G T1 - A belowground perspective on dutch agroecosystems how soil organisms interact to support ecosystem services JF - Advances in ecological research JF - Advances in Ecological Research N2 - 1. New patterns and trends in land use are becoming increasingly evident in Europe's heavily modified landscape and else whereas sustainable agriculture and nature restoration are developed as viable long-term alternatives to intensively farmed arable land. The success of these changes depends on how soil biodiversity and processes respond to changes in management. To improve our understanding of the community structure and ecosystem functioning of the soil biota, we analyzed abiotic variables across 200 sites, and biological variables across 170 sites in The Netherlands, one of the most intensively farmed countries. The data were derived from the Dutch Soil Quality Network (DSQN), a long-term monitoring framework designed to obtain ecological insight into soil types (STs) and ecosystem types (ETs). 2. At the outset we describe STs and biota, and we estimate the contribution of various groups to the provision of ecosystem services. We focused on interactive effects of soil properties on community patterns and ecosystem functioning using food web models. Ecologists analyze soil food webs by means of mechanistic and statistical modelling, linking network structure to energy flow and elemental dynamics commonly based on allometric scaling. 3. We also explored how predatory and metabolic processes are constrained by body size, diet and metabolic type, and how these constraints govern the interactions within and between trophic groups. In particular, we focused on how elemental fluxes determine the strengths of ecological interactions, and the resulting ecosystem services, in terms of sustenance of soil fertility. 4. We discuss data mining, food web visualizations, and an appropriate categorical way to capture subtle interrelationships within the DSQN dataset. Sampled metazoans were used to provide an overview of below-ground processes and influences of land use. Unlike most studies to date we used data from the entire size spectrum, across 15 orders of magnitude, using body size as a continuous trait crucial for understanding ecological services. 5. Multimodality in the frequency distributions of body size represents a performance filter that acts as a buffer to environmental change. Large differences in the body-size distributions across ETs and STs were evident. Most observed trends support the hypothesis that the direct influence of ecological stoichiometry on the soil biota as an independent predictor (e.g. in the form of nutrient to carbon ratios), and consequently on the allometric scaling, is more dominant than either ET or ST. This provides opportunities to develop a mechanistic and physiologically oriented model for the distribution of species' body sizes, where responses of invertebrates can be predicted. 6. Our results highlight the different roles that organisms play in a number of key ecosystem services. Such a trait-based research has unique strengths in its rigorous formulation of fundamental scaling rules, as well as in its verifiability by empirical data. Nonetheless, it still has weaknesses that remain to be addressed, like the consequences of intraspecific size variation, the high degree of omnivory, and a possibly inaccurate assignment to trophic groups. 7. Studying the extent to which nutrient levels influence multitrophic interactions and how different land-use regimes affect soil biodiversity is clearly a fruitful area for future research to develop predictive models for soil ecosystem services under different management regimes. No similar efforts have been attempted previously for soil food webs, and our dataset has the potential to test and further verify its usefulness at an unprecedented space scale. Y1 - 2011 SN - 978-0-12-374794-5 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-374794-5.00005-5 SN - 0065-2504 VL - 44 IS - 2 SP - 277 EP - 357 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lappe, Michael A1 - Kallmeyer, Jens T1 - A cell extraction method for oily sediments JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - Hydrocarbons can be found in many different habitats and represent an important carbon source for microbes. As fossil fuels, they are also an important economical resource and through natural seepage or accidental release they can be major pollutants. DNA-specific stains and molecular probes bind to hydrocarbons, causing massive background fluorescence, thereby hampering cell enumeration. The cell extraction procedure of Kallmeyer et al. (2008) separates the cells from the sediment matrix. In principle, this technique can also be used to separate cells from oily sediments, but it was not originally optimized for this application. Here we present a modified extraction method in which the hydrocarbons are removed prior to cell extraction. Due to the reduced background fluorescence the microscopic image becomes clearer, making cell identification, and enumeration much easier. Consequently, the resulting cell counts from oily samples treated according to our new protocol are significantly higher than those treated according to Kallmeyer et al. (2008). We tested different amounts of a variety of solvents for their ability to remove hydrocarbons and found that n-hexane and in samples containing more mature oils methanol, delivered the best results. However, as solvents also tend to lyse cells, it was important to find the optimum solvent to sample ratio, at which hydrocarbon extraction is maximized and cell lysis minimized. A volumetric ratio of 1:2-1:5 between a formalin-fixed sediment slurry and solvent delivered highest cell counts. Extraction efficiency was around 30-50% and was checked on both oily samples spiked with known amounts of E. coli cells and oil-free samples amended with fresh and biodegraded oil. The method provided reproducible results on samples containing very different kinds of oils with regard to their degree of biodegradation. For strongly biodegraded oil MeOH turned out to be the most appropriate solvent, whereas for less biodegraded samples n-hexane delivered best results. KW - cell enumeration KW - hydrocarbons KW - cell separation KW - subsurface microbiology Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00233 SN - 1664-302X VL - 2 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Baumgärtel, Hellmut T1 - A Characteristic decay semigroup for the resonances of trace class perturbations with analyticity conditions of semibounded hamiltonians JF - International journal of theoretical physic N2 - To asymptotic complete scattering systems {M(+) + V, M(+)} on H(+) := L(2)(R(+), K, d lambda), where M(+) is the multiplication operator on H(+) and V is a trace class operator with analyticity conditions, a decay semigroup is associated such that the spectrum of the generator of this semigroup coincides with the set of all resonances (poles of the analytic continuation of the scattering matrix into the lower half plane across the positive half line), i.e. the decay semigroup yields a "time-dependent" characterization of the resonances. As a counterpart a "spectral characterization" is mentioned which is due to the "eigenvalue-like" properties of resonances. KW - Resonances KW - Scattering theory KW - Lax-Phillips theory KW - Decay semigroups Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10773-010-0533-9 SN - 0020-7748 VL - 50 IS - 7 SP - 2002 EP - 2008 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ackermann, Margit A1 - Ajello, M. A1 - Allafort, A. J. A1 - Baldini, L. A1 - Ballet, J. A1 - Barbiellini, G. A1 - Bastieri, D. A1 - Belfiore, A. A1 - Bellazzini, R. A1 - Berenji, B. A1 - Blandford, R. D. A1 - Bloom, E. D. A1 - Bonamente, E. A1 - Borgland, A. W. A1 - Bottacini, E. A1 - Brigida, M. A1 - Bruel, P. A1 - Buehler, R. A1 - Buson, S. A1 - Caliandro, G. A. A1 - Cameron, R. A. A1 - Caraveo, P. A. A1 - Casandjian, J. M. A1 - Cecchi, C. A1 - Chekhtman, A. A1 - Cheung, C. C. A1 - Chiang, J. A1 - Ciprini, S. A1 - Claus, R. A1 - Cohen-Tanugi, J. A1 - de Angelis, A. A1 - de Palma, F. A1 - Dermer, C. D. A1 - do Couto e Silva, E. A1 - Drell, P. S. A1 - Dumora, D. A1 - Favuzzi, C. A1 - Fegan, S. J. A1 - Focke, W. B. A1 - Fortin, P. A1 - Fukazawa, Y. A1 - Fusco, P. A1 - Gargano, F. A1 - Germani, S. A1 - Giglietto, N. A1 - Giordano, F. A1 - Giroletti, M. A1 - Glanzman, T. A1 - Godfrey, G. A1 - Grenier, I. A. A1 - Guillemot, L. A1 - Guiriec, S. A1 - Hadasch, D. A1 - Hanabata, Y. A1 - Harding, A. K. A1 - Hayashida, M. A1 - Hayashi, K. A1 - Hays, E. A1 - Johannesson, G. A1 - Johnson, A. S. A1 - Kamae, T. A1 - Katagiri, H. A1 - Kataoka, J. A1 - Kerr, M. A1 - Knoedlseder, J. A1 - Kuss, M. A1 - Lande, J. A1 - Latronico, L. A1 - Lee, S. -H. A1 - Longo, F. A1 - Loparco, F. A1 - Lott, B. A1 - Lovellette, M. N. A1 - Lubrano, P. A1 - Martin, P. A1 - Mazziotta, Mario Nicola A1 - McEnery, J. E. A1 - Mehault, J. A1 - Michelson, P. F. A1 - Mitthumsiri, W. A1 - Mizuno, T. A1 - Monte, C. A1 - Monzani, M. E. A1 - Morselli, A. A1 - Moskalenko, I. V. A1 - Murgia, S. A1 - Naumann-Godo, M. A1 - Nolan, P. L. A1 - Norris, J. P. A1 - Nuss, E. A1 - Ohsugi, T. A1 - Okumura, A. A1 - Orlando, E. A1 - Ormes, J. F. A1 - Ozaki, M. A1 - Paneque, D. A1 - Parent, D. A1 - Pesce-Rollins, M. A1 - Pierbattista, M. A1 - Piron, F. A1 - Pohl, Martin A1 - Prokhorov, D. A1 - Raino, S. A1 - Rando, R. A1 - Razzano, M. A1 - Reposeur, T. A1 - Ritz, S. A1 - Parkinson, P. M. Saz A1 - Sgro, C. A1 - Siskind, E. J. A1 - Smith, P. D. A1 - Spinelli, P. A1 - Strong, A. W. A1 - Takahashi, H. A1 - Tanaka, T. A1 - Thayer, J. G. A1 - Thayer, J. B. A1 - Thompson, D. J. A1 - Tibaldo, L. A1 - Torres, D. F. A1 - Tosti, G. A1 - Tramacere, A. A1 - Troja, E. A1 - Uchiyama, Y. A1 - Vandenbroucke, J. A1 - Vasileiou, V. A1 - Vianello, G. A1 - Vitale, V. A1 - Waite, A. P. A1 - Wang, P. A1 - Winer, B. L. A1 - Wood, K. S. A1 - Yang, Z. A1 - Zimmer, S. A1 - Bontemps, S. T1 - A cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays detected by fermi in the cygnus superbubble JF - Science N2 - The origin of Galactic cosmic rays is a century-long puzzle. Indirect evidence points to their acceleration by supernova shockwaves, but we know little of their escape from the shock and their evolution through the turbulent medium surrounding massive stars. Gamma rays can probe their spreading through the ambient gas and radiation fields. The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has observed the star-forming region of Cygnus X. The 1- to 100-gigaelectronvolt images reveal a 50-parsec-wide cocoon of freshly accelerated cosmic rays that flood the cavities carved by the stellar winds and ionization fronts from young stellar clusters. It provides an example to study the youth of cosmic rays in a superbubble environment before they merge into the older Galactic population. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210311 SN - 0036-8075 VL - 334 IS - 6059 SP - 1103 EP - 1107 PB - American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmann, Marcel A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Valori, Gherardo A1 - Wiegelmann, Thomas T1 - A comparison of preprocessing methods for solar force-free magnetic field extrapolation Y1 - 2011 UR - http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/full_html/ 2011/02/aa15453-10/aa15453-10.html SN - 0004-6361 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fuhrmann, Marcel A1 - Seehafer, Norbert A1 - Valori, Gherardo A1 - Wiegelmann, T. T1 - A comparison of preprocessing methods for solar force-free magnetic field extrapolation JF - Astronomy and astrophysics : an international weekly journal N2 - Context. Extrapolations of solar photospheric vector magnetograms into three-dimensional magnetic fields in the chromosphere and corona are usually done under the assumption that the fields are force-free. This condition is violated in the photosphere itself and a thin layer in the lower atmosphere above. The field calculations can be improved by preprocessing the photospheric magnetograms. The intention here is to remove a non-force-free component from the data. Aims. We compare two preprocessing methods presently in use, namely the methods of Wiegelmann et al. (2006, Sol. Phys., 233, 215) and Fuhrmann et al. (2007, A&A, 476, 349). Methods. The two preprocessing methods were applied to a vector magnetogram of the recently observed active region NOAA AR 10 953. We examine the changes in the magnetogram effected by the two preprocessing algorithms. Furthermore, the original magnetogram and the two preprocessed magnetograms were each used as input data for nonlinear force-free field extrapolations by means of two different methods, and we analyze the resulting fields. Results. Both preprocessing methods managed to significantly decrease the magnetic forces and magnetic torques that act through the magnetogram area and that can cause incompatibilities with the assumption of force-freeness in the solution domain. The force and torque decrease is stronger for the Fuhrmann et al. method. Both methods also reduced the amount of small-scale irregularities in the observed photospheric field, which can sharply worsen the quality of the solutions. For the chosen parameter set, the Wiegelmann et al. method led to greater changes in strong-field areas, leaving weak-field areas mostly unchanged, and thus providing an approximation of the magnetic field vector in the chromosphere, while the Fuhrmann et al. method weakly changed the whole magnetogram, thereby better preserving patterns present in the original magnetogram. Both preprocessing methods raised the magnetic energy content of the extrapolated fields to values above the minimum energy, corresponding to the potential field. Also, the fields calculated from the preprocessed magnetograms fulfill the solenoidal condition better than those calculated without preprocessing. KW - Sun: magnetic topology KW - Sun: atmosphere KW - magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201015453 SN - 0004-6361 VL - 526 PB - EDP Sciences CY - Les Ulis ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bland-Hawthorn, Joss A1 - Ellis, S. C. A1 - Leon-Saval, S. G. A1 - Haynes, R. A1 - Roth, Martin M. A1 - Löhmannsröben, Hans-Gerd A1 - Horton, A. J. A1 - Cuby, J. -G. A1 - Birks, T. A. A1 - Lawrence, J. S. A1 - Gillingham, P. A1 - Ryder, S. D. A1 - Trinh, C. T1 - A complex multi-notch astronomical filter to suppress the bright infrared sky JF - Nature Communications N2 - A long-standing and profound problem in astronomy is the difficulty in obtaining deep near-infrared observations due to the extreme brightness and variability of the night sky at these wavelengths. A solution to this problem is crucial if we are to obtain the deepest possible observations of the early Universe, as redshifted starlight from distant galaxies appears at these wavelengths. The atmospheric emission between 1,000 and 1,800 nm arises almost entirely from a forest of extremely bright, very narrow hydroxyl emission lines that varies on timescales of minutes. The astronomical community has long envisaged the prospect of selectively removing these lines, while retaining high throughput between them. Here we demonstrate such a filter for the first time, presenting results from the first on-sky tests. Its use on current 8 m telescopes and future 30 m telescopes will open up many new research avenues in the years to come. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1584 SN - 2041-1723 VL - 2 IS - 50 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sepe, Franco T1 - A conclusione degli eccetera Y1 - 2011 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kramer, Markus A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - A conformational study of N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives utilizing residual dipolar couplings JF - Journal of magnetic resonance N2 - The conformational analyses of six non-rigid N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) derivatives employing residual dipolar couplings (RDCs) and NOEs together with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are presented. Due to internal dynamics we had to consider different conformer ratios existing in solution. The good quality of the correlation between theoretically and experimentally obtained RDCs show the correctness of the calculated conformers even if the ratios derived from the MD simulations do not exactly meet the experimental data. If possible, the results were compared to former published data and commented. KW - NMR KW - Residual dipolar couplings KW - Molecular dynamics KW - N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives KW - Carbohydrates Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2011.06.029 SN - 1090-7807 VL - 212 IS - 1 SP - 174 EP - 185 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kramer, Markus A1 - Kleinpeter, Erich T1 - A conformational study of N-acetyl glucosamine derivatives utilizing residual dipolar couplings (vol 212, pg 174, 2011) T2 - Journal of magnetic resonance Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmr.2011.09.017 SN - 1090-7807 VL - 213 IS - 1 SP - 210 EP - 211 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmidt, Bernd A1 - Staude, Lucia A1 - Kelling, Alexandra A1 - Schilde, Uwe T1 - A Cross-Metathesis-Conjugate addition route to enantiopure gamma-Butyrolactams and gamma-Lactones from a C-2-Symmetric Precursor JF - European journal of organic chemistry N2 - A protected derivative of (3R, 4R)-hexa-1,5-diene-3,4-diol, a conveniently accessible C-2-symmetric building block, undergoes single or double cross metathesis with methyl acryl-ate. The cross metathesis products are amenable to stereoselective conjugate addition reactions and can be converted into either gamma-butyrolactones or gamma-lactams. KW - Lactams KW - Lactones KW - Oxygen heterocycles KW - Metathesis KW - Desymmetrization Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201001528 SN - 1434-193X IS - 9 SP - 1721 EP - 1727 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Samuel, Prinson P. A1 - Horn, Sebastian A1 - Döring, Alexander A1 - Havelius, Kajsa G. V. A1 - Reschke, Stefan A1 - Leimkühler, Silke A1 - Haumann, Michael A1 - Schulzke, Carola T1 - A Crystallographic and Mo K-Edge XAS Study of Molybdenum Oxo Bis-,Mono-, and Non-Dithiolene Complexes - First-Sphere Coordination Geometry and Noninnocence of Ligands JF - European journal of inorganic chemistry : a journal of ChemPubSoc Europe N2 - Ten square-based pyramidal molybdenum complexes with different sulfur donor ligands, that is, a variety of dithiolenes and sulfides, were prepared, which mimic coordination motifs of the molybdenum cofactors of molybdenum-dependent oxidoreductases. The model compounds were investigated by Mo K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and (with one exception) their molecular structures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction to derive detailed information on bond lengths and geometries of the first coordination shell of molybdenum. Only small variations in Mo=O and Mo-S bond lengths and their respective coordination angles were observed for all complexes including those containing Mo(CO)(2) or Mo(mu-S)(2)Mo motifs. XAS analysis (edge energy) revealed higher relative oxidation levels in the molybdenum ion in compounds with innocent sulfur-based ligands relative to those in dithiolene complexes, which are known to exhibit noninnocence, that is, donation of substantial electron density from ligand to metal. In addition, longer average Mo-S and Mo=O bonds and consequently lower.(Mo=O) stretching frequencies in the IR spectra were observed for complexes with dithiolene-derived ligands. The results emphasize that the noninnocent character of the dithiolene ligand influences the electronic structure of the model compounds, but does not significantly affect their metal coordination geometry, which is largely determined by the Mo(IV) or (V) ion itself. The latter conclusion also holds for the molybdenum site geometries in the oxidized Mo-VI cofactor of DMSO reductase and the reduced Mo-IV cofactor of arsenite oxidase. The innocent behavior of the dithiolene molybdopterin ligands observed in the enzymes is likely to be related to cofactor-protein interactions. KW - Molybdenum KW - Enzyme models KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy KW - Noninnocence KW - Bioinorganic chemistry Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201100331 SN - 1434-1948 IS - 28 SP - 4387 EP - 4399 PB - Wiley-VCH CY - Weinheim ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Masanes, Lluis A1 - Müller, Markus P. T1 - A derivation of quantum theory from physical requirements JF - New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics N2 - Quantum theory (QT) is usually formulated in terms of abstract mathematical postulates involving Hilbert spaces, state vectors and unitary operators. In this paper, we show that the full formalism of QT can instead be derived from five simple physical requirements, based on elementary assumptions regarding preparations, transformations and measurements. This is very similar to the usual formulation of special relativity, where two simple physical requirements-the principles of relativity and light speed invariance-are used to derive the mathematical structure of Minkowski space-time. Our derivation provides insights into the physical origin of the structure of quantum state spaces (including a group-theoretic explanation of the Bloch ball and its three dimensionality) and suggests several natural possibilities to construct consistent modifications of QT. Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/13/6/063001 SN - 1367-2630 VL - 13 IS - 1 PB - IOP Publ. Ltd. CY - Bristol ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Wolf, Hans-Georg A1 - Cummings, Patrick T1 - A dictionary of Hong Kong English : words from the fragrant harbor Y1 - 2011 SN - 988-808330-9 PB - Univ. of Hong Kong CY - Hong Kong ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Reich, Sebastian T1 - A dynamical systems framework for intermittent data assimilation JF - BIT : numerical mathematics ; the leading applied mathematics journal for all computational mathematicians N2 - We consider the problem of discrete time filtering (intermittent data assimilation) for differential equation models and discuss methods for its numerical approximation. The focus is on methods based on ensemble/particle techniques and on the ensemble Kalman filter technique in particular. We summarize as well as extend recent work on continuous ensemble Kalman filter formulations, which provide a concise dynamical systems formulation of the combined dynamics-assimilation problem. Possible extensions to fully nonlinear ensemble/particle based filters are also outlined using the framework of optimal transportation theory. KW - Data assimilation KW - Ensemble Kalman filter KW - Dynamical systems KW - Nonlinear filters KW - Optimal transportation Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10543-010-0302-4 SN - 0006-3835 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 235 EP - 249 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorge, Arndt T1 - A failure of capitalism the crisis of '08 and the descent into depression JF - Socio-economic review KW - financial crisis KW - financial institutions KW - financial markets KW - capitalism KW - globalization Y1 - 2011 SN - 1475-1461 VL - 9 IS - 1 SP - 169 EP - 186 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Maerker, Michael A1 - Pelacani, Samanta A1 - Schroeder, Boris T1 - A functional entity approach to predict soil erosion processes in a small Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean catchment in Northern Chianti, Italy JF - Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology N2 - In this paper we evaluate different methods to predict soil erosion processes. We derived different layers of predictor variables for the study area in the Northern Chianti, Italy, describing the soil-lithologic complex, land use, and topographic characteristics. For a subcatchment of the Orme River, we mapped erosion processes by interpreting aerial photographs and field observations. These were classified as erosional response units (ERU), i.e. spatial areas of homogeneous erosion processes. The ERU were used as the response variable in the soil erosion modelling process. We applied two models i) bootstrap aggregation (Random Forest: RF), and ii) stochastic gradient boosting (TreeNet: TN) to predict the potential spatial distribution of erosion processes for the entire Orme River catchment. The models are statistically evaluated using training data and a set of performance parameters such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Cohen's Kappa, and pseudo R2. Variable importance and response curves provide further insight into controlling factors of erosion. Both models provided good performance in terms of classification and calibration; however, TN outperformed RF. Similar classes such as active and inactive landslides can be discriminated and well interpreted by considering response curves and relative variable importance. The spatial distribution of the predicted erosion susceptibilities generally follows topographic constraints and is similar for both models. Hence, the model-based delineation of ERU on the basis of soil and terrain information is a valuable tool in geomorphology; it provides insights into factors controlling erosion processes and may allow the extrapolation and prediction of erosion processes in unsurveyed areas. KW - Erosion processes KW - Boostrap aggregation KW - Stochastic gradient boosting KW - Spatially explicit prediction KW - Tuscany KW - Italy Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.022 SN - 0169-555X VL - 125 IS - 4 SP - 530 EP - 540 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schwarte, Sandra A1 - Tiedemann, Ralph T1 - A Gene Duplication/Loss Event in the Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate-Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Small Subunit Gene Family among Accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana JF - Molecular biology and evolution N2 - Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase; EC 4.1.1.39), the most abundant protein in nature, catalyzes the assimilation of CO(2) (worldwide about 10(11) t each year) by carboxylation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate. It is a hexadecamer consisting of eight large and eight small subunits. Although the Rubisco large subunit (rbcL) is encoded by a single gene on the multicopy chloroplast genome, the Rubisco small subunits (rbcS) are encoded by a family of nuclear genes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the rbcS gene family comprises four members, that is, rbcS-1a, rbcS-1b, rbcS-2b, and rbcS-3b. We sequenced all Rubisco genes in 26 worldwide distributed A. thaliana accessions. In three of these accessions, we detected a gene duplication/loss event, where rbcS-1b was lost and substituted by a duplicate of rbcS-2b (called rbcS-2b*). By screening 74 additional accessions using a specific polymerase chain reaction assay, we detected five additional accessions with this duplication/loss event. In summary, we found the gene duplication/loss in 8 of 100 A. thaliana accessions, namely, Bch, Bu, Bur, Cvi, Fei, Lm, Sha, and Sorbo. We sequenced an about 1-kb promoter region for all Rubisco genes as well. This analysis revealed that the gene duplication/loss event was associated with promoter alterations (two insertions of 450 and 850 bp, one deletion of 730 bp) in rbcS-2b and a promoter deletion (2.3 kb) in rbcS-2b* in all eight affected accessions. The substitution of rbcS-1b by a duplicate of rbcS-2b (i.e., rbcS-2b*) might be caused by gene conversion. All four Rubisco genes evolve under purifying selection, as expected for central genes of the highly conserved photosystem of green plants. We inferred a single positive selected site, a tyrosine to aspartic acid substitution at position 72 in rbcS-1b. Exactly the same substitution compromises carboxylase activity in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. In A. thaliana, this substitution is associated with an inferred recombination. Functional implications of the substitution remain to be evaluated. KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - Arabidopsis lyrata KW - Rubisco KW - gene duplication KW - positive selection Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msr008 SN - 0737-4038 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 1861 EP - 1876 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Wulf, Monika A1 - Rujner, Hendrik T1 - A GIS-based method for the reconstruction of the late eighteenth century forest vegetation in the Prignitz region (NE Germany) JF - Landscape ecology N2 - Our goal was to reconstruct the late eighteenth century forest vegetation of the Prignitz region (NE Germany) at a scale of 1:50,000. We also wanted to relate the historical forest vegetation to the actual and potential natural vegetation. For these purposes, we selected 15 woody species and transferred relevant data found in historical records from various sources together with the recent localities of (very) old individuals belonging to these woody species into ArcView GIS. Following multi-step data processing including the generation of a point density layer using a moving window with kernel estimation and derivation of vegetation units applying Boolean algebra rules together with information on site conditions, we derived 17 forest communities corresponding to the potential natural vegetation. We were able to reconstruct the historical forest vegetation for 90% of the forest area ca. 1780. Only two of the 17 forest communities covered large parts of the forested area. The oak forest with Agrostis capillaris covered about 44% of the total forest area, and alder forests on fenland made up about 37%. Oak-hornbeam forests with Stellaria holostea comprised slightly less than 6% of the forest area, while all other forest communities comprised less than 1%. The historical forest vegetation is more similar to the potential forest vegetation and quite different from the actual forest vegetation because coniferous tree species currently cover approximately two-thirds of the actual forest area. The most beneficial result of this study is the map of high-resolution historical vegetation units that may serve as the basis for various further studies, e.g., modelling long-term changes in biodiversity at the landscape scale. KW - Boolean algebra KW - Historical ecology KW - Kernel estimation KW - Moving window KW - Point density KW - Potential natural vegetation KW - Schmettau map KW - Toponymy KW - Vegetation map Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-010-9555-1 SN - 0921-2973 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 153 EP - 168 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arvidsson, Samuel Janne A1 - Perez-Rodriguez, Paulino A1 - Müller-Röber, Bernd T1 - A growth phenotyping pipeline for Arabidopsis thaliana integrating image analysis and rosette area modeling for robust quantification of genotype effects JF - New phytologist : international journal of plant science N2 - To gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind biomass accumulation, it is important to study plant growth behavior. Manually phenotyping large sets of plants requires important human resources and expertise and is typically not feasible for detection of weak growth phenotypes. Here, we established an automated growth phenotyping pipeline for Arabidopsis thaliana to aid researchers in comparing growth behaviors of different genotypes. The analysis pipeline includes automated image analysis of two-dimensional digital plant images and evaluation of manually annotated information of growth stages. It employs linear mixed-effects models to quantify genotype effects on total rosette area and relative leaf growth rate (RLGR) and ANOVAs to quantify effects on developmental times. Using the system, a single researcher can phenotype up to 7000 plants d(-1). Technical variance is very low (typically < 2%). We show quantitative results for the growth-impaired starch-excessmutant sex4-3 and the growth-enhancedmutant grf9. We show that recordings of environmental and developmental variables reduce noise levels in the phenotyping datasets significantly and that careful examination of predictor variables (such as d after sowing or germination) is crucial to avoid exaggerations of recorded phenotypes and thus biased conclusions. KW - development KW - growth KW - leaf area KW - modeling KW - phenotyping Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03756.x SN - 0028-646X VL - 191 IS - 3 SP - 895 EP - 907 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Tikhonenko, I. A1 - Magidson, V. A1 - Gräf, Ralph A1 - Khodjakov, A. A1 - Koonce, M. T1 - A kinesin-mediated linkage between centrosomes and the nuclear envelope T2 - Molecular biology of the cell : the official publication of the American Society for Cell Biology Y1 - 2011 SN - 1059-1524 VL - 22 IS - 1 PB - American Society for Cell Biology CY - Bethesda ER - TY - JOUR A1 - De Frenne, P. A1 - Kolb, Annette A1 - Graae, Benete Jessen A1 - Decocq, Guillaume A1 - Baltora, S. A1 - De Schrijver, A. A1 - Brunet, J. A1 - Chabrerie, Olivier A1 - Cousins, Sara A. O. A1 - Dhondt, Rob A1 - Diekmann, Martin A1 - Gruwez, R. A1 - Heinken, Thilo A1 - Hermy, Martin A1 - Liira, J. A1 - Saguez, R. A1 - Shevtsova, Anna A1 - Baskin, Carol C. A1 - Verheyen, Kris T1 - A latitudinal gradient in seed nutrients of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa JF - Plant biology N2 - The nutrient concentration in seeds determines many aspects of potential success of the sexual reproductive phase of plants, including the seed predation probability, efficiency of seed dispersal and seedling performance. Despite considerable research interest in latitudinal gradients of foliar nutrients, a similar gradient for seeds remains unexplored. We investigated a potential latitudinal gradient in seed nutrient concentrations within the widespread European understorey forest herb Anemone nemorosa L. We sampled seeds of A. nemorosa in 15 populations along a 1900-km long latitudinal gradient at three to seven seed collection dates post-anthesis and investigated the relative effects of growing degree-hours > 5 degrees C, soil characteristics and latitude on seed nutrient concentrations. Seed nitrogen, nitrogen:phosphorus ratio and calcium concentration decreased towards northern latitudes, while carbon:nitrogen ratios increased. When taking differences in growing degree-hours and measured soil characteristics into account and only considering the most mature seeds, the latitudinal decline remained particularly significant for seed nitrogen concentration. We argue that the decline in seed nitrogen concentration can be attributed to northward decreasing seed provisioning due to lower soil nitrogen availability or greater investment in clonal reproduction. This pattern may have large implications for the reproductive performance of this forest herb as the degree of seed provisioning ultimately co-determines seedling survival and reproductive success. KW - Collection date KW - latitude KW - nutrient stoichiometry KW - seed nitrogen KW - seed predation KW - seed provisioning KW - sexual reproduction KW - wood anemone Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2010.00404.x SN - 1435-8603 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 493 EP - 501 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Malden ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ebenhoeh, Oliver A1 - Houwaart, Torsten A1 - Lokstein, Heiko A1 - Schlede, Stephanie A1 - Tirok, Katrin T1 - A minimal mathematical model of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence JF - Biosystems : journal of biological and information processing sciences N2 - Under natural conditions, plants are exposed to rapidly changing light intensities. To acclimate to such fluctuations, plants have evolved adaptive mechanisms that optimally exploit available light energy and simultaneously minimise damage of the photosynthetic apparatus through excess light. An important mechanism is the dissipation of excess excitation energy as heat which can be measured as nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence (NPQ). In this paper, we present a highly simplified mathematical model that captures essential experimentally observed features of the short term adaptive quenching dynamics. We investigate the stationary and dynamic behaviour of the model and systematically analyse the dependence of characteristic system properties on key parameters such as rate constants and pool sizes. Comparing simulations with experimental data allows to derive conclusions about the validity of the simplifying assumptions and we further propose hypotheses regarding the role of the xanthophyll cycle in NPQ. We envisage that the presented theoretical description of the light reactions in conjunction with short term adaptive processes serves as a basis for the development of more detailed mechanistic models by which the molecular mechanisms of NPQ can be theoretically studied. KW - Photosynthesis KW - Light reactions KW - Nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence KW - Chlorophyll fluorescence KW - Mathematical model Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2010.10.011 SN - 0303-2647 VL - 103 IS - 2 SP - 196 EP - 204 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bog, Anja A1 - Plattner, Hasso A1 - Zeier, Alexander T1 - A mixed transaction processing and operational reporting benchmark JF - Information systems frontiers N2 - The importance of reporting is ever increasing in today's fast-paced market environments and the availability of up-to-date information for reporting has become indispensable. Current reporting systems are separated from the online transaction processing systems (OLTP) with periodic updates pushed in. A pre-defined and aggregated subset of the OLTP data, however, does not provide the flexibility, detail, and timeliness needed for today's operational reporting. As technology advances, this separation has to be re-evaluated and means to study and evaluate new trends in data storage management have to be provided. This article proposes a benchmark for combined OLTP and operational reporting, providing means to evaluate the performance of enterprise data management systems for mixed workloads of OLTP and operational reporting queries. Such systems offer up-to-date information and the flexibility of the entire data set for reporting. We describe how the benchmark provokes the conflicts that are the reason for separating the two workloads on different systems. In this article, we introduce the concepts, logical data schema, transactions and queries of the benchmark, which are entirely based on the original data sets and real workloads of existing, globally operating enterprises. KW - Benchmarking KW - Mixed workload KW - OLTP KW - Operational reporting Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-010-9283-8 SN - 1387-3326 VL - 13 IS - 3 SP - 321 EP - 335 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaupa, Alessandro A1 - Neffe, Axel T. A1 - Pierce, Benjamin F. A1 - Lendlein, Andreas A1 - Hofmann, Dieter T1 - A molecular dynamic analysis of gelatin as an amorphous material Prediction of mechanical properties of gelatin systems JF - The international journal of artificial organs N2 - Biomaterials are used in regenerative medicine for induced autoregeneration and tissue engineering. This is often challenging, however, due to difficulties in tailoring and controlling the respective material properties. Since functionalization is expected to offer better control, in this study gelatin chains were modified with physically interacting groups based on tyrosine with the aim of causing the formation of physical crosslinks. This method permits application-specific properties like swelling and better tailoring of mechanical properties. The design of the crosslink strategy was supported by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of amorphous bulk models for gelatin and functionalized gelatins at different water contents (0.8 and 25 wt.-%). The results permitted predictions to be formulated about the expected crosslink density and its influence on equilibrium swelling behavior and on elastic material properties. The models of pure gelatin were used to validate the strategy by comparison between simulated and experimental data such as density, backbone conformation angle distribution, and X-ray scattering spectra. A key result of the simulations was the prediction that increasing the number of aromatic functions attached to the gelatin chain leads to an increase in the number of physical netpoints observed in the simulated bulk packing models. By comparison with the Flory-Rehner model, this suggested reduced equilibrium swelling of the functionalized materials in water, a prediction that was subsequently confirmed by our experimental work. The reduction and control of the equilibrium degree of swelling in water is a key criterion for the applicability of functionalized gelatins when used, for example, as matrices for induced autoregeneration of tissues. KW - Physical Network KW - Biopolymer material KW - Molecular modeling KW - Gelatin Y1 - 2011 U6 - https://doi.org/10.5301/IJAO.2010.6083 SN - 0391-3988 VL - 34 IS - 2 SP - 139 EP - 151 PB - Wichtig CY - Milano ER -