TY - JOUR A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play JF - Societies N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/soc3040445 SN - 2075-4698 VL - 3 IS - 4 SP - 445 EP - 456 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Charging neutral cues with aggressive meaning through violent video game play T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - When playing violent video games, aggressive actions are performed against the background of an originally neutral environment, and associations are formed between cues related to violence and contextual features. This experiment examined the hypothesis that neutral contextual features of a virtual environment become associated with aggressive meaning and acquire the function of primes for aggressive cognitions. Seventy-six participants were assigned to one of two violent video game conditions that varied in context (ship vs. city environment) or a control condition. Afterwards, they completed a Lexical Decision Task to measure the accessibility of aggressive cognitions in which they were primed either with ship-related or city-related words. As predicted, participants who had played the violent game in the ship environment had shorter reaction times for aggressive words following the ship primes than the city primes, whereas participants in the city condition responded faster to the aggressive words following the city primes compared to the ship primes. No parallel effect was observed for the non-aggressive targets. The findings indicate that the associations between violent and neutral cognitions learned during violent game play facilitate the accessibility of aggressive cognitions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 678 KW - media violence KW - aggressive cognitions KW - associative networks KW - learning Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-476181 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 678 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Helfert, Susanne A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - The face of appearance-related social pressure BT - gender, age and body mass variations in peer and parental pressure during adolescence N2 - Background Appearance-related social pressure plays an important role in the development of a negative body image and self-esteem as well as severe mental disorders during adolescence (e.g. eating disorders, depression). Identifying who is particularly affected by social pressure can improve targeted prevention and intervention, but findings have either been lacking or controversial. Thus the aim of this study is to provide a detailed picture of gender, weight, and age-related variations in the perception of appearance-related social pressure by peers and parents. Methods 1112 German students between grades 7 and 9 (mean age: M = 13.38, SD = .81) filled in the Appearance-Related Social Pressure Questionnaire (German: FASD), which considers different sources (peers, parents) as well as various kinds of social pressure (e.g. teasing, modeling, encouragement). Results Girls were more affected by peer pressure, while gender differences in parental pressure seemed negligible. Main effects of grade-level suggested a particular increase in indirect peer pressure (e.g. appearance-related school and class norms) from early to middle adolescence. Boys and girls with higher BMI were particularly affected by peer teasing and exclusion as well as by parental encouragement to control weight and shape. Conclusion The results suggest that preventive efforts targeting body concerns and disordered eating should bring up the topic of appearance pressure in a school-based context and should strengthen those adolescents who are particularly at risk - in our study, girls and adolescents with higher weight status. Early adolescence and school transition appear to be crucial periods for these efforts. Moreover, the comprehensive assessment of appearance-related social pressure appears to be a fruitful way to further explore social risk-factors in the development of a negative body image. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 357 KW - peer pressure KW - parental pressure KW - adolescence KW - gender KW - age KW - BMI Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401155 ER - TY - INPR A1 - Caligiore, Daniele A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Vision, action and language unified through embodiment T2 - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-012-0417-0 SN - 0340-0727 VL - 77 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 6 PB - Springer CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schnabel, Konrad A1 - Asendorpf, Jens B. T1 - Free associations as a measure of stable implicit attitudes JF - European journal of personality N2 - Two studies explored the psychometric properties of free association methods for the assessment of attitudes. Even though the stability of the actual associations was rather low, psychometric properties of the valence estimates of the free associations were highly satisfactory. Valence estimates of associations were provided by independent judges who rated the valence of the associations that were generated by participants. Valence estimates of the associations showed satisfactory internal consistencies and retest reliabilities over three weeks. Additionally, valence estimates of the associations were significantly and independently related to both explicit self-reported attitudes and implicit attitudes that were assessed with an OssiWessi Implicit Association Test. Free association methods represent a useful complement to the family of implicit measures and are especially suitable for the assessment of non-relative attitudes towards single attitude objects. KW - free associations KW - automatic associations KW - automatic attitudes KW - social cognition KW - implicit measures Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1890 SN - 0890-2070 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 39 EP - 50 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Jeschonek, Susanna A1 - Pauen, Sabina T1 - Event-related potentials for 7-month-olds' processing of animals and furniture items JF - Developmental cognitive neuroscience : a journal for cognitive, affective and social developmental neuroscience N2 - Event-related potentials (ERPs) to single visual stimuli were recorded in 7-month-old infants. In a three-stimulus oddball paradigm, infants watched one frequently occurring standard stimulus (either an animal or a furniture item) and two infrequently occurring oddball stimuli, presenting one exemplar from the same and one from the different super-ordinate category as compared to the standard stimulus. Additionally, visual attributes of the stimuli were controlled to investigate whether infants focus on category membership or on perceptual similarity when processing the stimuli. Infant ERPs indicated encoding of the standard stimulus and discriminating it from the two oddball stimuli by larger Nc peak amplitude and late-slow-wave activity for the infrequent stimuli. Moreover, larger Nc latency and positive-slow-wave activity indicated increased processing for the different-category as compared to the same-category oddball. Thus, 7-month-olds seem to encode single stimuli not only by surface perceptual features, but they also regard information of category membership, leading to facilitated processing of the oddball that belongs to the same domain as the standard stimulus. KW - Category identification KW - Infants (age: 7 months) KW - Event-related potentials KW - Visual stimulus processing KW - Recognition memory Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.002 SN - 1878-9293 VL - 3 IS - 1 SP - 53 EP - 60 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jekauc, Darko A1 - Wagner, Matthias O. A1 - Kahlert, Daniela A1 - Woll, Alexander T1 - Reliability and validity of MoMo-Physical-Activity-Questionnaire for Adolescents (MoMo-AFB) JF - Diagnostica N2 - This paper presents the psychometric properties of the MoMo-AFB (Bos, Worth, Opper, Oberger & Woll, 2009), a questionnaire designed to measure the physical activity of children and adolescents. The MoMo-AFB consists of 28 items, covering the fields of everyday physical activity, sports within and outside of organised clubs, physical education as well as compliance with physical activity guidelines. A study was conducted with 109 boys and 87 girls aged between 9 and 17 years. The MoMo-AFB was given on two separate occasions to evaluate reliability and was compared with accelerometry data of ActiGraph GT1X to evaluate validity. The overall kappa/weighted kappa coefficient for the one-week testretest reliability was .66 (SD = .19) and the overall intraclass correlation (ICC) .68. Self-reported and accelerometer-measured average weekly time spent performing moderate to vigorous physical activity were significantly correlated (Spearman r = .29). Regarding reliability and validity, the MoMo-AFB is comparable with other international published physical activity questionnaires for adolescents. KW - physical activity KW - physical activity questionnaire KW - MoMo-AFB KW - adolescents Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0012-1924/a000083 SN - 0012-1924 VL - 59 IS - 2 SP - 100 EP - 111 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kröller, Katja A1 - Kröller, Alexander A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - What do you like to eat? Correlation between food familiarity and actual preference JF - Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie N2 - The preference for fruits and vegetables is the main predictor for the longtime healthy eating behavior. There are many factors which affect the development of food preferences. The familiarity with different foods seems to be a special aspect associated with the corresponding preference. To establish a preference for fruits and vegetables during early childhood, we need to know more about the factors that affect this preference development. So far, research has mostly concentrated on the food intake and less on the corresponding preference. Additionally, it is often based on studies of the mere-exposure effect or on older children and their ability to label fruits and vegetables correctly. Findings about the level of food familiarity in young children and its relation to the actual food preference are still missing. Our study focuses on different aspects of food familiarity as well as on their relationship to the child's preference and presents results from 213 children aged 2 to 10 years. Using standardized photos, the food preference was measured with a computer-based method that ran automatically without influence from parents or interviewer. The children knew fewer of the presented vegetables (66 %) than fruits or sweets (78 % each). About the same number of vegetables (63 %) had already been tasted by the children and were considered tasty. Only 48 % of the presented vegetables were named correctly - an ability that increases in older children. Concerning the relationship between the familiarity with vegetables and their preference, the different familiarity aspects showed that vegetables of lower preference were less often recognized, tasted, considered tasty, or named correctly. KW - food preference KW - familiarity KW - fruits and vegetables KW - children Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0943-8149/a000089 SN - 0943-8149 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 53 EP - 61 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - INPR A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Nutrition in children and adolescents T2 - Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie Y1 - 2013 SN - 0943-8149 VL - 21 IS - 2 SP - 49 EP - 52 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, Stephan A. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - The generation of secondary saccades without postsaccadic visual feedback JF - Journal of vision N2 - Primary saccades are often followed by small secondary saccades, which are generally thought to reduce the distance between the saccade endpoint and target location. Accumulated evidence demonstrates that secondary saccades are subject to various influences, among which retinal feedback during postsaccadic fixation constitutes only one important signal. Recently, we reported that target eccentricity and an orientation bias influence the generation of secondary saccades. In the present study, we examine secondary saccades in the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Although extraretinal signals (e.g., efference copy) have received widespread attention in eye-movement studies, it is still unclear whether an extraretinal error signal contributes to the programming of secondary saccades. We have observed that secondary saccade latency and amplitude depend on primary saccade error despite the absence of postsaccadic visual feedback. Strong evidence for an extraretinal error signal influencing secondary saccade programming is given by the observation that secondary saccades are more likely to be oriented in a direction opposite to the primary saccade as primary saccade error shifts from target undershoot to overshoot. We further show how the functional relationship between primary saccade landing position and secondary saccade characteristics varies as a function of target eccentricity. We propose that initial target eccentricity and an extraretinal error signal codetermine the postsaccadic activity distribution in the saccadic motor map when no visual feedback is available. KW - monocular deprivation KW - binocular combination KW - sensory balance Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.5.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 5 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sarrar, L. A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Pfeiffer, E. A1 - Lehmkuhl, Ulrike A1 - Schneider, N. T1 - Cognitive flexibility in adolescent patients with unipolar affective disorders - gender differences JF - Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychotherapie N2 - Objective: Several studies have revealed impairments in cognitive functions among patients with affective disorders (AD). However, to date there are few neuropsychological studies on cognitive flexibility among adolescent patients with AD, especially on gender differences in AD. Here, we investigate cognitive functions, especially cognitive flexibility, in adolescent patients with unipolar AD (UAD) compared to a healthy control group (CG). Method: The study population consists of 17 male patients (M-age = 15.4 +/- 1.3) and 22 female patients with UAD (M-age = 15.6 +/- 1.4) as well as 20 male (M-age = 16.0 +/- 1.0) and 30 female (M-age = 15.7 +/- 0.9) healthy adolescents. A neuropsychological test battery was conducted, and depressive symptoms, psychological stress, and intelligence were also assessed. Results: The analyses revealed no significant group differences regarding cognitive flexibility or visual processing speed, albeit slight better performance in motor processing speed for the CG. Furthermore, no gender differences were observed regarding cognitive flexibility, though female subjects general displayed better performance in processing speed. Conclusions: Overall, there are no indications for serious deficits and specific gender differences in cognitive flexibility or processing speed in adolescent patients with UAD. Independent of psychological distress, female subjects seem to have some advantages in processing speed. KW - cognitive flexibility KW - unipolar affective disorders KW - sex differences KW - adolescents Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1024/1422-4917/a000240 SN - 1422-4917 VL - 41 IS - 4 SP - 261 EP - 270 PB - Hogrefe CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schaffner, Ellen A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Schmidt, Meike T1 - The importance of family background for reading motivation and reading frequency of high school students JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - This article examines the relationships between family background and reading motivation (RM) as well as reading frequency in a sample of 156 high school students. To test the effects of family background (migration status, books at home, parents' appreciation of reading, parents' motivating practices), hierarchical regression analyses were applied. In these analyses, students' perceptions of reading incentives provided by the school and peer group were taken into account as control variables. Parents' learning-oriented appreciation of reading and motivating practices emerged as important predictors of intrinsic and extrinsic RM. Reading frequency was predicted by the number of books at home and parents' motivating practices. The effects of family background on extrinsic RM and reading frequency remained stable, even after controlling for reading incentives provided by the school and peer group. KW - reading motivation KW - reading frequency KW - family background Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000085 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 131 EP - 141 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Möller, Ingrid A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Busching, Robert T1 - Consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior a longitudinal study of German adolescents with and without migration background JF - Zeitschrift für Entwicklungspsychologie und pädagogische Psychologie N2 - The consumption of media violence and aggressive behavior were assessed three times in a sample of N=1,052 German adolescents with and without migration background over a period of two years with 12-month intervals. The adolescents in the two groups, who were in grades 7 and 8 at T1, were matched by gender, age, type of school, and academic achievement. Students in the migrant group reported higher consumption of violent media. At T3, they showed more physical but less relational aggression than their peers of German background. Cross-lagged panel analyses showed parallel associations between media violence use and aggression in both groups: Media violence consumption at T1 and T2 predicted physical aggression at T2 and T3 independent of ethnic background. The reverse path from physical aggression to media violence consumption was nonsignificant. No link was found between media violence use and relational aggression over time. KW - media violence KW - aggression KW - migration KW - adolescence KW - longitudinal study Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1026/0049-8637/a000086 SN - 0049-8637 VL - 45 IS - 3 SP - 121 EP - 130 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiefele, Ulrich A1 - Schaffner, Ellen T1 - Reading motivation of Sixth-Grade Elementary School Students - results from an interview study JF - Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis N2 - Based on research by Wigfield and Guthrie (1997), Moller and Bonerad (2007) as well as Schaffner and Schiefele (2007) have developed questionnaires to assess students' reading motivation. The goal of the present study was to examine whether these instruments coincide with students' subjective views of their own reading motivation. In order to clarify this question, we conducted interviews with 26 elementary school students and applied content analysis to examine the interview protocols. Although the results support some of the theoretically postulated components, they suggest that questionnaire measures have neglected some important aspects of reading motivation (e. g., reading to regulate one's feelings, reading to relax). Finally, consequences for the revision of reading motivation questionnaires were discussed. KW - Reading motivation KW - interview method KW - elementary school Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2378/peu2013.art17d SN - 0342-183X VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 214 EP - 233 PB - Reinhardt CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dumont, Hanna A1 - Neumann, Marko A1 - Nagy, Gabriel A1 - Becker, Michael A1 - Rose, Norman A1 - Trautwein, Ulrich T1 - Class composition Effects in non-academic lower secondary school tracks in the state of Baden-Württemberg JF - Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis N2 - The study investigates the effects of classroom composition (average ability, achievement, and socio-economic background, proportion of immigrant students) on the development in mathematics achievement, and reading literacy from grade 5 to 6. The study draws on a sample of N=1892 students in vocational track schools (Hauptschule) and intermediate track schools (Realschule) in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany. After controlling for school type, and between-school differences in student intake characteristics, none of the compositional characteristics showed a statistically significant effect on achievement development. School track was associated with the development of reading literacy even after controlling for individual differences; however, this relationship lost its statistical significance after the composition of the student body was additionally taken into account. KW - Academic achievement KW - tracking KW - reading comprehension KW - mathematics KW - composition effects Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.2378/peu2013.art16d SN - 0342-183X VL - 60 IS - 3 SP - 198 EP - 213 PB - Reinhardt CY - München ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gross, Martina A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Chronic abdominal pain psychosocial strain and treatment-associated changes in coping JF - Verhaltenstherapie N2 - Background: Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in childhood is a commonly occurring condition and shows a high stability. Psychosocial dysfunctioning of children, such as increased stress experience, is a burden for children and parents and complicates clinical management. Additional comorbid disorders may develop. To minimize the onset of such disorders, treatment at an early stage and taking psychosocial aspects into consideration is strongly recommended. Through this approach, the cognitive-behavioral, child-centered group program 'Stop the pain with Happy-Pingu' was developed, applied, and subsequently evaluated. What is the psychosocial situation of the affected children? Can the cognitive-behavioral group program be applied to improve psychosocial limitations? Method: The cognitive-behavioral group program comprises 6 weekly sessions for children and 1 single meeting for parents. In a randomized controlled study, the program was evaluated with 29 children aged between 6 and 12 years. The evaluation was based on a comparison between the intervention group (IG) and the waiting list control group (WLC), measured at 3 measurement points: T1 (pre), T2 (post), and T3 (3-month follow-up). Results: Emotional problems in particular can emerge in children with CAP. The program was well received, with a high level of participation through to completion. The results demonstrate that children participating in the IG experience significant stress reduction and improved psychosocial functioning compared to children participating in the WLC. The effect sizes range from medium to high. Conclusions: Drawing upon the above findings, multimodal cognitive-behavioral techniques appear to be suitable to successfully treat children with CAP. However, further controlled studies are required to identify the specific elements of the training that are most effective in reducing pain. KW - Cognitive-behavioral therapy KW - Children KW - Abdominal pain KW - Psychosocial functioning KW - Coping Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000351215 SN - 1016-6262 VL - 23 IS - 2 SP - 80 EP - 89 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Control of fixation duration during scene viewing by interaction of foveal and peripheral processing JF - Journal of vision N2 - Processing in our visual system is functionally segregated, with the fovea specialized in processing fine detail (high spatial frequencies) for object identification, and the periphery in processing coarse information (low frequencies) for spatial orienting and saccade target selection. Here we investigate the consequences of this functional segregation for the control of fixation durations during scene viewing. Using gaze-contingent displays, we applied high-pass or low-pass filters to either the central or the peripheral visual field and compared eye-movement patterns with an unfiltered control condition. In contrast with predictions from functional segregation, fixation durations were unaffected when the critical information for vision was strongly attenuated (foveal low-pass and peripheral high-pass filtering); fixation durations increased, however, when useful information was left mostly intact by the filter (foveal high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering). These patterns of results are difficult to explain under the assumption that fixation durations are controlled by foveal processing difficulty. As an alternative explanation, we developed the hypothesis that the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing controls fixation duration. To investigate the viability of this explanation, we implemented a computational model with two compartments, approximating spatial aspects of processing by foveal and peripheral activations that change according to a small set of dynamical rules. The model reproduced distributions of fixation durations from all experimental conditions by variation of few parameters that were affected by specific filtering conditions. KW - scene perception KW - spatial frequencies KW - fixation durations KW - computational modeling Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.12.11 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 12 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Barthelme, Simon A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. T1 - Modeling fixation locations using spatial point processes JF - Journal of vision N2 - Whenever eye movements are measured, a central part of the analysis has to do with where subjects fixate and why they fixated where they fixated. To a first approximation, a set of fixations can be viewed as a set of points in space; this implies that fixations are spatial data and that the analysis of fixation locations can be beneficially thought of as a spatial statistics problem. We argue that thinking of fixation locations as arising from point processes is a very fruitful framework for eye-movement data, helping turn qualitative questions into quantitative ones. We provide a tutorial introduction to some of the main ideas of the field of spatial statistics, focusing especially on spatial Poisson processes. We show how point processes help relate image properties to fixation locations. In particular we show how point processes naturally express the idea that image features' predictability for fixations may vary from one image to another. We review other methods of analysis used in the literature, show how they relate to point process theory, and argue that thinking in terms of point processes substantially extends the range of analyses that can be performed and clarify their interpretation. KW - eye movements KW - fixation locations KW - saliency KW - modeling KW - point process KW - spatial statistics Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1167/13.12.1 SN - 1534-7362 VL - 13 IS - 12 PB - Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology CY - Rockville ER - TY - INPR A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Abbey, Antonia T1 - Intimate partner violence as a global problem - international and interdisciplinary perspectives T2 - International journal of conflict and violence N2 - This editorial introduces the Focus Section on Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) as a worldwide problem, which brings together six papers that are truly international and interdisciplinary. They provide insights into IPV from nine different cultures - China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Northern Ireland, Sweden, Turkey, and the United States - from scholars in the fields of psychology, gender studies, political science, and economics. The first three papers look at how widespread the experience of IPV is among different groups of women, examine selected risk factors associated with heightened vulnerability to victimization, and discuss consequences of intimate partner victimization. Another two papers place the problem of IPV in the wider context of societal perceptions and attitudes about victims and perpetrators of IPV in different countries, whereas the last paper examines the role of individual differences in the management of emotions in the escalation or de-escalation of relationship conflict. In combination, the papers highlight the interplay between the macro level of social and cultural norms condoning the use of violence, the micro level of family relations and construction of couple relationships, and the individual level of attitudes and behaviors that precipitate IPV. Y1 - 2013 SN - 1864-1385 VL - 7 IS - 2 SP - 198 EP - 202 PB - Inst. for Interdisciplinary Conflict and Violence Research, Univ. of Bielefeld CY - Bielefeld ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Ohl, Sven A1 - Brandt, S. A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Immediate preparatory influences on microsaccades before saccade onset to endogenously vs. exogenously defined targets T2 - Perception Y1 - 2013 SN - 0301-0066 SN - 1468-4233 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 37 EP - 38 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER -