TY - JOUR A1 - Almeida, Mara A1 - Ranisch, Robert T1 - Beyond safety: mapping the ethical debate on heritable genome editing interventions JF - Humanities and Social Sciences Communications N2 - Genetic engineering has provided humans the ability to transform organisms by direct manipulation of genomes within a broad range of applications including agriculture (e.g., GM crops), and the pharmaceutical industry (e.g., insulin production). Developments within the last 10 years have produced new tools for genome editing (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) that can achieve much greater precision than previous forms of genetic engineering. Moreover, these tools could offer the potential for interventions on humans and for both clinical and non-clinical purposes, resulting in a broad scope of applicability. However, their promising abilities and potential uses (including their applicability in humans for either somatic or heritable genome editing interventions) greatly increase their potential societal impacts and, as such, have brought an urgency to ethical and regulatory discussions about the application of such technology in our society. In this article, we explore different arguments (pragmatic, sociopolitical and categorical) that have been made in support of or in opposition to the new technologies of genome editing and their impact on the debate of the permissibility or otherwise of human heritable genome editing interventions in the future. For this purpose, reference is made to discussions on genetic engineering that have taken place in the field of bioethics since the 1980s. Our analysis shows that the dominance of categorical arguments has been reversed in favour of pragmatic arguments such as safety concerns. However, when it comes to involving the public in ethical discourse, we consider it crucial widening the debate beyond such pragmatic considerations. In this article, we explore some of the key categorical as well sociopolitical considerations raised by the potential uses of heritable genome editing interventions, as these considerations underline many of the societal concerns and values crucial for public engagement. We also highlight how pragmatic considerations, despite their increasing importance in the work of recent authoritative sources, are unlikely to be the result of progress on outstanding categorical issues, but rather reflect the limited progress on these aspects and/or pressures in regulating the use of the technology. KW - Ethics KW - Medical humanities KW - Science, technology and society Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01147-y SN - 2662-9992 VL - 9 IS - 1 PB - Springer Nature CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Raters, Marie-Luise T1 - Ich tat doch nur meine Pflicht! BT - Das Heroismus-Paradox der Supererogation. JF - Zeitschrift für Praktische Philosophie N2 - Menschen, die moralisch Herausragendes getan haben, sagen mit signifikanter Häufigkeit, dass sie damit nur ‚ihre Pflicht‘ getan hätten. So auch Staszek Jackowski, der im besetzten Polen 18 Monate lang 32 jüdische Menschen in einem Keller unter seinem Haus vor den Nazi-Verbrechern versteckt hatte. Der Essay diskutiert dieses irritierende Phänomen, das in der aktuellen angloamerikanischen Supererogationsforschung als ‚Heroismus-Paradox‘ bezeichnet wird. In einem ersten Schritt wird Jackowskis Handlungsweise als Supererogation (Ultraerogation) und damit als Nichtpflicht ausgewiesen. Anschließend werden verschiedene Lösungsvorschläge des Heroismus-Paradoxes diskutiert. Daraus wird ein alternativer Lösungsvorschlag entwickelt, demzufolge das Handeln von Supererogateuren in einer freiwilligen Selbstverpflichtung auf einen besonders anspruchsvollen Entwurf vom moralischen Selbst wurzelt. In zwei Ausblicken wird abschließend in grobem Umriss begründet, warum Mitläufer unanständig wirken und was unter Jackowskis Umständen tatsächlich moralische Pflicht gewesen wäre. N2 - People who have acted admirably often say ‘I just did my simple duty’ afterwards. An example is Staszek Jackowski: He hid 32 Jews from Nazis in a cellar under his house in Poland for 18 months. This paper discusses this puzzling phenomenon, which in current Anglo-American supererogation research is labeled as ‘heroism paradox’. In a first step, I will show that Jackowski did not fulfil a duty, but his actions should be seen as supererogation (ultraerogation). In my second part I will discuss several solutions to the heroism paradox in the literature. Against this backdrop I will develop my solution that supererogatory actions derive from a voluntary self-obligation of the moral agent to a demanding vision of her future moral self. Finally, I will give two short ideas of why bystanders seem indecent and what actually would have been moral duty under Jackowski’s circumstances. T2 - I just did my simple duty : the Heroism-Paradox of Supererogation KW - Ethics KW - Philosophy KW - Supererogation KW - Pflicht KW - Heldentum KW - Widerstand KW - Heroismus-Paradox KW - supererogation KW - duty/obligation KW - heroism KW - resistance KW - heroism-paradox Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.22613/zfpp/7.1.2 SN - 2409-9961 VL - 7 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 68 PB - Universität Salzburg CY - Salzburg ER -