TY - JOUR A1 - Noiray, Aude A1 - Menard, Lucie A1 - Iskarous, Khalil T1 - The development of motor synergies in children ultrasound and acoustic measurements JF - The journal of the Acoustical Society of America N2 - The present study focuses on differences in lingual coarticulation between French children and adults. The specific question pursued is whether 4-5 year old children have already acquired a synergy observed in adults in which the tongue back helps the tip in the formation of alveolar consonants. Locus equations, estimated from acoustic and ultrasound imaging data were used to compare coarticulation degree between adults and children and further investigate differences in motor synergy between the front and back parts of the tongue. Results show similar slope and intercept patterns for adults and children in both the acoustic and articulatory domains, with an effect of place of articulation in both groups between alveolar and non-alveolar consonants. These results suggest that 4-5 year old children (1) have learned the motor synergy investigated and (2) have developed a pattern of coarticulatory resistance depending on a consonant place of articulation. Also, results show that acoustic locus equations can be used to gauge the presence of motor synergies in children. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1121/1.4763983 SN - 0001-4966 SN - 1520-8524 VL - 133 IS - 1 SP - 444 EP - 452 PB - American Institute of Physics CY - Melville ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Burchert, Frank A1 - Hanne, Sandra A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Sentence comprehension disorders in aphasia the concept of chance performance revisited JF - Aphasiology : an international, interdisciplinary journal N2 - Background: In behavioural tests of sentence comprehension in aphasia, correct and incorrect responses are often randomly distributed. Such a pattern of chance performance is a typical trait of Broca's aphasia, but can be found in other aphasic syndromes as well. Many researchers have argued that chance behaviour is the result of a guessing strategy, which is adopted in the face of a syntactic breakdown in sentence processing. Aims: Capitalising on new evidence from recent studies investigating online sentence comprehension in aphasia using the visual world paradigm, the aim of this paper is to review the concept of chance performance as a reflection of a syntactic impairment in sentence processing and to re-examine the conventional interpretation of chance performance as a guessing behaviour. Main Contribution: Based on a review of recent evidence from visual world paradigm studies, we argue that the assumption of chance performance equalling guessing is not necessarily compatible with actual real-time parsing procedures in people with aphasia. We propose a reinterpretation of the concept of chance performance by assuming that there are two distinct processing mechanisms underlying sentence comprehension in aphasia. Correct responses are always the result of normal-like parsing mechanisms, even in those cases where the overall performance pattern is at chance. Incorrect responses, on the other hand, are the result of intermittent deficiencies of the parser. Hence the random guessing behaviour that persons with aphasia often display does not necessarily reflect a syntactic breakdown in sentence comprehension and a random selection between alternatives. Instead it should be regarded as a result of temporal deficient parsing procedures in otherwise normal-like comprehension routines. Conclusion: Our conclusion is that the consideration of behavioural offline data alone may not be sufficient to interpret a performance in language tests and subsequently draw theoretical conclusions about language impairments. Rather it is important to call on additional data from online studies that look at language processing in real time in order to gain a comprehensive picture about syntactic comprehension abilities of people with aphasia and possible underlying deficits. KW - Sentence comprehension in aphasia KW - Chance performance KW - Visual world paradigm KW - Eye tracking KW - Online sentence processing Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.730603 SN - 0268-7038 VL - 27 IS - 1 SP - 112 EP - 125 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Richter, Michael A1 - van Hout, Roeland T1 - Interpreting resultative sentences in German BT - stages in L1 acquisition JF - Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences N2 - This article presents the results of a study on the interpretation and acceptance of adjectival resultatives of German children between 6 and 9 years of age and adults. These results brought to light significant differences, due to age, in the interpretation and acceptance of these resultatives, that is to say, sentences with an adjective in the final position. The youngest participants were prone to accept ungrammatical sentences by assigning a resultative meaning. The ungrammaticality of the sentences in question was not due to semantic inconsistencies but to violations of the selectional properties of verbs, as for instance in *die Kinder erschrecken die Katze angstlich 'the children frighten the cat scared'. In contrast, the adults rejected or amended those sentences. The conclusion is (a) that the children seemed to rely on the sentence structure as a primary cue to compute the meaning of an utterance and (b) that, in contrast with adults, the youngest children in particular had not yet learned the relevant semantic properties of verbs that determine the selectional restrictions and thus the syntactic options of verbs. This means that differences in interpretation and acceptance of sentences are due to differences in knowledge of semantic verb properties between adults and children. The relevant semantic knowledge increases in gradual stages during language acquisition. KW - first language acquisition KW - frame compliance KW - grammatical judgments KW - verb classes KW - resultative sentences Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2013-0004 SN - 0024-3949 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 117 EP - 144 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kranich, Svenja T1 - Functional layering and the English progressive JF - Linguistics : an interdisciplinary journal of the language sciences N2 - In this article, it will be argued that the concept of functional layering - an extension of Hopper's (1991) concept of layering - can be fruitfully applied to understand the mechanisms behind the sometimes large and messy looking synchronic picture of diverse meanings which one and the same construction can fulfill at a particular point in time. The concept will be used to account for the meaning spectrum of the present-day English progressive, which, it will be argued, no monosemic approach to date can account for. Taking a look at the diachrony of the construction will help to reveal that the various "exceptions" found in the use of the progressive can be understood as reflections of different stages in its development. Older, less grammaticalized or less well-defined usage patterns thus often survive in certain restricted niches next to the newer, more grammaticalized or more clear-cut functions, representing different diachronic layers. In addition to this diachronic motivation for synchronic meaning variety, the article will also address the crucial question of how a present-day hearer of a progressive form is able to decode the specific meaning intended by the speaker based on contextual clues. The article ends with some suggestions for further applications of the concept of functional layering. KW - grammaticalization KW - subjectification KW - semantic change KW - the English progressive construction KW - polysemy Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2013-0001 SN - 0024-3949 VL - 51 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 32 PB - De Gruyter Mouton CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaudhary, Tanja A1 - Walch, Elisabeth A1 - Herold, Birgit A1 - Metze, B. A1 - Lejeune, A. A1 - Burkhardt, F. A1 - Buehrer, C. T1 - Predictive and concurrent validity of standardized neurodevelopmental examinations by the griffiths scales and bayley scales of infant development II JF - Klinische Pädiatrie : clinical research and practice in pediatrics N2 - Background: Standardized examinations of preterm infants are used to identify candidates for early intervention. We aimed to assess the predictive power and concurrent validity of the mental development index of the Bayley scales of infant development II (Bayley MDI) and the Griffiths scales developmental quotient (Griffiths DQ) in healthy term and preterm infants < 1 500 g birth weight without major perinatal complications. Methods: 137 Infants (89 term, 48 preterm) were examined by both tests at a corrected age of 6, 12, and 22 months, and 114 went on to undergo Bayley assessments at 39 months. Results: There were significant correlations between Bayley and Griffiths results at 6, 12, and 22 months (r = 0.530, 0.714, and 0.833, respectively, p < 0.001) but Bland Altman plots revealed major systematic bias at 6 months (Griffiths > Bayley, mean differences 14.3 +/- 9.8) and 22 months (Bayley > Griffiths, mean difference 5.2 +/- 13.9) and wide 95% limits of agreement at 6, 12 and 22 months (35.9%, 40.0%, and 52.4%, respectively). The agreement for a presumptive diagnosis of developmental impairment in the group of preterm infants between Bayley examinations obtained at 39 months corrected age (reference) and previous examinations was poor at 6, 12, and 22 months for both Bayley and Griffiths (Cohen's kappa for Griffiths: 0.225, 0.192, 0.369; for Bayley: 0.121, 0.316, 0.369, respectively). Conclusion: Caution should be exercised when interpreting results from standardized neurodevelopmental examinations obtained during the first 2 years of life in comparatively well preterm infants. KW - very low birth weight infant KW - outcome KW - neurodevelopmental impairment Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1331169 SN - 0300-8630 VL - 225 IS - 1 SP - 8 EP - 12 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zerbian, Sabine T1 - Prosodic marking of narrow focus across varieties of South African English JF - English world-wide : a journal of varieties of English N2 - This paper reports on an elicited production study which investigates prosodic marking of narrow focus in modified noun phrases in varieties of South African English. The acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration in narrow focus is presented and discussed. The results suggest that these three acoustic parameters are manipulated differently in narrow focus in the varieties of English as a Second Language as compared to General South African English. The article compares the results to what is known about prosodic marking of information structure in other varieties of English as a Second Language and underlines the necessity of carefully controlled data in the investigation of phonological and phonetic variation in varieties of English. KW - South African English KW - Black South African English KW - English as a Second Language (ESL) KW - prosody KW - focus KW - fundamental frequency KW - intensity KW - duration KW - contact variety Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1075/eww.34.1.02zer SN - 0172-8865 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 26 EP - 47 PB - Benjamins CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Clahsen, Harald A1 - Balkhair, Loay A1 - Schutter, John-Sebastian A1 - Cunnings, Ian T1 - The time course of morphological processing in a second language JF - Second language research N2 - We report findings from psycholinguistic experiments investigating the detailed timing of processing morphologically complex words by proficient adult second (L2) language learners of English in comparison to adult native (L1) speakers of English. The first study employed the masked priming technique to investigate -ed forms with a group of advanced Arabic-speaking learners of English. The results replicate previously found L1/L2 differences in morphological priming, even though in the present experiment an extra temporal delay was offered after the presentation of the prime words. The second study examined the timing of constraints against inflected forms inside derived words in English using the eye-movement monitoring technique and an additional acceptability judgment task with highly advanced Dutch L2 learners of English in comparison to adult L1 English controls. Whilst offline the L2 learners performed native-like, the eye-movement data showed that their online processing was not affected by the morphological constraint against regular plurals inside derived words in the same way as in native speakers. Taken together, these findings indicate that L2 learners are not just slower than native speakers in processing morphologically complex words, but that the L2 comprehension system employs real-time grammatical analysis (in this case, morphological information) less than the L1 system. KW - compounds KW - derivational morphology KW - English as a seond language KW - inflectional morphology KW - late bilinguals KW - masked priming KW - morphology processing KW - past tense KW - shallow structure hypothesis Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658312464970 SN - 0267-6583 VL - 29 IS - 1 SP - 7 EP - 31 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - McCurdy, Kate A1 - Kentner, Gerrit A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Implicit prosody and contextual bias in silent reading JF - Journal of Eye Movement Research N2 - Eye-movement research on implicit prosody has found effects of lexical stress on syntactic ambiguity resolution, suggesting that metrical well-formedness constraints interact with syntactic category assignment. Building on these findings, the present eyetracking study investigates whether contextual bias can modulate the effects of metrical structure on syntactic ambiguity resolution in silent reading. Contextual bias and potential stress-clash in the ambiguous region were crossed in a 2 x 2 design. Participants read biased context sentences followed by temporarily ambiguous test sentences. In the three-word ambiguous region, main effects of lexical stress were dominant, while early effects of context were absent. Potential stress clash yielded a significant increase in first-pass regressions and re-reading probability across the three words. In the disambiguating region, the disambiguating word itself showed increased processing difficulty (lower skipping and increased re-reading probability) when the disambiguation engendered a stress clash configuration, while the word immediately following showed main effects of context in those same measures. Taken together, effects of lexical stress upon eye movements were swift and pervasive across first-pass and second-pass measures, while effects of context were relatively delayed. These results indicate a strong role for implicit meter in guiding parsing, one that appears insensitive to higher-level constraints. Our findings are problematic for two classes of models, the two-stage garden-path model and the constraint-based competition-integration model, but can be explained by a variation on the two-stage model, the unrestricted race model. KW - silent prosody KW - stress-clash KW - implicit meter KW - context KW - reanalysis KW - gardenpath model KW - competition-integration model KW - unrestricted race model KW - re-reading probability KW - skipping rate Y1 - 2013 SN - 1995-8692 VL - 6 IS - 2 PB - International Group for Eye Movement Research CY - Bern ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warditz, Vladislava Maria T1 - The linguistic Reception of the French Novel in Russia the Phenomenon of the Argot in Hugo's Les Miserables and in Krestovskij's Peterburgskie truscoby JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.2013.58.4.391 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 58 IS - 4 SP - 391 EP - 416 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kosta, Peter T1 - Ambiguity and humor in translation JF - Zeitschrift für Slawistik Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1524/slaw.2013.58.3.297 SN - 0044-3506 VL - 58 IS - 3 SP - 297 EP - 324 PB - De Gruyter CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Goppelsroeder, Fabian T1 - Bloom and the metabolism of modern JF - Poetica : Zeitschrift für Sprach- und Literaturwissenschaft Y1 - 2013 SN - 0303-4178 VL - 45 IS - 3-4 SP - 377 EP - 389 PB - Fink CY - Paderborn ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen A1 - Vicente, Luis T1 - Verb doubling in Mandarin Chinese JF - Journal of East Asian linguistics N2 - This article examines two so-far-understudied verb doubling constructions in Mandarin Chinese, viz., verb doubling clefts and verb doubling lianaEuro broken vertical bar dou. We show that these constructions have the same internal syntax as regular clefts and lianaEuro broken vertical bar dou sentences, the doubling effect being epiphenomenal; therefore, we classify them as subtypes of the general cleft and lianaEuro broken vertical bar dou constructions, respectively, rather than as independent constructions. Additionally, we also show that, as in many other languages with comparable constructions, the two instances of the verb are part of a single movement chain, which has the peculiarity of allowing Spell-Out of more than one link. KW - Mandarin Chinese KW - Verb doubling KW - Verb movement KW - Cleft KW - lian ... dou Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10831-012-9095-6 SN - 0925-8558 VL - 22 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 37 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vasishth, Shravan A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Engelmann, Felix T1 - What eye movements can tell us about sentence comprehension JF - Wiley interdisciplinary reviews : Cognitive Science N2 - Eye movement data have proven to be very useful for investigating human sentence processing. Eyetracking research has addressed a wide range of questions, such as recovery mechanisms following garden-pathing, the timing of processes driving comprehension, the role of anticipation and expectation in parsing, the role of semantic, pragmatic, and prosodic information, and so on. However, there are some limitations regarding the inferences that can be made on the basis of eye movements. One relates to the nontrivial interaction between parsing and the eye movement control system which complicates the interpretation of eye movement data. Detailed computational models that integrate parsing with eye movement control theories have the potential to unpack the complexity of eye movement data and can therefore aid in the interpretation of eye movements. Another limitation is the difficulty of capturing spatiotemporal patterns in eye movements using the traditional word-based eyetracking measures. Recent research has demonstrated the relevance of these patterns and has shown how they can be analyzed. In this review, we focus on reading, and present examples demonstrating how eye movement data reveal what events unfold when the parser runs into difficulty, and how the parsing system interacts with eye movement control. WIREs Cogn Sci 2013, 4:125134. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1209 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1209 SN - 1939-5078 VL - 4 IS - 2 SP - 125 EP - 134 PB - Wiley CY - San Fransisco ER - TY - JOUR A1 - van de Vijver, Ruben A1 - Baer-Henney, Dinah T1 - On the role of phonetic motivation and frequency in the acquisition of alternations JF - Zeitschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Linguistik N2 - On the Role of Phonetic Motivation and Frequency in the Acquisition of Alternations German nouns may alternate in two ways: a final word-final voiceless obstruent in the singular may correspond to a voiced one in the plural and a back vowel in the singular may correspond to a front one in the plural. We investigate the role of phonetic motivation and frequency in the acquisition of these alternations. The voicing alternation has a phonetic motivation, but the vowel alternation does not. On the basis of two corpus studies, we conclude that both alternations occur with equal frequency in the ambient language. In two production experiments, one with 5-year-olds and one with adults, we asked both populations to form plurals for given singular words and nonces. The children produce more voicing alternations in nonces than adults and fewer vowel alternations than adults. We conclude that children rely more on phonetic motivation than adults. Y1 - 2013 SN - 0049-8653 VL - 43 IS - 169 SP - 49 EP - 64 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krämer, Philipp T1 - Creole exceptionalism in a historical perspective - from 19th century reflection to a self-conscious discipline JF - Language sciences N2 - In order to re-evaluate the ongoing debate about so-called creole exceptionalism, parallels and continuities from historical texts are shown in a line of argumentation that can be found both in works from the 19th century and from today. Mainly, the influential study of Mauritian Creole by Charles Baissac (1880) exhibits considerable similarities with today's exceptionalist positions. Persisting arguments such as the idea of creoles as "simple", "young" and "natural" languages are (and were) to show the difference of creoles from other languages. Creolists argue that evidence of creoles as a distinct class provides support for the relevance and independence of creolistics as a discipline. Comparing contemporary and historical sources can shed new light on the epistemological heritage of the field. KW - History of linguistics KW - Typology KW - Creole KW - Mauritius KW - Epistemology KW - 19th century philology KW - Charles Baissac Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2013.02.003 SN - 0388-0001 VL - 38 IS - 4 SP - 99 EP - 109 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sauermann, Antje A1 - Filik, Ruth A1 - Paterson, Kevin B. T1 - Processing contextual and lexical cues to focus evidence from eye movements in reading JF - Language and cognitive processes N2 - Three eye movement experiments investigated the interaction between contextual and lexical focus cues during reading. Context was used to focus on either the indirect or direct object of a double object construction, which was followed by a remnant continuation that formed either a congruous or incongruous contrast with the contextually focused object. Experiment 1 demonstrated that remnants were more difficult to process when incongruous with the contextually focused constituent, indicating that context was effective in specifying focus. Experiments 2 and 3 investigated the interaction between context and lexical focus arising from the particle only which specifies focus on the subsequent adjacent element. When only preceded both objects (Experiment 2), the conflict between lexical and contextual focus cues disrupted processing of the remnant element and was resolved in favour of the contextually focused element. However, when only was placed between both objects (Experiment 3), cue-conflict disrupted processing earlier in the sentence but did not appear to be fully resolved during on-line sentence processing. These findings reveal that the interplay between contextual and lexical cues to focus is important for establishing focus structure during on-line sentence processing. KW - Focus particles KW - Discourse processing KW - Sentence processing KW - Eye movements while reading Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2012.668197 SN - 0169-0965 VL - 28 IS - 6 SP - 875 EP - 903 PB - Wiley CY - Hove ER - TY - INPR A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - The complexity-cost factor in bilingualism T2 - Behavioral and brain sciences : an international journal of current research and theory with open peer commentary N2 - Language processing changes with the knowledge and use of two languages. The advantage of being bilingual comes at the expense of increased processing demands and processing costs. I suggest considering bilingual complexity including these demands and costs. The proposed model claims effortless monolingual processing. By integrating individual and situational variability, the model would lose its idealistic touch, even for monolinguals. Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12002579 SN - 0140-525X SN - 1469-1825 VL - 36 IS - 4 SP - 355 EP - 356 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vicente, Luis T1 - Sluicing - Cross-linguistic perspectives JF - Language : journal of the Linguistic Society of America Y1 - 2013 SN - 0097-8507 SN - 1535-0665 VL - 89 IS - 3 SP - 653 EP - 655 PB - Linguistic Society of America CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jacob, Gunnar A1 - Fleischhauer, Elisabeth A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Allomorphy and affixation in morphological processing - a cross-modal priming study with late bilinguals JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition. N2 - This study presents results from a cross-modal priming experiment investigating inflected verb forms of German. A group of late learners of German with Russian as their native language (L1) was compared to a control group of German L1 speakers. The experiment showed different priming patterns for the two participant groups. The L1 German data yielded a stem-priming effect for inflected forms involving regular affixation and a partial priming effect for irregular forms irrespective of stem allomorphy. By contrast, the data from the late bilinguals showed reduced priming effects for both regular and irregular forms. We argue that late learners rely more on lexically stored inflected word forms during word recognition and less on morphological parsing than native speakers. KW - bilingual processing KW - morphological priming KW - second language KW - German morphology Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728913000291 SN - 1366-7289 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 924 EP - 933 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kirkici, Bilal A1 - Clahsen, Harald T1 - Inflection and derivation in native and non-native language processing - masked priming experiments on Turkish JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - Much previous experimental research on morphological processing has focused on surface and meaning-level properties of morphologically complex words, without paying much attention to the morphological differences between inflectional and derivational processes. Realization-based theories of morphology, for example, assume specific morpholexical representations for derived words that distinguish them from the products of inflectional or paradigmatic processes. The present study reports results from a series of masked priming experiments investigating the processing of inflectional and derivational phenomena in native (L1) and non-native (L2) speakers in a non-Indo-European language, Turkish. We specifically compared regular (Aorist) verb inflection with deadjectival nominalization, both of which are highly frequent, productive and transparent in Turkish. The experiments demonstrated different priming patterns for inflection and derivation, specifically within the L2 group. Implications of these findings are discussed both for accounts of L2 morphological processing and for the controversial linguistic distinction between inflection and derivation. KW - morphological processing KW - second language KW - late bilinguals Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728912000648 SN - 1366-7289 VL - 16 IS - 4 SP - 776 EP - 791 PB - Cambridge Univ. Press CY - New York ER -