TY  - JOUR
A1  - Scianna, Bastian Matteo
T1  - A prelude to total war?
BT  - the Abyssinian War (1935-36) in the Eyes of Foreign Military Observers
JF  - International Journal of Military History and Historiography
N2  - The conflict between Italy and Ethiopia in 1935–36 has been framed as a prelude to the Second World War and as a watershed towards ‘Total War’. One perspective has so far been neglected: the assessments of foreign military observers. This article examines American, British, German, and Austrian views on the operations and thereby also analyses the mindset of European officers at the time. The core argument emerging from these reports is that the war was perceived as a rather ‘normal’ colonial conflict. Neither the use of gas, nor the employment of aircraft against civilians was seen as a taboo or created significant outrage among the military observers. Instead, they lauded the Italians’ steady logistical efforts and employment of artillery and airpower to overcome nature and the enemy’s resistance.
KW  - Italy
KW  - Ethiopia
KW  - Abyssinian War
KW  - Fascism
KW  - Military Attaches
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1163/24683302-03801001
SN  - 2468-3299
SN  - 2468-3302
VL  - 38
IS  - 1
SP  - 5
EP  - 33
PB  - Brill
CY  - Leiden
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Haile, Mekbib Gebretsadik
A1  - Kalkuhl, Matthias
A1  - Algieri, Bernardina
A1  - Gebreselassie, Samuel
T1  - Price shock transmission
BT  - evidence from the wheat-bread market value chain in Ethiopia
JF  - Agricultural economics
N2  - This study assesses the degree of vertical price transmission along the wheat-bread value chain in Ethiopia. This is pursued by applying a vector error correction model and an impulse response analysis using monthly price data for the period 2000-2015. Our analysis considers transmission of price shocks across different market levels, including from the international and domestic wheat grain markets at the upstream to the domestic wheat bread market at the downstream of the value chain. The empirical findings indicate that significant cointegration exists across prices of the different market stages. There is a transmission from international prices to domestic prices at downstream markets, in particular to flour and bread prices. Prices at upstream markets are largely influenced by the domestic wholesale market. In general, the speed of adjustment is quite slow with a half-life of about one year for restoring the equilibrium price relationship. As price margins between the different market stages in the value chain have substantially decreased in the last 15 years, higher transmission, and thus exposure to international market shocks, can be expected in the future. The results also show that causal relationships exist between prices at different market stageswith the wholesale market identified as the key market level where prices and price expectations are formed.
KW  - Q02
KW  - Q11
KW  - Q13
KW  - L11
KW  - M31
KW  - Value chain
KW  - Price transmission
KW  - Impulse response
KW  - Wheat
KW  - Ethiopia
Y1  - 2017
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1111/agec.12373
SN  - 0169-5150
SN  - 1574-0862
VL  - 48
IS  - 6
SP  - 769
EP  - 780
PB  - Wiley
CY  - Hoboken
ER  -