TY - JOUR
A1 - Wolf, Sebastian G.
A1 - Huismans, Ritske S.
A1 - Braun, Jean
A1 - Yuan, Xiaoping
T1 - Topography of mountain belts controlled by rheology and surface processes
JF - Nature : the international weekly journal of science
N2 - It is widely recognized that collisional mountain belt topography is generated by crustal thickening and lowered by river bedrock erosion, linking climate and tectonics(1-4). However, whether surface processes or lithospheric strength control mountain belt height, shape and longevity remains uncertain. Additionally, how to reconcile high erosion rates in some active orogens with long-term survival of mountain belts for hundreds of millions of years remains enigmatic. Here we investigate mountain belt growth and decay using a new coupled surface process(5,6) and mantle-scale tectonic model(7). End-member models and the new non-dimensional Beaumont number, Bm, quantify how surface processes and tectonics control the topographic evolution of mountain belts, and enable the definition of three end-member types of growing orogens: type 1, non-steady state, strength controlled (Bm > 0.5); type 2, flux steady state(8), strength controlled (Bm approximate to 0.4-0.5); and type 3, flux steady state, erosion controlled (Bm < 0.4). Our results indicate that tectonics dominate in Himalaya-Tibet and the Central Andes (both type 1), efficient surface processes balance high convergence rates in Taiwan (probably type 2) and surface processes dominate in the Southern Alps of New Zealand (type 3). Orogenic decay is determined by erosional efficiency and can be subdivided into two phases with variable isostatic rebound characteristics and associated timescales. The results presented here provide a unified framework explaining how surface processes and lithospheric strength control the height, shape, and longevity of mountain belts.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04700-6
SN - 0028-0836
SN - 1476-4687
VL - 606
IS - 7914
SP - 516
EP - 521
PB - Nature portfolio
CY - Berlin
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hänel, Hilkje C.
T1 - Potentially disabled?
JF - Inquiry
N2 - Ten years ago, I was diagnosed with a rare illness called Myasthenia Gravis. Myasthenia Gravis is a long-term neuromuscular autoimmune disease where antibodies block or destroy specific receptors at the junction between nerve and muscle; hence, nerve impulses fail to trigger muscle contractions. The disease leads to varying degrees of muscle weakness. Currently, I have only minor symptoms, I am not seriously impaired, and I do not suffer from any social disadvantage because of my illness. Yet, my life and my body since my diagnosis feel different than before. In this paper I aim to make this feeling intelligible and propose that it is a state of what I call ‘latent impairment’. Latent impairment is a state of being ‘in between’, different from being actually impaired and also different from being abled-bodied. The theory takes its cues both from social constructionist theories of disability as well as theories of (chronic) illness and their focus on the importance of subjectivity. Furthermore, I suggest that a phenomenological understanding of latent impairment can show possible ways of becoming an ally to the DRM.
KW - disability
KW - chronic illness
KW - latent impairment
KW - social construction
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/0020174X.2022.2136753
SN - 0020-174X
SN - 1502-3923
SP - 1
EP - 26
PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis
CY - London
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Weaver, Catherine
A1 - Heinzel, Mirko
A1 - Jorgensen, Samantha
A1 - Flores, Joseph
T1 - Bureaucratic representation in the IMF and the World Bank
JF - Global perspectives
N2 - The legitimacy and effectiveness of international organizations are often linked directly to issues of representation—not only on their high-level governing boards and in top leadership but also within their staff. This article explores two key questions of bureaucratic representation in the critical cases of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank. First, we seek to unpack three essential dimensions of staff representation—nationality, education, and gender—to explain how representation may matter for international organizations. Second, we aim to describe the multiple dimensions of representation in the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank over the past twenty years by deploying a novel dataset on staff demographics, focusing on ranks with decision-making authority within the institutions. Our descriptive analysis reveals that the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank have made considerable efforts to diversify their bureaucracies. Nonetheless, representation remains uneven; for example, nationals from middle- and low-income countries, women, and staff without economics degrees from prominent US- or UK-based universities are less present in key leadership positions. These results may be well explained by the particular needs of the institutions’ technical mandates and limits in the supply of qualified staff and, as such, need not be seen as suboptimal. Nonetheless, perceived imbalances in representation may continue to pose external legitimation and operational challenges to the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in a complex political environment where such multidimensional representation is important to sustaining the buy-in of donor and borrower countries alike. To this end, we recommend that the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank enhance their diversity and inclusion efforts by increasing transparency via reporting disaggregated data on workforce composition and introducing annual requirements to publish progress reports with management feedback to strengthen internal and external accountability.
KW - representation
KW - international bureaucracy
KW - multilateralism
KW - World Bank
KW - IMF
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1525/gp.2022.39684
SN - 2575-7350
VL - 3
IS - 1
PB - University of California Press
CY - Oakland, CA
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pena-Camargo, Francisco
A1 - Thiesbrummel, Jarla
A1 - Hempel, Hannes
A1 - Musiienko, Artem
A1 - Le Corre, Vincent M.
A1 - Diekmann, Jonas
A1 - Warby, Jonathan
A1 - Unold, Thomas
A1 - Lang, Felix
A1 - Neher, Dieter
A1 - Stolterfoht, Martin
T1 - Revealing the doping density in perovskite solar cells and its impact on device performance
JF - Applied physics reviews
N2 - Traditional inorganic semiconductors can be electronically doped with high precision. Conversely, there is still conjecture regarding the assessment of the electronic doping density in metal-halide perovskites, not to mention of a control thereof. This paper presents a multifaceted approach to determine the electronic doping density for a range of different lead-halide perovskite systems. Optical and electrical characterization techniques, comprising intensity-dependent and transient photoluminescence, AC Hall effect, transfer-length-methods, and charge extraction measurements were instrumental in quantifying an upper limit for the doping density. The obtained values are subsequently compared to the electrode charge per cell volume under short-circuit conditions ( CUbi/eV), which amounts to roughly 10(16) cm(-3). This figure of merit represents the critical limit below which doping-induced charges do not influence the device performance. The experimental results consistently demonstrate that the doping density is below this critical threshold 10(12) cm(-3), which means << CUbi / e V) for all common lead-based metal-halide perovskites. Nevertheless, although the density of doping-induced charges is too low to redistribute the built-in voltage in the perovskite active layer, mobile ions are present in sufficient quantities to create space-charge-regions in the active layer, reminiscent of doped pn-junctions. These results are well supported by drift-diffusion simulations, which confirm that the device performance is not affected by such low doping densities.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0085286
SN - 1931-9401
VL - 9
IS - 2
PB - AIP Publishing
CY - Melville
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Brunner, Martin
A1 - Keller, Lena
A1 - Stallasch, Sophie E.
A1 - Kretschmann, Julia
A1 - Hasl, Andrea
A1 - Preckel, Franzis
A1 - Luedtke, Oliver
A1 - Hedges, Larry
T1 - Meta-analyzing individual participant data from studies with complex survey designs
BT - a tutorial on using the two-stage approach for data from educational large-scale assessments
JF - Research synthesis methods
N2 - Descriptive analyses of socially important or theoretically interesting phenomena and trends are a vital component of research in the behavioral, social, economic, and health sciences.
Such analyses yield reliable results when using representative individual participant data (IPD) from studies with complex survey designs, including educational large-scale assessments (ELSAs) or social, health, and economic survey and panel studies. The meta-analytic integration of these results offers unique and novel research opportunities to provide strong empirical evidence of the consistency and generalizability of important phenomena and trends.
Using ELSAs as an example, this tutorial offers methodological guidance on how to use the two-stage approach to IPD meta-analysis to account for the statistical challenges of complex survey designs (e.g., sampling weights, clustered and missing IPD), first, to conduct descriptive analyses (Stage 1), and second, to integrate results with three-level meta-analytic and meta-regression models to take into account dependencies among effect sizes (Stage 2).
The two-stage approach is illustrated with IPD on reading achievement from the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA). We demonstrate how to analyze and integrate standardized mean differences (e.g., gender differences), correlations (e.g., with students' socioeconomic status [SES]), and interactions between individual characteristics at the participant level (e.g., the interaction between gender and SES) across several PISA cycles.
All the datafiles and R scripts we used are available online. Because complex social, health, or economic survey and panel studies share many methodological features with ELSAs, the guidance offered in this tutorial is also helpful for synthesizing research evidence from these studies.
KW - complex survey designs
KW - educational large-scale assessments
KW - individual
KW - participant data
KW - meta-analysis
KW - Programme for International Student
KW - Assessment
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1584
SN - 1759-2879
SN - 1759-2887
VL - 14
IS - 1
SP - 5
EP - 35
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hänel, Hilkje C.
T1 - Einleitung: Epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten
T1 - Introduction: epistemic injustice
JF - Zeitschrift für praktische Philosophie
N2 - Die Debatte um epistemische Ungerechtigkeit verbindet normative Gerechtigkeitstheorien mit erkenntnistheoretischen Theorien und stellt somit die Art von wichtigen Fragen, die in den letzten Jahren sowohl innerhalb als auch außerhalb der Wissenschaft internationale Aufmerksamkeit erfahren haben. Verwiesen sei hier etwa auf soziale Bewegungen wie #MeToo und #BlackLivesMatter zeigen. Theorien der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit (sowie verwandte Theorien wie Epistemologie des Unwissens, feministische Erkenntnistheorie und Standpunkttheorie) können sowohl epistemische Praktiken analysieren und einen Beitrag zu Gerechtigkeitstheorien und sozialer Epistemologie liefern, als auch zu adäquateren Verständnissen von existierenden Ungerechtigkeiten beitragen. In dem hier vorliegenden Schwerpunkt werden Beiträge zu eben solchen bislang wenig erforschten Ungerechtigkeiten sowie neue Diskussionsbeiträge zur Debatte um epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten geliefert.
N2 - The debate of epistemic injustice combines normative theories of justice with epistemological theories, posing the kinds of important questions that have received international attention in recent years, both inside and outside academia. Examples of the public relevance of the issue are social movements such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter. Theories of epistemic injustice (and related theories such as epistemology of ignorance, feminist epistemology, and standpoint epistemology) can both analyze epistemic practices and contribute to theories of justice, social epistemology, and neighboring fields, as well as provide more adequate understandings of existing injustices. The special issue contributes to the analysis of such existing, yet under-researched injustices and new contributions to the debate on epistemic injustices.
KW - Epistemische Ungerechtigkeit
KW - Unwissen
KW - feministische Erkenntnistheorie
KW - Standpunkttheorie
KW - soziale Bewegungen
KW - epistemic injustice
KW - ignorance
KW - feminist epistemology
KW - standpoint-theory
KW - social movements
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.22613/zfpp/9.1.5
SN - 2409-9961
VL - 9
IS - 1
SP - 141
EP - 154
PB - Universität Salzburg, Zentrum für Ethik und Armutsforschung
CY - Salzburg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Dudi, Reetika
A1 - Dietrich, Tim
A1 - Rashti, Alireza
A1 - Brügmann, Bernd
A1 - Steinhoff, Jan
A1 - Tichy, Wolfgang
T1 - High-accuracy simulations of highly spinning binary neutron star systems
JF - Physical review : D, Particles, fields, gravitation, and cosmology
N2 - With an increasing number of expected gravitational-wave detections of binary neutron star mergers, it is essential that gravitational-wave models employed for the analysis of observational data are able to describe generic compact binary systems. This includes systems in which the individual neutron stars are millisecond pulsars for which spin effects become essential. In this work, we perform numerical-relativity simulations of binary neutron stars with aligned and antialigned spins within a range of dimensionless spins of chi similar to [-0.28, 0.58]. The simulations are performed with multiple resolutions, show a clear convergence order and, consequently, can be used to test existing waveform approximants. We find that for very high spins gravitational-wave models that have been employed for the interpretation of GW170817 and GW190425 arc not capable of describing our numerical-relativity dataset. We verify through a full parameter estimation study in which clear biases in the estimate of the tidal deformability and effective spin are present. We hope that in preparation of the next gravitational-wave observing run of the Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo detectors our new set of numerical-relativity data can be used to support future developments of new gravitational-wave models.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.064050
SN - 2470-0010
SN - 2470-0029
VL - 105
IS - 6
PB - American Physical Society
CY - College Park
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Pohl, Martin
A1 - Macias, Oscar
A1 - Coleman, Phaedra
A1 - Gordon, Chris
T1 - Assessing the impact of hydrogen absorption on the characteristics of the Galactic center excess
JF - The astrophysical journal : an international review of spectroscopy and astronomical physics
N2 - We present a new reconstruction of the distribution of atomic hydrogen in the inner Galaxy that is based on explicit radiation transport modeling of line and continuum emission and a gas-flow model in the barred Galaxy that provides distance resolution for lines of sight toward the Galactic center.
The main benefits of the new gas model are (a) the ability to reproduce the negative line signals seen with the HI4PI survey and (b) the accounting for gas that primarily manifests itself through absorption.
We apply the new model of Galactic atomic hydrogen to an analysis of the diffuse gamma-ray emission from the inner Galaxy, for which an excess at a few GeV was reported that may be related to dark matter.
We find with high significance an improved fit to the diffuse gamma-ray emission observed with the Fermi-LAT, if our new H i model is used to estimate the cosmic-ray induced diffuse gamma-ray emission.
The fit still requires a nuclear bulge at high significance. Once this is included there is no evidence of a dark-matter signal, be it cuspy or cored. But an additional so-called boxy bulge is still favored by the data.
This finding is robust under the variation of various parameters, for example, the excitation temperature of atomic hydrogen, and a number of tests for systematic issues.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac6032
SN - 0004-637X
SN - 1538-4357
VL - 929
IS - 2
PB - IOP Publ. Ltd.
CY - Bristol
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mishurova, Tatiana
A1 - Stegemann, Robert
A1 - Lyamkin, Viktor
A1 - Cabeza, Sandra
A1 - Evsevleev, Sergei
A1 - Pelkner, Matthias
A1 - Bruno, Giovanni
T1 - Subsurface and bulk residual stress analysis of S235JRC+C Steel TIG weld by diffraction and magnetic stray field measurements
JF - Experimental mechanics : an international journal of the Society for Experimental Mechanics
N2 - Background
Due to physical coupling between mechanical stress and magnetization in ferromagnetic materials, it is assumed in the literature that the distribution of the magnetic stray field corresponds to the internal (residual) stress of the specimen.
The correlation is, however, not trivial, since the magnetic stray field is also influenced by the microstructure and the geometry of component.
The understanding of the correlation between residual stress and magnetic stray field could help to evaluate the integrity of welded components.
Objective
This study aims at understanding the possible correlation of subsurface and bulk residual stress with magnetic stray field in a low carbon steel weld.
Methods
The residual stress was determined by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD, subsurface region) and by neutron diffraction (ND, bulk region).
SXRD possesses a higher spatial resolution than ND. Magnetic stray fields were mapped by utilizing high-spatial-resolution giant magneto resistance (GMR) sensors.
Results
The subsurface residual stress overall correlates better with the magnetic stray field distribution than the bulk stress. This correlation is especially visible in the regions outside the heat affected zone, where the influence of the microstructural features is less pronounced but steep residual stress gradients are present.
Conclusions
It was demonstrated that the localized stray field sources without any obvious microstructural variations are associated with steep stress gradients.
The good correlation between subsurface residual stress and magnetic signal indicates that the source of the magnetic stray fields is to be found in the range of the penetration depth of the SXRD measurements.
KW - residual stress
KW - magnetic stray field
KW - synchrotron X-ray diffraction
KW - neutron diffraction
KW - TIG-welding
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-022-00841-x
SN - 0014-4851
SN - 1741-2765
VL - 62
IS - 6
SP - 1017
EP - 1025
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Genske, Ulrich
A1 - Jahnke, Paul
T1 - Human observer net
BT - a platform tool for human observer studies of Image data
JF - Radiology
N2 - Background:
Current software applications for human observer studies of images lack flexibility in study design, platform independence, multicenter use, and assessment methods and are not open source, limiting accessibility and expandability.
Purpose:
To develop a user-friendly software platform that enables efficient human observer studies in medical imaging with flexibility of study design.
Materials and Methods:
Software for human observer imaging studies was designed as an open-source web application to facilitate access, platform-independent usability, and multicenter studies. Different interfaces for study creation, participation, and management of results were implemented. The software was evaluated in human observer experiments between May 2019 and March 2021, in which duration of observer responses was tracked. Fourteen radiologists evaluated and graded software usability using the 100-point system usability scale. The application was tested in Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge browsers.
Results:
Software function was designed to allow visual grading analysis (VGA), multiple-alternative forced-choice (m-AFC), receiver operating characteristic (ROC), localization ROC, free-response ROC, and customized designs. The mean duration of reader responses per image or per image set was 6.2 seconds 6 4.8 (standard deviation), 5.8 seconds 6 4.7, 8.7 seconds 6 5.7, and 6.0 seconds 6 4.5 in four-AFC with 160 image quartets per reader, four-AFC with 640 image quartets per reader, localization ROC, and experimental studies, respectively. The mean system usability scale score was 83 6 11 (out of 100). The documented code and a demonstration of the application are available online (https://github.com/genskeu/HON, https://hondemo.pythonanywhere.com/).
Conclusion:
A user-friendly and efficient open-source application was developed for human reader experiments that enables study design versatility, as well as platform-independent and multicenter usability.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.211832
SN - 0033-8419
VL - 303
IS - 3
SP - 524
EP - 530
PB - Radiologgical soc North America (RSNA)
CY - Oak brook
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Wassermann, Birgit
A1 - Abdelfattah, Ahmed
A1 - Wicaksono, Wisnu Adi
A1 - Kusstatscher, Peter
A1 - Müller, Henry
A1 - Cernava, Tomislav
A1 - Goertz, Simon
A1 - Rietz, Steffen
A1 - Abbadi, Amine
A1 - Berg, Gabriele
T1 - The Brassica napus seed microbiota is cultivar-specific and transmitted via paternal breeding lines
JF - Microbial biotechnology
N2 - Seed microbiota influence germination and plant health and have the potential to improve crop performance, but the factors that determine their structure and functions are still not fully understood.
Here, we analysed the impact of plant-related and external factors on seed endophyte communities of 10 different oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars from 26 field sites across Europe.
All seed lots harboured a high abundance and diversity of endophytes, which were dominated by six genera: Ralstonia, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, and Sphingomonas.
The cultivar was the main factor explaining the variations in bacterial diversity, abundance and composition. In addition, the latter was significantly influenced by diverse biotic and abiotic factors, for example host germination rates and disease resistance against Plasmodiophora brassicae.
A set of bacterial biomarkers was identified to discriminate between characteristics of the seeds, for example Sphingomonas for improved germination and Brevundimonas for disease resistance.
Application of a Bayesian community approach suggested vertical transmission of seed endophytes, where the paternal parent plays a major role and might even determine the germination performance of the offspring.
This study contributes to the understanding of seed microbiome assembly and underlines the potential of the microbiome to be implemented in crop breeding and biocontrol programmes.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.14077
SN - 1751-7915
VL - 15
IS - 9
SP - 2379
EP - 2390
PB - Wiley
CY - Hoboken
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinzel, Mirko
T1 - Divided loyalties?
BT - the role of national IO staff in aid–funded procurement
JF - Governance
N2 - Many operational International Organizations (IOs) rely on national staff when implementing projects in member states. However, fears persist that the loyalties of national IO staff may be divided when working in their home countries. The article studies differences in more than 50,000 procurement decisions taken in 1729 projects overseen by World Bank staff working as expatriates or in their home countries. The empirical results show that when staff work in their home countries, national suppliers' probability of winning procurement contracts increases. However, these increases are not driven by restricted procurement processes—that exclude competition—which are often seen as red flags for corruption. Instead, restricted procurement processes seem to be less likely when staff work in their home countries. These findings imply that national IO staff use their country-specific knowledge to increase the development effectiveness of procurement in line with the mandate of the World Bank.
Y1 - 2021
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12650
SN - 0952-1895
SN - 1468-0491
VL - 35
IS - 4
SP - 1183
EP - 1203
PB - Wiley-Blackwell
CY - Oxford
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Schad, Daniel
A1 - Nicenboim, Bruno
A1 - Bürkner, Paul-Christian
A1 - Betancourt, Michael
A1 - Vasishth, Shravan
T1 - Workflow techniques for the robust use of bayes factors
JF - Psychological methods
N2 - Inferences about hypotheses are ubiquitous in the cognitive sciences. Bayes factors provide one general way to compare different hypotheses by their compatibility with the observed data. Those quantifications can then also be used to choose between hypotheses. While Bayes factors provide an immediate approach to hypothesis testing, they are highly sensitive to details of the data/model assumptions and it's unclear whether the details of the computational implementation (such as bridge sampling) are unbiased for complex analyses. Hem, we study how Bayes factors misbehave under different conditions. This includes a study of errors in the estimation of Bayes factors; the first-ever use of simulation-based calibration to test the accuracy and bias of Bayes factor estimates using bridge sampling; a study of the stability of Bayes factors against different MCMC draws and sampling variation in the data; and a look at the variability of decisions based on Bayes factors using a utility function. We outline a Bayes factor workflow that researchers can use to study whether Bayes factors are robust for their individual analysis. Reproducible code is available from haps://osf.io/y354c/.
Translational Abstract
In psychology and related areas, scientific hypotheses are commonly tested by asking questions like "is [some] effect present or absent." Such hypothesis testing is most often carried out using frequentist null hypothesis significance testing (NIIST). The NHST procedure is very simple: It usually returns a p-value, which is then used to make binary decisions like "the effect is present/abscnt." For example, it is common to see studies in the media that draw simplistic conclusions like "coffee causes cancer," or "coffee reduces the chances of geuing cancer." However, a powerful and more nuanced alternative approach exists: Bayes factors. Bayes factors have many advantages over NHST. However, for the complex statistical models that arc commonly used for data analysis today, computing Bayes factors is not at all a simple matter. In this article, we discuss the main complexities associated with computing Bayes factors. This is the first article to provide a detailed workflow for understanding and computing Bayes factors in complex statistical models. The article provides a statistically more nuanced way to think about hypothesis testing than the overly simplistic tendency to declare effects as being "present" or "absent".
KW - Bayes factors
KW - Bayesian model comparison
KW - prior
KW - posterior
KW - simulation-based calibration
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/met0000472
SN - 1082-989X
SN - 1939-1463
VL - 28
IS - 6
SP - 1404
EP - 1426
PB - American Psychological Association
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Heinzel, Mirko
A1 - Koenig-Archibugi, Mathias
T1 - Harmful side effects
BT - how government restrictions against transnational civil society affect global health
JF - British journal of political science
N2 - Governments have increasingly adopted laws restricting the activities of international non-governmental organizations INGOs within their borders. Such laws are often intended to curb the ability of critical INGOs to discover and communicate government failures and abuses to domestic and international audiences. They can also have the unintended effect of reducing the presence and activities of INGOs working on health issues, and depriving local health workers and organizations of access to resources, knowledge and other forms of support. This study assesses whether legislative restrictions on INGOs are associated with fewer health INGOs in a wide range of countries and with the ability of those countries to mitigate disability-adjusted life years lost because of twenty-one disease categories between 1993 and 2017. The findings indicate that restrictive legislation hampered efforts by civil society to lighten the global burden of disease and had adverse side effects on the health of citizens worldwide.
KW - international non-governmental organizations
KW - INGOs
KW - restrictions to civil society
KW - closing civic space
KW - authoritarianism
KW - health services
KW - global health
KW - burden of disease
KW - disability-adjusted life years
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123422000564
SN - 0007-1234
SN - 1469-2112
VL - 53
IS - 4
SP - 1293
EP - 1310
PB - Cambridge University Press
CY - Cambridge
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Macdonald, Elena
A1 - Merz, Bruno
A1 - Guse, Björn
A1 - Wietzke, Luzie
A1 - Ullrich, Sophie
A1 - Kemter, Matthias
A1 - Ahrens, Bodo
A1 - Vorogushyn, Sergiy
T1 - Event and catchment controls of heavy tail behavior of floods
JF - Water resources research
N2 - In some catchments, the distribution of annual maximum streamflow shows heavy tail behavior, meaning the occurrence probability of extreme events is higher than if the upper tail decayed exponentially. Neglecting heavy tail behavior can lead to an underestimation of the likelihood of extreme floods and the associated risk. Partly contradictory results regarding the controls of heavy tail behavior exist in the literature and the knowledge is still very dispersed and limited. To better understand the drivers, we analyze the upper tail behavior and its controls for 480 catchments in Germany and Austria over a period of more than 50 years. The catchments span from quickly reacting mountain catchments to large lowland catchments, allowing for general conclusions. We compile a wide range of event and catchment characteristics and investigate their association with an indicator of the tail heaviness of flood distributions, namely the shape parameter of the GEV distribution. Following univariate analyses of these characteristics, along with an evaluation of different aggregations of event characteristics, multiple linear regression models, as well as random forests, are constructed. A novel slope indicator, which represents the relation between the return period of flood peaks and event characteristics, captures the controls of heavy tails best. Variables describing the catchment response are found to dominate the heavy tail behavior, followed by event precipitation, flood seasonality, and catchment size. The pre-event moisture state in a catchment has no relevant impact on the tail heaviness even though it does influence flood magnitudes.
KW - heavy tail behavior
KW - floods
KW - event characteristics
KW - catchment
KW - characteristics
KW - catchment response
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1029/2021WR031260
SN - 0043-1397
SN - 1944-7973
VL - 58
IS - 6
PB - American Geophysical Union
CY - Washington
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Ashton, Gregory
A1 - Dietrich, Tim
T1 - The use of hypermodels to understand binary neutron star collisions
JF - Nature astronomy
N2 - Gravitational waves from the collision of binary neutron stars provide a unique opportunity to study the behaviour of supranuclear matter, the fundamental properties of gravity and the cosmic history of our Universe. However, given the complexity of Einstein's field equations, theoretical models that enable source-property inference suffer from systematic uncertainties due to simplifying assumptions. We develop a hypermodel approach to compare and measure the uncertainty of gravitational-wave approximants. Using state-of-the-art models, we apply this new technique to the binary neutron star observations GW170817 and GW190425 and to the sub-threshold candidate GW200311_103121. Our analysis reveals subtle systematic differences (with Bayesian odds of similar to 2) between waveform models. A frequency-dependence study suggests that this may be due to the treatment of the tidal sector. This new technique provides a proving ground for model development and a means to identify waveform systematics in future observing runs where detector improvements will increase the number and clarity of binary neutron star collisions we observe.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01707-x
SN - 2397-3366
VL - 6
IS - 8
SP - 961
EP - 967
PB - Nature portfolio
CY - Berlin
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Mazzone, Angela
A1 - Wachs, Sebastian
A1 - Foody, Mairead
A1 - Blaya, Catherine
T1 - Editorial: A connected or isolated generation?
BT - the impact of positive and harmful online communications on children and adolescents' wellbeing
JF - Frontiers in education
KW - children
KW - adolescents
KW - wellbeing
KW - internet use
KW - sharenting
KW - cyberbullying
KW - onlineharmful experiences
KW - COVID-19 pandemic
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.999028
SN - 2504-284X
VL - 7
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -
TY - RPRT
A1 - Franzke, Jochen
ED - Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN,
T1 - „Brandenburger Städte und Gemeinden in der Lausitz. Transformationsherausforderungen und Anpassungsstrategien an den regionalen Strukturwandel“
BT - ein Bericht
N2 - Seit zwei Jahren arbeiten die Werkstätten der Wirtschaftsregion Lausitz an der Projektauswahl und -qualifizierung für die Strukturstärkungsmittel. Wir haben uns gefragt: Wie geht es Vertreter*innen aus Lausitzer Städten und Gemeinden auf diesem Neuland? Was brauchen sie, um der zentralen Rolle gerecht zu werden, die das Strukturstärkungsgesetz für sie vorgesehen hat? Und wo können wir als politische Vertreter*innen aktiv werden, um Hindernisse aus dem Weg zu räumen?
Dafür ist Prof. Dr. Franzke in den letzten Monaten mit Lausitzer*innen ins Gespräch gekommen. Der vorliegende Bericht soll – als Momentaufnahme – erste Antworten liefern. Wir stehen am Anfang eines langandauernden Transformationsprozesses. Auf manche Fragen gibt es noch keine Antworten und auf andere wird sich die Antwort im Laufe der Zeit womöglich ändern. Das ist auch in Ordnung. Denn in einem sich stetig wandelnden Prozess lernen wir, mit sich stetig wandelnden Antworten zu leben.
Y1 - 2022
UR - https://gruene-fraktion-brandenburg.de/uploads/documents/Publikationen/221205-Bericht-Brandenburger-Staedte-und-Gemeinden-in-der-Lausitz.pdf
PB - Fraktion BÜNDNIS 90/DIE GRÜNEN
CY - Potsdam
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Borghi, Anna M.
A1 - Shaki, Samuel
A1 - Fischer, Martin H.
T1 - Abstract concepts: external influences, internal constraints, and methodological issues
JF - Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action
N2 - There is a longstanding and widely held misconception about the relative remoteness of abstract concepts from concrete experiences. This review examines the current evidence for external influences and internal constraints on the processing, representation, and use of abstract concepts, like truth, friendship, and number. We highlight the theoretical benefit of distinguishing between grounded and embodied cognition and then ask which roles do perception, action, language, and social interaction play in acquiring, representing and using abstract concepts. By reviewing several studies, we show that they are, against the accepted definition, not detached from perception and action. Focussing on magnitude-related concepts, we also discuss evidence for cultural influences on abstract knowledge and explore how internal processes such as inner speech, metacognition, and inner bodily signals (interoception) influence the acquisition and retrieval of abstract knowledge. Finally, we discuss some methodological developments. Specifically, we focus on the importance of studies that investigate the time course of conceptual processing and we argue that, because of the paramount role of sociality for abstract concepts, new methods are necessary to study concepts in interactive situations. We conclude that bodily, linguistic, and social constraints provide important theoretical limitations for our theories of conceptual knowledge.
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-022-01698-4
SN - 0340-0727
SN - 1430-2772
VL - 86
SP - 2370
EP - 2388
PB - Springer
CY - Heidelberg
ER -
TY - JOUR
A1 - Hoffmann, Holger
A1 - Ott, Christiane
A1 - Raupbach, Jana
A1 - Andernach, Lars
A1 - Renz, Matthias
A1 - Grune, Tilman
A1 - Hanschen, Franziska S.
T1 - Assessing bioavailability and bioactivity of 4-Hydroxythiazolidine-2-Thiones, newly discovered glucosinolate degradation products formed during domestic boiling of cabbage
JF - Frontiers in nutrition
N2 - Glucosinolates are plant secondary metabolites found in cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae) that are valued for their potential health benefits. Frequently consumed representatives of these vegetables, for example, are white or red cabbage, which are typically boiled before consumption. Recently, 3-alk(en)yl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thiones were identified as a class of thermal glucosinolate degradation products that are formed during the boiling of cabbage. Since these newly discovered compounds are frequently consumed, this raises questions about their potential uptake and their possible bioactive functions. Therefore, 3-allyl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thione (allyl HTT) and 4-hydroxy-3-(4-(methylsulfinyl) butyl)thiazolidine-2-thione (4-MSOB HTT) as degradation products of the respective glucosinolates sinigrin and glucoraphanin were investigated. After consumption of boiled red cabbage broth, recoveries of consumed amounts of the degradation products in urine collected for 24 h were 18 +/- 5% for allyl HTT and 21 +/- 4% for 4-MSOB HTT (mean +/- SD, n = 3). To investigate the stability of the degradation products during uptake and to elucidate the uptake mechanism, both an in vitro stomach and an in vitro intestinal model were applied. The results indicate that the uptake of allyl HTT and 4-MSOB HTT occurs by passive diffusion. Both compounds show no acute cell toxicity, no antioxidant potential, and no change in NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) activity up to 100 mu M. However, inhibition of glycogen synthase kinases-3 (GSK-3) in the range of 20% for allyl HTT for the isoform GSK-3 beta and 29% for 4-MSOB HTT for the isoform GSK-3 alpha at a concentration of 100 mu M was found. Neither health-promoting nor toxic effects of 3-alk(en)yl-4-hydroxythiazolidine-2-thiones were found in the four tested assays carried out in this study, which contrasts with the properties of other glucosinolate degradation products, such as isothiocyanates.
KW - stomach model
KW - glycogen synthase kinase-3
KW - cytotoxicity
KW - antioxidant potential
KW - intestinal model
KW - cellular uptake
KW - isothiocyanate
Y1 - 2022
U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.941286
SN - 2296-861X
VL - 9
PB - Frontiers Media
CY - Lausanne
ER -