TY - GEN A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin T1 - Twin Surrogates to Test for Complex Synchronisation N2 - We present an approach to generate (multivariate) twin surrogates (TS) based on recurrence properties. This technique generates surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i. e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system starting at different initial conditions. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronisation and exemplify this for the paradigmatic system of R¨ossler oscillators. The proposed test enables to assess the statistical relevance of a synchronisation analysis from passive experiments which are typical in natural systems. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 264 Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57231 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Tracking the Mind During Reading: The Influence of Past, Present, and Future Words on Fixation Durations N2 - Reading requires the orchestration of visual, attentional, language-related, and oculomotor processing constraints. This study replicates previous effects of frequency, predictability, and length of fixated words on fixation durations in natural reading and demonstrates new effects of these variables related to previous and next words. Results are based on fixation durations recorded from 222 persons, each reading 144 sentences. Such evidence for distributed processing of words across fixation durations challenges psycholinguistic immediacy-of-processing and eye-mind assumptions. Most of the time the mind processes several words in parallel at different perceptual and cognitive levels. Eye movements can help to unravel these processes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 263 KW - eye movements KW - fixation duration KW - gaze KW - word recognition KW - reading Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57225 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Synchronizing timelines: Relations between fixation durations and N400 amplitudes during sentence reading N2 - We examined relations between eye movements (single-fixation durations) and RSVP-based event-related potentials (ERPs; N400’s) recorded during reading the same sentences in two independent experiments. Longer fixation durations correlated with larger N400 amplitudes. Word frequency and predictability of the fixated word as well as the predictability of the upcoming word accounted for this covariance in a path-analytic model. Moreover, larger N400 amplitudes entailed longer fixation durations on the next word, a relation accounted for by word frequency. This pattern offers a neurophysiological correlate for the lag-word frequency effect on fixation durations: Word processing is reliably expressed not only in fixation durations on currently fixated words, but also in those on subsequently fixated words. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 262 KW - sentence reading KW - eye-movements KW - fixation durations KW - rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) KW - event-related potentials (ERP) KW - N400 KW - path analysis Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57212 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit in eye movements during reading: a parafoveal past-priming study N2 - Eye movements in reading are sensitive to foveal and parafoveal word features. Whereas the influence of orthographic or phonological parafoveal information on gaze control is undisputed, there has been no reliable evidence for early parafoveal extraction of semantic information in alphabetic script. Using a novel combination of the gaze-contingent fast-priming and boundary paradigms, we demonstrate semantic preview benefit when a semantically related parafoveal word was available during the initial 125 ms of a fixation on the pre-target word (Experiments 1 and 2). When the target location was made more salient, significant parafoveal semantic priming occurred only at 80 ms (Experiment 3). Finally, with short primes only (20, 40, 60 ms) effects were not significant but numerically in the expected direction for 40 and 60 ms (Experiment 4). In all experiments, fixation durations on the target word increased with prime durations under all conditions. The evidence for extraction of semantic information from the parafoveal word favors an explanation in terms of parallel word processing in reading. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 261 KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - parafoveal preview KW - semantic priming Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57203 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Publication Statistics Show Collaboration, Not Competition T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 258 Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57198 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Preview Benefit and Parafoveal-on-Foveal Effects from Word N+2 N2 - Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, we manipulated preview of word n+2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for first-pass reading on word n+2, replicating the results of Rayner, Juhasz, and Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the three-letter word n+1, that is, after the boundary, but before word n+2. Additionally, both word n+1 and word n+2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n+1, some information is extracted from word n+2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 257 KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effects Y1 - 2007 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57186 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Valsecchi, Matteo A1 - Dimigen, Olaf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Sommer, Werner A1 - Turatto, Massimo T1 - Microsaccadic Inhibition and P300 Enhancement in a Visual Oddball Task N2 - It has recently been demonstrated that the presentation of a rare target in a visual oddball paradigm induces a prolonged inhibition of microsaccades. In the field of electrophysiology, the amplitude of the P300 component in event-related potentials (ERP) has been shown to be sensitive to the stimulus category (target vs. non target) of the eliciting stimulus, its overall probability, and the preceding stimulus sequence. In the present study we further specify the functional underpinnings of the prolonged microsaccadic inhibition in the visual oddball task, showing that the stimulus category, the frequency of a stimulus and the preceding stimulus sequence influence microsaccade rate. Furthermore, by co-recording ERPs and eye-movements, we were able to demonstrate that, despite being largely sensitive to the same experimental manipulation, the amplitude of P300 and the microsaccadic inhibition predict each other very weakly, and thus constitute two independent measures of the brain’s response to rare targets in the visual oddball paradigm. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 256 KW - Visual Oddball Paradigm KW - Microsaccades KW - Microsaccadic Inhibition KW - ERPs KW - P300Psychophysiology KW - 46 (3) 2009 KW - S. 635-644 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57170 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fanselow, Gisbert A1 - Schlesewsky, Matthias A1 - Cavar, Damir A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Optimal parsing: syntactic parsing preferences and optimality theory T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 255 Y1 - 1999 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57164 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Boston, Marisa Ferrara A1 - Hale, John T. A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parallel processing and sentence comprehension difficulty N2 - Eye fixation durations during normal reading correlate with processing difficulty but the specific cognitive mechanisms reflected in these measures are not well understood. This study finds support in German readers’ eyefixations for two distinct difficulty metrics: surprisal, which reflects the change in probabilities across syntactic analyses as new words are integrated, and retrieval, which quantifies comprehension difficulty in terms of working memory constraints. We examine the predictions of both metrics using a family of dependency parsers indexed by an upper limit on the number of candidate syntactic analyses they retain at successive words. Surprisal models all fixation measures and regression probability. By contrast, retrieval does not model any measure in serial processing. As more candidate analyses are considered in parallel at each word, retrieval can account for the same measures as surprisal. This pattern suggests an important role for ranked parallelism in theories of sentence comprehension. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 252 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57159 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Nuthmann, Antje A1 - Richter, Eike M. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - SWIFT: A Dynamical Model of Saccade Generation during Reading N2 - Mathematical models have become an important tool for understanding the control of eye movements during reading. Main goals of the development of the SWIFT model (Engbert, Longtin, & Kliegl, 2002)were to investigate the possibility of spatially distributed processing and to implement a general mechanism for all types of eye movements we observe in reading experiments. Here, we present an advanced version of SWIFT which integrates properties of the oculomotor system and effects of word recognition to explain many of the experimental phenomena faced in reading research. We propose new procedures for the estimation of model parameters and for the test of the model’s performance. A mathematical analysis of the dynamics of the SWIFT model is presented. Finally, within this framework, we present an analysis of the transition from parallel to serial processing. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 254 Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57145 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Boston, Marisa Ferrara A1 - Hale, John A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Patil, Umesh A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Parsing costs as predictors of reading difficulty: An evaluation using the Potsdam Sentence Corpus N2 - The surprisal of a word on a probabilistic grammar constitutes a promising complexity metric for human sentence comprehension difficulty. Using two different grammar types, surprisal is shown to have an effect on fixation durations and regression probabilities in a sample of German readers’ eye movements, the Potsdam Sentence Corpus. A linear mixed-effects model was used to quantify the effect of surprisal while taking into account unigram and bigram frequency, word length, and empirically-derived word predictability; the so-called “early” and “late” measures of processing difficulty both showed an effect of surprisal. Surprisal is also shown to have a small but statistically non-significant effect on empirically-derived predictability itself. This work thus demonstrates the importance of including parsing costs as a predictor of comprehension difficulty in models of reading, and suggests that a simple identification of syntactic parsing costs with early measures and late measures with durations of post-syntactic events may be difficult to uphold. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 253 Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57139 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Angele, Bernhard A1 - Slattery, Timothy J. A1 - Yang, Jinmian A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rayner, Keith T1 - Parafoveal processing in reading: Manipulating n+1 and n+2 previews simultaneously N2 - The boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975) with a novel preview manipulation was used to examine the extent of parafoveal processing of words to the right of fixation. Words n+1 and n+2 had either correct or incorrect previews prior to fixation (prior to crossing the boundary location). In addition, the manipulation utilized either a high or low frequency word in word n+1 location on the assumption that it would be more likely that n+2 preview effects could be obtained when word n+1 was high frequency. The primary findings were that there was no evidence for a preview benefit for word n+2 and no evidence for parafoveal-on-foveal effects when word n+1 is at least four letters long. We discuss implications for models of eye-movement control in reading. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 251 Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57128 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Ming, Yan A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Shu, Hua A1 - Pan, Jinger A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Parafoveal Load of Word N+1 Modulates Preprocessing Effectivenessof Word N+2 in Chinese Reading N2 - Preview benefits (PBs) from two words to the right of the fixated one (i.e., word N+2)and associated parafoveal-on-foveal effects are critical for proposals of distributed lexical processing during reading. This experiment examined parafoveal processing during reading of Chinese sentences, using a boundary manipulation of N+2-word preview with low- and high-frequency words N+1. The main findings were (a) an identity PB for word N+2 that was (b) primarily observed when word N+1 was of high frequency (i.e., an interaction between frequency of word N+1 and PB for word N+2), and (c) a parafoveal-on-foveal frequency effect of word N+1 for fixation durations on word N. We discuss implications for theories of serial attention shifts and parallel distributed processing of words during reading. T2 - Ming Yan; Reinhold Kliegl; Hua Shu; Jinger Pan; Xiaolin Zhou T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 250 Y1 - 2010 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57103 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Microsaccadic Modulation of Response Times in Spatial Attention Tasks N2 - Covert shifts of attention are usually reflected in RT differences between responses to valid and invalid cues in the Posner spatial attention task. Such inferences about covert shifts of attention do not control for microsaccades in the cue target interval. We analyzed the effects of microsaccade orientation on RTs in four conditions, crossing peripheral visual and auditory cues with peripheral visual and auditory discrimination targets. Reaction time was generally faster on trials without microsaccades in the cue-target interval. If microsaccades occurred, the target-location congruency of the last microsaccade in the cuetarget interval interacted in a complex way with cue validity. For valid visual cues, irrespective of whether the discrimination target was visual or auditory, target-congruent microsaccades delayed RT. For invalid cues, target-incongruent microsaccades facilitated RTs for visual target discrimination, but delayed RT for auditory target discrimination. No reliable effects on RT were associated with auditory cues or with the first microsaccade in the cue-target interval. We discuss theoretical implications on the relation about spatial attention and oculomotor processes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 249 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57098 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Microsaccade orientation supports attentional enhancement opposite to a peripheral cue: Commentary on Tse, Sheinberg, and Logothetis T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 248 Y1 - 2004 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57081 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Masson, Michael E. J. A1 - Richter, Eike M. T1 - A linear mixed model analysis of masked repetition priming N2 - We examined individual differences in masked repetition priming by re-analyzing item-level response-time (RT) data from three experiments. Using a linear mixed model (LMM) with subjects and items specified as crossed random factors, the originally reported priming and word-frequency effects were recovered. In the same LMM, we estimated parameters describing the distributions of these effects across subjects. Subjects’ frequency and priming effects correlated positively with each other and negatively with mean RT. These correlation estimates, however, emerged only with a reciprocal transformation of RT (i.e., -1/RT), justified on the basis of distributional analyses. Different correlations, some with opposite sign, were obtained (1) for untransformed or logarithmic RTs or (2) when correlations were computed using within-subject analyses. We discuss the relevance of the new results for accounts of masked priming, implications of applying RT transformations, and the use of LMMs as a tool for the joint analysis of experimental effects and associated individual differences. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 247 Y1 - 2009 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57073 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Philipp, Doris A1 - Luckner, Matthias A1 - Krampe, Ralf T. T1 - Face Memory Skill Acquisition T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 246 Y1 - 2001 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57067 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Fiedler, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Mausfeld, Rainer A1 - Mummendey, Amélie A1 - Prinz, Wolfgang T1 - Psychologie im 21. Jahrhundert: Führende deutsche Psychologen über Lage und Zukunft ihres Fachs und die Rolle der psychologischen Grundlagenforschung T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 245 Y1 - 2005 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57051 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bates, Douglas T1 - International Collaboration in Psychology is on the Rise N2 - There has been a substantial increase in the percentage for publications with co-authors located in departments from different countries in 12 major journals of psychology. The results are evidence for a remarkable internationalization of psychological research, starting in the mid 1970s and increasing in rate at the beginning of the 1990s. This growth occurs against a constant number of articles with authors from the same country; it is not due to a concomitant increase in the number of co-authors per article. Thus, international collaboration in psychology is obviously on the rise. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 244 Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57045 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Bohn, Christiane A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Zur Interaktion von Verarbeitungstiefe und dem Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt beim Lesen von Sätzen T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 243 Y1 - 2008 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57036 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Shortening and Prolongation of Saccade Latencies Following Microsaccades N2 - When the eyes fixate at a point in a visual scene, small saccades rapidly shift the image on the retina. The effect of these microsaccades on the latency of subsequent large-scale saccades may be twofold. First, microsaccades are associated with an enhancement of visual perception. Their occurrence during saccade target perception should, thus, decrease saccade latencies. On the other hand, microsaccades likely indicate activity in fixation-related oculomotor neurons. These represent competitors to saccade-related cells in the interplay of gaze holding and shifting. Consequently, an increase in saccade latencies after microsaccades would be expected. Here, we present evidence for both aspects of microsaccadic impact on saccade latency. In a delayed response task, participants made saccades to visible or memorized targets. First, microsaccade occurrence up to 50 ms before target disappearance correlated with 18 ms (or 8%) faster saccades to memorized targets. Second, if microsaccades occurred shortly (i.e., < 150 ms) before a saccade was required, saccadic reaction times in visual and memory trials were increased by about 40 ms (or 16%). Hence, microsaccades can have opposite consequences for saccade latencies, pointing at a differential role of these fixational eye movements in preparation of motor programs. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 242 KW - Fixational eye movements KW - Memory-guided saccades KW - Visually-guided saccades Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57012 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age differences in the perceptual span during reading N2 - Following up on research suggesting an age-related reduction in the rightward extent of the perceptual span during reading (Rayner, Castelhano, & Yang, 2009), we compared old and young adults in an N+2-boundary paradigm in which a nonword preview of word N+2 or word N+2 itself is replaced by the target word once the eyes cross an invisible boundary located after word N. The intermediate word N+1 was always three letters long. Gaze durations on word N+2 were significantly shorter for identical than nonword N+2 preview both for young and for old adults with no significant difference in this preview benefit. Young adults, however, did modulate their gaze duration on word N more strongly than old adults in response to the difficulty of the parafoveal word N+1. Taken together, the results suggest a dissociation of preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effect. Results are discussed in terms of age-related decline in resilience towards distributed processing while simultaneously preserving the ability to integrate parafoveal information into foveal processing. As such, the present results relate to proposals of regulatory compensation strategies older adults use to secure an overall reading speed very similar to that of young adults. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 241 KW - age differences KW - perceptual span KW - N+2-boundary paradigm KW - preview benefit KW - parafoveal-on-foveal effect KW - compensation strategies Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56935 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - How tight is the link between lexical processing and saccade programs? N2 - We question the assumption of serial attention shifts and the assumption that saccade programs are initiated or canceled only after stage one of word identification. Evidence: (1) Fixation durations prior to skipped words are not consistently higher compared to those prior to nonskipped words. (2) Attentional modulation of microsaccade rate might occur after early visual processing. Saccades are probably triggered by attentional selection. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 239 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56919 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thiel, Marco A1 - Romano, Maria Carmen A1 - Kurths, Jürgen A1 - Rolfs, Martin A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Generating Surrogates from Recurrences N2 - In this paper we present an approach to recover the dynamics from recurrences of a system and then generate (multivariate) twin surrogate (TS) trajectories. In contrast to other approaches, such as the linear-like surrogates, this technique produces surrogates which correspond to an independent copy of the underlying system, i. e. they induce a trajectory of the underlying system visiting the attractor in a different way. We show that these surrogates are well suited to test for complex synchronization, which makes it possible to systematically assess the reliability of synchronization analyses. We then apply the TS to study binocular fixational movements and find strong indications that the fixational movements of the left and right eye are phase synchronized. This result indicates that there might be one centre only in the brain that produces the fixational movements in both eyes or a close link between two centres. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 238 KW - Æ Recurrence Plots KW - Surrogate Data KW - Hypothesis Test KW - Phase Synchronization Y1 - 2006 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56906 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The game of word skipping: Who are the competitors? N2 - Computational models such as E-Z Reader and SWIFT are ideal theoretical tools to test quantitatively our current understanding of eye-movement control in reading. Here we present a mathematical analysis of word skipping in the E-Z Reader model by semianalytic methods, to highlight the differences in current modeling approaches. In E-Z Reader, the word identification system must outperform the oculomotor system to induce word skipping. In SWIFT, there is competition among words to be selected as a saccade target. We conclude that it is the question of competitors in the “game” of word skipping that must be solved in eye movement research. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 237 Y1 - 2003 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56899 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Wei, Ping A1 - Dambacher, Michael A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Zhou, Xiaolin T1 - Experimental effects and individual differences in linear mixed models: Estimating the relationship between spatial, object, and attraction effects in visual attention N2 - Linear mixed models (LMMs) provide a still underused methodological perspective on combining experimental and individual-differences research. Here we illustrate this approach with two-rectangle cueing in visual attention (Egly et al., 1994). We replicated previous experimental cue-validity effects relating to a spatial shift of attention within an object (spatial effect), to attention switch between objects (object effect), and to the attraction of attention toward the display centroid (attraction effect), also taking into account the design-inherent imbalance of valid and other trials. We simultaneously estimated variance/covariance components of subject-related random effects for these spatial, object, and attraction effects in addition to their mean reaction times (RTs). The spatial effect showed a strong positive correlation with mean RT and a strong negative correlation with the attraction effect. The analysis of individual differences suggests that slow subjects engage attention more strongly at the cued location than fast subjects. We compare this joint LMM analysis of experimental effects and associated subject-related variances and correlations with two frequently used alternative statistical procedures T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 236 KW - linear mixed model KW - individual differences KW - visual attention KW - spatial attention KW - object-based attention Y1 - 2011 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-56859 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Zur Renaissance des idiographischen Ansatzes in der Persönlichkeitsforschung : eine Zwischenbilanz T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 191 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45607 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Wissenschaftliche Forschungspraxis und alltagspsychologische Wirklichkeit BT - ein Beitrag zur attributionstheoretischen Methodendiskussion N2 - Ausgehend von einer Kritik der vorherrschenden attributionstheoretischen Forschungspraxis werden drei methodologische Probleme der Erfassung von Kausalattributionen als laienpsychologische Erklärungskonzepte diskutiert: — Die Angemessenheit experimenteller Methoden zur Aktualisierung der motivationalen Voraussetzungen von Attributionsprozessen — Die Untersuchung der personalen und situativen Auslösebedingungen von Kausalinterpretationen — Die Erfassung und Systematisierung der Inhaltskategorien, die zur Kausalerklärung sozialer Ereignisse herangezogen werden. Auf der Basis weniger bisher vorliegender Untersuchungen werden theoretische und empirische Lösungsansätze zusammengetragen, die zu einer methodologischen Neuorientierung der Attributionsforschung im Sinne einer stärkeren Annäherung an die alltagspsychologische Erfahrungswelt führen können. N2 - Starting from a critical evaluation of current attributional methods, three methodological problems are discussed, concerning the analysis of causal attributions as lay people's ordinary explanations: — The adequacy of experimental methods for creating the motivational basis of attributional search — The exploration of necessary and sufficient conditions for instigating attribution processes — The systematic analysis of causal categories and causal distinctions used by naive psychologists to explain social events. On the basis of the scarce evidence available, theoretical and empirical starting points are suggested for a re-orientation of attributional methodology in terms of a closer approximation of scientific research to lay people's reality. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 186 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44157 SP - 180 EP - 193 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Der "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung : theoretische Grundlagen und empirische Befunde N2 - Inhalt: 1. Zur Konzeptualisierung des bias in der Attributionstheorie 2. Self-serving bias-Hypothese und informationstheoretische Alternativerklärung:Theoretische Kontroverse und empirische Befunde - Selbstwertbezogene Attributionen eigener Handlungsergebnisse - Kausalattributionen von Erfolg und Mißerfolg bei Wettbewerb und Kooperation - Kausalattributionen für Erfolg und Mißerfolg aus der Beobachterperspektive - Kontradefensive Attributionen und Selbstdarstellungsbedürfnisse - Zum Stand der Kognitions-Motivations-Debatte im Lichte der neueren Ergebnisse 3. Ansätze zum Abbau des gegenwärtigen Theoriedefizits der self-serving bias-Forschung N2 - It is proposed that the introduction of the concept of self-serving bias marks a shift in the predominantly cognitive orientation of attribution theory towards greater attention to motivational variables. The "fact or fiction" controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under three aspects: 1) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference. 2) The more recent empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in Information processing. 3) The need for a theoretical specification of the motivational concepts inherent in the self-serving bias hypothesis such as self-esteem relevance, ego-enhancement, and egodefense and the functional properties of attributional differences as a function of success and failure. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational Standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 185 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-44220 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Six, Bernd A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Defensiv-externe Kontrollüberzeugungen bei der Attribution von Leistungs- und Sozialverhalten N2 - The traditional dichotomy of internal vs. external locus of control is substituted by the more recent distinction between internals, congruent externals, and defensive externals. While internals and congruent externals are predicted to make causal attributions of other persons' performance in accordance with their locus of control irrespective of the nature of the outcome (success vs. failure in achievement situations, positive vs. negative experience in social contacts), defensive externals are expected to vary their causal attributions as a function of outcome. Personal relevance attached to achievement and social contact is included as an additional variable. The presumed correspondence between locus of control and causal attribution - as derived from the conceptualization of locus of control as a personality variable - is not confirmed by our data. The differences expected between the three groups are demonstrated only for achievement-related items. Personal relevance does not significantly modify the relationship between locus of control and causal attribution. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 184 Y1 - 1980 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45292 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Zum Stand der Diskussion um den "self-serving bias" in der Attributionsforschung N2 - The 'fact or fiction1 controversy about self-serving attributional biases is discussed under two aspects: a) The lack of a clear conceptual definition of "bias" referring to cognitive models of causal attribution which specify unbiased, rational modes of causal inference; b) The empirical evidence with regard to the decision whether attributional distortions are due to self-protective and self-enhancing motives rather than errors and biases in information processing. It is concluded that progress in self-serving bias research is conditional upon a theoretical clarification and operational definition of self-serving biases explicitly derived from a rational standard of causal inference and based on a motivational analysis of the functions of causal attributions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 183 Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-45286 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Plasticite et stimulation de l'intelligence et de la memoire chez les personnes agees T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 174 Y1 - 1988 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19951 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Ein Beitrag zur Binnenstruktur des Freundschaftsverständnisses T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 173 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-19929 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Smith, Jacqui A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Krampe, Ralf A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung Berlin T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 172 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41124 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - On the dynamics between growth and decline in the aging of intelligence and memory N2 - Content: - Different Intellectual Abilities Age Differently - Cultural Change and Interindividual Variability in Aging - Cognitive Intervention Research on Plasticity in Old Age * Psychological Evidence * Brain-Physiological Evidence - Age Differences and Testing-the-Limits - Conclusions - Summary T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 171 Y1 - 1986 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41116 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Volbrecht, Vicki J. A1 - Werner, John S. T1 - Influences of variation in lenticular and macular pigmentation on dichromatic neutral points N2 - Protanopie, deuteranopic and tritanopic neutral points were computed by determining the wavelength of light that produced the same quantal-catch ratio in the photopigments as that produced by a broad-band light of specified color temperature (range: 2 800—6 600 K). The Vos-Walraven primaries were used as photopigment absorption spectra that were screened by varying densities of ocular (0.5—2.5 at 400 nm) and macular (0.0—1.0 at 460 nm) pigmentation. The computations were carried out in 1 nm steps for the wavelength range of 380 to 720 nm. Most of the empirically determined mean, neutral-point loci in the literature were predicted from these computations to within 1—2nm when average ocular and macular pigment densities were used. The neutral-point range associated with the extreme values of the prereceptoral screening pigments was up to 25 nm for protanopes and deuteranopes and up to 13 nm for tritanopes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 170 Y1 - 1984 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41101 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Das Janusgesicht des Alters : über Wachstum und Abbau in Intelligenz und Gedächtnis N2 - Vier Forschungsansätze im Bereich der Altersintelligenz und des Altersgedächtnisses werden referiert: Untersuchungen (1) Uber unterschiedliche Altersverläufe intellektueller und kognitiver Prozesse, (2) über interindividuelle Variabilität und historischen Wandel, (3) über Plastizität und Reservekapazität und (4) über Leistungsgrenzen. Das Wesen der Altersintelligenz erschöpft sich nicht in einem Prozeß des Leistungsabfalls. Vielmehr treten sowohl Wachstum als auch Abbau und komplexe Wechselwirkungen zwischen beidem auf. Altersbedingter Abbau zeigt sich am ehesten an den Leistungsgrenzen der Grundmechanismen der Intelligenz. Wachstum kann in jenen Bereichen stattfinden, in denen Menschen Wissenssysteme weiterentwickeln und üben (Pragmatik der Intelligenz). Die Methode des Belastungstests (Testing-the-Limits oder Grenztesten) wird als eine Strategie vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Mechanismen positiver und negativer Veränderungen beim kognitiven Altern bestimmt werden können. Die Anwendung des kognitiven Belastungstests wird für die neuropsychologische Forschung, beispielsweise für Untersuchungen über die Altersdemenz, empfohlen. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 169 Y1 - 1987 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41096 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Simon, Tony A1 - Cabrera, Angel A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - A new approach to the study of subitizing as distinct enumeration processing N2 - This paper presents a new methodology for examining the phenomenon of subitizing. Subjects were presented with a standard numerosity-detection task but for a range of presentation times to allow Task-Accuracy Functions to be computed for individual subjects. The data appear to show a continuous change in processing for numerosities from 2 to 5 when the data are aggregated across subjects. At the level of individual subjects, there appear to be qualitative shifts in enumeration processing after 3 or 4 objects. The approach used in this experiment may be used to test the claim that subitizing is a distinct enumeration process that can be used for small numbers of objects. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 168 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41083 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Olson, Richard K. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Davidson, Brian J. T1 - Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements N2 - Dyslexic and normal readers' eye movements were compared while tracking a moving fixation point and in reading. Contrary to previous reports, the dyslexic and normal readers did not differ in their number of saccades, percentage of regressions, or stability of fixations in the tracking task. Thus, defective oculomotor control was not associated with or a causal factor in dyslexia, and the dyslexics' abnormal eye movements in reading must be related to differences in higher cognitive processes. However, individual differences in oculmotor efficiency, independent of reading ability, were found within both the dyslexic and normal groups, and these differences were correlated in reading and tracking tasks. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 167 Y1 - 1983 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-41071 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Krampe, Ralf T1 - Time-accuracy functions for determining process and person differences : an application to cognitive aging N2 - A paradigm for the determination of time-accuracy functions (TAFs) for individual participants is introduced for two pairs of tasks differing in cognitive complexity, that is, word scanning vs cued recognition and figural scanning vs figural reasoning. TAFs can be used to test dissociations of cognitive processes beyond scale-related ambiguities of ordinal interactions. The approach is applied to examine the cognitive-aging hypothesis that a single slowing factor can account for interactions between adult age and cognitive task complexity. Twenty young and 20 old adults participated in 17 sessions. Presentation times required for 75, 87.5, and 100% accuracies were determined for each task with a variant of the psychophysical method of limits. Accuracy was fit by negatively accelerated functions of presentation time. State-trace analyses showed that different slowing factors are required for high- and low-complexity tasks. Relations to speed-accuracy and performance-resource functions are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 166 Y1 - 1994 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-17101 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - From presentation time to processing time : a psychopchysics approach to episodic memory N2 - Manipulations of presentation time have a long history in research on the development of memory, with a number of paradoxical results deriving from methodological shortcomings as well as from insufficient theoretical specifications. After a look at some of the problems in earlier research, a psychophysics approach to investigate episodic memory functions is presented in which criterion-referenced manipulation of presentation time is used to estimate the effects of experimental manipulations and the effects of individual differences. Criterion'referenced presentation time (CRPT), defined as the time required to score at an a priori specified level of accuracy, is interpreted as a preliminary indicator of internal processing time. CRPTs are shown to be valid predictors of traditional measures of memory accuracy. Moreover, an extension of this psychophysics approach yields estimates of complete condition-specific timeaccuracy functions and of function-specific processing times (plus other parameters) for individual subjects. It is argued that both from a cognitive and a developmental perspective it is often advantageous to trade experimental equivalence in presentation times for functional equivalence in accuracy of performance; this applies not only to episodic memory processes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 165 Y1 - 1995 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40438 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Krampe, R. T. T1 - Process dissociations in cognitive aging N2 - One undisputed finding of cognitive aging research is that the two main clusters of intellectual abilities, fluid and crystallized abilities, exhibit differential age-related trends. Healthy older adults perform less well than young adults on almost any task that requires fast responses or taps the fluid or mechanical aspects of intelligence; they show much less of a decline, if any at all, in tasks requiring the access of their crystallized knowledge (Baltes, 1987; Horn, 1970). These age-differential trends are the prototype of what we will refer to as a process dissociation. We will show how process dissociations can be established within the domain of fluid intelligence that pass more stringent tests than is customary in experimental research on cognitive aging. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 164 Y1 - 1995 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40428 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Sequential and coordinative complexity : age-based processing limitations in figural transformations N2 - Dimensions of cognitive complexity in figural transformations were examined in the context of adult age differences. Sequential complexity was manipulated through figural transformations of single objects in a multiple-object array. Coordinative complexity was induced through spatial or nonspatial transformations of the entire array. Results confirmed the prediction that age-related slowing is larger in coordinative complexity than in sequential complexity conditions. The effect was stable across 8 sessions (Experiment 1), was obtained when age groups were equated in accuracy with criterion-referenced testing (Experiment 2), and was corroborated by age-differential probabilities of error types (Experiments 1 and 2). A model is proposed attributing age effects under coordinative complexity to 2 factors: (a) basic-level slowing and (b) time-consuming reiterations through the processing sequence due to age-related working memory failures. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 163 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40416 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Mayr, Ulrich A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Speed and intelligence in old age N2 - Past research suggests that age differences in measures of cognitive speed contribute to differences in intellectual functioning between young and old adults. To investigate whether speed also predicts age-related differences in intellectual performance beyond age 70 years, tests indicating 5 intellectual abilities—speed, reasoning, memory, knowledge, and fluency—were administered to a close-to-representative, age-stratified sample of old and very old adults. Age trends of all 5 abilities were well described by a negative linear function. The speed-mediated effect of age fully explained the relationship between age and both the common and the specific variance of the other 4 abilities. Results offer strong support for the speed hypothesis of old age cognitive decline but need to be qualified by further research on the reasons underlying age differences in measures of speed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 162 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40402 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman T1 - Modeling intrusions and correct recall in episodic memory : adult age differences in encoding of list context N2 - A model for correct recall and intrusions in cued recall of word lists is introduced. Intrusions are false responses that were correct in an earlier list. The model assumes 3 exclusive states for memory traces after encoding: with a list tag (i.e., with information about list origin), without list tags, and missing. Across lists, a trace can lose its list tag or its content. For retrieval, an optimal strategy of response selection was assumed. Younger and older laboratory-trained mnemonists participated in 2 experiments in which recall of permutations of a single word list across a single set of cues was held constant with individually adjusted presentation times. With correct recall equated to younger adults, older adults were more susceptible to intrusions. Age differences were restricted to model parameters estimating the probability of generation of list tags. Alternative accounts of age differences in context memory are discussed. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 161 Y1 - 1993 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40397 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Lindenberger, Ulman A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Bates, Paul B. T1 - Professional expertise does not eliminate age differences in imagery-based memory performance during adulthood N2 - Using a testing-the-limits paradigm, the authors investigated the modulation (attenuation) o f negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory performance as a function of professional expertise. Six older graphic designers, 6 normal older adults, 6 younger graphic design students, and 6 normal younger students participated in a 19-session program with a cued-recall variant of the Method of Loci. Older graphic designers attained higher levels o f mnemonic performance than normal older adults but were not able to reach younger adults' level of performance; a perfect separation of age groups was achieved. Spatial visualization was a good predictor of mnemonic performance. Results suggest that negative adult age differences in imagery-based memory are attenuated but not eliminated by the advantages associated with criterion-relevant ability (talent) and experience. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 160 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40384 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Baltes, Paul B. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Further testing of limits of cognitive plasticity : negative age differences in a mnemonic skill are robust N2 - Earlier testing-the-limits research on age differences in cognitive plasticity of a memory skill was extended by 18 additional assessment and training sessions to explore whether older adults were able to catch up with additional practice and improved training conditions. The focus was on the method of loci, which requires mental imagination to encode and retrieve lists of words from memory in serial order. Of the original 37 subjects, 35 (16 young, ranging from 20 to 30 years of age, and 19 older adults, ranging from 66 to 80 years of age) participated in the follow-up study. Older adults showed sizable performance deficits when compared with young adults and tested for limits of reserve capacity. The negative age difference was substantial, resistant to extensive practice, and applied to all subjects studied. The primary origin for this negative age difference may be a loss in the production and use of mental imagination for operations of the mind. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 159 Y1 - 1992 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40373 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Testing-the-Limits kognitiver Entwicklungskapazität in einer Gedächtnisleistung N2 - Bisherige Ergebnisse der kognitiven Altersforschung erlauben keine Schlußfolgerung darüber, ob die Größe und Robustheit der Altersverluste in kognitiven Basisprozessen irreversibel sind und folglich als Indikatoren neurobiologischer Grenzen des alternden Organismus interpretiert werden können: Durch die Forschungsstrategie des Testing-the-Limits wurden im Zusammenhang mit einer kognitiven Intervention zuverlässige Ergebnisse bezüglich alterskorrelierter Grenzen kognitiver Entwicklungskapazität erwartet. Gesunde ältere und junge Erwachsene nahmen an 38 über ein Jahr verteilten experimentellen Sitzungen teil, in denen sie in einer Gedächtnistechnik, der Methode der Orte, trainiert und wiederholt getestest wurden. Die Kriteriumsaufgabe war das Behalten langer Wortlisten auf der Grundlage der Erzeugung phantasievoller Gedankenbilder. Obwohl ältere Erwachsene in der Lage waren, die Gedächtnistechnik zu erwerben, zeigte sich unter Testing-the-Limits- Bedingungen eine nahezu vollständige Entzerrung der Leistungsverteilungen junger und älterer Erwachsener, die auch durch langfristiges Training nicht abgebaut wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf (1) die Bedeutung spezifischer kognitiver Basisprozesse, (2) Kohorten- bvs. biologische Alterseffekte und (3) mögliche Ausnahmen vom Altersabbau diskutiert. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 158 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40362 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Dittmann-Kohli, Freya A1 - Lachmann, Margie E. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Baltes, Paul B. T1 - Effects of cognitive training and testing on intellectual efficacy beliefs in elderly adults N2 - Elderly adults (N = 116; average age = 73 years) were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups varying in the amount of training and testing on fluid intelligence tests. They were compared before and after treatment on self-efficacy and utility beliefs for intelligence tests and everyday competence. Although both ability training and extended retest practice resulted in significant gains in objective test performance (Baltes, Kliegl, & Dittmann-Kohli, 1988), only ability training resulted in positive changes in self-efficacy. However, these changes were restricted to testrelated self-efficacy. Training had no impact on perceived utility or on everyday self-efficacy beliefs. Implications of the results are discussed with regard to interventions to increase intellectual self-efficacy in elderly persons. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 157 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40351 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Thompson, Laura A. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Adult age effects of plausibility on memory : the role of time constraints during encoding N2 - We investigated the role of training-induced knowledge Schemas and encoding time on adult age differences in recall. High-plausible (schema coherent) words were recalled better than lowplausible (schema discrepant) words in both age groups. This difference was larger for old-adults than for young adults for presentation times ranging from 3 s to 11 s per word. After equating participants in overall recall (i.e., at 50% correct) by dynamic adjustment of presentation time, old adults again showed a stronger plausibility effect than young adults when recall was above criterion. In a second experiment with self-paced encoding, old adults used more time than young adults only for low-plausible pairs, yet they still remembered fewer of them. In a third experiment, both age groups preferred to imagine high- rather than low-plausible words, but this effect was more pronounced in old adults. The results indicate that, compared with young adults, old adults find it particularly difficult to form elaborative mental images of schema-discrepant information under a wide variety of time constraints during encoding. Results are discussed in relation to explanations based on age-related mental slowing. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - paper 156 Y1 - 1991 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-40347 ER -